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Data on benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) are presented: prevalence, etiology and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clinical observations demonstrating successful recognition and treatment of BPPV are presented.

Introduction. Despite that ovarian carcinosarcoma (OCS) is an extremely rare disease, it is of great medical and social importance by taking into account very high level of overall mortality, recurrence, metastasis, and economic costs.Aim: to summarize current data on various aspects of OCS.Materials and Methods. The search strategy for English written papers published in databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar was based on the following keyword queries: «ovarian carcinosarcoma», «etiology and pathogenesis», «epidemiology», «classification», «clinical picture», «diagnosis», «treatment». The search depth was limited within the years 2010–2022, by prioritizing the search depth within the last 5 years (2017–2022).Results. We found 48 articles in English, published from 2016 to 2022, of which 47 (97.9 %) articles were published within the last 5 years. Scientific data are represented by studies with a small patient sample and with low evidence base. The results of the analysis for identified publications showed a limited, fragmented and inconsistent scientific data both in terms of etiology, pathogenesis and treatment, as well as an impact of OCS stages, age and other risk factors on the likelihood of relapses.Conclusion. The lack of extensive clinical studies along with observed substantial number of controversial issues may be accounted for by OCS low prevalence and complex pathogenesis. Nevertheless, the results obtained during the generalization of scientific knowledge provide a realistic insight into the current state of global science about this medical and social disease and may be used to improve the diagnostics and treatment of OCS patients.

The paper gives an update on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It points out the role of acetylcholine and glutamatergic components of neurotransmission in the pathogenesis of the disease, as well as their interactions, which is important to keep in mind to have a potentiated response to therapy that includes both these components. Different approaches to AD therapy are considered on the basis of the current ideas on the pathogenetic mechanisms of a degenerative process and with regard to the clinical features of the disease (the nature of the psychopathological symptoms of the disease and its stage). Particular emphasis is placed on compensatory therapy for deficient cholinergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission. Whether psychopharmacological agents may be used and psychotherapeutic work with the relatives of patients with AD should be done are also highlighted. Data on the efficiency of replacement therapy for different dementia stages, which promotes a delay in degenerative processes and a definite stabilization of the mental status, are presented.

Funnel chest is the most common chest deformity characterized by the depression of sternum and rib cartilages. In spite of the centuries-old history of pectus excavatum investigation, plenty of publications on etiology and pathogenesis and many theories on this theme no one of them is generally accepted. This article is to summarize the modern views on the etiology and pathogenesis of funnel chest.

Basing upon the study of conjunctive tissue frame and unstriped muscles of colon from autopsy material, as well as analysis of over 2000 clinical observations the authors set forth a new concept of etiopathogenesis of infant's chronic constipations by interpreting the functional disorders as a consequence of genetically determined status of conjunctive tissue frame. principles of conservative therapy and indications to surgery correction are considered.Key words: chronic constipation, etiology and pathogenesis, treatment, lactulose, surgical intervention, children.

In the present review we have analyzed and summarized recent literature data on genetic and biochemical mechanisms responsible for involvement of antioxidant defense enzymes in the etiology and pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. It has been shown that the mechanisms of asthma development are linked with genetically determined abnormalities in the functioning of antioxidant defense enzymes. These alterations are accompanied by a systemic imbalance between oxidative and anti-oxidative reactions with the shift of the redox state toward increased free radical production and oxidative stress, a key element in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.