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The present research investigation intends at investigating the effect of on Sialic acid components in male albino rats of an aqueous extract of seeded papaya fruit pulp and seed extract specified as a combined dose and seedless variety papaya fruit pulp extract. The primary objective of the current research investigation was to evaluate the effects that occurred on male albino Wistar rats of semi-ripe fruit pulp extract from Carica papaya (fruits with and without seeds). The development of spermatozoa's ability to fertilise, the coating of spermatozoa with specific antigens, and changes in their membrane surface are all related to Sialic acid. Less spermatozoa cells in the testicular compartments and fewer of these cells are indicated by the decrease in Sialic acid contents in the testis and epididymis of both experimental groups.

Infertility issues, regarded as an important component of modern medicine, which are, at the same time, a significant public problem, are becoming relevant for the elderly due to the increase in the average life expectancy. Alongside with that, in recent years, the negative impact of a complex of anthropogenic and environmental factors on the state of human health has been intensifying, which is especially important for the industrialized regions, including the Donbass. It has been proved that external influences, including the use of a complex of various medications, cause a typical response of the body, manifesting as systemic immunosuppression. The state of this issue prescribes the purpose of the study: the establishment in the experiment of morphogenesis of specific features of the epididymis in animals’ testes in the period of pronounced senile changes under conditions of prolonged systemic immunosuppression. The study was carried out on 60 white rats in the period of pronounced senile changes. The state of immunosuppression was modeled by the use of an alkylating cytostatic cyclophosphamide at a dosage of 1.5 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly for 10 days. The rats were taken out of the experiment by decapitation under ether anesthesia at 1, 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after the immunosuppressant was discontinued. In the epididymis of animals in the period of pronounced senile changes, a strong reaction is observed in response to prolonged systemic immunosuppression. Macromorphometric parameters of the organ undergo statistically significant changes in both early and late observation periods (7, 15 and 30 days), which indicates cumulative toxic and immunosuppressive effects of cyclophosphamide on the morphogenesis of epididymis. Changes in indicators at a microscopic level in the same period confirm the shifts in the organʼs body indicators, which confirms a disruption to its homeostasis caused by dysfunction of regulatory processes. The obtained results arouse interest in the study of the morphogenesis of the epididymis in conditions of acute immunosuppression in in relation to age.

Hyperhomocysteinemia is a risk factor for many diseases, including reproductive disorders in men. L-carnitine is used in medical practice to correct impaired bioenergetic conditions; in patients with idiopathic forms of infertility its effects are associated with improvement of the sperm parameters. However, the effect of exogenous L-carnitine on the level of homocysteine in the gonadal tissues, as a risk factor for impaired fertility, has not been investigated yet. The aim of this study was to investigate activity of bioenergetic enzymes in the epididymal mitochondrial fraction, the dynamics of changes in the cytoplasmic and mitochondrial lactate levels and LDH activity, the total carnitine content, as well as the oxidative status of these cells under conditions of oxidative stress caused by hyperhomocysteinemia, and to assess the effect of carnitine chloride on these parameters under conditions of methionine administration to male Wistar rats. Methionine administration to animals for three weeks at a dose of 3 g/kg, resulted in development of the severe forms of hyperhomocysteinemia with serum homocysteine concentrations exceeding 100 μmol/L. This was accompanied by a decrease in the activity of enzymes involved in the bioenergetic processes of the cell: tissue respiration (succinate dehydrogenase) and oxidative phosphorylation (H+-ATPase) in the epididymal head and tail. The change in lactate metabolism included an increase in its level in both the mitochondrial and cytoplasmic fractions of the epididymal head and mitochondria of the epididymal tail, and also simultaneous statistically significant decrease in LDH activity in the mitochondria and cytoplasm of the epididymal head. In male rats with severe hyperhomocysteinemia, an increase in the activity of mitochondrial SOD accompanied by an increase in the carbonylation of mitochondrial proteins in the head and tail of the epididymis was noted. Modeling of hyperhomocysteinemia under conditions of carnitine chloride of administration led to different reactions of the cells of the studied tissues assayed in the epididymal head and tail homogenate. In the epididymal head, carnitine chloride promoted an increase in the mitochondrial lactate concentration and a decrease in the cytoplasmic lactate concentration, as well as an increase in the LDH activity associated with the mitochondrial fraction. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the activity of H+-ATPase in the epididymal, thus suggesting that carnitine chloride stimulated lactate transport of into the mitochondria and its use as an energy substrate under conditions of oxidative stress caused by hyperhomocysteinemia. In the tail tissues, the changes were protective in nature and were associated with a decrease in the formation of oxidatively modified proteins.

In the prostatic half of the rat vas deferens, the response to noradrenaline under the cocaine effect revealed a phasic and a tonic components, whereas in the epididymal portion of the vas deferens there only occurred the tonic component. Cocaine increased the maximal tonic contractile response to noradrenaline in the epididymal portion and the maximal phasic response--in the prostatic one. Mechanisms of direct postsynaptic action of cocaine are discussed.

The structural status of plasma membranes of adipose tissue and liver of rats was investigated at remote times (from 15 to 380 days) after single 1-Gy gamma irradiation. The structural status was estimated by pyrene excimerisation parameters and also by both induction resonance energy transfer method and membrane tryptophan fluorescence spectral characteristics. On days 50-100 following irradiation the microviscosity of a lipid phase of membranes increased and the mode of lipid/protein interactions changed, whereas at later times the indices under study did not vary from the controls. Comparison of the data obtained with the former results on lipid content changes indicates that the physicochemical status of plasma membranes in rat adipose tissue and liver is modified at remote times following 1-Gy gamma irradiation.

A study was made of lipid composition of plasma membranes of adipose tissue and liver of rats at remote times (from 15 to 380 days) after single 1-Gy gamma irradiation. The changes in membrane lipids were most pronounced during the first 50 days after irradiation: the cholesterol level increased (the phospholipid content in the adipose tissue decreased) and the relative content of linoleic (18:2), arachidonic (20:4) and other unsaturated fatty acids decreased. At later times following irradiation, the molar cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in membranes of experimental animals did not vary from the control and relative content of unsaturated fatty acids somewhat increased as compared to that of intact animals of the same age.

Arginine vasopressin (AVP) action on the lipolysis, both the basic and induced with noradrenaline, was studied in adipocytes isolated from epididymal fat pads of Wistar rats sacrificed after 24-hr food deprivation. Adipocytes were exposed to hormones for 10 or 15 min. Lipolysis was estimated by measuring FFA release. AVP alone in relatively small concentrations (8 X 10(-9) M and 8 X 10(-11) M) stimulated FFA release by 39.6% and 56.3%, resp. Higher concentrations (8 X 10(-7) M) exerted no effect. Having been added to noradrenaline, however, AVP in concentrations 8 X 10(-7) M and 8 X 10(-9) M decreased lipolytic effect of the former, although the decrease was statistically insignificant. Whether the activating effect of AVP is due to the stimulation of lipolysis or to changes in membrane permeability for FFA, is to be elucidated.

The influence of fragment ACTH 11-14 analogues with amino acid sequences H-Lys-Pro-Val-Gly-OH (fragment I) and H-Lys-Pro-Val-Gly-NH2 (fragment II), possessing structural elements, similar for certain groups of peptide hormones and kinins, on lipolytic effect of ACTH in adipose tissue and isolated epydidymal fat cells of rat, was studied. Both fragments have no effect on the lipolysis; they potentiate the ACTH-induced lipolysis 1,5--2,0 fold, but do not alter the maximal effect at concentrations 0,1--1,0 mkg/ml in tissue and fragment I--at concentrations from 0,01 to 0,1 mkg/ml in isolated fat cell system. The role of "common" fragments in hormone-receptor interactions as well as mechanism of their potentiating effect is discussed. It is assumed that the "common" fragment of ACTH--ACTH11-14--is a second, non-specific active site of hormone directly involved in secondary signal formation.