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The paper analyzes the literature data on the peculiarities of nutrition of students studying in higher educational institutions of various regions of Russia, and the risks of developing food-related diseases. They are largely associated with the adaptation of students to study at a university, the lack of self-organization skills and a lack of knowledge in matters of rational nutrition. The actual nutrition of students, on the one hand, is characterized by a lack of macronutrients and micronutrients intake, on the other hand, by excessive consumption of substances that contribute to the development of obesity. The results of numerous studies show a general pattern of unbalanced nutrition of students in terms of the ratio of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids, insufficient consumption of dietary fiber, full-fledged proteins, and excessive intake of simple carbohydrates. Dietary fiber deficiency can lead to changes in the composition of the microbiocenosis of the digestive tract, a deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids, and consequently, the imbalance of fatty acid composition of the blood cell membrane. 20–40 % of Russian students show signs of severe hypovitaminosis, especially calciferol, which is caused not only by its deficiency in the diet, but also by physical, geographical, climatic and seasonal factors. The analysis of the content of the main minerals in students shows a sufficient content of calcium in the body, an excess of sodium and a lack of magnesium, potassium and iron, which is due to both the composition of the food consumed and the peculiarities of the accumulation and excretion of these ions. An analysis of the actual nutrition of students shows the need for counseling young people, especially in the first years of study. The introduction of an educational program on optimal nutrition is possible through the practice of curatorial work during the adaptation of the first-year students to student’s life.

The aim of the research is to study the correspondence of the actual consumption of food products by schoolchildren of different age groups in Krasnodar to the recommended consumption standards and to identify their taste preferences in order to justify the choice of basic products for creating products enriched with complexes of deficient micronutrients. The study of the actual consumption of food products by schoolchildren was carried out by a questionnaire using the 24-hour food reproduction method, and additional questions were included in the questionnaires to establish the preferences of schoolchildren when choosing food in the school canteen. It was found that the diet of schoolchildren, especially adolescents, is unbalanced. It was revealed that the consumption of sugar and confectionery products in the diet of schoolchildren significantly exceeded the recommended norm. Fast food constituted 42% in the daily diet of middle and senior schoolchildren. In addition, senior schoolchildren do not follow the diet: 18% of senior schoolchildren eat 4 times a day, 78% eat 3 times a day, and 4% eat only 2 times a day with significant breaks between meals. The study of food preferences of schoolchildren revealed that the greatest demand was for bakery products (67%) and drinks (54%), as well as confectionery (54%). Taking into account that the consumption of sugar and confectionery products in the diet of schoolchildren significantly exceeded the recommended norm and had a negative effect on the young organism, bakery products and drinks were chosen as basic products for creating food products enriched with deficient micronutrient complexes on their basis.

Relevance. The geographical spread of HIV infection among the population of various administrative territories is very heterogeneous. The Tyumen region, due to its vast territory and the significant remoteness of some areas from the regional center, is of particular interest in the framework of considering the territorial features of the spread of HIV.Aims. To consider peculiarities of the spread of hiv infection among urban and rural residents of the Tyumen region in 1993–2019.Materials & Methods. Statistical data of the «Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS» in the period from 1993 to 2019, annual form No. 61 «Information on the contingents of HIV patients» for 2006–2019, materials of the state report «On the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the Tyumen region» for 2013–2019. Methods of epidemiological observation were used in the work: analytical and descriptive-evaluative with the use of methods of retrospective and operational analysis and statistical methods.Results and Discussions. A specific feature of the spread of HIV infection among urban and rural residents is the tendency to exceed the regional incidence rate in a number of territories. Analysis of epidemiological data for the period under review showed that all territories of the region are involved in the epidemiological process of HIV infection, and in a number of territories the prevalence rate exceeds the average Russian level. HIV prevalence as of December 31, 2019 was 728.2 per 100 thousand people in Russia. In 17 administrative territories of the Tyumen region the infection rate is higher than the national average level and is per 100 thousand population in the city of Tobolsk – 1903.3, in the districts of Uvat – 1486.2, Tobolsk – 1440.5, Nizhnetavda – 1354.9, Tyumen – 1344.1, Yalutorovsk – 1327.6), in the city. Tyumen – 1249.3, in the districts: Vagay – 1195.2, Zavodoukovsky – 1119.2, in Ishim – 951.8, in the districts: Yarkovsky – 889.6, Vikulovsky – 881.3, Yurginsky – 846.9, Ishimsky district – 842.1, Aromashevsky – 851.6, Isetovsky – 754.4, Uporovsky district – 734.7.Conclusions. The HIV epidemic in the Tyumen region is determined by its economic and geographic location and by the presence of exceptional epidemiologically significant prerequisites for the intensive spread of HIV, in particular, by the routes through which large quantities of drugs are illegally transported (drug trafficking from the northeast).

Aim. To compare risk factors, features of COVID-19 course and outcomes in pregnant women during epidemic increase in incidence in 2020 and 2021. Materials and methods. The study included 163 pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection within May December 2020 (1st2nd waves of the epidemic) and 158 pregnant women who had new coronavirus infection within May August 2021 (3rd wave of the epidemic). Patients in all groups were comparable in age (1835 years), social status, parity, body mass index, and had no known risk factors for COVID-19. Results. Iron deficiency anemia, smoking, belonging to the Buryat ethnic group were recognized as persistent risk factors for COVID-19 in pregnant women. Over the 1st year of the pandemic, in pregnant women, the following clinical manifestations of novel coronavirus infection were commonly seen: anosmia (87.7%), somnolence (68.7%), shortness of breath even with a mild lung damage (68.1%). In the 3rd wave of the 2nd year of the pandemic, the leading signs and symptoms were cough (70.3% vs 38.7%, p0.001), runny nose (46.2% vs 3.7%, p0001), sore throat (367% vs 37%, p0.001); an increase in body temperature above 38C (19.6% vs 7,4%, p=0.006), pneumonia detected by computed tomography (61.4% vs 21.4%; p0.001). There was a significant increase in the incidence of severe lung lesions (with computed tomography 34: 17.7% vs 4.9%; p0.001) and admissions to intensive care units (11.4% vs 6.4%; p= 0041). There was a need for invasive mechanical ventilation (1.89% vs 0%; p=0.118). There was 1 death (0.63% vs 0%; p= 0.492), which was associated with the fulminant course of COVID-19. Conclusion. Persistent COVID-19 confounders in pregnant women who have no known risk factors in the third trimester of gestation are iron deficiency anemia, smoking, and belonging to the Buryat ethnic group. The clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection has changed and became more unfavorable: symptoms of acute respiratory disease (cough, runny nose, sore throat) began to prevail, the rate and severity of pneumonia and rate of mortality increased.

Relevance. The success of the global community in the fight against measles through vaccination at the beginning of the twentyfirst century allowed WHO to declare the goal of eliminating this infection by 2010. However, ten years later, the problem of the growing incidence of measles has become relevant again for all countries of the world. The pandemic of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has affected all spheres of human life and has exacerbated the situation in the fight against other infections, including those managed with the help of specific prophylaxis. Since the measles contagiosity index and mortality rate are significantly higher than similar characteristics of COVID-19, the risk of increasing the incidence of this infection in the coming years is difficult to overestimate.Aim of the study: to assess the epidemic situation of measles in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the prospects for its development; to propose preventive measures.Materials and methods. The article analyzes the statistical materials available on the official websites of the WHO (WHO). https://www.who.int/data/), the CDC US (https://www. cdc.gov) and the Federal Service of Rospotrebnadzor (https://www.rospotrebnadzor.ru/) on vaccination coverage and measles incidence in 13 countries in the WHO European Region and the United States. The epidemic situation on measles, as well as the level of population coverage with vaccination against its pathogen in the Russian Federation, were assessed according to the Federal State Statistical Observation forms 2010 – 2020: Form 2 «Information on infectious and parasitic diseases» and Form 6 «Information on the populations of children and adults vaccinated against infectious diseases».Results. It has been established that the increase in the measles incidence occurred in 2017–2019 worldwide, including European countries with a population coverage of two vaccine doses at the 97% level between 2010 and 2019. The prevalence of measles cases in children under the age of 10 is shown, as well as the wide range (from 56.9% to 10.9%) in the proportion of vaccinated persons among them. The results obtained indicate the existence of problems in the organization of modern vaccine prevention. The introduction of widespread restrictive and quarantine measures against the COVID-19 pandemic, on the one hand, has reduced the incidence of measles and, on the other hand, has exacerbated the difficulties in implementing measles prevention. Thus, the results indicate a possible increase in measles incidence in the population after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.Conclusion. It is necessary to immediately develop an action plan to catch up on the coverage and increase the rate of routine vaccination, to improve the statistical record of persons subject to the introduction of the vaccine and vaccinated, as well as to overcome anti-vaccination attitude among the population.

Varicella is a significant burden on society and the healthcare system.Objective: to analyze the cost effectiveness of universal vaccination of children against varicella.Material and methods. The analysis was carried out from the perspective of the healthcare system and societal perspective, based on epidemiological data for the Russian Federation. The effect was taken into account only in the vaccinated population. The time horizon of the study is 10 years. The amount of direct medical costs for treatment of varicella was calculated based on the rates of compulsory medical insurance in St. Petersburg in 2020. The cost of drug therapy in outpatient settings was calculated based on the weighted average retail price of prescribed drugs. The analysis of direct nonmedical and indirect costs was carried out taking into account statistical data on the Russian Federation and duration of temporary disability of family members of sick children. Costs and quality-adjusted life expectancy were discounted by 3.5% per year.Results. The average cost due to the disease in the Russian Federation is 43,139 rubles / patient, of which 8,5% is direct cost. Vaccination of 100,000 children will prevent 38,551 cases of varicella in 10 years. When analyzing from a social perspective, vaccination provides a reduction in costs compared to no vaccination, and the savings will amount to 10.1 thousand rubles per 1 vaccinated person.If vaccination coverage is 90%, taking into account the fact that the cohort of children in the Russian Federation at the age of 1 year is about 1.9 million people, the cost of vaccination will amount to about 8.1 billion rubles annually. At the same time, already 6 years after vaccination, the volume of averted budgetary costs will exceed the costs of vaccination.Conclusion. Universal varicella vaccination of children will reduce the incidence of the disease and reduce the budget costs associated with this disease.

Background. The diet of adolescents is an important factor in their future health. The diet is formed under the influence of biological, personal, family, socio-economic, environmental, and cultural factors.The aim: to study the diet of adolescents in rural areas of Buryatia and compare the dietary intake of the Russian and Buryat ethnic groups.Materials and methods.The study included 92 rural adolescents 11–17 years old (44 boys, 48 girls); 49 of them were Buryats, 43 – Russians. Dietary intake was assessed by the food record method. The intake of energy, macronutrients (proteins, fats and carbohydrates) and micronutrients (major groups of vitamins and trace elements) of the diet was determined. The values obtained were compared with references to daily energy and nutrient intake, and between groups of adolescents of different ethnicity.Results.The diets of rural adolescents were not balanced. Only 7.6 % of adolescents include fish in their diet. Milk and dairy products are consumed by 38 % of the respondents. Daily energy intake was significantly lower the recommended guidelines. The diet is characterized by a deficiency of vitamins of groups A, C, and D, group B (with the exception of cobalamin), niacin, biotin, essential trace elements (calcium, phosphorus, iodine), high sodium intake. A significant deficiency of dietary fiber has been noted. The Buryats showed a shift in the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the diet towards carbohydrates (1 : 1.2 : 5.3).Conclusion.The results indicate significant disturbances in the composition of the diet in rural adolescents in Buryatia, more pronounced in the Asian subgroup. This can be a rationale for the development of targeted nutrition monitoring programs aimed at preserving the health of the youth.

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the need to study the way of eating as a method of correct in geating disorders in adolescents.Objective.To evaluate the correction potential of the nutrition method in adolescents with eating disorders by alimentary obesity type. Characteristic of children and research methods. At the first stage of the study the research sampling was based on the criteria for body mass index assessing in adolescents. The total size of the research sample was 69 adolescents aged13–16 years with alimentary obesity. The group was equalized by gender. At the second stage, the adolescents were surveyed to assess the rules for the use and content of food consumed, including energy value. At the third stage, all patients were divided into three research groups, two groups had a separate program for the correction of eating disorders, taking in to account the measured parameters.Results.The study confirmed the effectiveness of the nutritional disorders method by changing the eating rules and using object-mediated consumption of food (using cutlery – forks, knives, sticks). At the same time, the content, volume and frequency of food intake were preserved. The average weight loss with an indirect way of eating was up to 2 kg per week. In addition, they recorded a decrease in body mass index. The time of food intake significantly increased, which affects the control of the amount of food consumed, transferring eating actions from an involuntary level with a lack of fixation on taste sensations to an arbitrary one.Conclusion.The technique is recommended for use as part of the eating disorders correction, since it can be easily integrated into any methodological complex and has no contraindications.

Objective. Estimating the prevalence of violence among children born in Russia in the 1980s, in the early 1990s and in the late 1990s using a retrospective youth survey. Background. Assessing the prevalence of a child abuse is an unresolved scientific and methodological problem. There are disagreements in approaches to assess the prevalence of violence, in interpreting the results. However, the main problem is the problem of reliable measuring instruments. Many studies show a wide variability in estimating prevalence and even in compared parameters; even greater discrepancies arise when it comes to identifying the factors and consequences of child abuse. Such a wide variability of estimation is associated with the insufficient quality of the measuring instruments and research procedures themselves. Study design. The sampling analyzed data on the prevalence of violence among “post-Soviet children”, “children of the 90s” and “children of the 21st century”. The presence and nature of the relationship was checked using methods of mathematical statistics (correlation analysis and analysis of the significance of differences). Participants. The study sample consisted of 537 people aged 18 to 24 years (M=20.23, SD=1.84) living in the Russian Federation. The 2006 sample of respondents included 144 people (25,7% of boys, 74,3% of girls), 2012 — 203 people (36,4% of boys, 63,6% of girls), 2018 — 190 people (35,7% of boys, 64,3% of girls). Measurements. International Questionnaire ICAST-R (ICAST-Retrospective) (adapted by E.N. Volkova, O.M. Isaeva). Results. A comparative analysis of the prevalence of violence among “children of the 21st cen¬tury”, “post-Soviet children” and “children of the 90s” showed that there is more similarity between these groups than differences in the severity of types, forms of violence and their frequency of occurrence (with the exception of cases of sexual violence, the percentage of cases of which is significantly reduced from the 2006 study to the 2018th year). Conclusions. A retrospective survey of young people using ICAST-R allows you to assess the prevalence of violence among children, as well as the state of the child protection system from violence and the content of public perceptions regarding child abuse.

Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), which is still extremely common in endemic low- and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Industrialised countries may also be affected by typhoid fever outbreaks due to booming international tourism, and natural disasters. Given S. Typhi progressive resistance to antibiotics, high epidemiological burden, and lack of adequate sanitation and hygiene in a number of regions, the introduction of new treatment protocols and the improvement of preventive vaccination are critical tasks in global healthcare. The aim of the study was to highlight the main historical aspects of the typhoid vaccine development, to summarise data on the licensed vaccines and promising approaches to the development of new typhoid vaccines. The paper describes the current epidemiological situation of typhoid fever globally and in the Russian Federation. It dwells upon the global experience in typhoid vaccine development from the production of an inactivated vaccine to the development of conjugated vaccines. The paper summarises data on Russian and foreign-made typhoid fever vaccines currently available in the global pharmaceutical market. It outlines the main trends in the development of vaccines against the disease caused by S. Typhi. The paper demonstrates the need for improving the efficacy of existing vaccines and development of new typhoid combination vaccines.

Relevance. The need to increase vaccination coverage in order to eliminate measles in Russia and increase public confidence in vaccination requires constant monitoring of the quality of vaccines used for measles prevention. Aim. Analysis of laboratory quality parameters of commercial series of vaccines for measles prevention produced by JSC NPO Microgen, issued from 2015 to 2020, in comparison with the series issued in the period from 2002 to 2009. Materials and methods. The object of the study was a live measles culture vaccine and a live mumps-measles culture vaccine produced by JSC «NPO «Microgen». The quality analysis of vaccines was carried out according to the consolidated production and control protocols of 422 series of measles vaccine and 855 series of mumps-measles vaccine issued in 2015-2020, and 1043 series of measles vaccine and 902 series of mumpsmeasles vaccine issued in 2002-2009. Results and discussion. It is shown that the quality of the studied vaccines is stable during 16 years of monitoring. The sensitizing properties of both vaccines significantly decreased during the last 6 years of follow-up due to a decrease in the residual content of the antibiotic in the vaccination dose to less than the detection limit, as well as due to the low content of heterogeneous protein (bovine serum albumin). Conclusion. The quality of domestic vaccines for the prevention of measles and mumps meets who requirements; it is characterized by stability over 16 years of follow-up and minimal sensitizing properties. Information about the quality of domestic vaccines for the prevention of measles is an important argument for countering the antivaccination movement, which is a global problem and is recognized by who as one of the most important threats to the health of the world's population.

A review of the epizootiological and epidemiological situation on anthrax in the world in 2020 was carried out. In the Russian Federation, five cases of human infection with cutaneous anthrax were registered in the entity of the North Caucasian Federal District – the Republic of Dagestan. A challenging situation was noted in the territory of border states – Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Ukraine. Epizootics of anthrax among livestock and wild animals were identified mainly in African countries. At the same time, the largest number of confirmed human cases was detected in Africa (Zimbabwe, Kenya) and Asia (Indonesia). The infection of individuals with the causative agent of anthrax was primarily associated with the ingestion of meat from sick and dead anthrax animals, contact with animals during forced slaughter, skinning and processing of contaminated meat. The incidence of anthrax in the Russian Federation in 2021 will be determined by the realization of the planned volumes of preventive measures and, provided they are properly implemented, will be limited to identifying sporadic cases of infection that are potentially possible within the limits of certain regions of Russia.

Purpose: analysis of the arbovirus infections incidence in the south of the European part of the Russian Federation in 2015–2019.Materials and methods. Data from statistical documentation (epidemiological examination of the infectious disease cases, reports on the arbovirus infections incidence) reported by Departments of Rospotrebnadzor to Scientific and Methodological Center for monitoring pathogens of infectious and parasitic diseases of 1–3 risk groups for subjects of the North Caucasian and Southern Federal Districts were analyzed. The obtained data were processed using Microsoft Excel 2010 program.Results. In the south of the European part of the Russian Federation Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), West Nile fever (WNF), tick-borne viral encephalitis and dengue fever cases are registered annually.An expansion of the territory with registered epidemic manifestations of CCHF and WNF was noted, reflecting an increase in the area of circulation of their pathogens. An expansion of CCHF and WNF epidemic season with the involvement into the epidemic process of people from all age groups including young children was observed. Significant increase in number of imported cases of dengue fever was documented. Markers of tick-borne viral encephalitis, Batai, Inko, Sindbis, and Tyaginya fevers were detected in residents of a number of territories. A high levels of population humoral immunity to West Nile, Batai, Inko, Sindbis Tyaginya, Ukuniemi, Bhanja, Dkhori viruses were identified in the Astrakhan region.Conclusion. The data obtained indicate the need for epidemiological surveillance both for arbovirus infections with a pronounced epidemiological and clinical manifestations, and for infections, the proportion of which in the structure of infectious pathology in southern Russia has not been sufficiently studied, but carrying a potential risk of spreading.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the socio-psychological impact of the pandemic and the introduced system of restrictive measures on traumatizing the social health of the population. Among the restrictive measures are considered: self-isolation; requirements for compliance with sanitary and epidemiological rules, which entailed certain forms of social stratification; social distancing requirements; transfer to a remote mode of operation. The authors conclude that the pandemic has seriously damaged the social health of many sections of the Russian population, exacerbating their inequality.

Relevance. There are large regional disparities in prevalence of non-communicable disease risk factors, as well as in the cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and mortality rates in Russian Federation (RF). Aim. To demonstrate the disparities in prevalence of CVD risk factors between Vologda Oblast districts. Materials and methods. Databases created in 2009 at the State-financed health institution of the Vologda Oblast «Vologda Regional Center for Medical Prevention», based on the results of a survey conducted within the framework of the World Health Organization CINDI program. CINDI questionnaire; cross-sectional study; the data was processed using R programming language and the Statistica software package 12. Results. The most common behavioral CVD risk factors in different Vologda Oblast districts included inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (30–90%) and alcohol abuse (40–80%); hypertension (40–60%), overweight and obesity (30–55%) were the most frequent biological CVD risk factors; the most prevalent socio-economic risk factors included low education level (75–90%) and unemployment (20–40%). Participants residing in rural municipalities differed from urban okrugs (cities) dwellers in a higher prevalence of smoking (p < 0.01), alcohol abuse (p < 0.001), inadequate fruits and vegetables consumption (p < 0.0001), overweight and obesity (p < 0.05), unemployment (p < 0.0001), low education level (p < 0.0001), as well as a low overall assessment of their health (p < 0.05). Conclusions. We detected disparities in CVD risk factors prevalence between Vologda Oblast districts in 2009. Both behavioral and biological CVD risk factors were more common in participants from rural municipalities. The CVD risk factors distribution between the RF subjects’ districts requires further scientific research.

The influence of quarantine on the indicators of biopsychological age is being investigated, data from studies in different countries are presented. Stress factors are distinguished: the disease itself, post-traumatic stress, quarantine factors (social isolation, malnutrition, decreased physical activity, anxiety). The results of a longitudinal study are presented: 1st measurement – 2019, 2nd measurement -2020 (after six months of quarantine). 394 people aged 35-70 years were examined: adults – 158 (114 women), working pensioners – 28 (19 women), non-working pensioners with chronic diseases – 208 (151 women). Methods for assessing biological age by indicators of health, subjective psychological age, and expected retirement age were used. It is shown that in Russia: 1) the effect of quarantine on the biopsychological age is ambivalent, 2) the psychological age of working individuals has changed, they began to feel younger (by 3.3–7.2 years), the expected retirement age has not changed (remained below the established ); 3) indicators of somatic health did not change – (body weight in women, self-esteem of health), others improved (blood pressure), 4) characteristics of physical development worsened: the duration of static balancing decreased (by 13–37%), the duration of breath holding decreased by inhalation, 5) in working individuals the biological age has increased, and the biological aging index has increased, in women – at the level of a trend, in men – reliably (by 3.9–8 years 6) in non-working pensioners-chronicles there was no increase in the rate of biological aging.

Aim. Study of the influence of drinking water quality on the ecologically-dependent morbidity of the population of the Republic of Dagestan.Material and Methods. Methods of current and retrospective analysis of regional health indicators and methods of mathematical-statistical and medical-geographical analysis were used. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using the STATISTICA and Excel software packages. When carrying out laboratory studies on the quality of drinking water, we used a Lumex atomic absorption spectrometer "MGA-915MD".Results. Numerous hygiene studies indicate the direct impact of unsatisfactory drinking water quality on the health of a population. The relationship between sanitary and chemical indicators and the incidence rate for a number of nosological forms has been proven. It is generally accepted that human health is influenced by lifestyle factors (working, living and relaxation conditions), heredity and the ecological condition of the area of residence, including the quality of drinking water. Although it is not possible to differentiate the share of the negative effect caused by the consumption of poor quality drinking water but the incidence of certain nosological forms (cancer of the esophagus, gastrointestinal tract and kidney diseases) in the those regions of the Republic of Dagestan under consideration correlates with the characteristics of drinking water.Conclusion. The problem of pollution of water supply sources for the population in the dynamics of the long-term remains a priority concern. The quality and safety of drinking water are decreasing, which cannot but have a negative impact on public health. Correlation linkages between indicators of drinking water quality and oncological morbidity of the population were also established in indicators below the maximum permissible concentrations, which corresponds to a typical logistic model of causal relationships and serves as evidence of the high dependence of health disorders on chemical contamination of water supply sources.

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of disability, premature mortality and economic loss worldwide. Despite the proven effectiveness of preventive measures in reducing the risks of development and progression of cardiovascular diseases, these programs are the most difficult to implement. 75–90 % of visits to primary care physicians in Western Europe and the United States are associated with physical fatigue and stress disorders, back pain and injuries. Studies have shown that workers with risk factors for chronic noncommunicable diseases are often absent from the workplace, have a higher level of disability and lower labor productivity. A worker with depression costs the employer almost 1,5 times more expensive than people without diseases. Elevated glucose levels, arterial hypertension, smoking and obesity cause an increase in the employer’s medical expenses by 34,8; 31,6; 31 and 27,4 %, respectively. The cost of US employers to pay for medical services, to compensate for the absence or ineffective presence due to illness costs $ 200 billion annually – more than $ 1,500 per employee.The health of workers is determined by both risk factors specific to the workplace and general population and individual risks..Modern technologies of health management, changing the profile of the health of labor collectives, can improve the image of the employer and increase the profitability of companies. The return on investment in corporate health programs is from 3 to 10 US dollars for each dollar invested. The programs implemented at the enterprises of the Russian Federation made it possible to reduce the duration of diseases with disability by 20–30 %, reduce mortality and the initial exit to disability by 45–60 %. The widespread introduction of the most effective corporate wellbeing programs of workers in the activities of medical organizations and companies of various profiles will ensure the implementation of the national projects “Healthcare” and “Demography”.

The children’s health is one of the most sensitive indicators of the environmental condition. A clear connection of the structure of the child morbidity with the ecological characteristics of the region of residence has been registered. Thus, the general child morbidity, risk to develop the congenital anomalies, chromosomal and genetic diseases, allergic, chronic neuropsychic, oncological and many other diseases are increased in the environmentally unfriendly regions. The hardest part is to identify and isolate from the multiple factors those chemical, physical or biological agents that affect negatively the human health. It is possible to observe the close connection of the wide range of the demographic and epidemiological indicators with the environmental pollution. However, to determine this connection with the action of the certain environmental, anthropogenic factors or their combinations is rather a challenging task. The lack of a single unified, publicly available sociological, medical and environmental monitoring does not allow to assess to the full extent the medical efficiency of the environmental measures, and, therefore, to justify the preventive measures to reduce the level of the eco-dependent pathology in the children.

The paper discusses the system of managing risks arising during preclinical studies (risks for the health of personnel and laboratory animals, as well as risks associated with sanitation of premises) as a way to improve and control the efficiency of processes and the safety of facilities involved in preclinical studies.The aim of the studywas to analyse the risk assessment system’s efficiency for improvement of drug safety assessment during preclinical studies in the context of animal care and use programmes.Materials and methods: the Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) method was used to assess the sanitary and hygienic conditions in laboratory animal facilities, as well as health status and welfare of laboratory animals and the attending personnel. The study checked the presence of pathogenic and opportunistic microflora as the main potential inconsistencies.Results: the risk assessment performed during monitoring of laboratory animal health, monitoring of surface cleanliness, and assessment of personnel health, helped to establish a list of the most dangerous pathogens that require stricter control. In order to reduce risks arising during preclinical studies, the following set of measures was proposed: monitoring of the living environment and health of laboratory animals, revision of therapeutic and preventive measures for laboratory animals (including adjustment of antibiotic treatment depending on antimicrobial resistance of microorganisms), monitoring of the personnel health status, taking measures to enhance the personnel vigilance with respect to their own health, prohibition to work at the premises for employees showing symptoms, control of how the employees showing symptoms observe the prohibition to work at the premises, organisation of periodic medical examinations for personnel having contact with laboratory animals.Conclusions: the risk-based assessment helped to identify the most dangerous potential inconsistencies (pathogenic and opportunistic microflora) and the necessary preventive measures to control and manage potential risk consequences.

Objective. To study the possibility of transferring multidrug resistant microorganisms through healthcare workers’ cell phones between medical institutions in Khabarovsk. Materials and Methods. It was a comparative prospective study to assess contamination of cell phones with multidrug-resistant microorganisms in a population (n = 30) and among intensive care unit (ICU) physicians (n = 60) in medical institutions. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc-diffusion method. A total of 514 healthcare workers from medical institutions of Khabarovsk were interviewed. The study enrolled 58.9% (n = 303) of physicians and 41.1% (n = 211) of nurses. Results. Microbial contamination of the physicians’ cell phones with extensively drug-resistant (16.7%; n = 10) and pandrug-resistant strains (6.7%; n = 4) was found to be significantly higher than that in the population. Conclusions. Working in several medical institutions and the healthcare workers’ personal articles can be the ways of spreading resistant microorganisms.

This review presents current data on the role of nutritional support in patients with cancer. The main reasons for the decrease in body weight, protein-energy deficiency in the development of malignant neoplasms are described. The data substantiating the appointment of dietary food products in various phases of the disease to patients receiving systemic anticancer therapy (chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy) for a long time, and to cancer patients who underwent volumetric abdominal surgery are presented. The mechanisms of intoxication arising as a result of the disease itself, as well as a result of prolonged polychemoor irradiation therapy, are described in detail. The concept and mechanisms of endogenous intoxication syndrome are given. Special attention is paid to the role of the cytochrome system of the liver in detoxification processes. It has been shown that the accumulation of toxic metabolites in cancer disrupts the activity of the organs of detoxification and excretion, metabolites accumulate in tissues, which leads to difficulty in regulating the functions of the body and its protection from intoxication factors. The results of clinical studies of the data are presented and their effectiveness of the use of specialized dietary products of domestic production for cancer patients is presented. Detoxification protein cocktail for cancer patients (based on animal protein), Lactose-free detoxification protein cocktail for cancer patients (based on plant protein) and Drink detoxification for cancer patients (fruit-based). These specialized products have promote tonic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-toxic, detoxifying properties. It has been shown that dietary products contribute to the restoration of the concentration in the blood of the most important enzymes of antitoxic liver defense – ALT and AST, gamma-HT, total and direct bilirubin, and urea.

Background. The influenza vaccination coverage has steadily increased in the Russian Federation. The introduction of new domestic influenza vaccines into practice and the study of their effectiveness are of great importance for public health. However, a systematic analysis of the effectiveness of vaccines manufactured and used in Russia in recent years has not been performed. The aim ofthe study was to assess the epidemiological effectiveness of three domestic influenza vaccines in St. Petersburg during the 2018–2019 epidemic season.Material and methods. The organized community of 1892 young students aged 18 to 23 years has been under supervision during the period of time from October 2018 to March 2019. Influenza vaccines Grippol Plus, Sovigripp, and Ultrix were used for vaccination.Results and discussion. Prophylactic vaccination with influenza vaccines Sovigripp, Grippol Plus and Ultrix in the fall of 2018 led to a decrease in the incidence of influenza and other acute respiratory infections (ARI) by a total of 1.6–3.8 times; a decrease in the incidence of influenza by 2.7–7.1 times; the total protective efficacy of vaccines against influenza and ARI was 52.4%, and against influenza, taking into account laboratory correction, 73.3%.Conclusions. Under the conditions of the viruses circulating in Russia and in St. Petersburg in the 2018–2019 epidemic season the strains introduced into the composition of influenza vaccines, domestic influenza vaccines were characterized by good tolerance, were safe, areactogenic and had a pronounced protective effect. If the viruses circulating in Russia and in St. Petersburg in the 2018–2019 epidemic season corresponded to the strains introduced into the composition of influenza vaccines, domestic influenza vaccines, showing good tolerance, safety and low reactogenicity, had a pronounced protective effect.

Aim.To evaluate the effectiveness of the obstetric care service in Khabarovsk Krai, based on a comparison of the dynamics of infant and perinatal mortality rates for the period 20092018. Materials and methods.A comparative analysis of official statistics of the Ministry of Health of Khabarovsk Krai and other territories of the Far Eastern Federal District was carried out using the Rosstat database for the period 20092018, taking into account the indicators of infant, perinatal mortality, and preterm birth. The trend of the dynamics was determined in the process of graphical analysis of the chart and by modeling trends. The results of the studies were subjected to methods of statistical processing of information. Results.The results revealed in our study indicate that over the 10-year interval, the infant and perinatal mortality rates in Khabarovsk Krai decreased by 2 times, the rate of decrease was higher than similar processes in the Far Eastern Federal District and the Russian Federation. A graphical representation of infant and perinatal mortality rates underlines the instability of these values in Khabarovsk Krai. Тhe decrease in infant and perinatal mortality in Khabarovsk Krai is mainly due to a decrease in early neonatal mortality. The ratio of stillbirth to early neonatal mortality indicates an excess of stillbirth by 7.88 and 6.95 times in 20172018. The relatively high stillbirth rate in Khabarovsk Krai indicates the instability of the results in providing assistance to pregnant women and women in childbirth. Conclusion.The infant mortality rate is the main quality indicator recommended by WHO for assessing the level of care. This indicator must be considered in conjunction with the indicator of perinatal mortality, especially its constituent components of stillbirth and early neonatal mortality, namely the ratio of stillbirth to early neonatal mortality. The deformation of this proportion towards a multiple increase in stillbirth, against the background of a progressive decrease in early neonatal mortality, indicates the presence of an inadequate assessment of the organization of medical care in the obstetric care service.

The urgency of the problem of herpes zoster (shingles) consists in its wide distribution in the world, high incidence rates in a significant part of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as the severity of complications caused by this infection.The aimof the study was to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of the incidence of herpes zoster in Russia.Materials and methods. Epidemiological analysis of the incidence of herpes zoster in the Russian Federation was conducted using official statistics.Results and discussion. In 2019, in a number of administrative divisions of the Russian Federation, there was a poor epidemic situation associated with the incidence of herpes zoster. In some regions, the incidence rates were significantly higher than the national average, and the elderly were the most vulnerable. It turned out that the existing methods of prevention of herpes zoster, aimed mainly at promoting a healthy lifestyle and hygienic education of the population, do not bring the desired results, and the incidence of herpes zoster (secondary VZV infection) remains high.Conclusions. The analysis of the incidence of herpes zoster during the reporting period demonstrates the need for constant statistical accounting of the spread of this infection on the territory of Russia, actualizes the conduct of full-fledged epidemiological surveillance and the organization of a system of preventive measures, which should be based on the development, production and practical application of a domestic vaccine against herpes zoster.

The article sets out the views on the causes of the incidence of various categories of military personnel with acute respiratory infections of the upper respiratory tract (hereinafter – ARI URT), as having the greatest military and epidemiological significance for almost all military contingents.According to the results of a study of literature data, two groups of reasons for the formation of the incidence of acute respiratory infections of the airborne diseases are identified: external (associated with the exposure of military personnel to specific factors of military service) and internal (associated with the characteristics of individual susceptibility to this group of infections).Based on the results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of military servicemen on conscription, the development features of the epidemic process of ARI URT in military units and compounds are shown.According to the results of a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence rate of cadets at the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy for 2011-2017 and a comparative analysis of the reversal rate for completed cases, the presence and relatively stable proportion of military personnel exposed to frequent ARI diseases of the airborne diseases throughout the entire 6-year period has been shown period of study.The results of a combined socio-psychological study in groups of often and rarely ill cadets are shown, showing individual signs and psychological characteristics, according to which individual military personnel can be assigned to the risk contingents of increased susceptibility to ARI URT for the purpose of organizing personalized sanitary-antipyretic (preventive) measures.

Introduction. Exogenous, in particular, environmental factors are among the most significant factors affecting the course of a number of dermatoses. A study of the effect of chemical use in agriculture on dermatological morbidity was conducted.Objective. To assess the features of dermatological morbidity in rural areas, depending on the load of mineral fertilizers per hectare of arable land and per capita.Materials and methods. The object of the study was persons aged 18 to 68 years living in two rural areas of the Tashkent region: Chinaz district - cotton sowing; Bostanlyk district - horticultural. Our research was used materials of statistical reporting on the volume of mineral fertilizers used, conducted screening testing, clinical examination and history taking.Results. The incidence of dermatological diseases was 2,5 times higher in the cotton growing area compared with the horticultural region (94,1 versus 38,2, p < 0,001). A comparative analysis of clinical manifestations in persons with dermatological diseases of two rural areas showed a higher degree of activity of the skin pathological process in the cotton growing area especially among people with diffuse and complicated variants of atopic dermatitis.Conclusion. Allergic diseases predominate in the structure of skin pathology in the examined areas of the Tashkent region. In a cotton-growing area, the manifestations of allergic dermatitis are characterized by a more severe course and frequent relapses. The results of the study show that both the dermatological service and the agricultural chemical management system of the Republic need to apply best practices to improve quality and to ameliorate problems.

Natural foci of plague – a particularly dangerous transmissible zoonotic disease – are widely spread across the world, including in the territory of Russia and a number of neighboring countries in Central Asia. Between 2000 and 2019, 28339 cases of plague were registered in 21 states around the world; lethality rates reached 8 %. Active plague manifestations are associated with the increase in the abundance of carriers and vectors of the disease, which increases the risk of human infection. Prophylactic measures against plague are aimed at prevention and eradication of epidemic foci; they incorporate a whole complex (system) of activities. Disinsection and deratization remain the most radical of them. Control of the numbers of carriers and vectors of plague involves decrement up to the levels at which epizooties will not develop, they are suppressed and liquidated. Currently in the Russian Federation and CIS countries, the focus is on the field and community disinsection when planning and performing exterminatory interventions. The decrease in the numbers of fleas – carriers and vectors of plague microbe – results in disruption of epizootic process and, consequently, in provision of epidemiological welfare as regards this dangerous disease. Insecticide treatments in natural biotopes are carried out using powder-like or aerosolized products, the class of pyrethroids, organophosphorous compounds and phenylpyrazoles by means of advanced equipment: knapsack dusters, power operated air blowers, and foggers. Within the boundaries of residential areas wet disinsection is performed with the help of spraying devices. Field deratization is allowed upon epidemiological grounds only, in localized territories of epizooties, within the boundaries of the settlements of plague infected carriers. Zinc phosphide- or anticoagulant-based bait products are used as rodenticides. Therewith, the eradication of valuable animal species, rare species of small mammals and endemic species is prohibited. Community deratization is always accompanied by the community disinsection. When planning and carrying out insecticide and rodenticide treatments the priority is given to the safety of handling the chemical preparations, to the exclusion of the negative effect on target animal species.

Relevance. The Russian Federation is one of the largest states in the world, includes 85 subjects of the Federation located in two hemispheres of the Earth (Western and Eastern). The geographical location of the country, as well as the differences in territories according to the epidemiological situation, allow each subject, in accordance with the law, to develop regional schedules of vaccination. Aim. To analyze the trends in improving the regional schedule of routine vaccination, as well as to outline the directions of its development. Materials and methods. The analysis of regional schedules of vaccination in different years, including a descriptive stage based on the study of regulatory documents for the period from 2001 to 2019, was carried out. Results . The regional vaccination schedule was first introduced in Moscow in 2001. Infectious diseases against which vaccination was carried out, basically repeated the National calendar. Over time, the Regional Schedule has changed depending on the epidemic and economic situation in the capital. For the period from 2001 to 2019, the calendar had 4 editions - the number of infections against which residents of Moscow are vaccinated increased from 10 infectious diseases to 17. Vaccination schemes also undergo changes: the age of measles and mumps booster vaccination, the tactics of vaccination against viral hepatitis B, the introduction of combined vaccines, as well as changes in composition persons at risk to be vaccinated. The stages of introducing vaccination against rotavirus infection, meningitidis, pertussis, human papillomavirus infection, varicella, viral hepatitis A, pneumococcal infection into the Regional Schedule are described. A brief overview got of the regional schemes of vaccinations in some regions of the Russian Federation. Conclusion. The article describes an almost 20-year history of improving the Regional Schedule of Routine Vaccination in Moscow in the context of the development of the National Schedule of Routine Vaccination of the Russian Federation, as well as in comparison with immunization calendars from other countries of the world and constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Achievements and directions for further improvement of the Regional schedule of preventive vaccinations in the city of Moscow are indicated.

Objective. To study the risk factors of noncommunicable disease spread in adolescents based on the mass pole results.Methods. The authors conducted four waves of study within the framework of the monitoring project “Risk factors for human health” in 2014–2017. The study included a multistage stratified territorial random sample of 1,691 patients over 11 years. The research population included 170 adolescents (11–19 years) (10%).Results. An adverse profile of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases was predetermined by: overweight in adolescents (10%), increased blood pressure (18%), unfavorable history of cardiovascular events in close relatives (60–70%), nutritional disorders (80–96%) , low level of physical activity (5%), smoking (20%), and alcohol consumption (26% of respondents). The body weight deficiency (35%) and overweight (10%), along with sufficient consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits in only 7% of cases reflects gross malnutrition of adolescents, which determines their future development. Awareness of adolescents of the main risk factors for noncommunicable diseases remains low (less than 30–40% for different factors). The example of close relatives, friends and stressful situations predetermine the emergence of bad habits (consumption of alcohol and tobacco) in adolescents.Scope of application. Pediatrics, public health, epidemiology.Conclusion. In order to correct adverse risk factors of noncommunicable diseases, it is necessary to attract a wide range of specialists, including intensive family and personal psychological consultations with adolescents. These measures will motivate adolescents to a healthy lifestyle and reduce the burden of noncommunicable diseases in the population of the Russian Federation.

Objective of the study was to differentiate the Administrative Districts of theTransbaikalTerritory at the time of Tick-borne viral encephalitis (TBVE) incidence recession by epidemiological risk groups and to characterize them by volume of specific and nonspecific preventive measures.Materials and methods. Retrospective analysis of TBVE epidemiological situation is based on the statistical reporting data “Information on infectious and parasitic diseases” in 2009–2019 and other materials of the Rospotrebnadzor Administration in the Transbaikal Territory. The clustering of areas with various levels of epidemiological risk was conducted by calculation of 95 % confidential interval for long-term annual average of TBVE cases in municipal units of the Territory over a decade and assessment of appurtenance of the deviating values to the aggregate under study.Results and discussion. Twenty four out of 32 districts of the Transbaikal Territory are endemic for TBVE. These areas are divided into five groups: with very high epidemiological risk (2 districts), high (5), medium (8), and low (8) risk respectively, as well as the administrative center of the constituent entity which by the whole complex of indicators (disease manifestation, population density, factors of targeted TBVE decrease, social-and-living and economical conditions) cannot be considered together with the rest of municipalities. Each group of the districts was characterized by the number of cases and TBVE incidence rates, medical aid seeking by persons who suffered from tick bites, vaccination volumes, seroprevention, areas of acaricide treatments. Recommendations are presented for the essential complex and scope of measures to prevent TBVE in the groups of administrative districts that differ by the level of epidemiological risk.

The purpose of the research is forecasting an epizootic situation for the main helminthoses of farm livestock in the Russian Federation for 2020.According to the WAHID of the International Office of Epizootics (Office International des Epizooties – QIE), the following zoonotic helminthoses were recorded in the Russian Federation in 2019: 489 people were infected with echinococcosis (causative agents were Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis), among them 4 people died, 42 were infected with Trichinella, and 40 contracted cysticercosis. 382 people suffering from toxoplasmosis were registered, among them 3 died. The infection was caused by ingestion of poorly cooked meat (tissue cysts) which had not undergone diagnostic testing before being supplied to retail trade system. For purposes of the country’s food safety in the field of controlling livestock inventory, products obtained from livestock and health security, the annual monitoring (forecast) is becoming relevant for helminth-contaminated areas of the Russian Federation among livestock.

The article presents a review of the recent hypothesis that the national policy of BCG-vaccination affects the spread of COVID-19 in different countries. It contains the information from 70 publications with epidemiological indicators, providing pros and cons of this hypothesis, with the description of possible mechanisms of non-specific antiviral action of BCG vaccine. It is concluded that there are not enough data to verify or refute the hypothesis, and at the moment the use of BCG vaccine to prevent the spread of the infection even in high-risk groups would be unreasonable.

Relevance.The urgency of the problem of chickenpox is determined by the high incidence, severe complications and the possibility of deaths.The aim of the work is to analyze the peculiarities of the epidemiology of chickenpox in a single territory located in the immediate vicinity of a large metropolis.Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis was carried out using official statistics.Results and discussion. It is established that in the study area in 2009–2018 there was a unfavorable epidemic situation for chickenpox. The most vulnerable groups in terms of morbidity are young children, especially those who attend children's organized institutions. In recent years, there has been a trend of increasing morbidity among the adult population. Preventive measures do not have a significant impact on reducing the incidence of chickenpox.Conclusions. The analysis showed the high relevance of the organization of a reliable system of prevention of chickenpox, which should be based on the development and implementation in the practice of health care of domestic vaccine against this infection.

Healthy nutrition has a positive impact on human body functioning, however, the foundation of long and active life is laid in childhood and teenage years. The article provides information about using normative, technical and technological documents for organization of nutrition for schoolchildren in secondary education institutions located in places of residence of aboriginal population in the Far East. State policy concerning the development of these areas is expressed in a number of regulating documents of the federal level, where serious attention is paid to organization of hot meals for schoolchildren. On the territory of the Russian Federation ‘Rospotrebnadzor’ acts as a regulating and controlling body in the field of organization of nutrition in secondary education institutions and ‘SanPin’ is the principle regulating documents. The authors analyzed the requirements put forward by the regulator, which cannot take into account all specific features of physiology of schoolchildren’s nutrition, regional specificities and traditional nutrition culture, which underlines topicality of the research. Exclusion of traditional for Northern people food and its replacement with food typical of Central Russia cannot improve health of the rising generation. If we change this situation, it could enhance children’s health in the region and promote the development of local craft and small enterprises dealing with storing-up traditional food stuffs.

The results of the development of a curd functional product with vegetable filler Melissa officinalis L. are presented. An analysis of the health status of the population carried out in recent years by the World Health Organization shows that the world community is facing acute questions related to the need to prevent the so-called “diseases of civilization”, which include diseases of the cardiovascular system, oncology, diseases associated with impaired lipid metabolism and the gastrointestinal tract, al ergii, decreased immunity, disorders of the nervous system. According to experts, many of these diseases leading to death, disability or disability have a steady upward trend. Up to 44% of the population of our country suffer from cardiovascular diseases (as of December 2019), while more than 82% have functional disorders leading to them. Malignant neoplasms and precancerous conditions are observed in 39% of the adult population, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract are found in more than 48% of the working population of the country. The solution to these problems may be the development of functional food products.

Introduction. The study of the main dental statuses begins with the determination of indicators of the state of quality of oral hygiene and periodontal tissues. Given these factors, dentists should choose the most suitable for use in the appropriate age-sex and professional groups, taking into account the existing harmful factors of the external and internal environment, and occupational hazards.The objective was to determine the hygienic and dental status in different population groups by studying the parameters of the main dental diseases and to draw a parallel between them and the level of hygienic knowledge in these groups, for the correction of hygiene and preventive measures as the main way to prevent these diseases.Methods and materials. The study involved 307 people who were not burdened with general somatic pathology, of which 6 age groups were formed. Dental status was determined using the Green-Vermillion hygiene index, PMA and Mühlemann and Son periodontal indices. In order to study the level of hygienic knowledge and skills of the population, a survey was conducted using a Questionnaire and its assessment by the index of hygienic knowledge of S. B. Ulitovskiy.Results. As a result of the study, a decrease in the Green – Vermillion index was found in group 1 from (2.13±0.38) to (1.07±0.27), in group 5 – from (2.83±0.14) to (0.75±0.09); in group 6, the index at the beginning of the study was (3.47±0.12), and by the end, it decreased to (1.93±0.05), which reflects an increase in the cleansing efficiency in various groups of the population. The positive dynamics of the anti-inflammatory efficiency was observed in the 1st group from (16.81±3.52) to (8.15±1.64) %; in the 5th group, indicators has decreased by 3 times, from (18.86±0.65) to (6.53±0.77) %, in the 6th group – from (19.24±0.43) to (7.01±1.19) %. As a result of the study, it was found that the state of periodontal tissues in the 6th group according to the index of bleeding Mühlemann and Son was (9.21±2.33) %, and by the end of the study reached (5.49±1.63) %, in the 5th group – from (11.29±1.98) to (5.31±1.62) %; in the 2nd group, the indicators for the index of bleeding decreased from (11.67±0.69) to (5.00±0.28) %. In the groups, there was a decrease in the survival of hygienic knowledge, which determined the need for dental education among the population in different age groups.Conclusion. Application of individual hygienic programs of prevention of dental diseases on the basis of consistently performed hygienic procedures using various means of oral hygiene confirms the effectiveness of the activities taking into account personal hygiene indicators and dental status.Authors declare no conflict of interest.The authors confirm that they respect the rights of the people participated in the study, including obtaining informed consent when it is necessary, and the rules of treatment of animals when they are used in the study. Author Guidelines contains the detailed information.

This article discusses the common nutritional problems of children in their first years of life, leading to nutritional deficiency in infants. A high frequency of micronutrient and vitamin deficiencies in nutrition is observed in both nursing mothers and their children; it can be explained by a lack of awareness of parents about the rules of feeding, the introduction of complementary foods and the fear of introducing solid food to children, especially if they have typical functional gastrointestinal disorders. This problem is solved by the fulfillment of the available clinical feeding recommendations, the rules for the timely and safe introduction of complementary foods using high-quality industrial products to ensure the physiological needs of the child in food ingredients while observing the psychological comfort of the children and their parents.

The aim of investigation is to analyses of some prerequisites for improving of organization of the epidemiological surveillance on nonpolioenterovirus infection among children in Azerbaijan in modern stage. For this purpose the statistic datas about morbidity with «intestinal infection of uncertain etiology» and «nonpolioenterovirus ifection» among children have been and lysed and presented. The results of conducted retrospective and prospective epidemiological analyses aloow to determine the main key steps for improving of the epidemiological surveillance on nonpolioenterovirus infection among children in Aherbaijan, which are the followig: the dynamic of intrayearly and manyyearly morbidity of nonpolioenterovirus infection; the serotypical spectrum and the virulency of nonpolioenteroviruses; the virological control of surface and waste waters for appearing of nonpolioenteroviruses; the regular monitoring of «healthy» viruscarrier among children contingents (organized and nonorganized).

Relevance.Acute intestinal infections still retain their social and medical significance in the world, with a reduction in the incidence of well-studied bacterial infections, such as salmonellosis and, especially, shigellosis.Discussion.Since 2006, the incidence of bacterial dysentery in Russia has continued to decrease, in the Republic of Dagestan it is at a high level, exceeding more than 10 times the national average. Mostly children are sick (up to 75%). Cases of shigellosis are recorded throughout the year, the seasonal increase in the incidence in the summer and autumn is associated with the activity of the main transmission pathogens – water and food. The main causes of epidemiological well-being for schigеllosis in Dagestan are determined by: poor state of the water supply system and sanitary and communal improvement of populated areas; the use of food products stored, transported and sold in the distribution network in violation of sanitary and hygienic requirements. So, in 2017 and 2018 – 67.1% and 32.69% of drinking water samples of water pipelines did not meet hygienic standards, respectively, in terms of sanitary and chemical indicators, 53.1% and 65.6% of water pipelines did not meet the requirements of sanitary legislation. The flare incidence, which is recorded annually, indicates the activity of the epidemic process of acute intestinal infections and shigellosis in the republic. The experience of various territories of the country, including those affected by adverse environmental and climatic phenomena (floods, floods, flooding), shows high efficiency along with traditional measures aimed at breaking the transmission mechanism of the pathogen, Shigellosis vaccine prophylaxis. In Dagestan, vaccination is limited, mainly in foci, where bacteriophage polyvalent dysentery S. sonnei and S. flexneri 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 serotypes are used more widely for prevention and treatment. In this situation, the optimization of the system of epidemiological surveillance of shigellosis, which consists in improving the pre-epidemic diagnosis and epidemiological monitoring of measures aimed at each link in the epidemic process, including the creation of immunity to pathogens in individual population groups due to specific prevention, is of particular relevance to the Republic.Conclusion.The constant flare incidence of dysentery dictates the need, along with traditional measures to interrupt the transmission of the pathogen, to carry out vaccine prophylaxis more widely in risk groups. Potential sources of shigella have formed in the republic; there is a potentially high risk of the mechanism of transmission of the pathogen, as well as the population potentially susceptible to the pathogen, indicating the presence of such a danger and the need for its comprehensive study as an object of risk-oriented surveillance. Thus, the key directions in improving the surveillance of shigеllosis in the Dagestan Republic should be pre-epidemic diagnosis in a risk-based epidemiological surveillance system. The introduction of modern sensitive, specific, standardized methods of laboratory diagnostics will make it possible to effectively carry out risk-oriented epidemiological surveillance, which makes it possible to identify the transition of risk factors from potential to real, activating the epidemic process.

Chronic non - communicable diseases, mainly cardiovascular diseases, are the leading cause of death worldwide, including in the Russian Federation (RF). The article analyzes the negative and positive trends of the most relevant risk factors for cardiovascular diseases for the period from 2013 to 2017, and also provides a strategy for reducing mortality in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2024 based on data from an epidemiological analysis.Хронические неинфекционные заболевания, большую часть которых составляют сердечно - сосудистые болезни, являются основной причиной смертности в мире, в том числе и в Российской Федерации (РФ). В представленной статье проведен анализ негативных и позитивных трендов наиболее значимых факторов риска болезней системы кровообращения в период с 2013 по 2017 г., а также предложена стратегия действий по снижению смертности в РФ на период до 2024 г. на основе результатов эпидемиологического анализа.

Subject.Varicella continues to be a common childhood infection, but thereof danger is underestimated in our country and around the world. About 800 thousand people get sick every year in the Russian Federation, half of whom are children 3–6 years old. In addition, for economic damage from infectious and parasitic diseases, varicella in the Russian Federation occupies 2–3 place for eleven years.Objectives.To substantiate the need to introduce varicella vaccine into the National immunization schedule of the Russian Federation based on the experience of introducing vaccination into regional schedules.Materials and Methods.The descriptive epidemiological method was used – a retrospective epidemiological analysis. Materials for the study were: Form № 2 «Information about infectious and parasitic diseases» for 2007–2017; State reports «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population in the Russian Federation» for 2016, 2017; scientific publications on the studied issue in Russian and English. The program «Microsoft Excel» was used to process the research data. Results. In regions in which varicella vaccination is introduced into regional immunization schedules, the incidence of infection tends to decrease at least to 3,1%, in contrast to regions where it is not introduced and there the incidence is increasing every year to 2,8%. The experience of using mass vaccination in other countries has shown its effectiveness, what is observed by decrease the incidence to a sporadic level.Discussion.The incidence of varicella in 2017 by region of the Russian Federation, where vaccination is included into regional immunization schedule, is 75% lower than the national average. Analysis of varicella vaccination introduction experience in other countries clearly shows that this method of combating varicella can significantly reduce the incidence, as well as reduce economic damage (US – 0.9 billion dollars, Japan – 36.2 billion yen).Conclusion.The vaccine prophylaxis of varicella clearly shows that this method of combating this infection can significantly reduce the incidence and at times reduce the economic damage from infection. With this in mind, the need to consider the inclusion of varicella vaccination in the Russian Federation National Schedule of Vaccinations.

Gout is a complex multifactorial disease associated with the deposition of crystals of sodium monourate in various tissues of the body and the emergence, in this regard, of chronic hyperuricemia, which is clinically manifested by acute recurrent arthritis and the formation of gouty nodes – tofus. Methods of treating gout can be divided into two groups: lifestyle modification / change in eating habits and pharmacotherapy. But, before drugs appeared, diet was the only way to treat the disease. Since ancient times, gout has been associated with excessive nutrition and excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages. In the Middle Ages, gout was often called the “disease of the kings”, explaining this, firstly, by constant plentiful meals without any measure, and therefore the kidneys of the “abusers” could not cope with the removal of a huge concentration of uric acid. And secondly, the high prevalence of this disease among male aristocrats. Ordinary people ate on a limited basis and could not afford food rich in purines, so they fell ill less often. However, in the last decade, wider knowledge has been gained about dietary factors associated with hyperuricemia and gout. Obesity, excessive consumption of red meat and excess alcohol have already been recognized as causative factors. Legumes and purine-rich vegetables have been justified after numerous studies. New risk factors have been described, such as fructose and sweetened drinks. Finally, protective factors such as low fat dairy products have been studied. Patients with gout are forced to follow a diet throughout their lives, and not only during periods of exacerbation, but now it has become easier to adhere to it, since the diet allowed for food has expanded significantly. Although most of the prerequisites for dietary recommendations have been assigned ratings of medium / low or very low quality, this article will provide the basis for changes in eating habits in patients with hyperuricemia and gout in accordance with large international studies.

Aim. To study the behavioral trajectory of the lifestyle of students of medical colleges who studied in 20152016 and a health model formed by them. Methods. Using a sample (n=400) selected by a simple random method, the lifestyle and health model of students of medical colleges in Moscow in 20152016 were studied by sociological method based on descriptive statistics, correlation-regression and factor analysis. Results. Analysis of lifestyles of the students of medical colleges revealed the following behavioral risk factors: alcohol consumption (55.3%), eating improperly (54.5%), smoking (38%), improper sleep regimen (35%), and low physical activity (30%). The analysis of the health model showed that such risk factors as smoking, improper diet, and incorrect sleep regimen are assessed by the students in medical colleges as harmful, and with the increasing prevalence of the factor among the students, the number who consider them harmful will increase, while such factors as alcohol consumption and low physical activity are not considered by the students as harmful and with the increasing prevalence of this factor among the students, the number of students who consider them as risk factors will decrease. Conclusion. Among the students of medical colleges, the negative behavioral trajectory of a lifestyle formed at the beginning of the 21st century, including smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, improper sleep, and low level of physical activity, has been preserved; the developed health model shows that students consider smoking, malnutrition and improper sleep risk factors, and factors such as alcohol consumption and low activity are not considered harmful.

The purpose of the research is to study the spread and seasonal dynamics of toxocarosis in domestic and police dogs in the Republic of Tajikistan.Materials and methods. In order to study the period of maximum Toxocara sp. infection and seasonal dynamics of toxocarosis, monthly records were kept for dogs diagnosed with toxocarosis in a population of both domestic and police dogs from September 2016 to February 2019. We examined 70 dogs, of these 41 were police dogs and 29 were domestic dogs. 334 fecal specimens of police dogs and 221 fecal specimens of domestic dogs were examined by the Fulleborn flotation method.Results and discussion. 75 (22.3%) fecal specimens of police dogs from 336 fecal specimens studied were found to have Toxocara sp. eggs, and Toxocara sp. eggs were found in 28 (12.6%) fecal specimens of domestic dogs from 221 dogs studied. Toxocarosis in domestic dogs was reported throughout the year. The maximum Toxocara sp. infection in dogs was established in winter (28.5%) and summer (29.6%) 2017, and in summer (38.0%) and spring (31.8%) 2018, and in spring (28.5%) 2019. Toxocara sp. occurrence in police dogs and dogs belonging to breeding kennels of various institutions accounts for 4–8 age group. Dogs of younger age were infected with Toxocara sp. to a lesser degree.