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Joint damage in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common complication and is associated with the induction of metabolic inflammation against the background of increased catabolic processes in various joint structures. The aim of our work was to study the level of insulin, leptin, osteocalcin, as well as biochemical markers of connective tissue metabolism in patients with diabetes-associated osteoarthritis. We examined 77 patients who were divided into groups by type of diabetes, the presence and severity of diabetic arthropathy. The content of insulin and leptin, osteocalcin in the blood serum was determined by the enzyme immunoassay, the level of glycosaminoglycans, hydroxyproline, hyaluronidase, collagenase according to traditional biochemical methods. Among the examined patients, diabetic arthropathy was diagnosed in more than 70%. Patients with diabetic arthropathy significantly increased levels of insulin (with type 1 diabetes by 38.5%, with type 2 diabetes by 55.6%) and leptin (with type 1 diabetes by 43.8%, with type 2 diabetes by 53.7,%), the level of osteocalcin (only with type 1 diabetes by 53.9%) There is a direct correlation between the severity of joint damage and the level of insulin and leptin. The severity of arthopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes is directly correlated with indicators of insulin resistance. In patients with diabetes-associated osteoarthritis, indicators that characterize catabolic processes in the connective tissue (hydroxyproline free and collagenase (p<0.001) are increased. The chances of detecting arthropathy with type 1 diabetes increase 3.8 times with an increase in insulin levels, with an increase in leptin 1.3 times, in patients with type 2 diabetes, 2.6 and 1.2 times, respectively. For this sample, it was found that the development of arthropathy does not depend on the type of diabetes. In women with type 2 diabetes, the chances of developing arthropathy are six times higher. 4 times than men. An increase in insulin and leptin levels can serve as a marker for the presence and progression of arthropathy in patients with diabetes. Patients with arthropathies have increased levels of hydroxyproline and collagenase, which reflects an increase in catabolic processes in the connective tissue, which may be one of the mechanisms for the development of joint structures in patients with diabetes.

The article is based on the case analysis of a sudden and unexpected intraoperative death of a 51-year-old female patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, who was undergoing a non-cardiac operation in a non-cardiosurgery clinic, from acute precipitation of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction provoked by surgery and anesthesia. It emphasizes the importance of raising non-cardiac anesthesiologists' awareness of the issue and having clear standards of pre-operative evaluation and perioperative management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in order to avoid fatal medical errors. A literature review on the disease with an accent on anesthesia-related issues is also given, and four standards of perioperative anesthetic management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy presenting for non-cardiac surgery in general hospital settings are developed and offered.

The aim of the study was to examine the level of sex and pituitary hormones in men of older age groups suffering from type 2 diabetes with visceral-abdominal obesity and without it. The study involved 89 men aged 46-76 years with type-2 diabetes. We analyzed the levels of sex hormones (total and free testosterone, estradiol) and lutenizing hormone levels in the blood of men in the survey, depending on the presence/absence of obesity and androgen deficiency. Average levels total and free testosterone were significantly reduced in patients of all groups surveyed. The lowest level of androgens observed in patients with type 2 diabetes, obesity and androgen. Mid E2 levels only in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity showed a tendency to increase. Coefficient of T/E2 was significantly reduced in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity (63,00±8,20) and to a lesser extent in patients with type 2 diabetes without obesity (112,40±8,16) compared the control group (136,40±11,30). The results indicate the presence of not only absolute, but relative androgendeficiency in men with type 2 diabetes.

The rate of DNA fragmentation was studied in intact thyroid tissue and thyroid carcinoma tissue. The determination of low molecular-weight DNA concentrations and the electrophoretic analysis of DNA isolated from the thyroid tissues and tumors, followed by the calculation of the content of oligonucleosome fractions, indicated a drastic reduction in the DNA fragmentation rate in papillary carcinomas and no its significant changes in follicular carcinomas. In the intact thyroid tissue, α-tocopherol and potassium iodide at a concentration of 10-7 M inhibited the rate of stimulated DNA fragmentation in vitro. The agents showed no effect in the papillary carcinoma tissue and their effect was similar in the follicular carcinoma tissue, but it was less pronounced in intact thyroid tissue.

We measured the content of free radical lipid peroxidation products, intensity of induced lipid peroxidation, and concentration of carbonylated proteins in the liver of adult (10-12 months) and old rats (22-25 months) subjected to 30-min immobilization. Changes in the intensity of induced lipid peroxidation in homogenates and accumulation of carbonylated proteins in subcellular liver fractions indicate that immobilization stimulates free radical generation in the liver of both adult and old rats. The intensity of this process in old rats surpassed that in adult animals.

The influence of estradiol-17 beta on corticosteroids production and cell proliferation were studied in the cultured pig adrenocortical cells. Estradiol-17 beta considerably increased steroidogenesis, but inhibited cell proliferation. It is speculated, that cAMP mediated estradiol-17 beta effects in the adrenal cells.

The review summarized data on contents of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system: gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in blood of normal animal and humans, in blood of different animal species under experimental effects and modelling of pathological states, as well as in human blood in the presence nervous and endocrine diseases. Determination of GABA concentration in blood, taking into account the accessibility of study object, absence of significant sex, age, seasonal, diurnal fluctuations, as well as stability of amino acid level during the laboratory assay procedure, may be useful for the study of central neuromediator mechanisms, and allows, using representative samples and corresponding groups of comparison, to obtain data on disturbances of functional state of the GABAergic system under conditions of brain pathology.

The in vitro effect of prolactin (PRL) on protein phosphorylation in male guinea pig adrenal cortex has been studied. It was found that 60 min after addition of PRL (10 micrograms/ml) to slices of adrenocortical tissue the rate of protein phosphorylation increased considerably. Autoradiographic studies revealed that at least part of the proteins are substrates for protein kinase C, since their phosphorylation increased in the presence of specific activators of protein kinase C (Ca2+, diacylglycerol, phosphatidyl serine) in the incubation medium. The molecular masses of these proteins were 95, 93, 90, 12 and 10 kDa. In extracts of PRL-treated adrenocortical tissue phosphorylation of these proteins was especially well-pronounced. Addition of staurosporine (10 nM) during incubation of the slices abolished the PRL effect on protein phosphorylation without any effect on the rate of unstimulated phosphorylation. Taking into account the ability of isolated nuclei to respond to PRL by activation of protein kinase C, the time course of PRL stimulation of protein phosphorylation was studied using preparations of isolated nuclei. The maximal increase of 32P incorporation into the proteins from [gamma-32P]ATP was observed after 60 min. Staurosporine only slightly attenuated the PRL effect.