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Background. Assessment of the qualitative state of agricultural lands is a crucial component in the field of agricultural management and environmental control, representing a persistent scientific challenge. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with a set of sensors for such assessment allows for prompt acquisition of accurate and reliable information for objective monitoring, enabling a significant improvement in the quality of conclusions and the development of recommendations for enhancing land resource management and sustainable agricultural land development. Purpose. To develop a methodology for the utilization of UAVs in assessing the qualitative state of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region, aiming to apply this approach for optimizing agrotechnical practices. Materials and Methods. In specific agricultural zones of the Sakhalin region, a remote assessment of the quality state was conducted. Using a set of sensors placed on UAVs, air quality, temperature, humidity, and dust level were determined. Results. It has been shown that the use of UAVs in agriculture in the Sakhalin region offers broad opportunities for monitoring agricultural indicators, enabling the creation of a compact and flexible data collection system through the connection and integration of various sensors, thus facilitating the development of a scalable system. A model for the application of UAVs in the ecological monitoring of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region has been developed, featuring an original interface for real-time sensor data processing and storage in a specialized database. To implement the model, a methodology for utilizing UAVs to assess the quality state of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region was developed and tested. Conclusions. The obtained results confirmed the effectiveness of this approach for collecting primary ecological data. The selection of suitable UAVs and sensors, accurate data collection and analysis, as well as the development of scientifically justified recommendations, provided the foundation for constructing a model for the application of UAVs in the ecological monitoring of agricultural lands in the Sakhalin region. The developed model can be considered a prototype of a comprehensive monitoring system, which can be scalable by modifying the set of utilized sensors.

ABSTRACT: Introduction. The industrial activities result in the release of a significant number of pollutants into the atmosphere, which have a negative impact on human health and the environment. The development of sustainable principles for construction sites development requires the elaboration of algorithms, assessment methodologies, and monitoring of the environmental situation at the construction site. Analysis of research works in the field of environmental monitoring of air pollution by hazardous substances has shown that the speed and reliability of the obtained information are crucial in polluted atmospheric conditions. In this article, we examine the application of an intelligent environmental monitoring system with Salavat city Republic of Bashkortostan as the example. The article presents an example of continuous eco-monitoring using three automatic air pollution monitoring stations for controlling the atmospheric air in residential areas. Methods and Materials. An intelligent eco-monitoring system is proposed, which is capable of assessing the state of the air basin of an industrial city, identifying sources of increased air pollution, processing information using an artificial neural network in real-time, generating control actions on sources of increased air pollution, and providing recommendations to businesses for optimizing their operations to prevent exceeding the maximum allowable concentrations of harmful substances. Results. The analysis of air quality in Salavat has led to the conclusion that it is necessary to install window filter-screens with nanofiber-based filtering elements in residential buildings. Discussion. The results of the air basin monitoring can be used in an integrated intelligent environmental monitoring system for assessing environmental conditions and can be made available to interested parties. Considering the results in Salavat, the project can be replicated for use in eco-monitoring systems of towns and cities in the Russian Federation. Conclusion. As a result of the project, the program utilizing artificial intelligence has been developed, which will contribute to reducing the level of air pollution in the future.

The research presents the results of remote monitoring of blue-green algae of the Kuibyshev reservoir, leading to eutrophication of the reservoir. Multispectral images were taken by the European Space Agency’s Sentinel-2 remote sensing satellite and were processed by using QGIS software. Satellite images were processed using spectral indices. After using several spectral indices, the three most informative ones were selected: NDVI, NDWI and SIPI. The usage of processed images made it possible to define the boundaries of the distribution of blue-green algae more clearly, as well as the zones of the most intensive development of biomass. The use of several spectral indices made it possible to determine the most suitable data for the usage under adverse meteorological conditions. The analysis of the processed satellite images makes it possible to assess the intensity of the development of blue-green algae. This is the basis for the development of a forecast model of biomass changes in the reservoirs of the middle zone of the Russian Federation.

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Background. The research is devoted to the issues of climate change as an object of legal protection and an object of international cooperation. In the implementation of en-vironmental and legal support for climate conservation by the countries of Europe and the Russian Federation, characteristic features are manifested, which are due to the similarity of specific tasks. The purpose of the study is to determine the prospects for the development of the institute of environmental monitoring associated with the dynamic introduction of the latest digital technologies in the implementation of mechanisms that prevent and stabilize climate change. Materials and methods. General scientific method and special methods of cognition, such as comparative-legal, ecological-legal, statistical and empirical. Results. The analysis of regulatory legal acts and state strategies of individual foreign countries and the Russian Federation was carried out. The authors studied methodological and scientific approaches to the formation of proposals for the climate legislation of the Russian Federa-tion. For the legislator of the Russian Federation, experience and the latest developments in technologies to combat climate change are important. In this regard, it is necessary to coop-erate internationally with countries that are adjacent to Russia, having a similar climate and the same similar problems with its changes. Conclusions. The team of authors chose coun-tries that already have developed and tested national strategies, as well as methods to achieve carbon neutrality. It should be noted that these foreign countries have developed state programs in order to develop a circulation model, which is currently not only progres-sive, but also in a certain sense revolutionary. An interesting fact in the opinion of the au-thors is that all state programs are similar in theoretical approaches and scientific methods

Studies of the state of bottom soils of the city Desna river (Bryansk) were carried out as part of the recommended studies of state environmental monitoring. The purpose of the work is to identify the current state of the urban watercourse on the basis of ecological and analytical indicators of bottom soils for diagnosing the state of the surface waters of the Desna river. The study of the bottom sediments of the Desna river in the reference areas (cross-sections) showed that the content of heavy metals is within the normal range. The exception is the section of the river in the background region. The excess of concentrations for cobalt and chromium is 8.0 and 1.1 times from the established standards. The highest content of titanium oxide, chromium and cobalt was noted in samples on the right bank of the Desna river in the background area, which indicates that the area is silty. On average, the excess of chromium in spring was 7.5 times, and in summer - 8 times. For cobalt, the excess of the indicator compared to the maximum allowable amounted to 1.1 times throughout the entire spring-summer period. For the first time, the data of three-year studies on the state of bottom sediments are summarized, allowing the development of effective environmental programs and the creation of a constantly updated monitoring base.

The state of the environment in cities is determined by the degree of pollution of individual components of the environment. Geochemical anomalies in urban agglomerations are often formed in pollution depositing media such as soil, snow cover, bottom sediments. The purpose of the study is environmental monitoring of anthropogenic impact in diff erent areas of Smolensk and Vyazma according to the physical and chemical characteristics of melted snow. Snow was chosen as the object of the study, because it accumulates many substances entering the atmosphere, and subsequently can become a source of secondary pollution of the soil cover, underground and surface waters. The study determined organoleptic parameters (smell, color, turbidity, the presence of sediment in melt water), chemical parameters (the number of suspended particles, pH, total rigidity and mineralization, the amount of organic substances).The presence of chloride ions (Cl- ), sulfate ions (SO4 2-), nitrate ions (NO3-), nitrite ions (NO2 - ), bicarbonate ions (HCO3 - ) and ions of some heavy metals (Pb2+, Cu2+, Fe3+) have been determined. Bioindication of the studied samples on watercress has been carried out in parallel. A low level of air pollution in Smolensk and Vyazma has been established. The greatest contribution to the formation of the level of pollution in the cold period of the year is made by suspended substances, iron and manganese compounds in concentrations exceeding the maximum permissible concentration. The concentration of impurities depends on the distance from large industrial objects, automobile and railway objects, sanitary and technical condition and cleaning regime of the territory. The courtyard territories of Smolensk and Vyazma are the cleanest. The largest part of snow pollution is provided by the thermoelectric power stations and transport. Samples taken near car parks, railway tracks and near the thermoelectric power stations were the most unfavorable.

The algorithm is suggested for selecting most appropriate and sensitive bioassay method to a particular type of pollution prevailing in the study area. The algorithm bases on a battery of bioassays, which necessarily includes mortality test for Daphnia magna Straus, 1820. Other approaches for comparing sensitivity of methods are selected for particular aim. The algorithm has been tested in model and for in situ samples. According to the proposed algorithm, the mortality tests for D. magna and Ceriodaphnia affinis Lilljeborg, 1900 are enough informative to assess the pollution by mineral nitrogen compounds. When prevailing contamination are mineral salts of Cu, phosphates, and pyrophosphates, a bioluminescent test with Escherichia coli Migula, 1895 has the maximum sensitivity. If the aquatic environment is polluted by Cd, Pb, Zn, oil products, organic herbicides imazetapir and imazamox, chemotactic response reduction test with Paramecium caudatum Ehrenberg, 1838 is the most sensitive. The proposed algorithm is general, but it should only be used when the prevailing contaminant is known, and its effects predominate over the effects of other compounds in the sample.

The relevance. Pollution of ecosystems with heavy metals and arsenic is a significant anthropogenic factor that adversely affects humans and biota. In the Sverdlovsk region, where mining and processing of mineral raw materials is carried out, high levels of pollutant emissions from stationary sources, including heavy metals, are noted. The region is also characterized by multicomponent contamination of territories with artificial radionuclides. Since 1964, the Beloyarsk NPP has been in operation in the Sverdlovsk region. The long-term operation of industrial enterprises and radiation hazardous facilities increases the technogenic load on the ecosystems of the Urals. The main aim of the research is to assess the content of heavy metals and arsenic in the soils of terrestrial ecosystems in the vicinity of industrial enterprises and the Beloyarsk NPP based on environmental monitoring. Objects. In 2013 and 2019 the soils of natural (meadow) and agricultural (arable land, grassland) ecosystems of the 30-km zone of influence of the Beloyarsk NPP were studied. The content of 17 elements related to I (Pb, Zn, Cd, As, Hg), II (Mo, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Sb), III (Sr, Mn, V, W, Ba) hazard classes was studied in the soil cover, as well as iron. Methods. The assessment of the total content of heavy metals and arsenic in the soil was carried out in the testing laboratory of agroecology of the RIRAE (accreditation certificate RA.RU.513078). To prepare soil samples for measurements, we used the methods of «cold vapor» and «wet ashing» with a MARS-5 microwave system (CEM, USA). The elements in the samples were determined by atomic absorption and plasma emission methods of analysis. For measurements, we used an axial atomic emission (optical) spectrometer with sample atomization in inductively coupled plasma (ICP–OES) Liberty II (Varian, Australia–USA) and a KVANT spectrometer Zeta-1 with the GRG-3. Results. It is shown that for 2013−2019 the ratio of elements in the soil cover of terrestrial ecosystems in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP was quite stable. According to the decrease in the total content in the soil, heavy metals and arsenic in 2019 were arranged in the following order: Fe (average − 16700 mg/kg)>Mn (879)>Ba (134)>Zn (51)>Ni (35)≥Cr ( 32)≥V (30)≥Sr (28)>Cu (21)>Pb (12,4)≥Co (11,9)>W (6,7)>Sb (2,4)>As (1,7)≥Mo (1,5)>Cd (0,2)>Hg (0,01 mg/kg). According to the total accumulation of elements in the soil, terrestrial ecosystems are in the ratio: arable land (18,7 g/kg of soil)>meadows (14,9 g/kg)>virgin land (12,6 g/kg). Such a distinction is due to differences in the content of iron in the soil, the contribution of which to the regional background is 90…95 %. A weak correlation between the content of elements in the soil and the distance from the Beloyarsk NPP (–0,44...0,29 in 2013 and –0,29...0,38 in 2019) showed the absence of significant emissions of toxicants into the environment from the nuclear power plant both as a result of its many years of work, and after the start of operation of the BN-800 reactor. Among the I hazard class pollutants accumulated in the soil, zinc dominates (contribution 76…78 %), lead is in second place (18...21 %). In II hazard class, the main soil pollutants are nickel (45…34 %) and chromium (28…30 %). In III hazard class is dominated by manganese (68...81 %) and barium (14...27 %). It is shown that in 25…63 % of soil samples in the vicinity of the Beloyarsk NPP, the gross nickel content does not correspond to the approximate permissible concentrations established in SanPiN 1.2.3685−21. In addition, in all control plots of meadow ecosystems, the maximum permissible concentration for the content of antimony was exceeded. In 2019, in 4…25 % of soil samples of arable land and meadows, a discrepancy was noted with maximum permissible concentration for manganese, and in 4…11 % of soil samples of arable land, the maximum permissible concentration for arsenic was exceeded. The levels of accumulation in the soil of a number of heavy metals also exceed the regional background of the Sverdlovsk region: for nickel in 25...63 % of soil samples of natural and agricultural ecosystems, for manganese in 10...50 % of soil samples of arable land and meadows. The greatest amount of elements (average 42 %) is accumulated in the 0−5 cm soil layer. The maximum accumulation in the upper soil horizon was noted for cadmium (62 %), arsenic (49 %), and lead (48 %), and the minimum for antimony (29 %) and manganese (28 %). According to the total stock of toxicants in the 0−5 cm soil layer, they are arranged in a row: Cd>As>Pb>Zn>Cu>Mo>Hg>Sr>Ni>Cr>V>W>Co>Ba>Sb>Mn. In deeper horizons (5−10, 10−15 and 15−20 cm) of soil the elements are distributed evenly. Compared to other technogenically-polluted regions of Russia, the results of monitoring the content of heavy metals and arsenic in the soil of the Beloyarsk NPP area show a stable ecological situation. When planning further monitoring studies, it is necessary to pay attention to the behavior of arsenic, nickel, antimony, manganese, cadmium and lead in the soil. The increased content of these toxicants in the soil can lead to their accumulation in agricultural and natural food products.

Preliminary results of the evaluation of transport pollution of the RUDN University campus (Moscow) and adjacent forest park are presented. These objects are under the conditions of intensive road and highway impact. The assessment of the load is carried out on the basis of data from the environmental monitoring system in operation since 2017, information from the accounting of vehicles on highways, using specific emission indicators (established experience). The territory is considered as a representative experimental ground for studying and modeling the flows of various types and forms of pollutants in the “atmosphere - soil - plants” system, as well as greenhouse gas flows. Such a variety and density of materials make it possible to reliably identify areas of influence of traffic flows on the territory and simulate the migration of pollutants. The focus is on tire wear products, asphalt, as well as engine emissions: solid particles and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The results obtained indicate a significant level of load and generally correspond to modern estimates of total transport loads in Moscow.

Objective. The aim of the study is to identify metallic impurities in fine dust (PM2.5) in the residential area of Srednyaya Akhtuba (Sredneakhtubinsky rayon, Volgogradskaya oblast) exposed to the anthropogenic factor (expanded clay production) in a comparative characteristic with a relatively clean zone (garden non-profit partnership (SNT)) by indicators the number of particles (NPM2.5, %) and their mass fraction (D (dPM2.5), %).Method. The selection of particles (PM2.5) from the leaves of apricot trees and the preparation of aerosol suspensions was carried out according to international methods. The identification of the number and mass fraction of particles was carried out on the basis of the optical method according to GOST R 56929-2016.Result. The obtained values for the studied parameters were checked by the Wilcoxon T-test and were found at a significance level of p

The brief results of the functioning of the environmental monitoring system of the RUDN University campus are summarized. The monitoring system created in 2017 is aimed at obtaining data on the state of the environment of the campus and the adjacent territory of the Southwestern Forest Park, which is considered as conditionally background. The territory is surrounded by a network of highways with heavy traffic, bordered by residential buildings and an administrative zone. The technogenic load is mainly represented by transport emissions, as most part of Moscow territory. From this point of view, the area is considered as a representative object for study, where it is planned to continue work on environmental monitoring and modeling of pollutant flows, as well as greenhouse gas flows. Since the beginning of observations, more than 4000 records have been received on acoustic and electromagnetic pollution, as well as on pollution of atmospheric air, soil, vegetation, snow cover, which allows to confidently identify areas of influence of traffic flows to the territory and simulate the migration of pollutants, as well as to develop a basis for assessing ecosystem services of the territory. In particular, these are assessments of greenhouse gas emissions and uptake by the soil - plant complex.

Background. The connection between the state of the territorial technosphere and the ecological well-being of a person is already obvious to everyone. The more intense the impact of the objects of the territorial technosphere on the biosphere, the greater the threat to the ecological well-being of man. But most of the current studies are aimed at studying the impact of pollutants on individual natural systems and do not take into account the synergistic effect of their complex impact. Materials and methods. A system and a method for processing measurement information are proposed to assess the state of the territorial technosphere as a multi-parameter object, which makes it possible to evaluate the contribution of each impact to the final coagulation index. Results. The results of such an analysis are important for setting priorities for the implementation of environmental protection measures and ensuring the ecological well-being of a person. Conclusions. The proposed method for processing measurement information makes it possible to analyze the state of the territorial technosphere by the totality of environmental aspects and the criteria characterizing them and by the final coagulation index to assess the environmental wellbeing of a person, as well as, based on the method of analyzing hierarchies, to identify the most significant environmental aspects for the implementation of environmental protection measures.

The relevance of the research. Currently, there are about 600 waste dumps in the territory of Donbass. Their combustion leads to emissions of hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. An important environmental challenge is to prevent the formation of endogenous hotbed of spontaneous combustion on the dumps of coal mines and reduce air pollution. Purpose: to improve monitoring of the level of environmental hazard of coal mine dumps located in mining agglomerations for timely localization and prevention of the formation of hotbed of spontaneous combustion on waste dumps. Object: waste dumps of coal mines. Methods: application of the similarity theory and analysis of dimensions between the waste dump and the atmosphere, considering the Huntley add-on; full-scale and laboratory studies of the influence of conditions and distance of thermal imaging shooting, wind speed on the fixed radiant luminosity; studies of toxic gas emissions during combustion of waste dumps. Results. Modeling the main thermophysical characteristics between the hotbed of spontaneous combustion on the waste dump of a coal mine and a thermal imager made it possible to describe them by a criterial equation. Experimental studies have established that with the increase in the distance of thermal imaging, the recorded energy luminosity decreases. The dependence of the energy intensity of light on the angle of thermal imaging shooting in the range of angles 0–60° corresponds to Lambert's law. It was found that the temperature contrast between the thermal imager and the hotbed of spontaneous combustion is inversely proportional to the distance of thermal imaging shooting to the power of 1,81. It was established that the increase in the concentration of one of the most toxic components of emissions from a burning waste dump, hydrogen sulfide, is in power-law dependence on the relative humidity of the atmospheric air. The effectiveness of monitoring the ecological safety of waste dumps with the use of remote-control methods – thermal imagers and remotely piloted aerial vehicles – was substantiated. The use of remote thermal imaging monitoring of the level of environmental hazard of waste dumps using remotely piloted aircraft and reliable determination of emissions into the air during the combustion of waste dumps will reduce the cost of work in comparison with the current contact method by 5 times.

Environmental protection is a complex ecological and economic problem, including the need to develop and implement a number of environmental protection measures to mitigate the negative impact of mining waste on all natural environment components and human health. In this regard, the study purpose was to assess the impact of Pb, Cd, Cr, and As compounds on the environment and health of the population of the Solnechny miner’s village. Based on the purpose, the following tasks were set: 1) review and systematization of literature data on the problem of technogenic dust pollution; 2) assessment of the mining industrial system as a source of ecosystem pollution with toxic elements within the closed mining enterprises impact areas; 3) development of proposals for mitigating the impact of mining activities on ecosystems and human health. The paper presents the findings of the study of the elemental status of children and adolescents living within the closed town-forming enterprise JSC Solnechny GOK impact area. The relationship between the level of technogenic pollution of the natural environment and the changes in the elemental status of the children was shown. A feature of the elemental status of the children in the study group was high content of heavy metals, including Pb, Cr, and As. Our research confirmed the data that a growing child’s body actively adsorbs compounds of toxic chemical elements. Deficiency and imbalance of microelements in the body can cause ecologically-related diseases in the child population. Individual and population carcinogenic risks (CR) caused by the As, Pb, and Cr pollution were calculated. In accordance with the acceptance criteria for the risk caused by exposure to the pollutants, the individual carcinogenic risk CR (Cr) = 1,05 · 10–3 belongs to the fourth range and is unacceptable neither for the population, nor for occupational groups. This is De manifestis risk, and when it is reached, it is necessary to carry out emergency curative measures to mitigate it. The individual risks CR (As) = 7,05 · 10–4 also exceed the acceptable level for the population. This level of pollution is subject to permanent monitoring, requires development and implementation of planned curative measures to improve the indicators of the human environment, one of which is the organization of the environmental monitoring system in the study area.

Monitoring investigations of the estuarine parts of the main rivers of the Lake Sevan’s catchment basin with observation of the physicochemical and biological parameters of the water were carried out in spring, summer and autumn seasons of 2018. Water quality of the estuaries was assessed taking into account the seasonal values of the studied parameters. In the estuarine part of some rivers the quantitative proportion of blue-green and colonial green algae increased in phytoplankton composition, which is most likely associated with an increase of the parameters of chemical pollution of the water. The saprobity indices corresponded to the moderate organic pollution of the water and were belonging from α-oligosaprobic to β-mesosaprobic zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the main abiotic factors, which influence could be affect the ecosystems components - plant community ( Tilia cordata Juss. ) growing in the RUDN University campus. The abiotic factors which as wet, temperature, the concentration of the CO, NO2, H2S and soot in the atmosphere and the topsoil, sounds value, radiation in the environment, the pH and Eh in the topsoil have been measured. The morphological parameters and the asymmetry indexes of leaves of the Tilia cordata Juss. have been revealed. Based on these data set the influences of the main abiotic factors has been identified. The distribution of the asymmetry indexes of leaves of Tilia cordata Juss . growing near Miklykho-Maklaya Street and Leninskii Prospekt Highway and far away from here has been described.

Carbon sequestrative capacity of forest plant communities is one of the main criteria for the potential for low-carbon development of the country and the fulfillment of international obligations in the context of the Paris climate agreement. The information basis of the research is formed by information from the database of IA "Ukrderzhlisproekt", which contains the detailed biometric characteristics of forest stands located in the research region. Another component is represented by a system of mathematical models for quantitative assessment of live biomass and forest dead organic matter. As a result, in this research we have determined the quantitative values of organic carbon content in live biomass and dead organic matter of forests of Kyiv region. In total, the amount of carbon accumulated in vegetal biomass of the region's forests equals 61.8 million tons, of which 60 % is accounted for by pine stands. The share of carbon accumulated in dead organic matter is 10.5 %. The highest density of sequestered carbon per unit area is typical for ash and oak stands with indicators of 10.08 and 9.921 kg∙(m2)-1, respectively. More than 40 % of organic carbon is accumulated in vegetal biomass of stands of I site index class, which mainly grow in relatively poor forest conditions. Recreational, health-improving and protective forests of the region are characterized by the highest indicators of organic carbon density per unit area - 10.53 and 10.49 kg∙(m2)-1, respectively. Among the objects of the nature reserve fund, the dominant positions in the volume of the studied indicator belong to nature reserves - 82.7 %, national nature parks account for another 8 %. In the total structure of carbon capacity of dead organic matter (6.5 million tons) more than 60% belongs to forest litter. At the same time, carbon content in dead organic matter of coniferous stands equals 4.1 million tons, or 62.9 %. The results of the research will serve as an information basis for the formation of a strategy for regional low-carbon development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of the Far North territories is such a process of human interference that causes certain changes in natural environment. Fields development and relative technological processes, being the main type of man-made burden, have negative influence on all components of the environment. The ecosystems of the Far North are characterized by their low ability of self-recovery, so the impact of extraction of mineral resources and its consequences in severe climate conditions increase manyfold. In order to solve the existing environmental problems and ensure sustainable development of the region, it is necessary to have objective information about the state of the environment. The only possible way to obtain such information is monitoring, which includes a system of observations, assessment and forecast of the state of the natural environment, the results of which will provide a comprehensive assessment of the ecological state of the environment, the degree of anthropogenic impact, as well as allow to make forecasts of environmental situations taking into account external and internal environmental factors.

Aim. Comparison of water quality according to 19 indicators: odour at 20°C, odour at 60°C, taste, colour, turbidity, total iron, permanganate oxidation, dry residue, total hardness, oil products, surfactants, phenolic index, nitrates (NO3‐), chlorides (Сl‐), fluorides (F‐), sulphates (SO42‐), zinc (Zn2+), copper (Сu, total), pH value of two infiltration water intakes in the south‐eastern region of the Republic of Belarus. Identification and analysis of linear trends, and determination of trends in the dynamics of indicator values. Material and Methods. As initial data we used the results of quarterly measurements of the values of borehole water indicators of the infiltration water intakes. Results. By comparing the relative concentrations of the mean annual values of the studied quality indicators for two water intakes, it was revealed that the priority indicators are odour at 20°C, odour at 60°C, taste, chromaticity, turbidity, and iron. By comparing the relative concentrations of total iron, it was found that the concentration in the wells of WI 1 is much higher than in the wells of WI 2, probably due to the presence of rocks and minerals from moraine and fluvioglacial complexes of glacial deposits. For other indicators the values were approximately on the same level. Conclusion. By constructing matrices of pair correlation and geographic proximity for each of the priority indicators, well groups were identified whose water quality is interrelated and which were subsequently aggregated as a single group.

There are risks of obtaining result that does not answer a work purpose statement when developing the software product for new subject area. It is necessary to pay attention on requirements to the software for elimination of such risks. This article is considering questions about collection and analysis requirements to a program module of sea water areas environmental monitoring. Program system «НДС Эколог» for ensuring continuous observation of sea water areas condition is noted by complex structure, high labor intensity of processing, storage and manipulations of data due to their significant amount. The software of this system makes a large-scale program complex for monitoring researches automation. However, according to the preliminary analysis of functionality «НДС Эколог» on quality control of dolphins living environment is not sufficient and need additional module development. Thus, the further development of this monitoring system is associated with the problem of elicitation and analyzing the requirements for the program module for calculating the coastal zones water resources quality. Elicitation requirements to additional program module is carried out on the basis of the standard documentation analysis, business processes of monitoring researches according to program engineering provisions. Identified Requirements are need check on integrity and lack of contradictions in their pithiness for further documenting according to the international recommendations standard about development of requirements specifications to the software IEEE STD 830 1993. To solve the problems of information support and software for integrated monitoring, a matrix of requirements was formed and cognitive modeling was applied. The requirements dependency matrix represents a simple and effective method of contradictions and overlappings identification, in case of simple systems consideration. Cognitive modeling promotes better understanding a problem situation, identification of contradictions and qualitative system analysis. The purpose of modeling consists in formation and specification of a studied object functioning hypothesis which consists of separate subsystems and elements. In this case, the system of requirements should reflect the causal relationships of object elements under study.

We study a problem of complex analysis and monitoring of the environment based on Earth Sensing Data, with the emphasis on the use of hyperspectral images (HSI), and propose a solution based on developing algorithmic procedures for HSI processing and storage. HSI is considered as a two-dimensional field of pixel signatures. Methods are proposed for evaluating the similarity of a HSI pixel signature with a reference signature, via simple alignment transformations: identical; amplitude scaling; shift along y-axis; and a combination of the last two. A clustering / recognition method with self-learning is proposed, which determines values of the transformation parameters that ensure the alignment of the current pixel signature with the reference signature. Similarity with the reference is determined by a standard deviation value. A HSI compression method with controlled losses has been proposed. The method forms a basis via accumulating reference signatures and represents the rest of the signatures by parameters matching them with the already detected class-reference signature. In an experiment with the GSI f100520t01p00-12 data of the AVIRIS spectrometer, the method provided a 2 % loss and compression coefficients of the original HSI ranging from 43 to 165 for various types of alignment transformation, while not requiring archiving and thus maintaining active access to the HSI and using the list of references as an analogue of the HSI palette. An algorithm for the formation of dense groups of detectable objects (for example, oil spots) and their nonconvex contouring, controlled by 4 parameters, is proposed. A pilot version of the concept of geographic information system (GIS) and an appropriate database management system (DBMS) was built and implemented, which provides monitoring and is based on the prioritized processing and storage of the HSI, which serve as a data source for the system. A laboratory complex with new algorithms for processing and storing the GSE is introduced into the structure of the system.

The article reflects the research carried out within the framework of the Green campus project. The project was organized by the Ecological Faculty of RUDN University, the purpose of which was the monitoring of the RUDN University campus and obtaining detailed information about the technogenic load on the territory. This paper presents the results of year-round studies of the territory, which allowed to establish the variability of anthropogenic load from vehicles depending on the seasons. The article presents the explanation of the vehicles impact assessment methods: instrumental and calculated methods, as well as their comparison with each other. The results are given in charts and maps. Identification of priority substances was done that contribute mostly to the atmosphere pollution.

The article proposes a new method of plant life assessment by the total fluctuating asymmetry index that includes seven asymmetry parameters of leaves growing in three experimental areas near the Leninsky Prospekt and Miklukho-Maklaya highways. The data on 18 morphological parameters of leaves of the tree species growing in these experimental areas has been presented. The potential impact of the Leninsky Prospekt and Miklukho-Malkaya highways on the morphological parameters of leaves has been estimated.

The article presents the results of investigations of geoecological state of settlements of Kryvyi Rih district of Dnipropetrovsk region adjacent to the tailings dump of the SkhidHZK of the Shcherbakivska beam. The rational complex of geological and geophysical methods for asses­sing the geoecological state of technogenic-loaded areas near to the tailings dump is grounded, considering the peculiarities of the territory tectonic structure and possible geodynamic changes of the state of the geological environment. Recommendations for the complex of geological and geophysical methods for the effective solution of ecological monitoring problems with the purpose of possible changes of the geological environment under the influence of natural and man-made processes around the tailings dump of radioactive waste are developed. In the future in the settlements connected with the possible emergency ecological situation due to the proximity to the tailing dump the SkhidHZK the Shcherbakivska beam, it is necessary to take a number of measures directed at the constant conduct of round-the-clock geoecological monitoring and limitation of external and internal chronic exposure of the population. It is assumed that in case of deterioration of the environmental situation based on the results of round-the-clock monito­ring research, it will allow to fulfil the timely receipt of information from the monitoring unit to the information user that is responsible for making of managerial decisions on protecting the population of settlements adjacent to the Shcherbakivska beam.

Background. Currently, the priority task is to develop the resources of the continental shelf. At the same time, ensuring the environmental safety of marine areas remains an important aspect. In this regard, the development and creation of robotic systems equipped with specialized complexes capable of solving a wide functional range of underwater operations is relevant. The purpose of this work is to create a hardware and software complex based on the method of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with the possibility of integrating it into a remotely operated underwater vehicle of the survey class for measuring the elemental composition of seawater and bottom rocks in the In Situ mode. Materials and methods. The analysis of the elemental composition of seawater and soil samples was carried out using the laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy method. A two-pulse diodepumped Nd: YAG laser DF-251 (SOL Instruments) was used as a source of laser plasma excitation. Results. An experimental hardware and software complex of an underwater spectrometer based on the method of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with the possibility of integrating it into existing remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROV) of the inspection class has been developed. Laboratory experiments were carried out to determine the chemical composition of a seawater sample. The possibility of using the presented hardware and software complex in the tasks of environmental monitoring of sea areas and geological exploration is shown. Conclusions. The obtained laboratory results make it possible to assert that the developed hardware and software complex is a promising solution for application in the problems of environmental monitoring of sea areas and geological exploration.

The article presents the results of investigating heavy metal concentrations in water bodies of the Ural-Caspian Basin. Heavy metal content in water, bottom sediment (silt) and biota condition constitute the most objective and reliable indicators of water pollution and overall anthropogenic load on a water body. At present, the scale of the technogenic pathway of heavy metals entering surface water bodies (with wastewater from industrial enterprises and cities, as well as surface agricultural runoff, etc.) considerably exceeds the natural one, thus, posing a real threat of disturbing the balance of aquatic ecosystems, foremost of these possessing commercial fishing importance. The Caspian Sea and the rivers flowing into it are among such water bodies. The study focused on the toxicological state of water in the northeastern section of the Caspian Sea, as well as in the rivers flowing into it and their tributaries. Among pollutants, heavy metals cause the highest concern not only because of their high toxicity for aquatic organisms, but also due to their ability to accumulate and transform inside biocenoses, as well as one of the drivers of decreasing biological resources. The Ural River demonstrates high concentrations of copper, chromium and lead throughout the year exceeding the corresponding MACs 2-6 times. The Kigach River is contaminated with heavy metals to a lesser degree, yet the analysis of summer water samples pointed to increased copper and lead content. In the Ural and Kigach Rivers, heavy metal contamination occurs due to sewage arriving from upstream areas. The research allowed detecting the seasonal dynamics of heavy metal content in the northeastern section of the Caspian Sea, as well as showed that heavy metals enter water bodies not only during spring floods, but during all seasons of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture, especially livestock, is rated as one of the most polluting industries in the world. In the other hand there is a modern approach to the technology implementation, and is this true that with its usage the impact on the environment is so critical and inevitably leads to environmental catastrophe. It is important to investigate and scientifically substantiate the impact of modern livestock complexes on the environment, especially on groundwater resources objectively,. And only after a number of studies conducted on pig farms with a capacity of 30 and 50 thousand heads per year it would be possible to determine next: is livestock an object of ultra-intensive pollution, or it is an object that does not have a significant negative impact on the environment and is also an economic and food lever of the country. The research was conducted on the example of the company JV LLC «NYVA PEREIASLAVSCHYNY» that is located in two districts of Kyiv region - Brovarskyi and Boryspilskyi. The sanitary protection zone size is 1500 meters to the nearest residential development (MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE, 1996). Projects to reduce the sanitary protection zone have not been developed as there is no need for it. Research of water quality was performed according to State Sanitary Regulations and Rules "Hygienic Requirements to Quality of Water Intended for Human Consumption" "2.2.4-171-10" (State Water Agency of Ukraine, 2010). It was conducted on samples that were taken from 4 artesian wells that are located on the territory of the pig breeding farm N° 11. The aim of the research is to identify the impact of the pig breeding farm's N° 11 activity on the underground aquifer and surface water body. To reach this target water samples were collected according to the requirements established in the conclusion on environmental impact assessment from wells in the villages and river. Studies that were conducted during 2020 showed that the quality of water in wells meets the requirements for drinking water. Water samples from wells and ponds showed deviations from the norm up to 10 times. Previous studies did not set a negative impact of the pig breeding farm N 11 on groundwater quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: analysis of the water bodies state monitoring system operating on the territory of Russia, identification of problems of accounting for diffuse pollution of water bodies in the framework of state monitoring of water bodies and development of proposals for its improvement. Materials and methods. Data from the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, Russian meteorological service, Federal Service of State Statistics, research by Russian scientists on this theme, and Internet materials were used as materials for research. Methods of systemic complex study, comparison, generalization and analysis of data were used. Results. The unified system of state environmental monitoring (state monitoring of environment), founded to ensure environmental protection in Russia, and the system of state monitoring of water bodies included in it, and its organizational aspects are analyzed. Problems that do not allow to assess the diffuse pollution of water bodies reliably, especially dangerous and significant in size in the zones of agricultural production, located mainly in the catchments of small rivers when conducting state monitoring of water bodies have been identified. Conclusions. The composition and structure of water bodies state monitoring data, which is currently operating, are mainly focused on monitoring water quality in the zone of industrial-urbanized territories, which are characterized by point (concentrated) types of pollution sources, and their intensity is relatively stable in time and space. The solution to the problem of identifying diffuse sources of water bodies pollution, assessing the degree of their impact on the quality of water resources and exercising control over them is represented in organization and conduct of special (additional) work during all typical hydrological seasons - flooding and high water, especially their upward branches, within the framework of water bodies state monitoring.

Background. The main share in the landscaping of the city of Yoshkar-Ola is made up of such deciduous woody and shrub plantings such as Betula pendula Roth., Tilia cordata Mill., Syringa vulgaris L., Acer negundo L., Populus pyramidalis Salisb., etc. Coniferous plants are not so usually used as often as deciduous plants in landscaping urban areas. However, most of them belong to the group of evergreens and play the role of green spaces all year round. In score of the high sensitivity to gaseous pollutants in cities, the problem arises using of it in urban landscaping. But such species of introduced conifers as Picea pungens Engelm., Thuja occidentalis L., Juniperus sabina L. are notable for their significant resistance to technogenic pollution. Materials and methods. The studies were conducted during 2018 in three different zones of Yoshkar-Ola which differ with degrees of anthropogenic load (recreational, residential, industrial). The objects of the study were Picea pungens Engelm., Thuja occidentalis L., Juniperus sabina L. The content of photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids) was studied in the needles of the second year of life in seasonal dynamics (May, July, October, December). Results. The study found that with an increasing of anthropogenic load, the quantitative content of photosynthetic pigments decreased in the needles of introduced plant species. Needle Picea pungens Engelm. was characterized by the highest content of the studied types of pigments. Conclusions. The obtained data expand the idea of the pigment composition of conifers growing in urban environment. The quantitative content of photosynthetic pigments depends on the species, season of the year and place were, it grows.

It is shown that the modern society pays much attention to the issue of environmental security. On the basis of literary sources it is noted that there is a trend to strengthening the role of environmentally oriented management methods, guidelines for the modernization of production, implementation of environmental management systems and environmental certification. Environmental certification helps the company to properly allocate resources for environmental protection and provides the state with the accurate data and the receipt of payments in budgets of all levels for negative impact on the environment. The structural changes are based on the requirements of the environmental legislation, new requirements to ecological regulation. The authors confirm the need for transition to the Best available techniques (BAT), which significantly improve environmental and economic performance of the enterprise. Implementation of BAT requires the effective replacement of obsolete resource-intensive production and modern technology. Such transitions affect the size of payments for negative impact on the environment and the volume of economic incentives from the state. It is noted that Russia applies the European experience as a basis of creating guidebooks on the best available techniques. The definition of technology as the best available techniques is determined by the resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation. Indicators and information generated in the BREF are also required in carrying out the environmental monitoring and control. Changes in these indicators reflect the quality of the technology used. Implementation of BAT requires significant investments, the priority should be conservation projects that eliminate the most acute environmental problems and maximize environmental benefits. The increased interest of enterprises in the application of environmental technologies is not only based on obtaining favorable conditions for state support, but are also aimed at improving the company’s image, increasing economic capacity and competitiveness.

The first results of the implementation of the initiative project realized by the employees of the ecological faculty of the RUDN-University are presented. The project is aimed at obtaining information on the environmental situation and the main sources of impact on the territory of the RUDN-University’ campus. Together with the achievement of this goal, the most important task is solved - the development of practical skills and competences, the formation of a professional ecological culture among environmental students. For the RUDN-University as a national coordinator in the Green Metric Green Universities international movement organized by the University of Indonesia, the project is a landmark and allows the university to demonstrate by its own example to students the opportunities for greening and achieving sustainability, even for non-productive organization.

Facilities of laser remote sensing as an effective method of lidar-based environmental monitoring of the thermal power plants’ air basin are considered. Principles of lidar monitoring systems development are described. Features of description and processing of the laser sensing echo-signals obtained from the industrial areas’ air are reviewed. Outlooks of using the contactless lidar-based method to solve the environmental problems are discussed.

The creation of a cascade of reservoirs on the Dnieper led to the emergence of many environmental problems, in particular, flooding of adjacent lands to reservoirs, shore abrasion, “flowering of water” etc. In recent decades, in the study of environmental problems in the biosphere, aerospace research methods have been increasingly attached importance. The specificity of the application of space imagery and the obtaining of new information with their help is due to their visibility, the possibility of studying the Earth's surface at various levels of generalization. Changes in the water regime negatively affected the oxygen regime of reservoirs, quite often leads to the death of fish. The Kakhovka Reservoir is characterized by fairly high indicators of total solar radiation, which contributes to its overgrowing by higher aquatic vegetation, especially in the shallow upper part, and the “flowering” of water caused by the rapid reproduction of blue-green algae in a large part of the water area (up to 80–95%). The peak of this process, as a rule, falls on July–August. The analysis of the ecological state of the Kakhovka reservoir using remote sensing data of the Earth and methods for their digital processing, in particular, the method of synthesis of the multispectral image (Composite), creation of a mosaic of images, radiometric and atmospheric correction, spectral transformations of pixel values of space images and zonal statistics of ArcGIS are performed in this article. The study was carried out on the basis of the Landsat satellite images for 1977–2017. An analysis of the temperature regime of the Kakhovka Reservoir showed that the highest temperature was recorded in 2010 and allowed to allocate on the space images the sections of the reservoir with the highest temperature. At the same sites, the most active processes of “flowering” of water were detected using the calculated values of vegetation indices. This confirms the efficiency and feasibility of using remote sensing data processing to perform environmental monitoring and assessment of the state of large-scale water bodies, in particular reservoirs.

An algorithm of monitoring the ecological state of coastal waters is presented in the paper. The algorithm makes it possible to detect oil, mineral and organic coarse pollution, thin oil films, to estimate the concentration of mineral organic pollution in the surface layer. A method of identifying shallow water zones including sand-bottomed zones and waterline phytoplankton overgrowth is presented. The pollution level of the coastal zone of the city of Regency (Brazil) is estimated using the analysis of spectral-energy characteristics of polluted and nominally clean surfaces. On the basis of the estimates obtained clustering of the initial data on the component and the total level of pollution is performed. Conclusions are made concerning total pollution of the coastal waters under consideration. An example of data processing on the basis of the algorithm presented is discussed. A hyperspectral image obtained with the help of the Resurs-P No.2 satellite is considered.

Copyright of News of Kazakhstan Science / Novosti nauki Kazahstana is the property of NCSTE (JSC National Center for State Scientific and Technical Evaluations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The relevance of the work is caused by the need to track the changes in natural environment to anthropogenic impacts, especially in residential areas, and ensure proper valuation of land. The main aim of the studyis substantiation of conceptual and technological foundations for creation of monitoring system of the land and the dynamics of the anthropogenic impact on the territory for mapping and cadastral valuation. The methods: interpretation of remote sensing data; route field observations on the reference test sites; method of landscape analysis; method of systemic mapping; analysis of thematic maps of different scale; cartometrics research based on geoinformation technol ogies. The results. The paper introducestheresults of studying the nature of the changes of anthropogenic load on the landscapes of Sakhalin on the basis of cartometric analysis of forest-covered areas, logging, and residential areas by maps in scale 1:100000, published in the mid 1980+s and by space images transmitted from scanner Landsat-7, Landsat-8 with a resolution of 15-30 m. The authors identified the trends to change in the area of different types of landscapes and settlements in the island territory. Landscapes of the south of Sakhalin was subjected to change during the development of forest management, mining, water management. Valuable industrial forests in accessible areas are essentially heavily modified. However, forest management is possible under condition of ensuring environmental safety and reproduction of renewable forest resources in the region. Residential load in the South-Eastern part of Sakhalin is relatively low. The increase in the area of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk is not due to multi-storey construction, but due to individual housing construction. The capabilities of ArcGIS allow assessing the growth of the urban area on individual areas of the city. Summary. The authors revealed that for the time between the topographic and space shooting, the residential load on plain type landscapes has increased almost throughout, and especially near residential zones of southern Sakhalin. Environment monitoring allows discovering quickly the effects on the ecosystem and carrying out the actions to reduce negative consequences.

Aim. We analysed current environmental state of the Dagestan coast of the Caspian Sea. Data on the spatial variability of contaminants in the coastal areas of the Dagestan segment of the Caspian Sea from the northern districts (Lopatin) to the central (Sulak coastal land) and, further, to the southern district (within Russian subsoil management) confirm that it is caused by irregular contamination of the sea by above-ground sources. Location. Dagestan coastal area of the Caspian SeaMethods. Concentration analysis of background contamination of chemical agents in the Dagestan coastal water from northern districts (Lopatin) to southern (Sulak coastal land) during the period between 2004 and 2007.Results. Data on the spatial variability of contaminants in the coastal areas of the Dagestan segment of the Caspian Sea from the northern districts (Lopatin) to the central (Sulak coastal land) and, further, to the southern district (within Russian subsoil management) confirm that it is caused by irregular contamination of the sea by above-ground sources.Main conclusions. The envisaged large-scale hydrocarbon resource development requires regular monitoring of sea currents on Makhachkala, Izberbash and Derbent roads.

The article describes the main provisions of the environmental and conservation policy of the LLC "CentralCaspianOil& Gas" It is proposed provided for the development of the "Central" compensation expense to direct on the implementation of specific environmental projects.

Aim. Environmental protection and the bioethical development of population should be studied on the basis of modern paradigm that actualizes and allows to create new forms and organizational structures on the local level for population provision of reliable information. Purpose of the study is the development of new form and organizational structure model of local government’s information activities. Methods and results. With this aim the materials of environmental radiation monitoring have been analyzed, using analytical-comparative method and content-analysis. It has been established that representatives of central and local authorities do not pay enough attention to the issues of informing the population about the environmental and radiological situation. Conclusion. This indicates insufficient providing of population with objective information and a need of integrated information system creation in the organizational form of Centers for environmental protection, biological ethics and territories development.

In article the results of springs classification and clustering by geoecological aspects are stated. The complex approach enables to optimize the actions for spring water pollution prevention.

The article discusses the criteria of environmental safety as one of indicators of sustainable development of society. A description of the environmental situation in Western Siberia, identifiedenvironmental hazard.

In article the results of the research work of series of springs are stated. Regularity of change of spring water quality under the influence of man-caused factors is revealed. Such factors as geological structure of rocks, sorption characteristics, presence of trees plantations etc., are very important for prevention of spring water pollution.

Copyright of Technical Electrodynamics / Tekhnichna Elektrodynamika is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Institute of Electrodynamics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)