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Oncofertility is a discipline that studies the possibility of preserving reproductive function in women with malignant tumors. This new medical discipline is based on two main principles of safety and efficacy. Breast cancer ranks first in the structure of cancer incidence among women of child-bearing age. The paper describes the methods to preserve fertility in breast cancer and their efficacy.

Background: The study of fluoride effects at the cellular level is still essential for biophysics, medicine, and ecology as one of the most common environmental pollutants. Its impact on embryonic objects is poorly understood. Objectives: The aim of the work was: 1) to study the effect of sodium fluoride (in the minimum concentration to inhibit growth) on the morphological development of loaсh embryos; 2) evaluation of the degree of survival of embryos in the presence of sodium fluoride in the incubation medium and determination of the coefficient Ks. Materials and methods: Ovulation in loach females (Misgurnus fossilis L.) was stimulated by intramuscular injection of female chorionic gonadotropin (500 units), eggs were obtained by 36 h after stimulation, fertilized in Petri dishes with a suspension of sperm according to Neifach A. A. The stages of development were observed visually used a binocular microscope MBS-9 with a photo camera. The experimental embryos were incubated in Goltfreter's solution with the addition of sodium fluoride to a final minimum concentration to inhibit growth of 500 μmol/l. Results: Sodium fluoride inhibits the development of loach embryos and leads to developmental defects. The noticeable developmental defects caused by sodium fluoride were a reduction in the size of the larvae's head and tail, low body pigmentation, changes in the eye diameter, and embryonic touch reflex. As a result of the accumulation of fluoride in embryonic cells, on the third day of development, embryonic mortality increased to 88,9%. On 12 days under the action of sodium fluoride, the total number of larvae was about 2%. Conclusions: The ability of NaF to act as a direct teratogen was tested on the cold-blooded embryo model, the same effect was found by other investigators on the FETAX model. The possibility that sodium fluoride may cause toxic and/or neuromuscular developmental defects in human embryos also should be considered. Avoiding excessive getting of fluoride in the body by limiting the consumption of foods or beverages high in fluoride, the use of fluoride in dental care products, etc. requires detailed assessment.

The birth of children after infertility treatment of married couples with the help of assisted reproductive technologies has become a reality after many years of basic research on the physiology of reproductive system, development of oocyte’s in vitro fertilization methods and cultivation of embryos at pre-implantation stages. Given the widespread use of assisted reproductive technologies in modern medical practice and the great interest of society to this problem, the aim of the study was to trace the main stages and key events of assisted reproductive technologies in the world and in Ukraine, as well as to highlight the activities of outstanding scientists of domestic and world science who were at the origins of the development of this area. The paper used historical methods to study and interpret the texts of primary sources and present scientific historical events. In addition, the current trends in assisted reproductive technologies are covered based on the results of our own, more than 30 years of experience in the field of reproductive biology and medicine, and the achievements of world scientists. As a result of the work, it has been shown that despite certain ethical and social biases, the discovery of individual predecessor scientists became the basis for the efforts of Robert Edwards and Patrick Steptoe to ensure birth of the world's first child, whose conception occurred outside the mother's body. There are also historical facts and unique photos from our own archive, which confirm the fact of the first successful oocyte in vitro fertilization and the birth of a child after the use of assisted reproductive technologies in Ukraine. Over the last 20 years, assisted reproductive technologies have continued to grow, addressing many other issues of reproductive potential preservation and infertility treatment. State of the art methods of assisted reproductive technologies include the development of cryopreservation method of gametes and embryos by vitrification, genetic screening of embryos in order to prevent the hereditary diseases transmission and embryo transfer with chromosomal abnormalities, the birth of a child “from three parents” in severe cases of mutations in the mitochondrial genome, etc.

The breeders are faced with the task of the fastest breeding of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L) varieties, which will be able to fill a niche among the insurance stone fruit crops, complementing the existing assortment. It is practically impossible to speed up this process without the use of in vitro culture. In this regard, the purpose of the present study was to identify the most favorable timing for isolating embryos of sour cherry varieties and hybrids with sweet cherry for embryos active development and growth in vitro. Analysis of the literature data and the results obtained in this study allows a conclusion that the timing of embryos isolation for their introduction into in vitro culture plays a very important role for the entire breeding process. Due to the discrepancy in defining the timing, a certain starting point is proposed, which is the date of fertilization (artificial pollination), or mass flowering in the case of free pollination. The parameters (height and width) of sour cherry seeds, which depend on the period of pollination, are given. Together with the cotyledons, the embryos of sour cherry varieties on the 14th day of their development correspond to sizes from 1.2 × 0.4 mm to 1.6 × 1.0 mm and, in the case of normal fertilization, increase in size from 6 .5 × 5.1 mm to 7.2 × 6.3 mm by day 28-30, on an average. At the same time, the seed with the embryo of hybrid sour cherry varieties (dukes) reaches higher values, e.g., 11.3 × 8.1 mm. When introducing cherry embryos into culture, one should focus on their size, as well as on the period that has passed from pollination. It was found that the periods of isolation, both early on day 14-19 and late on day 44-52, negatively affect the development of embryos: they stop their development, and the number of the obtained seedlings decreases. It has been experimentally proven that the most optimal timing of fruit picking for growing cherry hybrids in vitro is the period from day 28 to 32 after pollination of flowers: active development was observed in them on days 10-15 in test tubes, and most of them (83-85%) began to germinate 40 days later (on day 39-47 after the introduction into in vitro culture). In general, this leads to the efficient hybridization and accelerated obtaining of seedlings in the same year.

Will I be my corpse someday? This is a controversial philosophical question. If I’m a material being, that question is an important part of the metaphysics of material beings. Animalism claims that I’m a human animal. I have started as a fetus. Eric Olson argued that this is incompatible with the psychological-continuity approach to personal identity. From this it follows that we should accept the biological approach; the persistence condition for me is a Life. William Carter suggested that this approach has the same problem with the corpses as the psychologicalcontinuity approach has with fetuses. I’m going to show that Carter is not right, but we should slightly specify a biological approach: the persistence condition for me is my Life

The purpose of the study. To investigate the relationship of gender, age, karyotype, chronic diseases of spouses with reproductive losses, caused by different chromosomal abnormalities in abortions/fetuses. Object and methods. Clinical examination and analysis of medical records of 45 couples with reproductive losses were carried out. Karyotyping of 90 blood samples of the patients with reproductive losses and analysis of spectrum of chromosomal abnormalities in embryos/fetuses were performed. Results. The mean age of the females was 31.22±0.92 years (21-45 years) and the mean age of the males was 33.22±0.91 years (23-48 years). The age of 33.3% (15/45) of women with reproductive losses who have had chromosomal abnormalities in embryos/fetuses were 35 years or older. Eleven percent of the patients had recurrent losses that occured more often over 12 weeks. The mean age of males and females with reproductive losses caused by additional copies of chromosomes 21 and 18 in embryos/fetuses was significantly higher compared to the mean age of males and females who have had in embryos/fetuses monosomy of chromosome X (p=0.014 and p=0.002, respectively for females) and (p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively for males) was registrated. Reproductive losses were significantly often occured at the term of gestation more than 12 weeks when aneuploidy of chromosomes 21 and 18 were found in embryos/fetuses compared to monosomy of chromosome X was diagnosed at less than 12 weeks (р=0,005 і р=0,028, respectively). Fetuses with additional copies of chromosomes 21 and 18 were most frequently recorded at pregnancy of more than 12 weeks. Female gender prevailed among the abortions with chromosomal aneuploidy in proportion (2.2:1). In the karyotype of embryos/fetuses most often occured the additional copies of 21, 18 and 16 autosomes. Genital pathology was diagnosed in 13.33% of females with reproductive losses in the anamnesis. TORCH infections were confirmed in 15.56% of the patients. In 4.44% of the couples Robertsonian translocations were detected and in 2.22% of the couples pericentric inversion of chromosome 9 were found. Conclusions. It has been established that the spectrum of some chromosomal abnormalities in embryos/fetuses may depend with the age of the mother. Reproductive losses caused by the development of embryos/fetuses with additional copies of chromosomes 18 and 21 most often occured in older females and males. The age of females and males who have had embryos/fetuses with monosomy of chromosome X was the lowest (27,63±1,10 years in males and 26,63±1,40 years in females). TORCH infections are found in every seventh woman with reproductive losses, and in almost every sixth have confirmed pathology of the sexual sphere. Karyotyping of couples with reproductive losses makes identify individuals with an increased risk of aneuploidy development in offspring and help to give for them an adequate genetic care.

Aim. Aim of the study was to the effectiveness of various endometrial preparation protocols in IVF frozen embryo transfer cycles. Materials and methods. The study included 288 women, which were stratified into two groups depending on the onset of pregnancy: group 1 pregnancy + (n=92), group 2 pregnancy - (n=196). Then endometrium preparation features were evaluated. Results. The pregnancy rate after frozen-thawed embryo transfer was a bit higher in the natural menstrual cycle (41.2%) compared to the hormonal replacement therapy (30.0%); p=0.083. There were no significant differences in the use of various estrogen and progestogen drugs, the average estrogen dose, progestogen administration and the endometrium thickness. In the natural cycle, the odds ratio of pregnancy with the duration menstrual cycle from 28 to 30 days was 4.25 (95% CI 1.15; 17.23). Conclusion. Thus, the pregnancy rate is slightly higher in natural cycle frozen-thawed embryo transfer. However, the duration of the menstrual cycle (from 28 to 30 days) has a key effect on the effectiveness of the IVF program in this case.

The review presents data on metabolites in the follicular fluid (FF) from the perspective of reproductive medicine and their use in order to predict outcomes of assisted reproductive technology (ART) programs. It considers various components of this biological medium (hormones, lipids, melatonin, etc.) with an assessment of their predictive value in prognosis of the effectiveness of in vitro fertilization (IVF) programs. The data on experimental directions in this field and the prospects for their use in clinical practice are presented. The article emphasizes that the growing clinical need and the unsolved problem of increasing the effectiveness of ART programs determine the need for further studies of the FF composition. Materials and methods. The review includes data related to this topic from foreign and Russian articles found in PubMed which were published in recent years. Results. Given the established fact of a direct effect of FF composition on growth and maturation of oocytes, and further, on the fertilization process, various FF metabolites are actively investigated as non-invasive markers of quality of oocytes/embryos. The article provides data on the experimental directions in this field and the prospects for their use in clinical practice. However, clinical studies of a relation between various FF metabolites levels and outcomes of IVF programs are contradictory. Conclusion. Owing large economic cost for treatment of infertility with IVF, there is need for expansion and intensification of studies to identify and use reliable predictors in prognosis of ART programs outcomes.

Purpose. To assess the impact of step single and sequential culture media on the morphology and frequency of blastocyst implantation. Materials and methods. In total, 514 embryos obtained from patients aged 30 to 35 years and fertilized by ICSI were studied (2017 to 2018). The pool of embryos from each woman was randomly divided into two groups: the first group was cultured in the sequential media and the second - in the single ones. Evaluation of the effect was carried out by comparing the obtained blastocysts quality cultured in the single and sequential media. Blastocyst morphology was assessed using the modified Gardner D. K. scale. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann–Whitney U-test and Pearson's chi-squared test with Yates' correction. Statistically significant differences between the compared groups were considered at P < 0.05. Results. The studies found that the use of single Origio® 1-Step medium at embryo culture phase improves the morphological quality of the resulting blastocyst compared to embryos cultured in sequential Origio® Sequential Cleav™ / Sequential Blast™ media. No statistically significant difference in the pregnancy and implantation rate of blastocysts obtained after embryo cultivation in the step single or sequential media was detected. Conclusions. The priority in terms of obtaining a large number of high quality blastocysts with high implantation potential is to use a step single medium for the embryo cultivation.

The purpose of the study: embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of a new domestic supramolecular complex of triclabendazole “Triclafascid”. Materials and methods. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of new domestic formulations studied Triclafascid accordance with the “Manual on experimental (preclinical) study of new pharmacological substances”. The study embryotrophic actions supramolecular complex preparation on the basis of the substance of triclabendazole was performed on 40 white mongrel female rats weighing 220-260g and 10 males, in accordance with the guidelines on the assessment of the impact of drugs on generative function of animals. To rats-females were placed overnight male ratio of 1:4. Detection of sperm in the vaginal smear, the females, on the morning after the infusion of the male is pointed at fertilization -the first day of pregnancy. Since the sensitivity of the embryo to chemical and depends on the various stages of fetal development, the animals were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each. Triclafascid was administered orally to pregnant females three times increased therapeutic dose of 6.0 mg/kg (60 mg/kg of the drug), the first group 1 on day 6 of pregnancy, the second from 7 - 14, third 15 and 19, the fourth group served as control and received 1% starch gel. On the 20th pregnancy day, the rats were euthanized with carbon dioxide. After slaughter and opening of the abdominal cavity have been removed the uterus with the fruit. Counted the number of yellow bodies of pregnancy, places of implantation, resorption, live and dead embryos. To assess the embryotoxic effect of the fruits were viewed under binocular magnifying glass to detect external anomalies, weighed, measured the cranio-caudal size, weight and diameter of placenta. Was determined pre - and postimplantation loss and total embryonic mortality of embryos. After inspection, the embryos from each rat was divided into two equal groups: the first were fixed in solution of Bouin for 14 days to study the internal organs of fetuses, and anomalies in developing fetuses, which are indications of teratogenic effect is determined by the method of J. G. Wilson (1965) in modification of the Department of embryology held the Academy of medical Sciences of the USSR (the scheme of transects made through the fetus); the second was fixed in 96 alcohol for study of the bone system after its dyeing by the method of Dawson (A. B. Dawson, 1926). The parameters obtained were processed by variation statistics with the help of simple comparisons of average according to the bilateral student’s t-test. The difference was determined at 0.05 level of significance. The calculations were performed using the “Student-200”. The results and discussion. As shown by the results of studies Triclafascid showed no embryotoxic activity when exposed to 3-fold increased therapeutic dose of 6.0 mg/kg po DV. So, overall, pre-and postimplantation mortality of fetuses in the experimental and control groups did not differ significantly, as with the introduction of the drug for 1-6 days of pregnancy and 7 -14 and 15 - 19 days. Based on these data it can be concluded that the drug Triclafascid has no negative influence on embryonic development. Values pre - and postimplantation and total embryonic mortality of experimental animals in comparison with control values, we can say that the drug did not induce the death of embryos in different periods of embryogenesis. The mass and size of the fruit also did not differ from the control, which indicates the absence of embryotoxic effect. A careful visual inspection of fruits in all experimental groups was not detected for any external malformations compared with controls. By the execution of nine sagittal sections of internal abnormalities, malformations of the internal organs, disorders of the topography was found. A teratogenic effect characterized by different anomalies of the internal organs of fetuses (Wilson’s method) and external defects were also not observed. When studying the skeletal system: the sizes of the rudiments of the shoulder; brachial; ulnar; radial; femoral; large and small tibial bones from experimental and control embryos were similar in metrics (length, mm). The condition of the bone system was unchanged (P>0,05). Therefore, Triclafascid showed no teratogenic activity when exposed at critical periods of embryogenesis of rats.

In the germs of 4.5-5.0 mm in length, the TKD stomach is an asymmetrically enlarged part of the primary intestinal tube concave to the left. The wall of the future stomach consists of two layers epithelial and mesenchymal. The process of forming the stomach is due to the uneven growth of its parts and the formation of large and small curvature. The growth of the dorso-left divisions above the ventral right is dominant, and the uneven growth in the cranial-caudal direction is observed. The gateway is lagging behind in the development compared to the formation of the vault and the body of the stomach. The primary tabulation of the duodenum (duodenal ulcer) is formed as a result of changes in the anterior and middle portions of the primary intestine that follows the stomach. The duodenal wall is presented at the end of the pre-fetal period, the shape of the gastro-intestinal part of the stomach acquires a cylindrical and pancreatic form (12:4 cases), duodenal ulcer horseshoe-shaped and V-shaped (5:3 cases). The upper part of the duodenum in front and on the top touches the right lobe of the liver, as well as the body and neck of the gall bladder, the head of the pancreas adjoins to the bottom and part of it in the back. The lower part of the duodenum case reaches the level of the gate of the right kidney or its lower pole. The lower part is tightly adjacent to the back wall of the abdominal cavity and vessels placed therein. The inner part of the gastroduodenal transition is almost smooth, especially the back wall. However, there are barely noticeable folds of the mucous membrane without clear boundaries between the goalie part and the body of the stomach, mainly on the front of the wall, that is, within the limits of the future goalkeeper cave. In the pre-term developmental period, the closure device of the stomach is formed due to the synthetic effect of the diaphragm (esophagus-gastric transition) and the special spatial form of the goalkeeper and the growth of the muscle lock (gastro-duodenal transition). At the end of the prefetal period, the diameter of the gut gate is 1.9 0.11 mm, the goal-feeding canal is 2.7 ± 0.12 mm, the diameter of the bulb of the duodenum is 2.5 ± 0.10 mm, the length of the goal-feeding canal along the small curviline is 2.5 ± 0,10 mm, the length of the canal channel along the large curvature is 3.3 ± 0.21 mm, the angle of the stomach is 94.7 ± 0.20°. The stomach is mostly spindle-shaped, is located in the left hypochondrium, in the upper quadrant of the abdomen, above the conditional umbilical line. The small curvature of the stomach is determined by the generalized gastroduodenal transition, the angle cut on the small curvature is not differentiated. In the stomach, you can distinguish between the goalie and the body. The gate cavern and the bottom of the stomach are not differentiated. The front wall of the stomach is in contact with the left and square lobes of the liver. At this stage of development, the front wall of the stomach is completely covered with visceral surface of the liver. Typical for gastroduodenal transition in perinatal periarthritis is the following correlation of parameters of its components: the largest diameter has a goal channel, the smaller is the bulb of the duodenum, and the smallest is the gastroenterologist.

Purpose. To measure outcomes of clinical research of efficiency of assisted hatching of cryopreserved embryos. Materials and methods. Patients who had un successful cycles IVF/ICSI with transfer of fresh embryos have been selected for participation in the research between 2014 and 2016 years. Patients were distributed in a random way for participation in the experiment and control groups. Results of embryos transfer of one or two cryopreserved and melted embryos were considered only. Embryos were cryopreserved at a stage of blastocyst, 5 days after extraction of oocytes by method of vitrification. Melting procedure was conducted in the morning of a day of embryos transfer following the instructions of the vitrification medium producer Cryotech (Japan). Assisted hatching was conducted with use of micropipettes of Holding Pipette Cook Medical (Australia) and Assisted Hatching/Zona Drilling Pipette Cook Medical (Australia). The treated embryos were cultivated up to a repeated estimation of morphology of embryos before transfer. Transfer of embryos has been conducted by a standard method with the use of catheter for non-invasive transfer of embryo Sydney IVF Cook Medical (Australia). The quantity of the transferred embryos varied from one to two. Results. 100 cryopreserved embryos were transferred which have been distributed in a random way either to the group with the assisted hatching or to the control group (without assisted hatching). A number of parameters of patients from both groups was analyzed, i.e. age of the patient at the time of melting of embryos, duration of infertility, causes of infertility, quantity of previous unsuccessful cycles IVF/ICSI. Any essential differences between patients within two groups based on the aforementioned parameters were not revealed. Also, there were no essential differences in number of the melted embryos, survival rate of embryos, quantity of the embryos transferred to patients. However, at the same time, parameters of positive results of tests on HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) (42 % against 27 %) and quantity of clinical pregnancy (35 % against 24 %) were statistically higher in the group with assisted hatching comparatively to the control group (P < 0.004; P < 0.001 accordingly). Conclusions. Implantation of the transfered embryos and number of clinical pregnancies were statistically improved due to selection of the optimum freezing conditions and subsequent cultivation and conducting of procedure of mechanical incision of ZP.

OXYS rats are the model of precocious senescence. Numerous studies addressed physiology and behavior in rats of this strain during a postnatal period of their life, however, preimplantation development in OXYS rats has not yet been investigated. This study is addressing preimplantation embryonic development in OXYS rats both in vivo and in vitro. Rats of the WAG strain were used as controls. For studying the in vivo development, the embryos were collected from OXYS and WAG rats on day 5 post coitum, the stages of embryo development were estimated, the percentage of embryos at blastocyst stage and the cell numbers in these blastocysts were counted. In a special experiment, for studying in vitro development, the embryos were collected from both rat strains on day 4 post coitum and were cultured in vitro in P1 medium for 48 hours with or without supplementation with IGF-1 (200 ng/mL). Thereafter the percentage of embryos at blastocyst stage and the cell numbers in these blastocysts were counted in the same manner as for the in vivo experiment. This study reports that in vivo derived blastocysts of OXYS rats contain fewer cells on day 5 of their development than in vivo derived blastocysts of WAG rats. In vitro culture of the early preimplantation embryos in P1 medium mitigated the difference in the rate of embryo development between these two strains, the addition of IGF-1 into culture medium exerts neither negative nor positive effect on the rate of in vitro embryo development in rats of both strains.

In the test of dominant lethal germ cell mutations in male rats, the effect of phenobarbital and fluorouracil genotoxicants and their combined administration with the biotrit-C preparation, obtained from wheat seedlings and containing plant polyphenols, was studied. For the first time, high mutagenicity of fluorouracil and pronounced antimutagenic properties of the preparation Biotrit-C were established.

Copyright of Problems of Cryobiology & Cryomedicine / Problemy Kriobiologii i Kriomediciny is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Institute for Problems of Cryobiology & Cryomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Genome Resource Bank (GRB) is a repository of frozen biological material, including semen and embryos. Cryo­banking is used in combination with modern reproductive technologies such as rederivation, in vitro culture and embryo transfer. Thirteen mouse and rat strains have been re-derived and 32 are kept frozen in the cryostorage at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk. Some other laboratory animal species have been cryopreserved as well. Embryos of two hamster species (Djungarian and Campbell’s) in the genus Phodopus were cryopreserved and the viability of thawed embryos was proved by their successful development in vitro and in vivo (by transfer to a recipient). A positive effect of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was demonstrated with both these Phodopus species. Furthermore, semen of Djungarian (Phodopus sungorus) and Campbell’s (Phodopus campbelli) hamsters, domestic cat (Felis catus), amur cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) and bobcat (Lynx rufus) was frozen and cryopreserved. Double staining by SYBR Green/PI and subsequent confocal microscopy demonstrated that more than 40 % of amur cat semen retained viability after cryopreservation. This is the world’s first reported successful freezing of semen of this wild felid (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus). This article reviews the results and discusses prospects of using reproductive technologies for conservation of laboratory species.

Within the English common law tradition, there is a principle which prohibits property of the human body. Taking property to be a protean concept, this paper examines how property is defined and applied in recent legal disputes in the United States over "potential life" entities, such as embryos and fetuses. A brief genealogy of theoretical and common law approaches with respect to property of the body highlights an analysis of six U.S. legal cases in which sperm, zygotes, embryos and fetuses have become new legal subjects of property against the background of assisted reproductive technologies. This paper concludes that property can operate not just in order to privatize, commodify and circulate, but in order to bring "potential life" entities closer to people and deeper into relational networks.

In five weeks embryos as a result of the active proliferation of epithelium of esophageal mucous membrane occurs so-called physiological atresia of organ. Epithelium of the mucous membrane and esophageal glands has entodermal origin. In 6-7-weeks embryos structural changes in epithelial esophageal layer were observed. At the end of the embryonic period the differentiation of mesenchimal cells which surrounding of esophageal mucous membrane are taking place, some of them are lengthening and located concentrically, which should be consider of the beginning of circular layer of the esophageal mucous membrane. In prefetuses of 45,0-50,0 mm PCL (10-th week) esophageal mucous membrane is represented mainly by two-layered cylindrical epithelium. Recanalization of the esophageal gap begins and ends in prefetuses of 7-10 weeks.

Copyright of Problems of Cryobiology & Cryomedicine / Problemy Kriobiologii i Kriomediciny is the property of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Institute for Problems of Cryobiology & Cryomedicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)