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The confinement of electrons in gold nanoparticles results in Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), which is characterized by electric field enhancement in the vicinity of these nanoparticles. This property has been extensively studied and applied in various fields. In our research, we conduct a detailed investigation of plasmonic coupling in spherical gold nanoparticles. Specifically, we use the Discrete Dipole Approximation (DDA) method implemented in DDSCAT to simulate the coupling of electric fields in a doublet of nanoparticles as a function of the distance between them. Our simulations show that the coupling of SPR between two nanoparticles occurs up to a separation of 12 nm. Moreover, we extend our simulations to study the coupling of nanoparticles in linear chains consisting of up to five nanoparticles and in clustered forms. Our results indicate that the SPR coupling in a linear chain occurs, and as the number of nanoparticles increases, the field enhancement also increases. However, we observe that this effect saturates after four nanoparticles in a line. Our study provides insights into the plasmonic coupling in gold nanoparticles, which can aid in the design and optimization of plasmonic devices for various applications.

Hydrocephalus is a central nervous system disorder which most commonly affects infants and toddlers. It starts as an abnormal build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system of the brain. Hence, early diagnosis becomes vital, which may be performed by Computed Tomography (CT), one of the most effective diagnostic methods for diagnosing Hydrocephalus (CT), where the enlarged ventricular system becomes apparent. However, most disease progression assessments rely on the radiologist's evaluation and physical measures, which are subjective, time-consuming, and inaccurate. This paper develops an automatic prediction utilizing the H-detect framework for enhanced accurate hydrocephalus prediction. This paper uses a pre-processing step to normalize the input image and remove unwanted noises, which can help extract valuable features easily. The feature extraction is done by segmenting the image based on edge detection using triangular fuzzy rules. Thereby, the exact information on the nature of CSF inside the brain is highlighted. These segmented images are saved and again given to the CatBoost algorithm. The Categorical feature processing allows for quicker training. When necessary, the overfitting detector will stop model training and thus efficiently predicts Hydrocephalus. The outcomes demonstrate that the new H-detect strategy outperforms the traditional approaches.

In this report, we have investigated the CsMgCl3 compound with the help of the WIEN2K software package. The structural and electronic properties are performed using the full potential augmented plane wave (FP-LAPW) method with the generalised gradient approximation (GGA) approximation as exchange correlation potentials. We used the Birch-Murnaghan equation (BME) to find the structural properties of the material. These include the lattice parameter, the bulk modulus, the first derivative of the bulk modulus, the minimum energy, and the volume. The structural properties match up with the experimental data. Electronic properties in terms of the band structure (BS) and total and partial density of state (T-DOS and P-DOS) profiles of CsMgCl3 using GGA potentials exhibit an indirect wide energy band gap of 5.35 eV. All these properties show that the CsMgCl3 compound is used as a perovskite in solar cells.

Background: Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoidus and Ricinus communis are underutilized plants. These plants are traditionally used in many health related areas. The context and purpose of the study: To investigate the photochemicals present in underutilized plants Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus, Ageratum conyzoidus and Ricinus communis: Methods: Qualitative, quantitative screening, compound identification by UV-VIS method and Fluorescent spectroscopy and FT-IR based identification of functional groups of active chemical components were studied. Organic solvents leave extracts (ethanol, methanol, acetone) were tested for availability of secondary metabolites. Results, the main findings: UV-VIS spectrum showed different peaks with different absorption in all plants. The method of quantitative analysis in UV-VIS spectrum was proved in terms of linearity, LOD and LOQ AND various secondary metabolites were detected in the plant extracts. Florescent analysis confirmed the presence of secondary metabolites like alkaloids and phenolics. The FT-IR spectrum values indicated the presence of C-H stretching, O-H bending, C-C stretching and confirmed the presence of alcohols, phenols, alkanes and amines in acetone extracts. Conclusion: The results confirmed the fact that these plants poses important bioactive components useful for human mankind, so further investigation may needed.

Background: To protect them from water stress induced-ROS- mediated protein unfolding and aggregation, plants are equipped with a wide range of antioxidant redox molecular chaperonic proteins like Protein disulphide Isomerase (PDI) (E.C.5.3.4.1). These are a diverse group of proteins that in vivo bind to misfolded or unfolded proteins and play an important role to form specific three dimensional conformation of the functional proteins. In addition, stress conditions induce altered and intensified PDI expression in plant cell, thereby highlighting the role of these proteins under abiotic stress conditions. The context and purpose of the study; The main objective of the study was to determine drought stress- induced changes in the modulation of the boiling soluble protein disulphide isomerase (BsPDI) in response to drought at two different developmental stages {38 Days Post Anthesis (DPA) and 52 DPA} in Triticum aestivum. Results, the main findings; A temporal regulation of BsPDI accumulation in a cultivar dependent manner was observed under control and drought stress. SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis revealed strong induction of BsPDI17 under drought conditions only in the tolerant cv. PBW 527 at 38 DPA. Contrary to this, unchanged BsPDI17 accumulation was detected in the sensitive cv. PBW 343 at 38 DPA under drought. However, at 52 DPA, there was a marked decline in BsPDI17 accumulation in the sensitive cv. PBW 621 under stress conditions. Conclusions, brief summary and potential implications: Based upon our results, significance of BsPDI in the wheat cultivars differing in drought resistance during stress conditions is discussed.

Background: Invasive alien species (IAS) are broadly distributed all over the world by disturbing or reducing the growth and development of native vegetation. Lantana camara is basically a noxious weed and have a potential to invade a region's indigenous vegetation. Even after knowing all its harmful effects, there has been a little research on various mechanisms followed by this plant to harm the plant species. Results: Random sampling was performed to take plant samples without any bias, to study various mechanisms carried out in plant species. Chemical fingerprinting of samples were then performed in various abiotic stress conditions (cold and hot) to study changes in L. camara under these stressful conditions in order to find the reason behind the invasiveness of this plant species. Stress indicator like malondialdehyde (MDA)/lipid peroxidation was also performed and increased lipid peroxidation during both extremities showed that plant is experiencing oxidative stress. ROS imaging was performed on the leaves of L. camara, which also showed rise in ROS staining during extreme conditions. Elevated peaks (major and minor) and detection of secondary metabolites like glycine betaine in chemical fingerprinting observed under stressful conditions showed that plant may produce some increased level of metabolites in stress conditions that might play a role in minimizing the oxidative stress that plant is facing. Conclusions: On the behalf of obtained results, it can be assumed that Lantana camara has the capability to survive in or tolerate extreme environmental abiotic stress conditions by producing or agglomerating various stress-reducing metabolites.

The constitutions and courts both in India and in Pakistan have shown their aspirations and fundamental faith in the federal structure but in practice there is a strong centripetal bias in each of their constitutional-political structures. This bias becomes more evident when the constitution sanctions power to the centre to proclaim emergency situations in the provinces on the basis of Constitutional Machinery Failure. Emerging from their colonial roots, the constitutions of India and Pakistan contain an identical provision on Constitutional Machinery Failure Emergency which has been misused and abused regularly and has been the biggest question mark on federal claims of the two States. This unique system of Constitutional Machinery Failure Emergency has also gone through a number of radical changes in India and Pakistan, which often have been influenced by each other. The article specifies the socio-political-constitutional background of Constitutional Machinery Failure resulting in Provincial Emergency, both in India and in Pakistan, their respective use and abuse by the Executive, legislative attempts to amend and control such power, and judicial response, with similarities and differences in respect of justifiability of such Emergency Proclamations.

In order to gain insight into the biochemical basis of invasiveness of invasive alien species, in the present study the expression of antioxidant boiling stable proteins (peroxidase, SOD and catalase) was studied in Parthenium hysterophorus. Parthenium an annual invasive weed of family Asteraceae, is native to tropical America while wide spread in north America, many parts of Africa, Australia and India. It tolerates a wide variety of abiotic conditions in the natural habitat. The analysis of boiling stable proteins was outlined by Native-PAGE analysis. Some barely detectable boiling stable proteins were detected. The Zymogram analysis revealed a substantial expression of BsPeroxi 60 and BsSOD 35/20 in the leaves and mature flowers of Parthenium. However, no substantial catalase activity was detected in the boiled protein samples of all the tissues examined. Based upon these results, a possible physiological role of BsPeroxi 60 and BsSOD 35/20 in parthenium tissues was discussed.

Metal ions play vital roles in enzymes. They may also show sensitivity to various sulfhydryl reagents and chelating reagents. Effect of some metal ions, EDTA and sulfhydryl reagents on the activity of partially purified β-amylase of radish root were studied. Amylolytic activity of purified enzyme was increased substantially in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, and Zn2+. Some other divalent cations Cu2+, Pb2+, Sn2+, and Hg2+ almost completely ceased the enzyme activity. Cobalt (II), Manganese (II), and Iron (III) exhibited moderate activating effects on the activity. Of the monovalent cations, Na+ and Ag+ reduced the β-amylase activity, while K+ increased. The chelating agent EDTA was found to be effective in the enzyme. Sulfhydryl reagents, Iodoacetic acid and N-Ethylmaleimide showed marginal inhibitory effect, but p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid (PCMB) almost completely stopped the enzyme activity. The addition of thiol compounds such as cysteine could reverse the inhibitory effect of heavy metals and PCMB. The results indicate that sulfhydryl groups of radish root β-amylase were essential for the activity although it is not clear whether the sulfhydryl groups were directly involved in catalysis.

The effect of osmotic, drought and salt stresses on the induction of boiling-stable proteins were studied in C-306 (drought tolerant) and HD-2004 (drought susceptible) cultivars of Triticum aestivum. Western blotting analysis, using polyclonal antibodies raised against a 20 kDa A. thaliana cyclophilin, revealed the induction of a cross-reacting band (40 kDa, BsCyp) in cv. 306. However no substantial expression was observed in drought sensitive cv. HD-2004, indicating its role in water stress adaptation. Thermostability studies of BsCyp in cv. 306 revealed that BsCyp was stable and can be detected even after 20 min of boiling treatment under all the stresses. Based upon these observations the possible role of BsCyp in water stress tolerance is discussed.