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Aim. To test in experiment a pathogenetically adequate model of brain death due to increased intracranial pressure with gradual induction, allowing the evaluation of the changes occurring in the organs of a potential donor.Materials and methods. 6–8 months old outbred male rats of the experimental group (n = 18) and the control group (n = 8) were anesthetized, the left common carotid artery was catheterized to record systolic, diastolic blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR), the mean BP (MBP) was calculated. After transfer to artifi cial ventilation, brain death was simulated in the experimental group using the developed method.Results. All animals in the experimental group suffered brain death 30 minutes from the start of the experiment;10 rats (56%) died within 3 hours due to progression of circulatory failure. Initially, in anesthetized animals, MBP was 101 (90; 105) mm Hg, HR 310 (297; 315) beats/min. After 5 minutes from the start of brain death induction, MBP increased to 147 (140; 150) mm Hg (p = 0.01), HR to 396 (384; 406) beats/min (p = 0.03). Further, within 20 minutes there was a decrease in MBP to 94 (90; 100) mm Hg and HR to 290 beats/min. During the observation period from 26 to 90 minutes, there was a stabilization of MBP at the level of 87–92 mm Hg, there was a tendency to bradycardia with HR from 263 to 274 beats/min (p = 0.01). Then after 120–150 minutes from the beginning of brain death induction, MBP continued to decrease to 75–80 mmHg (p = 0,03), HR to 256–264 beats/min (p = 0,01). At the end of the experiment, despite volemic support, MBP decreased to 64 (61; 67) mm Hg (p = 0.02), bradycardia worsened with HR to 250 (248; 260) beats/min (p = 0.01), indicating the hemodynamic decompensation.Conclusion. The results of experimental testing of an animal brain death model on outbred rats showed that this model is pathogenetically adequate and useful to assess the condition of potential donor organs within 3 hours after the induction of brain death.

Organ trafficking, a very profitable worldwide illegal activity today, is frequently overlooked by those involved in combating human trafficking due to its complex and covert nature. Numerous international documents underscore the importance of countering trafficking in human organs and transplant tourism. This article analyzes the legal frameworks of Spain and Brazil, with a particular focus on their compliance with international and supranational standards aimed at combating, inter alia, the illegal circulation of organs and other phenomena associated with it. Firstly, the article distinguishes such phenomena as transplant commercialism, transplant tourism and illegal trafficking in organs and draws attention to the fact that currently there is no uniform understanding of the clear boundaries of the concept of illegal trafficking in organs. Elaborating on the various aspects of the above-mentioned types of criminal activity may allow one to properly determine the legal interests and rights protected by criminal law and the types of behavior subject to imputation in an exhaustive way. Secondly, the authors outline a number of controversial issues that arise due to the complex nature of organ trafficking and suggest several ways to meet these challenges.

The authors explore the genesis of human organ and tissue transplantation in our country and the legal relations arising in this connection. For a long time, this area of medical activity was not regulated at the legislative level. Prior to 1917, the issues of transplantation were predominantly theoretical. In the Soviet period of the history of the Russian state, the development of public medicine and numerous military conflicts confirmed the applied nature of experiments on human organ and tissue transplantation. During this period, rapid development of legislation also affected healthcare. The legal presumption of consent to the removal of organs and (or) tissues was formulated, which established the legal framework for donation of human organs and tissues. At the same time, until 1992, the issues of transplantation were regulated mainly by departmental acts of the USSR Ministry of Health. The Law of the Russian Federation “On Transplantation of Human Organs and (or) Tissues” adopted in 1992 determined that the legal regulation of transplantation issues, including the list of transplantation objects, is determined by the federal executive body in the field of healthcare together with the Russian Academy of Sciences. The current level of development of experimental medicine, including transplantology, makes it necessary to regularly supplement the legislation in this area. For example, only on May 1, 2022, transplantation objects were supplemented with hematopoietic stem cells, and gaps in the legal regulation of pediatric transplantation were eliminated. The authors conclude that our country has significant experience in the field of transplantation and a quite perfect legislative framework. However, work on adjusting the current legislation, adopting new laws and by-laws in this area should not stop.

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Oat is one of the leading cereals cultivated in the world and in Russia; it has an important fodder and nutritional value. To preserve the entire crop agrobiodiversity worldwide, there is a network of genebanks that hold more than 200,000 oat accessions. International and national genebanks are located in all the world’s countries, but one of the largest oat collections is located in Russia.The global collection of the genus Avena L. (Oats) at the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) is one of the largest worldwide and consists of over 13,000 accessions. The collection preserves and maintains live accessions of all cultivated oat species: A. sativa L., A. byzantina K. Koch, A. strigosa Schreb. and A. abyssinica Hochst., landraces, breeding lines, spring and winter forms, covered and naked genotypes, and all geographic diversity of 22 wild Avena spp. from 50 countries. This review provides historical background of the collection of cultivated and wild oat species, and who were the main donors of these holdings. The taxonomic system of the genus is briefly presented, which is used as a tool for efficient work and guaranteed safe preservation of accessions. Most of the cultivars developed in Russia have in their pedigree accessions obtained from the global collection of VIR. The passport database contains detailed information about all accessions of the collection, which makes it possible to improve the work with the oat collection, including safe preservation of accessions and their effective evaluation and use as source material for breeding in the leading breeding centers of Russia.Thus, the global oat collection at VIR has factual and potential value for the sustainable development of environmentally friendly agriculture, efficient processing of agricultural products, and production of safe and high-quality food products, including functional foods.

Relevance. The depletion of natural resources, the problems of poverty, malnutrition and inequality are some examples from the endless list of problems of humanity. They actualized the issue of sustainable development. Problem. Despite the relevance, there is a lack of a standardized methodological approach to assessing the parameters of sustainable development, which is a research problem. Goal. Formation of a standardized methodical approach for assessing the parameters of sustainable development and identification of donor regions. Methods. In the course of the study, methods of analysis and synthesis were used to form the estimated parameters, comparison to evaluate the results obtained, formalization to standardize the approach. Results. The combination of methods made it possible to form and test an approach based on the author’s sustainable development index, taking into account the risk of changes in development, in 66 regions of the Russian Federation over a 20-year period. The result was the identification of the region most prepared for donation in the economic sphere – the Krasnodar Territory.

The article is devoted to the problem of deficiency of donor blood and its components in the Russian Federation. The author points out the reasons that affect the willingness of citizens to participate in the donor movement and proposes solutions to improve the efficiency of donors activities. Including — in the sphere of social problems that are not directly related to the preparation of blood and its components due to the «activation» by the power structures of the unifying function of individual power symbols — state awards. The author also raises the question of amending the regulation on the Luka Krymsky medal and the statute of the Pirogov Order in order to increase the percentage of citizens of our country in the donor movement and their further involvement in social programs as donors and volunteers as part of their membership in the official order organization, the potential efficiency of which is confirmed by European practice.

Transplant surgery has become the standard method of treating many diseases that were fatal until recently. Doubts in this matter, regardless of the effectiveness of this method of saving human life, still exist in the public opinion. There are still stereotypes that inhibit the development of transplantology as a field of science. The aim of the research was to present the opinions of the surveyed operating nurses on transplantation Material and methods: The research was conducted on social networks in a group associating operating nurses in January and February 2021. 193 medical nurse nurses participated in them. The research method was a diagnostic survey and the tool was the original questionnaire. During the statistical analysis, the Chi2 test as well as the Kendall Tau-b and Kendall Tau-c correlations were used to check the significance of the relationship between the variables built on the qualitative scales. Results and conclusions: 95.1% of the surveyed nurses considered transplantation saving lives. 49.5% of the respondents believe that the best way to regulate the procurement of organs for transplantation is consent given in life. An equally large group of respondents, 34.0%, say that it is enough not to object while living. The respondents support the transplant procedure due to their high awareness in this regard. They know that transplant operations save people's lives and are safe for living donors.

Rice is a valuable agricultural crop that is used as food for more than half of the world's population. The development of highly productive varieties and hybrids with high product quality assumes the utilization of new initial material from different countries in the breeding process. The purpose of the current research was to conduct an ecological testing of the rice varieties from Uganda in the Proletarsky district of the Rostov region in Russia and use them in the breeding process. There were studied the Ugandan rice samples ‘Nerica 1’, ‘Nerica 4’, ‘Komboka’, ‘Wita 9’, ‘Namche 1’, ‘Namche 2’, ‘Namche 3’, ‘Namche 4’, ‘Namche 5’, ‘Namche 6’ (NaCRRI) in comparison with the Russian variety ‘Komandor’ (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”). The study of the Ugandan rice varieties according to a number of economically valuable traits and biological properties showed that the vegetation period from soil flooding to rice maturing took 100–113 days, the standard variety ‘Komandor’ needed 83 days. The varieties ‘Komboka’ and ‘Wita 9’ did not bear blossom. All samples had a short habit, with 63-95 cm of plant height. The long drooping panicles of 18.5–22.3 cm carried from 122 to 213 seeds. The caryopses were elongated, the length of the caryopses varied from 9.0 to 9.5 mm, and the width ranged from 2.7 to 3.1 mm. 1000 seed weight varied from 26 to 34 g, number of seeds per panicle ranged from 122 to 213 pieces. Genetic analysis of the second generation hybrids ‘Kontakt × Nerica 1’ and ‘Boyarin × Nerica 4’ showed different types of traits’ inheritance, from negative dominance (vegetation period) through the absence of dominance (caryopses size) to overdominance (plant height, seed weight per panicle and number of seeds per panicle).

Rice is one of the most important food crops in the world. The development of new rice varieties requires a thorough study and involvement of gene pool from different countries in breeding work. The purpose of the current study was to conduct a mutual ecological testing of the rice varieties in the Rostov region of Russia (FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”) such as ‘Akustik’, ‘Aromatik 1’, ‘Aromatny’, ‘Kuboyar’, ‘Yuzhanin’ and the Ugandan (NaCRRI) ‘Nerica 1’, ‘Nerica 4’, ‘Komboka’, ‘Wita 9’. These samples have shown a wide range of resistance to blast and other diseases. The research was carried out in the Proletarsky district of the Rostov region. As a result, the rice varieties were studied for a number of important economic and biological traits. The growing season from sowing to ripening was 131–139 days for two varieties ‘Nerica 1’ and ‘Nerica 4’ under the conditions of the Rostov region, and 110 days for the standard variety ‘Komandor’. The other two varieties ‘Komboka’ and ‘Wita 9’ were very late maturing and did not bloom. All samples had a modern low-growing plant habit with upright rigid leaves and long drooping panicles (17–23 cm). Plant height of the Ugandan varieties ranged from 70 to 90 cm. The grains were elongated with 29–31 mg of weight. Number of spikelets per panicle was 85 and 200, respectively. The varieties ‘Nerica 1’ and ‘Nerica 4’ were used in hybridization with the Russian varieties ‘Kontakt’ and ‘Boyarin’. The preliminary study of Russian rice varieties in Uganda showed that RU 105 (‘Aromatny’) and RU 101 (‘Aromatik 1’) were resistant to rice yellow spot virus (‘RYMV’), blast and brown leaf spot. The varieties were selected for further study in the conditions of Uganda.

A sheer volume of multibillion concessional flows from leading international donors makes monitoring and evaluation of aid projects a sine qua non of development discourse and practice. The assessment criteria vary significantly and depend on the objectives and interests of donor countries promoted through development cooperation.This paper examines national systems of monitoring and evaluation of aid effectiveness established by leading donors. Among the most noticeable recent trends the author emphasizes a transition from aid effectiveness to development effectiveness paradigm and an inclusion of indicators of diplomatic engagement and security provision in evaluation matrices.Special attention is paid on the hierarchy of goals in national systems of development cooperation, which is illustrated with an example of the United States. The US case shows key principles of ensuring policy coherence at different levels of goal-setting — from the National Security Strategy to planning individual projects and programs. In conclusion the author shares his view on the applicability of foreign experience in evaluating development assistance projects in the Russian Federation.

Objective. Investigation of actual aspects concerning judicial regulation of explantation of donor’s anatomical materials for transplantation, determination of main problematic issues of such activity and delineation of ways to improve the legislative-judicial guaranties of the person’s life and the health guarding in explantation procedure of the donor’s anatomical materials. Materials and metods. Modern national and international normative base, which establishes main principle of explantation of the donor’s anatomical materials, was investigated. The methods of searching, analysis, systematization and summarizing of information were studied. Results. Necessity in sophisticated judicial base for transplantology is connected, first of all, with peculiar relations between donor and recipient, specifically constituting equal rights for the life for them. Actual judicial pattern of the consent or rejection delivery for procedure of explantation of the donor’s anatomical materials in the dead persons are frequently considered the disadvantages of a legislative-judicial regulation of transplantology. In such situation, the authors mentioned, that it is necessary to preserve an actual judicial pattern of the informed consent obtaining, to improve this procedure,as well as a mechanism of fixation and the state control. Also it is necessary to proceed with further harmonization of national legislation with international principles, concerning judicial regulation of explantation of donor’s materials, taking into account the national peculiarities and realization of the state policy in development of transplantology. The investigation results were confirmed by the author’s statistical observation. Conclusion. Basing on the definite priority of human rights, a necessity for guaranteeing to them the right to live and to be physicslly untouchable, independent from judicial pattern of the consent obtaining for the anatomical materials explantation, the state must guarantee the usable mechanism of effective control for obtaining and fixation of a consent of a potential donor.

Background. Inbreeding, as a way to produce progenies from organisms in different degrees of kinship, is an important genetic and breeding technique used to improve various crops, including fruit and berry plants. Inbreeding has not been extensively used with red currant, so a study of the possibility to employ closely related crosses in breeding practice with this crop remains relevant. The purpose of this study was to assess the breeding potential of the red currant cultivar ‘Podarok Pobeditelyam’ by disclosing economic and biological characteristics in its inbred progeny.Methods and materials. The research was carried out at the red currant breeding site of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK, Orel) in 2016–2018. The seedlings obtained from the self-pollination of a new red currant cultivar, ‘Podarok Pobeditelyam’, were the objects of the study. Records and observations were carried out according to the program and methodology for breeding and variety studies of fruit, berry and nut crops.Results and conclusion. The percentage of long-cluster seedlings (cluster length > 10 cm) in the inbred progeny of cv. ‘Podarok Pobeditelyam’ was 21.8%; segregation of large-fruited seedlings (berry weight > 0.65 g) was observed at the level of 17%; the maximum degree of transgression (Tsmax) was 42%; and the incidence of transgressive seedlings was 37%. The analysis of the progeny showed that cv. ‘Podarok Pobeditelyam’ is a homozygote for the dominant Rc gene that controls the red color of the berries, and displays donor properties for the trait “dry detachment of berries”. The study of the cultivar’s self-pollinated progeny did not reveal any inbreeding depression in F1 seedlings from closely related crosses as far as plant condition or productivity is concerned. The selected seedlings are of interest for further variety research and use in breeding practice as new source material.

Plant reconstruction is an effective means of increasing crop yields. Development of a promising model of the variety involves obtaining high-performance material with optimal plant architecture.The article theoretically substantiates the feasibility of changing the architectonics of winter rye plants in order to increase photosynthetic activity and crop productivity.It is proved that by changing the morphotype of plants, in particular, the orientation of placement in the space of leaf blade, it is possible to increase the area of photosynthetic surface of plants and the area of sowing as a whole. It is established that the samples of the carrier of recessive marker features of the genes Sp/sp, L/l have a higher content of chlorophyll a and c in photosynthetic organs and, accordingly, the productivity of plants.The color of photosynthetic organs affects the chlorophyll content of cells and the photosynthetic activity of plants and, accordingly, the productivity of the culture. Hybrids of winter rye in the genome W/w phenotypically different in the population of plants dark green with a barely noticeable waxy coating and have a higher content of chlorophyll a and в compared with homozygous forms (WW, ww). Hybrids have been found to have a higher intensity of photosynthesis and, accordingly, a number of economic and valuable features than the original forms.The results of the monitoring of the cultural population of winter rye plants have been shown and samples with high photosynthetic activity have been isolated. A collection of self-fertile donors of erectoid trait gene traits by placement of a leaf blade (303/15, 289/15), sample without ligula (59–1), wax-free plaque of photosynthetic organs (103/16, 314–22), which is expedient to use in the breeding process of obtaining new outputs materials of culture was created

The decision to choose a particular patient for kidney transplantation is made through two consecutive decisions: decision to include the patient on the waiting list and decision to select a patient competitively among several candidates for transplant. Both decisions are taken amidst many competing priorities and require a multidisciplinary approach. This paper provides comparative analysis of the principles of maintaining a waitlist and selecting a donor–recipient pair in Russia, Europe (Eurotransplant) and the USA (UNOS). Donor–recipient pair is selected based on the traditional hierarchical scheme of decision rules. Unlike Eurotransplant and UNOS, there are no uniform standards in Russia for assessing the quality of a donor organ. The widespread and largely vague «old for old» principle should be harmoniously fitted into the general outline of donor kidney distribution. The second difference in the national distribution system of donor kidneys is the choice in favor of a candidate with a lesser degree of sensitization. With high frequency of positive cross-test, this principle, in a synergistic manner, greatly reduces the availability of transplantation for highly sensitized candidates. The quality of donor organ and unconditional priority on highly sensitized candidates are the conceptual fundamental principles of organ distribution in the US and Europe. Under donor kidney shortage, selecting a recipient is always competitive. The choice of a candidate can be based on a patient-oriented approach (a choice in favor of the candidate whose transplantation will most likely reduce the risk of death; for example, an «emergency» waiting list) or an alternative – a utilitarian approach (choosing the candidate with the longest predictable life expectancy). However, radical commitment to one of these approaches inevitably reduces availability of kidney transplantation for a specific category of patients. For a justified choice of recipient, it is necessary to correlate such factors as comorbidity, waiting time, age, histocompatibility and quality of donor kidney. This would achieve a shaky balance between utilitarian approach and patient-oriented approach. The principles of creating a waiting list and a system for efficient distribution of donor organs practiced by foreign organizations cannot be simply copied and reproduced in Russia. It is necessary to adapt and validate such principles for the local patient population. The objective difficulties of such an analysis dictate the need to address it on a national scale. This would ensure equitable distribution of donor organs to all patients in need and obtain the best transplant results. Moreover, this would make it possible to achieve the full potential of donor organs. Conclusions. The situation in transplantological and nephrological care in Russia is gradually changing. This determines the need to adapt and standardize approaches to allocation of cadaveric donor kidneys in order to ensure equal access to transplantation for different patients and fullest realization of their potential. Removing organ distribution from the area of responsibility of local coordination councils, introducing a unified policy for distribution of donor organs and choosing a specific recipient will reduce the subjectivity of decisions and, possibly, improve transplantation results.

Winter rye is the second bread and the most valuable forage crop. Rye is cultivated primarily in Russia, Germany, Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Scandinavia, China, Canada and the United States. The acreage allocated for the cultivation of rye in the world is declining (from 15.4 million ha in 1986 to 4.4 million ha in 2016). In all areas of cultivation rye has earned a reputation as the most adapted to the climatic conditions of the insurance culture of low economic risk. For the expansion of crops of rye and an increase in the gross yield of grain, it is necessary to create new varieties of rye. Currently, 94 gene banks in the world store 22,200 samples of winter and spring rye. Gene banks are located around the world; the largest of them – the N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (3260 samples) – is located in Russia. The collection of the world’s genetic resources of rye, concentrated in storage and propagated in the fields, contains varieties, donors, populations and lines of cultural, weed-field, wild, winter and spring rye. The collection is being constantly updated and replenished with new samples, the system of reliable storage and maintenance of the high viability of seeds is being improved, the sources of traits with value for breeding are being identified and studied, and donors are being created. Scientific, breeding and educational institutions are being supplied with source material. An electronic passport documentation system of the collection is being developed and integrated into the international system of genetic banks. In this paper, a brief analysis and characterization of the VIR rye collection is given. The history of the pre-selection study and the stages of the creation and use of donors for various problems of selection are reviewed, a passport database on winter and spring rye has been created.

The justification and objective reasons for the growth of the role of socially oriented business in the modern conditions are specified. At the same time, attention is drawn to the need to systematically attract social investments and the emergence of new donor groups. In particular, a classification of the beneficiaries of grant project is provided. This allowed to substantiate the role of each participant in the implementation of projects and achievement of the priorities of social investment. In this regard, attention is drawn to the possibility of combining theoretical substantiations with the applied aspect of the issue. Examples are given and the directions of activities of a number of donors, who already have experience in the process of financing social investments in Ukraine, are substantiated. In particular, groups of grant donors operating in our country are defined. Attention is drawn to the priority spheres of attracting grant funds in Ukraine. It is substantiated that regardless of the difference in the conditions of a successful grant application for each donor, there are a number of common characterizations in the process of preparing and writing a grant application. The stages of the process of preparing for writing a grant application are generalized. The general algorithm of developing and writing a grant is substantiated. It is concluded that it is necessary to determine the common value guidelines with the donor to write a successful grant application.

In article the communication channels promoting implementation of charitable and socially important projects for non-profit organizations of a charitable orientation are investigated. Need of maintenance of communication with donors, investors by volunteers is proved. Not only ways of communication and attraction of donations, but also actions which will be able to hold the donor are investigated.

A comprehensive study of the Prunus avium (L.) L. gene pool has identified sources of important breeding traits which can be recommended for the use in programs aimed at breeding new varieties and clonal rootstocks of sweet cherry. Of special importance are the sources of such useful breeding traits as large fruit size (e.g., varieties 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Hedelfingen', 'Krupnoplodnaya', 'Emperor Francis', 'Donchanka', 'Amulet', 'Aleksandriya', 'Vasilisa', 'Yaroslavna', 'Bigarreau Burlat', etc.); self-fertility ('Whiis Gold', 'Camelia', 'Lapins', 'Sweetheart', 'Skeena', 'Staccato', 'Shelen', 'Stella', 'Newstar', 'Sunburst', 'Summit', 'John Innes 2420'), resistance to coccomicosis ('Valerii Chkalov', Trieste der Markt', 'Drogans Gelbe', 'Bigarreau Gaucher', 'Napoleon', 'Tatarskaya chernaya', 'Emperor Francis', 'Skeena', 'Amulet', 'Hedelfingen', 'Generalskaya', 'Euphoria', etc.), and resistance to fruit cracking ('Alaya', 'Amazonka', 'Amulet', 'Viola', 'Donetskaya krasavitsa', 'Donetskiyi velikan', 'Donchanka', 'Hedelfingen', 'Contrastnaya', 'Merton Bigarreau', 'Proshalnaya', 'Sweetheart', etc.) Some genotypes have been identified as complex sources of valuable traits. For instance, these are varieties 'Lapins', 'Skeena', 'Sweetheart', 'Hedelfingen', 'Emperor Francis', 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Drogans Gelbe' and some others. The genealogical analysis of sweet cherry genotypes made it possible to identify the varieties 'Lapins', 'Skeena', 'Sweetheart' and 'Krupnoplodnaya' as complex donors combining sets of such important breeding traits as productivity, late maturity of fruits, large fruit size, high quality taste of fruit and selffertility. The varieties 'Bigarreau Burlat', 'Bigarreau de Germersdorf', 'Valerii Chkalov', 'Stella', 'Van', 'Vittoria', 'Drogans Gelbe', Daybera black' are regarded as "hidden" donors, as the transferred traits do not manifest themselves in the phenotype, but can be traced in their progeny.

Further progress in medicine is closely related to the clinical introduction of regenerative technologies, including cell therapy. Presented article covers the ethical and legal status of obtaining an informed consent from donors of cell material. The manuscript defines specific functions of such informed consent related to the features of research object and possibilities of its further use. The recommended content of the informed consent from cell material donors is determined in the context of global trends as well as guidelines for obtaining the consent. Existing difficulties and contradictions while developing an informed consent are presented

Blast disease is a widely spread and harmful disease of rice. The most reliable method to fight with it is a development of resistant varieties. The article presents the development stages of the new rice variety 'Partner' with higher resistance to blast disease. It has been shown that on the basis of DNA-markers we developed breeding material with a gene of resistance to blast disease Pi-b. The donor of the gene Pi-b was the later maturing Japanese variety 'BL-1'. The recipient was the variety 'Yantar' cultivated in theKrasnodararea. The obtained material allowed identifying and studying 20 lines in the breeding seed plot. The estimation of the material in the breeding seed plot resulted in the identification of five best lines and their introduction into the control seed plot. According to the complex of economic traits two variety samples 'KP 117-09' and 'KP 126-09' were identified. The variety sample 'KP 117-09' showed 24.9 % of blast disease development during artificial infection, 'KP 126-09' had 27.7%. The rest varieties including the standard variety 'Rapan' had a larger percent of infection (42.7%). In 2011-2013 the identified samples were subjected to a competitive testing. According to the results the variety sample 'KP 117-09' (named as 'Partner') was found the best and was sent to the State Variety Testing. On average the variety 'Partner' showed better productivity that 'Rapan' (8.54 and 7.93 t/ha respectively); it surpassed the standard variety in the trait '1000-kernel weight' (32.3 gvs 28.0g) and in resistance to blast disease (22.6% vs 48.7%). The other traits of the comparing varieties had the close values. In 2013 the new variety 'Partner' was sent to the State Variety Testing. Due to two years of study it was introduced into the List (Register) of Breeding Achievements and since 2016 it was approved for use in the Krasnodar Area.

Growing of varieties tolerant to deepwater during germination is an effective method of rice protection from weeds without use of herbicides. To develop such varieties it’s necessary to combine genes of great energy of early germination, genes resistant to anaerobic germination, deepwater and lodging into one geno type. Identification of molecular markers, connected with genes resistant to these stresses, makes breeding work easier. That’s why development of rice varieties with the help of marking is of great importance for non-herbicide technologies. The locus Sub1 regulates response to ethylene and gibberellin which results in reduce of carbohydrates consumption and sprouts’ peace under water and promotes tolerance to deep watering. As donors of resistant genes Sub1 we used such varieties with the gene Sub1 as ‘BR-11’, ‘CR-1009’, ‘Inbara-3’ and ‘TDК-1’. As a recipient we took an early maturing variety ‘Novator’. We also used micro satellite markers on the gene Sub1. The identification of the gene Sub1 was carried out by the method of molecular marking with the use of specific primers on the basis of PCR. During the work in 2013-2014 we carried out hybridization and received hybrids F1-F2 of the variety ‘Novator’ with four Asian rice varieties carrying the gene Sub1. Due to studies with the help of present biotechnologies together with traditional breeding methods we developed early maturing rice varieties with the gene Sub1, suitable for growing in the Rostov region.

Introduction to industrial horticulture varieties of quince, characterized by winter hardiness, high productivity and good product qualities and valuable chemical composition, is one of the priorities in breeding. The article presents a selection of parental pairs, taking into account their biologically and economically valuable traits: Ispolinskaya (yield of large fruits); Cаunchi 8 (fruit quality); Zolotistaya and Muskatnaya (yield, high winter hardiness and drought resistance); and Kubanskaya (tree growth restraint). Varieties with horizontal resistance to monilia are Muskatnaya, Novogodnyaya, Urozaijnaya kubanskaya and Sophia. The timing of flowering was determined for early-flowering Dyuna and Nivushka and late-flowering Aurora, Novogodnyaya and Rumo. Aurora, Zoloto skifov, Podarochnaya, Urozaijnaya kubanskaya and Sophia were identified as high-yield varieties, with maximum environmental adaptation to adverse environmental factors. Based on hybridological analysis, the inherited traits that characterize their commercial quality (apple-shaped fruits and fruit size) have been identified; the varieties with the most stable technical performance (the coefficient of variation V = 8.5–10.0 %) are Novogodnyaya, Nivushka and Podarochnaya. Varietal dif­ferences in the content of vitamins and polyphenols have been identified between new varieties and cultivars taken for crossing: Zolotistaya (28.4 mg/100 g), Novogodnyaya (33.3 mg/100 g) and Podarochnaya (32.3 mg/100 g) are high in vitamin C; Kubanochka (225.0 mg/100 g), Novogodnyaya (222.2 mg/100 g) and Podarochnaya (196.8 mg/100 g) are high in P-active catechins, which allows you to replenish your assortment of quince for the South of Russia with valuable genotypes of quince (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) competitive varieties of selection by the North-Caucasus Zonal Scientific-Research Institute of Horticulture and Viticulture.

In article the communication channels promoting implementation of charitable and socially important projects for non-profit organizations of a charitable orientation are investigated. Need of maintenance of communication with donors, investors by volunteers is proved. Not only ways of communication and attraction of donations, but also actions which will be able to hold the donor are investigated.

The results of years of studying new and promising varieties of Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) grown in Southern Russia. Evaluation of Apple cultivars was carried out for resistance to the major fungal pathogens scab (Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) and powdery mildew (Podosphaera leucotricha Salm.), the quality and marketability of fruits, the content of biologically active substances underlying the antioxidant properties of fruits. An advanced method of polyploidy based on inclusion of parental forms with immunity to scab was applied in Apple selection. Integrated assessment of key biological traits of varieties and forms of Apple with diverse ploidy in unstable environments resulted in a selection of donors and sources of significant characteristics for Apple breeding such as resistance and immunity to major fungal pathogens, large fruit, bright red color of the fruit, improved chemical composition. High-quality varieties of Apple breeding in SKZNIISiV together with VNIISPK combining immunity to scab (the Vf gene) with high resistance to powdery mildew were selected: Fortune, Amulet, Carmen, Nika, Margo, Orfei, Souyz and others. Apple-tree grades, immune to scab, with a high viability of pollen (83–98%) were revealed: Azimuth, Vasilisa, Carmen, Lubava, Margo, Fortune, Liberty, Prima, Florina, Freedom. The promising parental forms passing to most of their hybrid progeny good tastes of fruits are Golden Delicious tetraploid, Wealthy tetraploid, Belle de Boskoop, Balsgard 0247 E, Papirovka tetraploid, and diploidy grades to Alkmene, Prima, Redfree and Kuban. Apple cultivars were revealed with high chemical indicators including the content of sugars: Orfei (10.8 %), Champion (10.5 %); vitamin C: Vasilisa and Souyz (more than 9.0 mg/100 g), hybrid form 44-24-49-uy (more than 11.4 mg/100 g); and P-active substances – Vasilisa, Lubava, Margo (more than 110.0 mg/100 g), whose use in breeding programs encourages the rapid creation of new genotypes with improved biochemical composition of fruits.

The article has summarized the global practice of the lung graft assessment with defining the absolute and relative criteria of donor lung suitability. The authors have presented their own experience of fiberoptic bronchoscopy 115 potential donors in the period from 2010 to 2015. The results of endoscopic examination of donor lungs were reviewed to determine the degree of the bronchial mucosa inflammation. A therapeutic fiberoptic bronchoscopy allowed clearing the bronchial lumen from pathologic contents and adequate preparing the lung graft in 29.6% of cases.

This article addresses the basic mechanisms of Norway’s current Development Assistance policy. The author analyses the strengthening of the financial policy and principal mechanisms for justifying Norway’s participation in the ODA as well as the country’s foreign policy objectives attained through assistance. The article examines specific features of Norway’s development policy, which are crucial to understand contemporary international aid practices. The country’s development policy implemented bilaterally and multilaterally is an effective mechanism of promoting Norway’s economic and political interests. It is also an important subject for research. The authors analyses the evolution of the ODA objectives, its institutions and their international expertise. Special attention is devoted to the current shift of the ODA policy to the issues of its effectiveness. The recent shift to social cooperation development by involving NGOs and private businesses and investing in the social sphere is also examined. The a rticle analyses Norway’s official position on humanitarian assistance in crises and armed conflicts. The author examines a number of cases of Norway’s International Development Assistance policy.

In this article literature review of the causes of allosensibilisation to erythrocyte antigens are presented. It is shown that the ability to produce antierythrocyte antibodies is affected by many factors, principal of whom it is difficult to identify. For the allosensibilisation development requires genetically determined differences in erythrocyte antigens phenotypes of donor and recipient, mother and fetus, which can lead to immune response and antibodies production. The biochemical nature of erythrocyte antigens, antigen dose (the amount of transfused doses, the number of antigens determinants on donor and fetus erythrocytes, the number of pregnancies) are important. Individual patient characteristics: age, gender, diseases, the use of immunosuppressive therapy and the presence of inflammatory processes, are also relevant. Note that antibody to one erythrocyte antigens have clinical value, and to the other – have no. The actual data about frequency of clinically significant antibodies contribute to the development of post-transfusion hemolytic complications prophylaxis as well as the improvement of laboratory diagnosis of hemolytic disease of the newborn in the presence of maternal antierythrocyte antibodies.

Purpose. To asses the results of penetrating keratoplasty utilizing the crosslinked donor corneas in patients with corneal perforations.Material and methods. Penetraiting keratoplasty was performed in 35 patients. All donor corneal grafts preserved in Borzenok-Moroz median were crosslinked with the help of riboflavin/UV-A irradiation. The follow-up was up to 36 months.Results. Clear corneal grafts were observed in 11 patients (11 eyes), partially clear – in 24 patients (24 eyes). Complete epithelization was seen from 3rd till 14th days after the surgery. No inflammatory complications were observed.Conclusions. The crosslinked donor corneas showed improved mechanical properties and the ability to withstand the corneal melting in the postoperative period. This method potentially reduces the reccurence of cornea fistula and necessity of the secondary keratoplasty.

Aim: To estimate results of kidney transplantation in city clinical hospital No. 7 of Almaty. Materials and methods. 100 patients who underwent kidney transplantation in our institution were analyzed; males – 54 (54%), females – 46 (46%), aged from 14 till 58 years old (39 ± 10.3). In 91 cases hand – assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy (HALN) was performed and in 3 cases – open method (2 with mini-lumbotomic and 1 with pararectal access) was used.Results. The survival rate was 98% (98 patients). The causes of death were the nonfunctioning transplant due to noncompliance of immunosuppression, post traumatic septic complications, multiple organ failure. The most frequent complications were hematoma (12%), acute rejection (8%), and tubular necrosis (2%). Less aggressive schemes of immunosuppressive therapy allow reducing risk of drug toxic impact on the patient's organism and, thus, can extend functioning of a transplant.Conclusion. Kidney transplantation is an effective treatment method of end stage renal diseases. The use of modern immunosuppressive therapy protocols and adequate immunological selection of donor – recipient provide high survival of transplants. Operative treatment and further case management of this group of patients are possible in highly specialized medical hospital.

Parvovirus B19 (PV B19) replicates predominantly in progenitor cells of human erythrocytes and is transmitted by an airborne, vertical through and through blood or infected tissues. At-risk are pregnant women, people with immunodeficiency of different nature and individuals who need blood transfusions or organ transplantation. The available data indicate a high risk of infection through transfusion of blood containing the DNA of parvovirus B19, with viral load 105 copies/ml and above (Hourfar M.K. et al., 2011). According to the requirements of national regulations, the production of therapeutic drugs from plasma assumes the use of raw materials, free from viruses or with minimal viral load (Filatova E.C. et al., 2011). In some foreign countries a study of donor blood for the presence of DNA PV B19 is required; in our country the need for such screening is discussed (Giburt E.B. et al., 2013). Due to the fact that parvovirus is resistant to the methods of blood products desinfection, it is especially important to assess the quality of donor blood. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of the two markers parvovirus infection (IgG and PV B19 DNA) in blood samples from one of the blood centers at St. Petersburg. Plasma samples from 100 blood donors from Military Medical Academy blood centre were tested by ELISA for the presence of IgG antibodies of parvovirus B19. Positive samples were tested by PCR for the DNA of parvovirus B19. ELISA test system recomWell Parvovirus B19 IgG (Microgen GmbH, Germany) and diagnostic kits of Federal State Institution of Science «Central research Institute for epidemiology» of Rospotrebnadzor (Moscow, Russia) which are approved for use in RF was used according to the manufacturers instructions. It was shown that 78 out of 100 donors aged 18 to 58 years had IgG-antibodies.76 positive blood plasma samples were investigated by PCR, with the 19 donors have found DNA of parvovirus B19 (25%). Viral load of one donor was 106 copies/ml. In this case, there is the high risk of infection for the recipient. Results obtained are consistent with literature data. Obviously, it is need to investigate donor blood for parvovirus B19 presence. Obvious that quantification of the DNA of parvovirus B19 in blood products is need.

The analysis of the modern homeland assortment of vegetable crops is given. The donors of the most important traits and the accessions of vegetable and melon crops perspective for breeding from the VIR collection are shown. The short characteristic of the varieties is given.

AAim. To identify factors influencing upon decision on pancreas allograft suitability for transplant and their clinical significance. Materials and methods. We reviewed 95 multiorgan donors under the age of 45, who were considered as pancreas donor between January 2010 and December 2013. 28 pancreata were procured (Group I), 67 pancreata were refused (Group II). Demographic, clinical and laboratory data, anatomical hepatopancreatoduodenal varieties were taken into account. Results. We found that only three factors have an effect on pancreas allograft refusal probability. According to our data, non-transplantation of the liver from the same donor increases the pancreas graft refusal in 4 times. Elevated donor’s sodium and urea blood levels also increase the probability of donor pancreas denial for transplantation. For example, the probability of pancreas graft refusal from the donor with sodium level 145 mmol/l and urea level 6.0 mol/l is only 32%. As compared to the donor with sodium level 160 mmol/l and urea 12.0 mol/l where probability reaches 85%. Other factors: demographic, laboratory, clinical indicators, gepatopancreatoduodenal blood supply variations were not predictive for the procurement decision. Conclusion. Main predictors of pancreas allograft refusal to be taken into account, appropriate correction of donor metabolic disturbances and sufficient experience of the surgeon performing the procurement can increase the availability of pancreas transplantation.

Japanese varieties of Iris ensata Thunb. were being imported to Russia for more than 100 years ago by several scientists (E. Regel, N.I. Vavilov, V.M. Nosilov, V.T. Palvelyev), and in 1980s these varieties were tested in the Central Botanical Garden of RAS and in most cases, they failed (Rodionenko, 2002; Mironova, 2008). The first varieties were developed by G.I. Rodionenko. Japanese varieties were successfully introduced under forest-steppe conditions of the Altai Territory at the Lisavenko RI of Horticulture for Siberia (RIHS), and then breeding was conducted with the participation of retro varieties developed in 1980–1982. Crossing of geographically distant varieties, first, French and Japanese, and then, Altai, Far-Eastern, Leningrad and American, brought about 150 adapted ornamental genotypes and 15 of I. ensata varieties. In the progeny of varieties with simple flowers, genotypes with double and half-double flowers were selected, and in the progeny of the last ones, fertile genotype with 12 lobes of perianth. Pollen quality of the selected I. ensata genotypes was nearly as good as in the Altai species I. ruthenica and I. glaucescens: pollen fertility was 77,6 %, and viability, 53,1 %. Fruit formation of cultivars with simple flowers was 54 %, with double, 9 %, and with forced crossing 93 and 73 %, respectively. The fruit contained 5–116 seeds; their weight was 6–9 g; and germinative capacity, 1–37 %. Seedlings of 3–20 % plants of a group came to flowering in 3–5 years. Eight donors with high productivity, new colour, and flower shape were selected. During breeding, flower diameter increased from 12 to 20 cm; the width of upper perianth lobes, from 2 to 8 cm; and lower, from 7 to 9 cm. The range of flower colouring extended to 11 groups.

The allogenic bone marrow transplantation has turned from experimental treatment method into standard therapy of many malignant hematological diseases, autoimmune disorders and immunodeficiency conditions. The need for bone marrow transplantation is experienced by thousands of patients with blood cancer at the limited number of real donors. The determining potential of donation, as well as identifying motives and factors that contribute into or prevent joining of citizens the register of bone marrow donors, is of particular actuality. The study was carried out in two stages, based on combined strategy of methods for collecting empirical information (mixed methods research). At the first stage, based on the results of series of in-depth interviews implemented within the framework of the Blood 5 media project (Rusfond, 2019), the types of motivations for donation were identified. At the second stage (June 2022) formalized survey of potential donors of the Vasya Perevoshchikov National Register of Bone Marrow Donors (hereinafter referred to as the National Register) was carried out. The sampling included 8037 respondents: 13.7% of all bone marrow donors listed in the National Register. The opinions of the Russians that joined the National Register demonstrate complicated picture of motives and factors determining personal strategies and experience of participation in donation. The fears and obstacles to bone marrow donation are widespread in public consciousness due to insufficient information about donorship procedure and its consequences. The donorship potential is rather high, but it is not fully implemented. The Russians are frustrated about participating in donorship. They understand the need for donorship, realize it as moral duty, as complicity to important cause, empathy towards patients. At the same time they are afraid for their health, because they are not sufficiently aware of the essence of donorship and its consequences.

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The aim of this study was to determine genetic features of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors of donors from Republican Registerhaematopoietic stem cells donors of the Russian Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology (St.-Petersburg). KIR is a recently discovered high polymorphic second immunogenetic system that interacts with class I human leukocyte antigen molecules and plays a crucial role in the control of natural killer cell cytolytic activity. Donor KIR genotype affects outcome of unrelated donor transplantation. The frequency of KIR genes and genotypes in donors of Northwest region of Russia shares several general features with other Caucasoid populations, with the exception of some B haplotype associated activating KIR genes (KIR2DS5). Significant differences were observed as compared to Asian populations. The frequency of the B haplotype associated inhibitory (KIR2DL2) and activating (KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3) genes were significantly higher as compared to the populations of Japan, China and South Korea.The frequency of the «best» donor B content group, that improves clinical outcomes after unrelated donor transplantation, was higher in the population under the study as compared to other populations. These differences were significant as compared to Asian populations. The results of the present study can be used to selection of donors with the favorable KIR types in order to improve therapeutic effect of transplantation, as well as to optimize database of the Republican Register of hematopoietic stem cells donors.

The article provides a definition of the instability of the economic system and considers its causes. Designated requirements for the process of determining the spectrum of priorities in the context of sustainable economic growth. Scheduled policy imperatives of modernization of the Russian economy. The basic indicators of the Global Competitiveness Index and stage of development are considered. The basic requirements for sustainable economic growth in developing countries are allocated. The basic principles of scientific evaluation of the effectiveness of economic development in the region are presented. To correctly assess the effectiveness of the regional economic development, the conditionally interrelated and mutually complementary subsystems: the donor and acceptor are allocated. The essences of the donor and acceptor subsystems are revealed a definition of donor-acceptor bond is provided. The imperatives of the concept of performance evaluation of the economic development in the region are outlined. A method of evaluating the effectiveness of regional economic development is proposed. The valuation of efficiency of economic development of the Russian Federation, the Volga Federal District and the Volga Federal District is carried out. The definition of entropy development and spatial entropy is given. The analysis of spatial entropy development effectiveness of donor and acceptor subsystems and donor-acceptor bond Volga Feeral District is conducted.

The purpose was to determine the possibilities of Multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) in evaluation of potential living liver related donors. A total of 104 potential donors were examined with «Siemens» Somatom «Sensation-64» MSCT-scanner. The technique provides comprehensive preharvest analyses of vascular anatomy and liver volumes in living family related liver donors.

Olejniczak Dominik, Grochowska Ewa, Czerw Aleksandra, Juszczyk Grzegorz, Religioni Urszula, Duda-Zalewska Aneta, Staniszewska Anna, Mikos Marcin. Honorary blood donations in urban and rural areas in Poland. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(6):65-72. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18278 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%286%29%3A65-72 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/563208 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18278 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.04.2015. Revised 28.05.2015. Accepted: 04.06.2015. Honorary blood donations in urban and rural areas in Poland Dominik Olejniczak1, Ewa Grochowska1, Aleksandra Czerw1, Grzegorz Juszczyk1, Urszula Religioni1, Aneta Duda-Zalewska1, Anna Staniszewska2, Marcin Mikos3 1Department of Public Health, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland 2Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland 3Institute of Public Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland, e-mail address of correspondence: ola_czerw@wp.pl Abstract Aim The main purpose of the study was to compare blood donation awareness among students residing in urban and rural areas. Subject and methods The research tool was an anonymous, original questionnaire designed for the purpose of the study. The questionnaire was distributed among 439 people. In the first stage, authors selected randomly two fields of study at Medical University of Warsaw. Next, three years of study were randomly selected in these two chosen fields. Results Nearly 40% of the students admitted that they have donated blood or other compounds. There is statistically significant relation (p=0.0000, Fi=0.25) between blood donation and place of residence of respondents. Students living in cities more seldom showed they have donated blood or other compound. The most common reason that impels students to donate blood is the desire to help another human being. Conclusions The level of students' knowledge about blood donations issue is not good enough. It is recommended to introduce intensive information campaigns about the need of blood donation, for example in the form of social campaigns. Key words: blood donations, donor, blood transfusion, health promotion.