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Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple food and major source of dietary calories in Pakistan. Improving wheat varieties with higher grain yield and disease resistance is a prime objective. The knowledge of genetic behaviour of germplasm is key. To achieve this objective, elite wheat varieties were crossed in 4 by 3, line × tester design, and tested in 2019 in a triplicate yield trial to estimate genetic variance, general and specific combining ability, mid-parent heterosis and stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis L.). High grain 3358 kg·ha–1 was recorded in F1 hybrid (ZRG-79 × PAK-13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed significant genotypic variance in grain yield. Broad sense heritability (H2) was recorded in the range of 28 to 100 %. General combining ability (GCA) significant for grain yield in parents except FSD-08 and PS-05 was recorded, while specific combining ability (SCA) was recorded to be highly significant for grain yield only in two crosses (ZRG-79 × NR-09 and ZRG-79 × PAK-13). Mid-parent heterosis was estimated in the range of –28 to 62.6 %. Cross combinations ZRG-79 × PAK-13 depicted highly significant mid-parent heterosis (62.6 %). Highly significant correlation was observed among spike length, spikelets per spike, plant height and 1000-grain weight. Rust resistance index was recorded in the range of 0 to 8.5. These findings suggest exploitation of GCA for higher grain yield is important due to the presence of additive gene action and selection in the filial generations will be effective with improved rust resistance, while cross combinations ZRG-79 × PAK-13 high GCA are best suited for hybrid development.

The present study was to determine the nature of gene action and combining ability of six quantitative traits related to productivity of five varieties and ten hybrid combinations of durum wheat. Five modern durum wheat varieties were used in diallel crosses as parents. The study includes three F1 and two F2 generations. The experiments were done in a randomized block design in three replications during three years. Significant differences between the genotypes in both generations was found for all the traits. The general combining ability and specific combining ability showed reliability in both generations. Obtained results suggests that breeding schemes should include both types of genetic effects in order to improve productivity components. The ratio of variances showed that general combining ability has a greater influence on the inheritance of plant height, spike length and thousand kernels weight. For productivity tillering capacity, number of spikelets per spike and kernels weight per spike, specific combining ability has a great impact in inheritance. For thousand kernels weight a redetermination of the genetic formula was established in both generations. Durum wheat varieties Deni, Superdur and Progres were found to be the best general combinators for studied productivity elements. The most valuable cross combinations were Deni × Superdur, Superdur × Predel and Progres × Predel. Parental wheat varieties and progenies from these crosses can be used for improving productivity components and for increasing yields in durum wheat breeding programs.

Investigation of the effect of the cytoplasm on the combining ability (CA) of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is of considerable interest in terms of understanding the genetic functions of the cytoplasm and for practical purposes to create hybrids with improved economically valuable traits. In order to investigate the effect of different types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4, 9E) on CA in sorghum, we studied the manifestation of a number of biological and agronomic traits in 54 F1 hybrid combinations obtained using iso-nuclear CMS lines with the nuclear genome of the line Zheltozernoye 10, differing only in the types of sterile cytoplasm (A3, A4 and 9E). Eighteen varieties and lines of grain sorghum developed at the Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of Sorghum and Maize were used as paternal parents. The CA was determined by the topcross method. F1 hybrids and their parents were grown in 2015–2017 in conditions of insufficient (2015–2016: HTC (hydro-thermal coefficient) = 0.32–0.66), or good water availability conditions (2017: HTC = 1.00). On average, for three years of testing, a positive effect of the 9E cytoplasm on the general combining ability (GCA) (0.63) and negative effects of the A3 and A4 cytoplasms (–0.32 and –0.31) for the inflorescence length were noted. In dry seasons, significant positive effects of the 9E cytoplasm on GCA for the length of the largest leaf, and positive effects of the A3 cytoplasm on GCA for the plant height, and negative effects of the A4 cytoplasm on GCA for these traits were observed. No differences were observed during the wet season. The type of CMS did not affect the GCA for the width of the largest leaf and grain yield. The dispersion of specific combining ability (SCA) in the dry seasons was significant for the following traits: leaf length, plant height, panicle length and width, and grain yield, the 9E cytoplasm had the highest SCA dispersion, whereas the A4 cytoplasm had the smallest one. The data obtained indicate that different types of sterile cytoplasm of sorghum make a different contribution to CA under conditions of drought stress.

Eight original forms and 16 hybrid populations of F2 spring wheat of the 2019 yield were studied to determine the level of drought resistance by sprouting seeds in a sucrose solution during 5 days. The effect of artificially created drought on seedlings was very significant: the overall decrease in seed germination in parents and hybrids was 16.0 and 16.7 %, respectively, the number of seminal roots – 19.3 and 17.4 %, the weight of the seedling – 67.1 and 70.2 %. Under stressful conditions, the root-shoot ratio (RSR index) increased on average from 0.92 to 1.42 in varieties and from 0.86 to 1.68 in hybrids. High varietal specificity of both absolute values of traits in the control and the experiment, as well as the response to stress, was noted. By the number of seminal roots in the control, the NOS Norko variety (Germany) had the advantage, and by the weight of the seedling – Karabalykskaya 91 (Kazakhstan). Significantly high values of the RSR index in the control and the experiment were observed in the Jahuara F-77 variety (Mexico). The Kitt variety (USA) was characterized by lack of response to drought of seed germination. The Jahuara F-77 (Mexico) and Klein Vencedor (Argentina) varieties were characterized by lack of response to drought by the number of seminal roots. Based on the analysis of the general and specific combinational ability of parent varieties, 8 promising hybrid combinations were identified. A high heterosis effect, expressed by an increase in the average value of the trait in hybrids relative to parents, was observed in most hybrid combinations by the parameter "seedling mass", in the combination of Erythrospermum 2945 x NOS Norko - by the number of seminal roots. The influence of maternal and paternal components as well, as their interaction, on the germination of F2 hybrids seeds was insignificant (the inheritance coefficient h02 = 0.04...0.22). The contribution of parent varieties to other parameters in the control was significantly high (Ffact > F05), except for the influence of paternal forms on the weight of the seedling. The values of the general heritability coefficients of the number of roots and RSR under normal conditions (h02 = 0.80...0.82) indicate that selection by these parameters can be highly effective. In artificially created drought, the most efficient will be the selection by the "dry weight of seedling" parameter, since the contribution of maternal components in the number of seminal roots and paternal components to the RSR index is insignificant.

Nine genetically diverse sunflower promising lines in their economic trait were crossed using line by tester mating design in 2018 spring season, to estimate per se performance, combining ability, heterosis, gene action and heritability for earliness, yield and its attributes traits. The parents involved four sunflower CMS lines namely L1 (A3), L2 (A5), L3 (A9) and L4 (A13) (called hereafter “Lines” (as female parents) and five sunflower genotypes T1 (RF9), T2 (RF10), T3 (RF11), T4 (RF14) and T5 (RF1) as male parents (called hereafter “Tester”). In 2018 and 2019 summer season, the nine parents along with their 20 F1s seeds were evaluated at Shandaweel Agricultural Research Station, ARC, Sohag Governorate, Egypt using a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Mean squares due to parents (P), crosses (C), CMS lines (L), RF testers (T), P vs C and L x T were significant for all studied traits. A larger magnitude of non-additive gene action than additive was revealed by greater ratios (GCA/ SCA) than unity for all studied traits (except for days to 50% flowering). A5 and A13 of CMS lines and RF11 and RF14 of RF lines proved to be the best general combiners for seed weight plant-1 and one or more of its attributes traits. Moreover, the best cross combinations A13 x RF11, A13 x RF1 and A5 x RF9 performed better than other developed hybrids in view of seed weight plant-1 and one or more of its attributes, hence these F1 hybrids could further be used on commercial exploitation.

Relevance One of the basic directions of the cabbage crop breeding is the creation of F1 hybrids with a complex of economically valuable traits. This process is difficult and time-consuming as to get pure lines must be within 6-12 years hold inbreeding. Herewith not every line gives the desired heterotic effect that also requires additional verification. Methods Biotechnological method culture of isolated microspores in vitro, which allows in the first generation to receive a line with 100% homozygosity, was used to speed up the breeding process. Combination ability were performed in complete diallel cross on the basic morphological signs. Results Culture medium for cultivation of isolated microspores in vitro was optimized for each genotype of cabbage for the best embryoids regeneration. Maximum amount of embryoids was received on medium with pH 6.2 using ampicillin 100 mg/l and zeatin 1 mg/l: 466.7 ± 153.2 PCs/100 buds. A new source material for breeding – doubled haploid lines of cabbage was received. Lines – the best parents for F1 hybrids with high yield, compact rosette of leaves, with optimum inside and short outside cabbage stump was created. Studies have shown that optimization of breeding process in case of creation of pure lines of cabbage in 3 years with microspore culture requires to reduce the breeding process in 2 times.

Genetic potential of productivity is a primary and essential factor in the period of formation of high productivity of winter wheat. Such quantitative traits as 1000-grain weight, a number of seeds per ear, length and width of a flag leaf are of primary importance while forming productivity of the crop. It’s possible to create a highly productive wheat variety knowing inheritance of these traits, their genetic basis and their genes combining ability. Our study has been carried out in two directions. The first one was an assessment of hybrid combinations. The article gives the results of study of soft winter wheat hybrids of the first generation. We have presented various types of trait heritage, from negative dominance to overdominance and we have found heterosis. The second direction was an assessment of parent forms of winter wheat on total combining ability. The assessment of total (TCA) combining ability and specific combining ability (SCA) of the varieties and lines gives an opportunity to use received hybrids in breeding work planning transgressive forms in the second generation. Thus it will result in more possibility to choose forms with new valuable traits. In the result of the conducted biometrical analysis of hybrids and their parents we received a number of average indexes of the traits of 10 combinations, which was used for calculation of total and specific combining ability of initial forms. The work presents the best parent forms of soft winter wheat according to their combining ability and hybrid combinations with high specific combining ability on some quantitative traits.

It’s common knowledge that any success of breeding work largely depends on initial material. The staff of Krasnodar RIA named after P.P. Lukiyanenko is carrying out a significant work in breeding, assessment and classification of new initial material for breeding of maize hybrids with high heterosis. Assessing self-pollinated lines as initial material, it’s necessary to analyze their combining ability according to grain productivity. Thus, the article gives the results of three year experiments in the field of heterosis breeding of maize. These are determined the general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities of new initial material. Variability of weather conditions during the years of experiments allowed finding really important geno types, which are valuable in maize hybrids breeding. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the received data showed some true geno type differences among hybrids of top-crossing scheme according to grain productivity for three years (Ffactor>Ftheory). At the same time we determined a significant variability of initial parent components influenced by the general and specific combining abilities. On the basis of the assessment of combining ability of self-pollinated lines we selected geno types with a high and permanent assessment of GCA and effects of SCA, which allowed identifying further ways of use of studied lines. More careful analysis of the received data gave us an opportunity to select lines with high effects of GCA and variances of SCA simultaneously. In general, we can talk about a right choice of the position of parent components in the formulas of the most promising test-crossings that produced high effects of heterosis on trait ‘grain productivity’.

Мета. Виявити селекційно-генетичні особливості сортів ячменю багаторядного озимого за довжиною колоса та виділити ефективні джерела підвищеної комбінаційної здатності в умовах Лісостепу України. Методи. Дослідження виконано в Миронівському інституті пшениці у 2012/13–2014/15 рр. з сортами ячменю багаторядного озимого ‘Паладін Миронівський’, ‘Жерар’, ‘Селена стар’, ‘Стрімкий’, ‘Cartel’, ‘Existens’, ‘Cinderella’ та F1 від їх схрещування за повною діалельною схемою (7´7). Дисперсійний аналіз, розрахунки комбінаційної здатності і генетичних параметрів проводили відповідно до загальноприйнятих методик (Доспехов Б. А., 1985; Федин М. А. та ін., 1980). Результати. У генотипів виявлено достовірні відмінності за рівнем прояву довжини колоса, що дало змогу оцінити комбінаційну здатність та розрахувати параметри генетичної варіації. Високі ефекти загальної комбінаційної здатності (ЗКЗ) в усі роки досліджень відмічено у сортів ‘Стрімкий’ (gi = 0,64–0,76), ‘Паладін Миронівський’ (gi = 0,34–0,53). Ефекти ЗКЗ від середнього до високого рівня виявлено в сорту ‘Existens’ (gi = 0,07–0,23). Графічний аналіз та розрахунок параметрів генетичної варіації свідчать про наявність внутрішньолокусного наддомінування в 2012/13 ( = 1,16) та неповне домінування в 2013/14 р. ( = 0,69) і 2014/15 р. ( = 0,82). Значного прояву епістазу не виявлено. В усі роки домінування було спрямоване на збільшення ознаки і зумовлене домінантними алелями (ефектами). Висновки. Вперше в умовах Лісостепу України виявлено селекційно-генетичні особливості сортів ячменю озимого за довжиною колоса в системі повних діалельних схрещувань. Встановлено варіювання генетичного контролю ознаки від наддомінування в посушливому 2012/13 р. до неповного домінування у зволожених 2013/14 і 2014/15 рр. Виділено сорти ‘Стрімкий’, ‘Паладін Миронівський’, ‘Existens’ з підвищеними ефектами ЗКЗ, які є цінними у селекції на збільшення ознаки.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is widely used in heterosis breeding of crops, including sorghum. In breeding work, “Rossorgo” uses early maturing source material adapted to the conditions of cultivation in the Lower Volga region, a collection CMS-lines with different types of sterile cytoplasm (A1, A2, A3, A4, 9E, M-35-1A) and varieties of grain sorghum. To create heterosis hybrids, it is required to identify the parental form with a high combining ability. Hybrids were derived from CMS-lines: A1 O-Yang 1, A2 KVV 114, A2 Vostorg, A2 Tamara, A3 Feterita 14, A4 KP 70, M-35-1A and 9E Pischevoe 614. The pollinators (testers) to crossing included varieties of grain sorghum: Mercury, Ogonek, Avans, Topaz, Volzhskoe 615, Pischevoe 35, Volzhskoe 4. The tests were conducted on the experimental field of “Rossorgo” in 2015–2016. Meteorological conditions during the studies differed in the amount of precipitation and the sum of active temperatures. Combining ability (CA) of the starting material was determined by the method of topcross. It was found that the manifestation of traits (plant height, parameters of the panicle, the weight of grains in one panicle and 1000 grains, yield) in sorghum is controlled by genes with additive effect. For further breeding for heterosis, CMS-lines (A1 O-Yang 1, A3 Feterita 14 and A4 KP 70) were selected with strong high effects of GCA on the main breeding grounds stable for years. High CA also characterized varieties Volzhskoe 4 (height of plant, weight of grains in one panicle and yield), Avans and Topaz (mass of 1000 grains and yield). For competitive variety trials, promising F1 hybrids of sorghum with high SCA effects for yield and weight of 1000 grains were identified. Hybrids to create synthetic varieties-populations were proposed.

Purpose. To reveal breeding and genetic peculiarities of modern spring barley varieties for the “number of grains per main ear” trait and identify genetic sources of increased combining ability for involving in hybridization. Methods. Investigations were carried out at the V. M. Remeslo Myronivka Institute of Wheat of NAAS of Ukraine. Modern varieties of domestic (‘Virazh’, ‘Talisman Myronivskyi’, ‘Komandor’) and foreign (‘KWS Aliciana’, ‘KWS Bambina’, ‘Zhana’, ‘Explorer’) breeding were involved in crossing for a full (7´7) diallel scheme. Parents and F1 were studied in field conditions during 2014–2016. Results. The analysis of variance of combining ability has shown a significant advantage in varying of general combining ability (GCA) effects. The mean square of specific combining ability (SCA) was significantly less than the GCA, but reliable throughout the years. The reciprocal effect was reliable only in 2014. Stably high effects of GCA during all years of investigations were noted in the varieties ‘KWS Aliciana’ (1.18–1.62) and ‘Virazh’ (1.33–1.48). The variety ‘KWS Bambina’ was characterized by lower but reliable positive effects of GCA (0.43–0.99) as compared to mentioned above. Non-allelic gene interaction was not found, that allowed to calculate the basic parameters of genetic variation. During all years of investigations, dominant effects of genes (H1 and H2) prevailed over the additive (D) ones in phenotypic expression of grain number per main ear. Mean degree of dominance in the experiment (H1/D) has shown overdominance. The same pattern was also distinctive for the index of mean degree of dominance in the loci . The dominance was reliably directed. Dominant effects of genes increased grain content, and recessive ones reduced it. At least 3–4 genes (groups of genes) have been revealed which determined the effects of dominance. At the same time, recessive genes (F

A model of late maturing F1 hybrid of white head cabbage for long-term storing and suitable for national recipe “golubci” have been developed based on requirements for varieties and F1 hybrids grown in the South in the conditions of drought, high temperatures and low air humidity. Combining ability of seven self-incompatible inbred lines of white head cabbage was studied by the system of full diallel crosses in conditions of Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic. These lines were developed on the base of heat tolerant varieties ‘Biruchekutskaya’, ‘Volna’, ‘Lada’, ‘Moldavanka’ and ‘Kharkovskaya Zimnyaya’ bred in the south. Out of 42 hybrid combinations studied 15 significantly surpassed in productivity the variety ‘Zavadovskaya’ that is traditionally grown by local farmers for pickling and recipe “golubci”. High GCA effects for productivity showed the following breeding lines: Bu1, Ml3 and Kl5. Polygenes, controlling the high yield ability, mainly were dominant and single-directed, however the correlation betweenyield ability and GCA effect was middle, r=0.63±0.35. No correlation was observed inbreeding line between GCA effect and truly heterosis effect in hybrid combinations (r=0.19). Disease resistance analysis revealed lines Bu1 and Kl5 that had shown resistance to Fusarium yellows. Two hybrid combination Kl5xBu1 and Ml3xBu1 were highly tolerant to thrips attacks according to analysis of all promising hybrid combinations, carried out in natural infection background. Weak correlation was observed between the number of damaged leaves in cabbage head and dry matter content, r=0.41±0.21, and also there is no correlation revealed with sugar contents, ascorbic acid and nitrate content. High tolerance of hybrids with participation of line Bu1 explained the partial dominance nature of the trait. Hybrid combinations Kl5xBu1 and Ml3xBu1 called ‘Batal’ and ‘Shedevr’, respectively, included in registry of Moldova and PMR.

Purpose. Creation of experimental sugar beet hybrid combinations of high sugar yield values and defining gene­tic determination of their heterotic effect. Methods. Diallel crossing and topcrossing, genetic analysis of quantitative traits. Results. The authors have studied the frequency of occurrence of sugar beet heterotic hybrid combinations for «sugar yield» trait created on the basis of two pollinator lines to be genetically valuable for productivity elements, CMS lines and single-cross sterile hybrids with the use of diallel and topcrossing system of controlled hybridization. The share of parental components’ effect and their interaction in CMS hybrids variability for productivity was determined. Expediency of heterotic forecasting based on high combining ability lines was substabtiated. Promising high-yielding sugar beet combinations were selected that exceeded the group standard by 4.1–16.3%. Conclusions. The theory of genetic balance by M. V. Turbin was confirmed. Such hybrids as [CMS 5OT 4]MGP 1 (116.3%), [CMS 1OT 2]MGP 1 (112.5%) and [CMS 3OT 5]MGP 1 (113.2%) were recognized as the best for their productivity, MGP 1 and MGP 2 lines – as the best for their combining ability.

Purpose. Assessment and selection of self-pollinated S5 maize (Zea mays L.) families with high combining ability and wide adaptive capacity obtained on the basis of specially produced hybrids by crossing elite lines of various genetic plasms with the best main agronomic characters. Methods. Field studies, mathematico-statistical evaluation. Results. An amplitude of grain yield ranging from 5.96–10.96 t/ha (x = 8.44 t/ha) in 2013 to 2.67–7.59 t/ha (x = 5.08 t/ha) in 2014 was determined in the course of study of the testcrosses of self-pollinated S5 families. It was found that different response of genotypes of the studied testcrosses to the year conditions significantly affected the average yield level, which decreased in the stressful 2014 by 3.4 t/ha as compared to 2013. The results of the assessment based on the general and specific combining ability of new parent material of mixed germplasm were shown. A significant variability of the estimates of GCA (general combining ability) effects depending on the year conditions was observed in the course of study. A marked difference in the estimates of GCA effects based on the grain yield was revealed. They were persistently high in 19% of the best self-pollinated families in both years, 14% of the families had persistently low estimates of GCA effects, 67% changed their value depending on the genotype and year conditions. Conclusions. 17 best self-pollinated families with persistently high estimates of GCA, 6 families featuring high tolerance to drought and 4 families with persistently high variances of SCA were selected. The selected families will be used as a parent material in selection programs aimed to create new high performance hybrids.

The method of development of functionally sterile forms of tomato from hybrids derived from crossing between functionally sterile and fertile lines is described. The characteristic of two new lines on the main morphological; biological and economically useful traits and combining ability for yield and fruit weight are shown.

The variability of combining ability depending on growing conditions was studied in spring durum wheat varieties in a topcross system. It was found that the manifestation of the traits under study was determined by additive effects of genes and general combination ability variances were most susceptible to environmental conditions.

RAPD analysis of sweet pepper lines of various ecogeographical origins was made to study DNA screening efficiency for hybrid breeding. Genetic distances among parental lines were calculated. The collection was classified by UPGMA. Hybridization of polymorphic genotypes was carried out in 5 × 5 diallel cross. The combining ability of lines and the F1 heterosis effect were evaluated. Combinations with high levels of heterosis for performance traits were revealed. The contributions of additive and dominant genes to the realization of the genetic potential of parental lines were determined. Our study showed that the specific combining ability of lines of the sweet pepper collection was more important for the formation of heterosis than the general combining ability. Positive correlations between DNA marker distances of parents and heterosis degree were found for some performance traits, however, their levels were low. We plan seeking specific DNA loci that would be positively associated with hybrid performance.

This research presents the results of a long-term study of the new wx1 maize inbred lines (level S4 – S6) developed by us using the backcross method and standard method with multiple self-pollinations and successive selection of promising maize genotypes. The new biological material was represented by 160 maize lines which were systematized in four botanical varieties, taking into consideration endosperm consistency, as well as grain and rachis colour. Some maize genotypes have characteristics that don’t correspond to the known botanical taxa. The name of two new botanical taxa was suggested: alborubraceratina, which includes genotypes with white grain and red rachis and luteorubraceratina, which includes genotypes with yellow grain and red rachis. As the result of assessing the general combining ability 10 lines of maize, the most valuable ones, were selected. These lines show minimal depression and basically are homozygous according to plant, ear and grain characteristics and they are resistant to adverse environmental conditions. According to biochemical propertiesthese lines have a high starch content, from 70,1% up to 73,2 %. The starch, in itsturn, consists only of amylopectin, a polymer with a branched molecule, and superior physical and chemical properties than starch from amylase. The newly developed lines contribute to increase the genetic diversity of wx1 maize, to synthesize competitive hybrids with valuable technological and food features and can be used as initial material for the improvement of waxy maize.

Evaluation of the genetic component values considered to be the important part of the selection process on creating hybrids of sugar beet and The aim of the study is to determine tetraploid pollinators combining ability Bilotserkovskoy breeding on yield and sugar content and the genetic determination of the productivity elements and their phenotypic manifestations in first generation hybrids of sugar beet. The methods of test crossing on the type top cross of pollen sterile lines of Uuladivsky and Ivanovsky origin and stabilized ployidnistyu tetraploid pollinators of beet sugar Belotserkovskoy selection on yielding of sugar beet tetraploid pollinators of Bilotserkovskoy breeding have been applied. A key role belongs to non additive gene effects in gene structure of characteristics variability yielding has been determined.The part of additive gene action pollinators is predominant in genetic control of top cross hybrids sugar content. The 16 hybrid combinations are differentiated by their parental components combining ability. Pollinators of 1007 ( the yield ) and 1013 ( for the sugar content) have been characterized by their valuable additive gene complexes. Perspective hybrid combinations for their further breeding study are revealed, genetic determination of productivity elements and sugar yield is defined Analysis of gene interactions in sugar beet hybrids confirms the theory of genetic balance MV Turbine