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The article considers morpho-functional organization of the cilia, locomotor organelle of the infusoria, and demonstrates the complicity of locomotor behavior of these protista. The problem of control of locomotion of infusoria is whole organism in discussed; and conclusion is drawn that system of control of movements could be multilevel and include receptor, afferent, central, efferent and effector units. In this context the macronucleus, could act as a central integrator and coordinator of the locomotor behavior being closely connected with periphery by dynamic elements of cytoskeleton. The eradication of infusoria parasitizing in humans and animals by interrupting of locomotion of the protista is also discussed.

The ability of two aposymbiotic (algae-free) subclones of the same green clone of C. virens to establish a stable symbiotic association with Chlorella sp. has been studied by light and electron microscopy. Alga-free subclone No. 1 was obtained from the original green clone by a long-term cultivation in darkness, while subclone No. 2 originated from one cell that spontaneously lost the algae and was found among normal green cells during daily inspection. For infection, algae isolated from ciliates with chlorellae of parental clone of C. virens were used. 5-10 minutes after feeding with Chlorella, specimens of both subclones show numerous algae mostly inside food vacuoles, but some rare algae (3-4 per cell) may occur in individual perialgal vacuoles. Later on, the number of symbiotic chlorellae in ciliates of subclone No. 1 increased, and a stable symbiotic association was reestablished. Unlike, in specimens of subclone No. 2 all newly ingested algae were seen digested within food vacuoles. Within 24-28 h all the ciliates investigated appeared free of algae. However, obviously stable symbiotic ciliate-algae systems in this subclone were obtained after improving the microinjection technique. Injection of algae into alga-free ciliates resulted in maintenance of intact chlorellae in these ciliates. The algae were seen to be located individually within perialgal vacuoles, being presumably protected against host lytic enzyme attack. The endosymbiont population in ciliates was established from as many as 3-5 originally injected algae. The number of symbiotic chlorellae increased steadily reaching the value equal to that in the parental clone 28-30 days after the start of experiment.

The mass infection of larvae and youngsters of carp fishes with the peritrichoid Ambiphrya ameiuri has been recorded in natural condition in the Rybinsk water reservoir. The uneven localisation of ambiphyrans on the body surface has been observed on the hosts Blicca bjorkna and Abramis brama. Most high density of parasites was on the breast, back and tail fins. The morphological variability of ambiphyrans in dependence upon their localisation on the fish body has been observed. Details being significant for the taxonomy have been studied by means of the scan electron microscope. It has been found that the scopulae (greatly developed attaching organ of A. ameiuri) in cases of heavy infection cover about 50-60% of the skin epithelium of fish larvae. In these cases the significant part of skin epithelium, which performs the respiratory function is excludes of the active oxygen supply that cause the illness and death of young fishes.