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Lumbar spine surgeries are complex procedures often associated with challenges in maintaining hemodynamic stability and controlling intraoperative bleeding, which are crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. Clonidine and dexmedetomidine both are α2-adrenergic agonists with sedative and analgesic properties, known for their potential to attenuate sympathetic responses and stabilize hemodynamics. However, their comparative efficacy in lumbar spine surgeries remains underexplored. METHODOLOGY This study was carried out in 40 patients, ASA grade1 and 2, undergoing lumbar spinal instrumentation requiring laminectomy. The patients were randomly allocated into two groups (20 each) using the computer generated random number table. Group C received 2 µg/kg of clonidine diluted in 10 ml of normal saline, given slowly intravenous infusion over 10 min before induction of general anaesthesia. Group D received 1 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine diluted in 10 ml normal saline, given slow intravenous infusion over 10 minutes before induction of general anaesthesia. Heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure were monitored before intubation as the baseline and after intubation, 15, 30, and 60 minutes after starting the surgery, and after extubation. The amount of intraoperative blood loss was estimated based on the volume of blood in the suction bottle and the number of the blood-soaked gauze pads (20 mL for a completely blood-soaked gauze and 50 mL for a completely blood-soaked long gauze). OBSERVATION No statistically significant difference was found on comparing the two drugs in terms of Baseline characteristics, Mean Arterial Pressure and the amount of blood loss. However Dexmedetomidine group had a higher reduction in Heart Rate as compared to the Clonidine Group. CONCLUSION In conclusion, both the alpha2 agonist drugs; intravenous clonidine and dexmedetomidine represent valuable options for achieving stable hemodynamics as well as decreases the intraoperative surgical bleeding in lumbar spine surgeries. Total opioid requirements for intraoperative and rescue analgesia in postoperative period were decreased in both the groups.

In 2001, Virchenko et al. published a paper on a new generalization of Gauss hypergeometric function, namely Wright-type generalized hypergeometric function. Present work aims to define the q-analogue generalized hypergeometric function, which reduces to generalized hypegeometric function by letting q tends to one, and study some new properties. Convergence of the series defining generalized q-hypergeometric function and properties including certain differentiation formulae and integral representations have been deduced.

In today’s information technology age, the issue of cyber Security is a complicated and fascinating area of law. The phenomenal growth and development of e-commerce in India is astounding. However, with the rising dependence on internet commerce, the dangers of fraud and security and trust problems have become severe impediments. Creating robust legal and regulatory frameworks that meet the growing concerns about online fraud, data security, and intellectual property protection in both local and international business contexts is critical. The e-commerce sector, like any expanding business, confronts various obstacles, primarily due to an inadequate and inefficient legal and regulatory framework that fails to guarantee the rights and duties of all players engaged sufficiently. To protect user data, tackle cyber threats, and maintain customer trust, e-commerce enterprises must comply with legal regulations. In India, cybersecurity governance falls under the Information Technology Act of 2000, regulating e-commerce, electronic contracts, data protection, and cybercrimes. The imminent passage of the Personal Data Protection Bill, 2019, is expected after ongoing review. The Indian Penal Code addresses unauthorized access, hacking, identity theft, phishing, and computer virus dissemination. The Reserve Bank of India oversees online payment and financial security, mandating two-factor authentication, encryption, and secure payment channels. CERT-In coordinates national cybersecurity incidents, while electronic signatures and digital certificates hold legal recognition. Intellectual Property Laws regulate online violations of patents, copyrights, and trademarks. The Indian government also enforces cybersecurity standards for enterprises and organizations, covering IT infrastructure and incident response. Nonetheless, further steps must be taken to improve the efficiency of India’s cyber security regulations. This research study uses a doctrinal and analytical approach to examine India’s present Cyber Security Laws and Guidelines. It assesses their effectiveness in addressing legal concerns with Security, privacy, and data protection inside the country. It also evaluates the legal structure that governs the link between e-commerce and Cyber Laws in India. This research will provide a thorough overview of the present condition of cyber security regulations in India, setting the way for prospective reforms and progress in this critical area.

The Ponseti method has revolutionized clubfoot treatment. Though completely neglected clubfeet are now rare, partially or incompletely and improperly treated feet are not uncommon. Relapses after successful correction may occur due to non-compliance with bracing. In scarred soft tissues due to previous surgery, soft tissue distraction using external fixation helps achieve correction. The Ilizarov fixator permits us to follow the Ponseti protocol, using correction methods that may either be constrained or unconstrained by hinges. Applying force vectors perpendicular to the moment arm allows us to correct the еquinus without damaging the ankle joint. All of the above is possible when the talus is round. Full correction of the deformity is possible. However, longterm follow-up of these patients has revealed stiffness of the ankle setting and frequently with tibio-talar osteophytes anteriorly. They are probably a reaction to excessive pressure developed in the joint due to the tight soft tissues. Hence the author has now added a mild shortening of the tibia and fibula to reduce soft tissue tension, rather than resorting to further soft tissue releases through scarred tissues. This allows faster correction with the Ponseti-Ilizarov protocol and allows good ankle range of motion to persist.

Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are prominent alternative devices to conventional p-n junction silicon based solar cells because of their low fabrication cost and high power conversion efficiency, good cost/efficiency ratio. In the present work, DSSC devices were made-up with fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate, a TiO2 compact layer was deposited on FTO, Ruthenium(II) dye (N719), an iodide - triiodide electrolyte and a platinum (Pt) counter electrode. Photo anode with thin film layers of TiO2 and Pt counter electrode (photo-cathode) were prepared. Field emission electron microscope (FESEM) was employed to investigate the surface morphology of TiO2 layers. The DSSC device efficiency was evaluated by J-V characteristics. Fabricated devices were exhibited high power conversion efficiencies. The electrochemical impedance characteristics were analyzed by fitting the experimental results to the corresponding electrical equivalent circuit simulated data.

When plasma interacts with the wall of a conductor, electrons due to high mobility reach the wall first and develop negative potential on the wall and very near to the wall plasma is divided into sheath and presheath regions. The quasi-neutral plasma is shielded from the wall by a space charge sheath of the positive ions of the order of few electrons Debye’s lengths (λD) . At the sheath edge quasi neutrality breaks down from presheath side. In asymptotic limit ε=λD/L → 0 varying area of geometry affects the structure of the presheath scale. In addition to geometry, collisions and ionization also affects the presheath structure. But the sheath region is universal and is independent of either of geometry, ionization rate and collision frequency. The region which play the role of a link between these two regions has characteristics of both regions and is known as intermediate region. Even in the absence of ionization source and collision expanding area of geometry can accelerates the ions towards the wall. The characteristic length of the geometric presheath depends on radius of curvature c R = A/A′ , where “A” is the area of geometry and “A′= dA/dz”. If either of ionization or collisions is present along with the expanding area of geometry then dominant factor for the acceleration of ions in the presheath region is not the expanding area of geometry.