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Relevance. The need to develop a technology for the disposal of solid and liquid industrial waste to obtain organic-inorganic fertilizer. The growth of industrial production is accompanied by an increase in waste. In modern society, considerable attention is paid to the problem of processing man-made waste to obtain demanded products. Phosphogypsum is the main by-product of the production of fertilizers and phosphoric acid, it is a multi-tonnage waste, its storage leads to the withdrawal of vast territories from circulation. Liquid waste from pig farms also needs to be processed into organic fertilizers. Aim. To study the process of heat treatment of phosphogypsum in the presence of a reducing agent to obtain an alkalizing reagent. This will make it possible to further organize processing liquid and solid agricultural and industrial waste and produce domestic organic fertilizers Methods. Heat treatment of phosphogypsum in the presence of a reducing agent, followed by the preparation of an aqueous suspension to obtain an agent that reduces the acidity of livestock effluents. The samples of heat-treated phosphogypsum obtained during the study were characterized by X-ray phase analysis, electron microscopy. Suspensions with different pH values were obtained on their basis. Results and conclusions. The authors have studied heat treatment of large-tonnage inorganic waste of the chemical industry – phosphogypsum. It was found that the suspension of phosphogypsum heat-treated in the presence of a reducing agent has increased values of the hydrogen index, which can be used to obtain an alkalizing reagent for treating agricultural waste. The authors revealed the optimal technological modes of obtaining a reagent having the maximum pH value of the suspension: the amount of the introduced reducing agent is 0.16 mol/mol CaSO4, the heat treatment temperature is 1000 °C.

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This study was centered on improving the mechanical properties of AISI 8620 steel using the carburization technique. The failure in service conditions of many steel components such as cams, gears, and shafts necessitated the research as it demands that they possess both high wear-resistant surfaces and tough shock-resistant cores. Standard test samples prepared from the steel material were subjected to a pack carburization process using rice husk and charcoal as carburizers, and the energizer – calcium trioxocarbonate (IV) at temperatures of 800, 850, 900, and 950 °C, and held for 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The samples were quenched in water and tempered at 500°C for 60 minutes. After the pack hardening process, the test samples were subjected to tensile, impact, and hardness tests. From the data obtained, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), Hardness, Young’s Modulus, engineering strain, and impact strength were calculated. The case and core hardness of the carburized samples were noted, and an optical microscope was used to observe the microstructural features of the case-hardened, quenched, and tempered samples. The responses (mechanical properties of steel) were optimized using response surface methodology to obtain the optimum carburizing conditions-temperature and holding time. Results showed that the sample’s microhardness core and microhardness case increased from 253 to 327 HV and from 243 to 339 HV as the holding time increased from 60 to 120 minutes, indicating an appreciable increase in the mechanical property of the samples. The optimum carburizing conditions were at a temperature of 885 °C and a holding time of 120 minutes. Hence, the carburization of AISI 8620 steel using rice husk and charcoal as carburizers improved the steel material’s case, core, and mechanical properties.

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Copyright of News of Kazakhstan Science / Novosti nauki Kazahstana is the property of NCSTE (JSC National Center for State Scientific and Technical Evaluations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr) is one of the potential fish from the Channidae family in Central Kalimantan. The potential of Kerandang fish has so far not been much researched/ explored, causing a lack of scientific information about secondary metabolites found in charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr). The aim of this study is to find out and obtain an overview of the content of the secondary metabolites contained in charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr), namely scalp, scales, dorsal fin, pectoral fin, pelvic fin, anal fin and caudal fin, which could potentially be used in the field of health/ pharmaceutical as a cure for allergies (local wisdom). The results of this study are expected to provide useful information about groups of the secondary metabolites in charcoal from Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr) which has the potential to be anti-allergic. The study is carried out by screening and identifying the secondary metabolites using a color test, which includes the following parameters: flavonoids, alkaloids (meyer, dragendorf, bouchardat), tannins, terpenoids (steroids, triterpenoids), polyphenols and saponins. The data obtained are presented in a table form and analyzed descriptively. The extraction is carried out by maceration method using 70% ethanol solvent. The screening and identification show that the secondary metabolites contained in the ethanol extract of charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr) with color test are as follows: (-) flavonoids, (-) alkaloids, (-) tannins, (-) terpenoids, (-) polyphenols, and (+) saponins. Saponins are found in ethanol extract of charcoal from waste of Kerandang fish (Channa pleurophthalmus Blkr), which are characterized by the formation of permanent foam.

A technique for the synthesis of multi-layer incombustible electromagnetic shields, characterized in comparison with analogues with a reduced cost and mass, has been developed. The prospects of using of carbon-containing materials (charcoal, activated carbon, carbon black) as their main components have been substantiated. The influence of heat treatment by open flame of shields synthesized in accordance with the developed technique on their electromagnetic radiation reflection and transmission characteristics in the frequency range 0.7…17 GHz has been researched.

The article deals with the properties of coal and the field of application, the development of technology for the production of charcoal, and also the installation for the processing of timber materials of the timber industry. A description of the technology and instrumentation of the process of wood waste in a continuously operating vertical retort is presented.

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Stratum Plus Journal is the property of P.P. Stratum plus and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The largest unfragmented tract of the rich-in-species old-growth Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis)- broadleaved forests in the world is situated in the basin of the Bikin River. The history of these forests, including the fire history, is very important for understanding factors of dynamics of these forests and prognosis of their development under different climate change scenarios and land-use regimes. However, this history has not been studied in detail so far. Here we aim at reconstructing the local history of fires in the middle reaches of the Bikin River using dendrochronology and pedoanthracology (analysis of charcoal in the soil). We used treefall mounds to search for charcoal in soils; charcoal was selected from 34 treefall mounds, 14 charcoal samples were radiocarbon dated. The age of fire scars on trunks was determined using the increment borer method on 45 Pinus koraiensis individuals. We defined that the main factors responsible for charcoal transport to the mineral soils were past treefalls with uprooting and soil erosion. The most ancient soil charcoals date back to the Upper Neolithic, about 3450 cal BP. The remaining charcoal samples are mainly grouped into four clusters: about 2250, 1610, 1450 and 600 cal BP. The increase of fire frequency is in good agreement with the previous results of lithologic-facies, botanical, spore-pollen and other analyses of bog sediments in the floodplain of the Bikin River. The earliest fires in the study area, which can be associated with human impacts, refer to the end of the first millennium (the time of the Bohai Kingdom). Fire scars were found on cores sampled from 39 out of 45 Pinus koraiensis individuals. The oldest Pinus we dated was 278 years old. Based on the cores, a fire chronology was built, covering the period from 1773 to 1993. Fires were marked for 36 years, while 10 years of them coincided in 3 and more cores. The periods with the highest frequency of fires are from 1937 to 1948 and from 1958 to 1980. We further followed possible connections between the frequency of fires and human activities. We also compared the fire chronology, data on precipitation and the number of fires in the Sikhote-Alin State Nature Reserve located closely to the study area. As expected, fires often occurred in the years with low precipitation or in the years following them. Preservation of a high species diversity of plants, especially the woody ones, with a significant frequency of fires in the study area can be explained by a complex relief determining the local fire spread and the presence of fire refugia. Soil charcoal analysis showed the existence of fire events from 3500 to 600 years BP and tree fire scars analysis showed the intensive fire history of the studied forests during the last 200 years. For the first time, fire regimes were reconstructed for Korean pine-broadleaved forest located on the slopes in the middle reaches of the Bikin River.

Old-growth spruce and spruce-fir forests can be extremely variable in the composition and diversity of their ground layer of vegetation, sometimes with over 10 times difference in diversity between various forests. What is the reason for such a big difference? Here we propose a hypothesis that the ground layer of vegetation is most strongly affected by fire history of boreal forest ecosystems. We estimated composition, structure and diversity of vascular plant and bryophyte species in seven forest types in old-growth forests dominated by either Picea obovate or Picea obovate together with Abies sibirica, which were located in the plains of the Komi Republic. All the study areas were either at elevated or hilly plains with good and moderate drainage, or in valleys of small rivers and streams, away from wets and bogs. We analyzed Landolt’s species ecological values, coverage of vegetation layers and deadwoods at different stages of decay, bedrock parameters, and soil charcoals in order to explain differences in the plant species composition and diversity. We showed that there are weak but statistically significant correlations between the coverage of deadwoods at different decay stages and vascular species composition and a positive correlation between the total deadwood coverage and bryophyte species diversity. Among the studied forests, those that are dominated by boreal and nitrophilous tall herbs (located in watersheds and in river valleys respectively), have no fire scars on stems of Pinus spp. and almost no charcoal in the soil and demonstrate the highest species diversity. We estimated that these forests have not experienced fires for over 400 years. In contrast, the diversity of vascular plants in the forests dominated by green mosses, dwarf shrubs, small boreal herbs and large ferns was low; we evaluated that the last time when these forests suffered intense multiple fires was at least 150 years ago.

The article considers the possibility of recovering elemental iodine vapor from the waste gas in the zirconium refining section Carbon sorbents of various types produced in Russia were used for the refining. The sorbents were tested in laboratory units and directly in the production area. The optimal sorbent kind was found. The characteristics of iodine recovery from saturated sorbents were determined. Recommendations on the filter design are given

Auxiliary materials such as wood, charcoal and fireproof clay were of the utmost importance in the mining and metallurgy industry until the XIXth century. The quality of the ore as well as the abundance of the nearby forests had the crucial influence on the decision concerning the opening of the new mining sites in the Ottoman period. The only exception to this was made by the exceedingly rich ore deposits such as Keban and Ergani mines in the South Eastern Anatolia, where charcoal and wood were being delivered from the highly remote areas. The saltpeter and sulphur mines, having provided components of gunpowder, set a precedent, too. The richness of the ore deposits was primordial, due to their strategic importance for the Ottoman army, while the issue of production profitability was only of the secondary significance. Charcoal made from willow and hazel tree was used as component of gunpowder in the Ottoman Empire, while charcoal made from oak, beech or other hardwood was used in smelteries and founderies. In the proximity of every mining site, the village settlments were established, called the workers' h âs (işçi h âs). Their inhabitants were generally engaged in production and delivery of charcoal and wood materials, due to which, they enjoyed significant tax exemptions. Thus did the number of villages depend upon the specific ore, that is, the quantity of charcoal used in the melting process. For instance, the copper mine of Majdanpek in the Smederevo sancak supplied only few villages due to the small quantity of charcoal used in the copper melting process: the mine of Kučajna, that provided lead, silver and gold as well as the fourty-eight villages, while the iron mine of Bah, where cannon balls were being cast, was supplied by the workers' hâs consisted of as many as ninety-two villages. The structure of the mining administration manifested importance wood and charcoal had for mining and smelter production. Most commonly, the total number of the şafar who were supervising mines and smelteries production, corresponded to that of the şafar in charge of charcoal and wood delivery. The rare type of clay possessing fireproof qualities has also been classified in auxiliary materials used in metallurgy. It was used in production of cannon and cannon balls molds, as well as for building stoves for the factories manufacturing cannons and fieldpieces. That type of clay deposits was very scarse; consequently, some of the factories for manufacturing cannons and fieldpieces had bigger problem supplying with clay, than stocking up on metal supplies. Thus was, from the end of the 1560's, the clay being sent from the excavation site situated in Belgrade surroundings to the factory for manufacturing cannons and fieldpieces in Budim, due to the exhaustion of the ore deposit. Only a century later, the factory for manufacturing cannons and fieldpieces located in Belgrade was being supplied with clay from Kâğid-hane, Istanbul district lying in the Golden Horn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hemocytic count and defense reaction within 4 families of higher Diptera: Tabanidae, Syrphidae, Muscidae and Sarcophagidae, whose larvae inhabit bacterially aggressive environment, were investigated. The least hemocytes types (3) were revealed in Tabanidae and Syrphidae larvae--prohemocytes, plasmatocytes and prophenoloxydase-containing unstable hyaline cells (oenocytoids). In Sarcophaga crassipalpis and Musca domestica stable hyaline cells and thrombocytoids or podocytoid-like cells can be added to this set. At the time of pupariation in Sarcophaga, new generation of prohemocytes is segregated into the hemolymph, which form small round or spindle-shaped hyaline cells. So, the number of plasmatocyte types in Sarcophaga increase to six. Typical to Calliphoridae juvenile plasmatocytes in the members of investigated families are absent. Among the one hemocyte type morphology also can vary, especially in unstable prophenoloxydase hyaline cells. In Drosophila there are crystal cells containing in the cytoplasm paracrystalloidal inclusions. In Calliphoridae there are big hyaline cells with homogenous cytoplasm producing circumferential bubbles. Both in Sarcophaga and Tabanidae they contain in their cytoplasm big globules. However in Sarcophaga they rapidly disintegrate, while in Tabanidae are maintained unchanged during hours. In Muscidae and Syrphidae prophenoloxydase extrusion occurs very early and these cells obtain pycnotic nuclei and very liquid cytoplasm with strings of granules. Thrombocytoids in Musca larvae are represented by big flattened anucleated irregular cytoplasm and "naked" nuclei and cytoplasmic fragments often with fan-like projections. Plasmatocytes in all species studied are the cells with pronounced phylopodies. In larvae they contain cytoplasmic catabolic inclusions and in pupa--ragments of apoptotic tissues. Clearance of hemolymph from alien particles in Sarcophagidae and Muscidae occur by thrombocytoides, while in Tabanidae by plasmatocyte nodulation. A differing case is Syrphidae whe-e charcoal injection produce depletion of hemolymph both from particles and all types of hemocytes. So the specimen of different higher Diptera families can use different schemes of cellular defense reaction.

In the hemolymph of surgical maggots Lucilia sericata seven types of hemocytes were revealed. These are prohemocytes, stable and unstable hyaline cells, thrombocytoids, spindle cells, larval plasmatocytes and plasmatocytes I-IV, which represent sequential stages of one cell line differentiation. In contrast to Calliphora hyaline cells, this type of hemocytes in cropemptying larvae of Lucilia is elongated or vermiform in shape. Hyaline cells may be transformed to both prothrombocytoids and unstable prophenoloxydase-producing cells. Appearance and differentiation of each hemocyte type is rigidly linked with a definite stage of development. In cellular defense the main role play juvenile plasmatocytes, plasmatocytes II and III and trombocytoides. Juvenile plasmatocytes are the most active ones. After charcoal particles injection they were instantly surrounded by the thick envelope of adhered alien particles and form uniform morules aggregations or conglomerates together with thrombocytoidal agglutinates. Plasmatocytes II and III during the early stages of differentiation may be involved in adhesion and phagocytosis of alien particles and during the last stages in the engulfing of apoptose desintegrated tissues. Thus the cellular defense reaction is assisted by 4 hemocyte types--prophenoloxydase-unstable hyaline cells, thrombocytoids, juvenile plasmatocytes and plasmatocytes I-IV.

One of priority approaches in occupational medicine and health risk evaluation is study of immune system features in individuals exposed to occupational chemical hazards. The studies revealed reliable changes in immune parameters (positive annexin tag, disorders of cytokine profile)-- that proves retarded apoptosis precesses in workers engaged into activated carbon and coagulants production. Marked disorders of cellular regulation in machinery operators of activated carbon and coagulants production are seen with observed normal content of phenol in the air of workplace.

The rate of Calliphora vicina haemocytic defense reaction to foreign particles injection depends on the larval age and on the previous bacterial immunization. Immunization of crop-empting larvae induces an evident increase in particles phagocytosis by juvenile plasmatocytes in 24 h after injection. Both the hemogram and the pattern of cellular defense reaction change significantly after crop-empting. Immunized larvae start intensive adhesion of foreign particles to plasmatocytes surface and formation of great aggregations of plasmatocytes (morules) no longer than in 34 min after injection. The period of particle-haemocyte adhesion is short-termed and no more than after 30 min cell aggregates dissociate and adhered charcoal particles pass to thrombocydoidal agglutinates. Unimmunized control larvae of the same age have shown no adhesion and morules formation. In immunized wadering and diapausing larvae, formation of capsules consisting of central thrombocydoidal agglutinate filled with alien particles and adherent plasmatocytes I is intensified. In contrast to moru-les, this capsule formation is not accompanied by charcoal particles adhesion to plasmatocytes. Immunization of mature larvae of C. vicina shown no prominent influence on both the rate of phagocytosis and the hyaline cells differentiation. It might be supposed that the receptors system is complex and the immunization both the mechanisms of foreigners recognition (adhesion, morulation and incapsulation) and the far more lately occurring phagocytosis.

The mechanisms of relationships between Listeria and eukaryotic cells on the level of the main biomolecules are analyzed. These mechanisms determine the penetration and multiplication of Listeria and their importance for the pathogenesis of listeriosis. The theoretical and practical aspects of the regulation of the expression of pathogenicity factors in Listeria, connected with the activation of the regulatory protein PrfA and autoregulatory mechanisms, are considered. The elimination of the autorepressor from the cultivation medium results in the activation of the regulatory protein and the induction of the pathogenicity factors. The effective identification method for L. monocytogenes, permitting the differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria, has been developed on the basis of the study of lecithinase expression in the presence of activated charcoal.

The spectrum of proteins secreted by L. monocytogenes greatly depends on the composition of the cultivation medium. The introduction of activated charcoal (AC) into brain heart infusion (BHI) leads to the secretion of a number of additional proteins with mol.wt. ranging between 20 and 100 kD, whose production is not observed in pure BHI. The effect depends on the absorption capacity of AC: when adsorption capacity is reduced due to a decrease in the concentration of AC or its preliminary saturation with the components of the cultivation medium a drop in the level of the production of additional proteins is observed. The preliminary treatment of the medium with AC with its subsequent elimination prior to inoculation doses not change the spectrum of secreted proteins, though greatly inhibits the growth of L. monocytogenes. The data obtained in this investigation indicate that the effect produced by AC is based on the elimination of some product of L. monocytogenes vital activity from the cultivation medium; this product acts as the autoregulator of the synthesis of a number of secreted proteins.

An electrodialysis system has been designed to purify water. It comprises two units: a preliminary preparation unit and an electrodialysis one. The system consists of columns containing zeolite, activated carbon, and ion-exchange resins. Zeolite makes water free from mechanical impurities and iron, activated carbon adsorbs organic matter and chlorine ions, ion-exchange resins soften water. The electrodialysis unit is noted for its original design. Mathematical simulation has allowed the authors to optimize the design and to make a block that makes the process continuous without repolarization, which can decant the minimum levels of salt concentrates, thus decreasing energy supply to 2 W per liter. The unit is made as a pressure filter design having the platinum-titanium electrodes and membranes MK-40 and MK-45 made in Russia. The system operates automatically. Its all components are made in Russia.

Histological changes and dynamics of morphometric parameters of ischemic lesion, organization and regeneration of bone marrow and osseous tissue were studied experimentally in rabbits with embolic aseptic infarction of long bones (on d 3-60). Correlation dependences were determined and regression equations were derived between morphometric parameters of lesion and regeneration of bone tissues. Close or medium connections were demonstrated between volume of ischemic necrosis of bone marrow and compact substance (exponential regression), those of compact substance and periosteal regenerate (exponential regression), volume of necrosis of compact substance and manifestation of reorganization (power regression), volume of periosteal regenerate and manifestation of reorganization of compact substance (rectilinear regression).

Study of the relationship between activated charcoal potential and its effects and the biological media and organic toxic agents is in progress. Using the electrochemical model of hemoperfusion proposed previously, the authors defined the optimal conditions for modifying the hemoadsorbents from activated charcoal, carried out monitored hemoperfusion detoxication in patients, and improved the results of treatment in patients with acute poisonings with organophosphorus compounds, psychotropic and soporific agents, and with 1,2-dichloroethane.

Materials are presented concerning the study of a possibility to use highly active carbon sorbent "Dnepr-MH" to liberate the tape water from enteroviruses. Investigations were carried out on the model of the vaccine strain of type-II poliovirus. The sorbent samples, most active in respect of the virus sorption and differing by benzene capacity, were determined. Optimal concentration of a sorbent has been established, pH and water temperature were chosen under which the sorption processes are more active. High efficiency of tape water deprive of enterovirus pollution with the help of the above sorbent is demonstrated in the experiment.

Radioaerosol method was employed to follow up mucociliary transport (MT) efficacy in 97 patients with acute pneumonia (AP). The most pronounced suppression of MT was found in repeated and lingering AP. If causative agents were represented by adenoviruses, streptococci and influenza bacillus suppression of MT appeared more noticeable. Correlations of MT with pulmonary ventilation support the role of mucociliary insufficiency in genesis of bronchial obstruction in AP. The majority of the convalescents fail to achieve complete recovery of MT.

A technological process for oxybiosorption of sewage was developed. The process and a self-contained unit using it are described.

The effectiveness of enterosorbents (polymethylsiloxane used as enterosgel and activated charcoal) has been studied in experiments on white rats infected with low virulent Salmonella typhimurium strain N 79. As shown in this study, the use of sorbents normalizes the morphofunctional characteristics of the epithelium of the small intestine and decreases the degree of Salmonella colonization of the parietal layer in the lumen of the small intestine, causing the destruction of some adsorbed bacteria.

Activated carbon FAS/Pt and membrane GOMPOD do not deteriorate water quality under its purification. Mineralisator MP-UK in general does not deteriorate water quality. All the studied materials were recommended for treatment and conditioning of water in space apparatuses.

Immobilization of proteolytic enzymes on carbon materials depends on the concentration of the protein to be immobilized, the protein/carrier ratio and pH. The kinetics of the proteolytic enzyme adsorption and combined immobilization of proteases and lytic enzymes are considered, and properties of the resultant preparations (temperature and pH optima) and the effect of gamma-sterilization are discussed. Chymotrypsin and terrilytin immobilized on carbon SKN-2P hydrolysed 0.2% solution of casein during 25-27 days with a maximum yield of 50-70%.

In the hyperbaric chamber with the help of chromatographic, spectrophotometric and gravimetric methods the dynamics of the sorption of the volatile chemical matters (11 substances) on the activated charcoal and ion exchange fibrous material has been investigated. By the 30 kg/cm2 (He) the purifying speed of the gas environment from the chemical matters was less, than by the 1 kg/cm2, and the saturation state of the sorbents in the hyperbaric conditions was coming late. The change of the external gas pressure change a parameters of the volatile matters diffusion in the gas environment and sorbents, but do not influence on the qualitative character of the sorption in the homological line of the investigated matters.

An investigation of the regimen of storage and sorption of plasma in patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of lower extremity vessels has shown that the optimum regimen of storage of plasma is freezing (with addition of 1 thousand of heparin units per 100 ml of plasma) at t = -20 degrees C followed by thawing at t = +6(+/- 2) degrees C in running water before sorption. The optimal sorbent for sorption of plasma of patients with obliterating atherosclerosis of lower extremity vessels is "Actilen" charcoal. The optimal method of sorption is sorption after thawing the plasma. The sufficient degree of plasma purification can be reached in the ratio sorbent/sorbate for charcoal "Actilen" equal to 1:100 and a single perfusion of plasma through the column.

Evidence is given on the use of hemocarboperfusion for treating patients with progressive pulmonary tuberculosis combined with hepatitis. The use of a hemosorbent that was preliminary treated with ozone promoted fuller restoration of liver function. The materials are given, which support a hypothesis to the effect that contact of blood with sorbent induces not only sorption but also as enzymatic-catalytic process. It was suggested that the ozone-treated sorbent displays properties similar to those inherent in the oxygenase cell system, i. e. they promote the "transformation" of oxidized substrates from hydrophobic to hydrophilic states.

The adsorbing activity of granulated carbonic sorbents SKN and KAU, as well as their oxidated forms, containing protogenic carboxylic and phenolic groups with respect to Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa pathogenic strains has been studied. As shown in this study, the process of interaction between microorganisms and carbonic sorbents has two stages. At the first stage the main role is played by long-distance electrostatic forces and at the second stage, by Van der Waals short-distance forces, as well as bonds formed between cell structures and surface groupings of carbonaceous materials. In the mechanism of interaction between microbial cells and carbons the geometry of carbon surface plays an important role. KAU(0)-1 exhibits the highest degree of adhesion with respect to pathogenic bacteria.