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Alzheimer's disease causes gradual, persistent deterioration of cognitive function in the elderly, causing social and economic damage to society. Over the past decades, mankind has made significant progress in the study of Alzheimer's disease, but there are no methods to fully control the disease. The lack of effectiveness of existing treatment methods emphasizes the need to search for new approaches. The present review is devoted to the study of the latest data regarding the role of microbiota in the mechanisms of formation and progression of Alzheimer's disease, possible therapeutic ways to influence the processes of neurodegeneration through microbiota and taking into account identified relationships. The article considers the axis «gut microbiota-brain» as a link in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation. New data on the influence of gut microbiota on neurodegenerative processes through metabolic, nervous, and immune mechanisms is analyzed. New data reveals correlations between microbiota specifics and the origin and/or progression of Alzheimer's disease, expanding the understanding of disease pathogenesis. The role of the oral microbiota in neurodegeneration processes is mentioned, emphasizing the diverse mechanisms of this disease. Available therapies for Alzheimer's disease are discussed, including probiotics and prebiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and dietary correction.

The bidirectional relationship between cerebral structures and the gastrointestinal tract involving the microbiota embraces the scientific concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. The gut microbiome plays an important role in many physiological and biochemical processes of the human body, in the immune response and maintenance of homeostasis, as well as in the regulation of circadian rhythms. There is a relationship between the higher prevalence of a number of neurological disorders, sleep disorders and changes in the intestinal microbiota, which actualizes the study of the complex mechanisms of such correlation for the development of new treatment and prevention strategies. Environmental factors associated with excessive light exposure can aggravate the gut dysbiosis of intestinal microflora, and as a result, lead to sleep disturbances. This review examines the integrative mechanisms of sleep regulation associated with the gut microbiota (the role of neurotransmitters, short-chain fatty acids, unconjugated bile acids, bacterial cell wall components, cytokines). Taking into account the influence of gut dysbiosis as a risk factor in the development of various diseases, the authors systematize key aspects and modern scientific data on the importance of microflora balance to ensure optimal interaction along the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the context of the regulatory role of the sleep-wake cycle and its disorders.