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An abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a pathological local dilatation of the abdominal aorta that may develop from a variety of causes. With a 80% mortality rate, it is mainly linked to male gender, age above 65 years, smoking, and a family history of AAA. Ultrasonography is an effective method for screening males who are 65 or older for AAA. Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) procedure reduces 30-day operative mortality and hospital stay, becoming a global standard. Both open and endovascular surgery aim to cut off the aneurysm's circulation, preventing it from rupturing. Diabetes mellitus (DM) may provide protection against regrowth and the need for additional intervention after endovascular AAA repair, thereby limiting the enlargement and rupture of AAAs. Hyperglycemia thickens the aortic walls and reduces wall stress in diabetic patients' abdominal aortas. It stabilizes collagen structure and promotes the synthesis of collagen type IV. Anti-diabetic drugs like metformin, thiazolidinedione, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP-4i) have been shown in both animal and human studies to protect against aortic aneurysms. In a dose-response pattern, these antidiabetic drugs may lower the prevalence, incidence, and enlargement rate of AAA.

Gilbert’s syndrome is the most common inherited jaundice worldwide. It affects 5-10% of the population. It is caused by a mutation of the UGT1A1 gene, which results in impaired bilirubin metabolism. It is a benign disease and does not affect the life expectancy of patients. Patients with Gilbert’s syndrome should be alert to factors that exacerbate the course of the disease, interactions with medications taken and possible comorbidities such as hemolytic anemia, cholelithiasis or schizophrenia. However, it is the responsibility of physicians with such patients under their care to properly educate patients. Gilbert’s syndrome carries not only the consequences associated with the mutation, but also has many benefits that patients may not be fully aware of. Mildly elevated bilirubin levels have an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effect, which prevents the development of lifestyle diseases and cancer. Ongoing clinical trials suggest that this could be a great step toward new treatments for diseases affecting the entire human population. PURPOSE OF THE WORK: This review paper aims to show Gilbert’s syndrome as a multifaceted disease and to sensitize doctors' attention to patients with the described mutation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An analysis of papers available in PubMed and Google Scholar was performed using the following key words: Gilbert’s syndrome, bilirubin, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, Gilbert’s syndrome harmful and protective aspects, iatrogenic Gilbert’s syndrome RESULTS: The result of the work is to present Gilbert’s syndrome as a disease that carries medical problems directly related to the mutation, but also, in some cases, has a protective effect on affected individuals. The work highlights the complexity of the problem.

Introduction Anemia and iron deficiency are common comorbidities in population with heart failure. Their association with unfavorable prognostic outcomes and diminished quality of life underscores the imperative need for accurate diagnosis and efficacious treatment interventions. In recent years numerous treatment options have been explored in clinical trials, aimed at addressing the multifaced aspects of these concurrent conditions. Summary In patients with heart failure effective treatment of anemia and iron deficiency has demonstrated enhancements in quality of life and exercise capacity. Findings from IRONMAN clinical study have prompted revisions in the latest guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology. The imminent release of results from two ongoing trials holds the potential to reshape the therapeutic landscape for treating individuals with heart failure and iron deficiency. Nevertheless, there is no explicit evidence that studied interventions could improve morbidity or risk of hospitalizations.

In clinical practice among cardiac patients, symptoms of palpitations diagnosed as premature beats or episodes of atrial fibrillation (AF) are very frequently reported. One of the most common diseases in the field of gastroenterology is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) . However, it may happen that the coincidence of the above-mentioned disease entities may predispose to the development of arrhythmias. In this article we describe the case of a 65-year-old man, without previously diagnosed diseases, in whom a clear association of arrhythmias with gastrointestinal complaints was observed. The presence of a burning sensation in the lower sternal region and typical symptoms resulting from esophagitis aggravated by triggers allows us to suspect esophageal reflux disease. Diagnostic tests performed for concomitant cardiac diseases did not reveal an organic cause of the arrhythmia. The recurrent course of symptoms observed in the present case and the analysis of the cause-effect course made us to diagnose gastrointestinal syndrome, also referred to as Romheld's Syndrome.

Introduction: Chronic coronary syndrome is predominantly related to the atherosclerotic obstruction of the coronary artery or arteries. However, this phenomenon is not the only causative factor in this disease. It is usually forgotten, that there is a possibility of ischemia of the cardiac muscle with no obstruction found in the main vessel. The trigger of such pathology might be underlying in the microcirculatory system and the inappropriate dilation or constriction of those small vessels, which results in insufficient blood supply to the cardiomyocytes, similarly to the typical obstructive coronary artery disease. In this article we are willing to show that such dysfunction poses a great danger to the health and life and therefore we should be able to properly diagnose and treat it. Purpose of the work: The aim of this review of up-to-date literature is to raise awareness among both doctors and patients about the phenomenon of coronary artery disease but with no significant obstruction in the vessels supplying the cardiac muscle. The common cause of such condition is coronary microvascular dysfunction, that leads to a disease called microvascular angina. Our purpose was to reveal, how dangerous to the health of the patients this could be and therefore how essential it is to provide a proper diagnose and management. In addition, we have noticed a need for a summary of what has already been discovered on this topic, available therapeutic methods and future perspectives.

Introduction: A rapid outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in the past few years caused a significant increase in the number of upper respiratory tract infections throughout the world. Numerous public health institutions tried to control the COVID-19 pandemic, including mandatory mask wearing, vaccinations, increased frequency of using disinfectants or compulsory lockdowns. Lockdown interventions were necessary, although they lead to insufficient, comparing to the international recommendations, levels of physical activity, which could trigger an elevated susceptibility to diseases of affluence. Purpose: Regular aerobic exercise may suppress inflammation, boost innate immunity and result in enhanced protection against viral infections. This review aims to show the relationship between level of physical activity and the risk and severity of COVID-19 infection

One of the primary health issues bringing patients to hospital emergency rooms is pain. It is often treated inadequately. Doctors working in the emergency department have the option of using a number of drugs for analgesia. The three main groups include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-opioid analgesics and opioid analgesics. In order to properly exploit their potential, it is necessary to properly classify the pain, know the basic action of the available drugs, choose the right dose, and know how to combine drugs from different groups to achieve balanced analgesia. By acting in this way, the patient in the hospital emergency department will be properly provided with medication, and this will have a positive effect on his overall health.