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Background. The phenomenon of difficulty answering in quantitative research is becoming a mass phenomenon, which significantly reduces the objectivity of the results obtained. As part of the study of taboo subjects, the relevance of the problem increases. The purpose of the study is to assess the importance of the factors determining the proportion of non-responses (the proportion of respondents who find it difficult to answer) in anticorruption studies. Materials and methods. The research was based on data from anticorruption studies of the State Institution of the Republic of Mordovia “Scientific Center for Socio-Economic Monitoring” (Republic of Mordovia) (2020–2022, n = 400) and the results of a targeted survey on ranking factors affecting the proportion of non-responses (2023, n = 30). Results. The study revealed the following results. Firstly, the proportion of non-responses in research with sensitive topics shows an increasing trend. Secondly, the phenomenon of non-responses is to a certain extent determined by the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents: place of residence, age, and the fact of participation in corrupt transactions. Thirdly, the proportion of non-responses depends more on the competence of the respondents, and less on the sensitivity and accessibility of the questions. Fourth, respondents have the greatest difficulty assessing the corruption of the army, government and law enforcement agencies, and the least difficulty assessing general processes and phenomena. Conclusions. The results of the study suggest that it is necessary to improve the methodology of quantitative surveys on corruption topics. The need for further study of the phenomenon of non-responses, which represent a significant amount of information about the behavior of respondents, is being actualized.

Corruption has become a transnational phenomenon that threatens the stability and security of the society. Moreover, this phenomenon has a negative impact on various spheres of society, which undermines the democratic institutions and values of any state. Statistical data from Russia and Kazakhstan indicate that the number of corruption-related crimes has been increasing, thus pointing at the lack of effective measure of combating this phenomenon. In the studies and normative acts of Russia and Kazakhstan regulating the issues of combating corruption, the concept of corruption is given a different interpretation. In this regard, using the analogy with the legislation of Kazakhstan, the authors propos a new understanding of corruption, which should be codified in the relevant Federal Law of Russia. In addition, in order to improve the quality of legal regulation of anti-corruption in the General part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, it is necessary to consolidate the list of corruption-related crimes. There are quite a lot of definitions of the term bribery in academic literature. At the same time, most authors believe that it should be considered through criminal and legal components. Bribery is one of the most important elements of corruption, responsibility for it is provided in articles 366, 367, 368 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan and articles 290, 291, 2911, 2912 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. In the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the offer and promise of a bribe (including the offer and promise of mediation in bribery) is not criminalized. In this connection, the authors, with regards to the requirements of the UN Convention against Corruption on criminalization of acts of promising, offering mediation in bribery, and relying on the practices of the legislator of the Russian Federation, propose to amend Article 368 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Mediation in Bribery). The authors believe that the discussed changes and additions will result in a legal framework for combating corruption and defining its boundaries.

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The relevance of the topic is explained by the fact that in modern conditions in Russia, the fight against corruption is actively being conducted. The President of the Russian Federation, State and local government bodies, civil society institutions, organizations and individuals, within their competence, carry out anti-corruption activities. But as life shows, it is not always possible to effectively fight corruption in the country, there is a need to turn to the historical experience of our country and, in particular, Peter the Great’s fight against corruption (bribery).Peter I took a number of measures aimed at combating corruption: the establishment of the fiscal service, the Prosecutor’s office, the reform of legislation, etc. The emperor paid special attention to ensuring the principle of inevitability of punishment for corruption. Peter the Great also, by issuing a decree dated December 24, 1714, tightened the responsibility of civil servants for committing bribery.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the relationship between peasants and local authorities in the period of the new economic policy. In modern Russian historiography, there are ambiguous and contradictory assessments of the position of local authorities during the period of the new economic policy. Along with highlighting the positive features in its development, the authors also note significant shortcomings that were generally characteristic of government institutions not only in the 1920s, but also earlier. During the period under study, village councils at first had little influence on the life of the village and there were even cases when the post of secretary of the village council was held by a former parish clerk, which indicated a shortage of professional personnel. Such vices as drunkenness, bribery and bureaucracy also negatively affected the activities of village councils. There was a situation when not a person painted a position, but a person's position. It is clear that in the 1920s attempts were made to combat these negative phenomena, but for various reasons they were ineffective. At the same time, the relationship between peasants and local authorities in the period under study generally continued the pre-revolutionary traditions of worshiping duty. At the same time, the traditional dualism of the peasant attitude towards power structures was preserved, which was expressed in reverence for the representatives of the highest echelon of power and a critical attitude towards local bosses. Village councils representing local authorities controlled the situation poorly, as there were few competent managers, bureaucracy flourished, and there was rivalry with community structures in the form of a rural gathering.

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in modern conditions the relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in modern conditions the role and importance of patriotic education of the younger generation is increasing. Youth is the future of the country and is the barometer of society. The processes that are taking place in the country and around the world are confirmation that young people want to actively participate in the political life of the country, increasing its rating in the international arena. And in this case, history presents an example of the service of faith and truth to the Russian state by Empress Catherine the Great, who set the main goal to revive the power of the Russian Empire and improve the life of the country’s population. Ekaterina, upon taking office, was engaged in reforming the system of public administration, carrying out customs and monetary reforms, increasing the territory of the Russian state, increasing the population of the country, actively counteracting bribery, educating the younger generation, preparing “a new breed or new fathers and mothers, morally perfect”.

The article discusses the features of corruption crime in places of detention. The subjects of corruption relations in the penitentiary sphere are shown. The problems of prevention and combating penitentiary corruption are presented. Based on the analysis, measures to counter corruption manifestations in correctional institutions are proposed.

One of the most serious problems in the field of combating crime is the fight against transnational corruption crime. This type of crime already (de facto and de jure) exists as international crime and has a specific subject composition, geography of commission and complex objective reasons. The core of transnational corruption crime is bribery widely used by transnational corporations for achieving their corporate purposes. Combatting such crimes by means of criminal law is carried out at various levels: international, interregional, regional, subregional, bilateral, and domestic. The purpose of this article is to characterize transnational corruption, which is one of the forms of self-determination of crime. The article provides a comprehensive classification of corruption crimes based on various criminal law and criminological criteria. The author pays special attention to the fact that all transnational corruption crimes can be divided into main and auxiliary. At the same time, these two types of offences are often inseparable. The author proposes the main directions of criminal law impact on transnational corruption crime, which could be used in both the General part and Special part of criminal law. The methodology of the article is based on the laws of materialist dialectics. The article rests on a wide range of Russian and foreign sources of scientific, legal, statistical, sociological, and other nature. The author applied the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, systemic-structural method, logicallegal, and comparativelegal.

The study of the speech-genre and formal-semantic properties of Russian anecdotes on bribery is based the corpus of anecdotes, which also include jokes of Russian-speaking Ukrainians, differing from Russian ones only in the names of the “protagonists” appearing in them. It is established that the main means of creating a pun in a joke are the lexical and grammatical polysemy and homonymy, playing off the phonetic similarities and spontaneous humor. The comic effect in jokes on bribery can also be created by playing off idioms – their literalization or replacement of components. According to the corpus of anecdotes, the authorities act as an almost “exclusive” subject of bribery – officials of all ranks, police authorities and lawmakers. In the corpus of jokes on corruption, the axiological and praxeological aspects of bribery are traced clearly: the general attitude of society towards a bribe and its assessment. The research claims the ubiquity of bribery in power structures, and with regard to the miraculous disappearance of corruption, one can feel extreme pessimism as it is ineradicable and inescapable. Humor as the ability to notice the ridiculous side of someone or something and present it in a maliciously mocking form in the corpus of jokes on bribery is practically absent due to the domination of sarcasm and irony. In jokes, all the denunciatory pathos is directed at bribe-takers, towards whom there is hatred, impotent rage and hyperbolic cruelty. The “fight against corruption” is purely imitative, but it has several nonfictitious functions: a tool for reprisal against competitors and those who do not fit into corruption schemes. Among socio-cultural functions of the jokes on corruption, in addition to the entertainment function, the article identifies the cathartic-therapeutic function, aimed at relieving a psychological stress caused by the prevalence of bribery, and the aggression function, specified in the outrage by corruption.

In legal literature there is a big amount of definitions of corruption due to the complexity of this phenomenon. The article considers various legal and theoretical approaches to the definition of corruption. The Author mentions the problem of notional proximity of different definitions of corruption and proposes a method of identification of definitions which are close in meaning. The author also proposes to consider social and psychological aspects in definition of corruption as these aspects are regarded as an integral part of corruption.

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Objective: to analyze the formation and development of the UK anti-bribery legislation for possible use of foreign regulations when reforming the Russian anti-corruption legislation.Methods: as the methodological basis of the research, the author used various general scientific techniques and methods of cognition: modeling, analysis, synthesis, formal-logical approach, and specific scientific methods.Results: the author highlights in detail the program approaches and regulatory legal acts of the United Kingdom regulating its anti-corruption policy in the field of bribery, that ensure a productive combination of legal and social measures to counter the phenomenon under consideration. In the course of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that, in modern conditions, it is relevant to study law enforcement and legislative experience in combating bribery in the UK as one of the leading states that are most actively engaged in legislative activities in the field of anti-corruption. Until recently, the legal framework for struggling against corruption in the UK was built around a number of regulatory legal acts that had equal legal force and were sources of statutory law. The United Kingdom Bribery Act 2010 entered into force on 1 July 2011 and replaced a group of previous anti-bribery laws in the United Kingdom. In many aspects, the law goes beyond the scope of theU.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 in many ways, as it also criminalizes intermediary payments and corruption in the private sector. This law is distinguished from previous regulatory legal acts by clear structural characteristics of bribery and innovative solutions to minimize and eliminate this phenomenon.Scientific novelty: this paper is the first to substantiate the positive foreign legislative experience in countering bribery in the UK, which can be used not only to improve national legislation, but also to change international legal norms in this area. In the context of globalization, the developed world community is becoming increasingly aware of the scale ofconsequences caused by the activities of corrupt government structures. The modern legislative frameworks in the field of fighting corruption in the UK, which have identified a number of new types of offenses, help to optimize the activities of the British law enforcement agencies and minimize corruption.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the work can be used in scientific, pedagogical and law enforcement activities when considering issues related to the improvement of the Russian anti-corruption legislation.

The article analyzes the problem of corruption from an economic point of view. There were analyzed various statistical data and individual corruption crimes. The most corrupt areas are highlighted and conclusions are drawn about the impact of corruption on the Russian economy. Basing on the results of the work, there are some measures that could help our country in the fight against corruption.

The legislation on the contract system in the field of procurement for state and municipal needs is a complex legal mechanism, the functioning of which complicates the corruption component. Parties to a state (municipal) contract must clearly recognize the full range of responsibility for breaking the law. The application to the participants of the procurement process of the norms of the Criminal Code is a last resort by the state. The legislator, using a differentiated approach, established responsibility for the contract service worker, the contract manager, a member of the procurement commission, and persons who are interested in bribing them. When creating a norm, the rules of legal engineering were not observed, the experience of building norms provided by Art. 204, 2041, 2042, 290, 291, 2911, 2912 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, provisions of the theory of criminal law on corpus delicti and on the institution of exemption from criminal liability.

The paper analyzes the need to identify the general concept of bribery crime in the Russian Federation. The origin of this concept has been studied using the dialectical research methods, in particular the ascent from the abstract to the concrete in thinking. The problem of the general concept of bribery crime is relevant because of its theoretical and practical significance. It is necessary to carry out the separation from the total mass and further systematization in the unifying concept of the whole set of homogeneous features inherent in the acts of this group of crimes. The definition of this concept is intended to ensure the completeness and diversity of the perception of all elements and signs of specific elements of crimes related to bribery, to eliminate the existing legislative problems and gaps, as well as to form a basis for the impeccable qualification of this group of crimes in the current criminal legislation of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research is to study and analyze of the elements and signs of crimes related to bribery in their relationship and interdependence. It lies in the argumentative-doctrinal basis for identification of the general concept of elements of crimes associated with bribery and corresponds to the attempt undertaken in this work to disclose and analyze the signs and elements of the general concept of elements of the designated illegal criminal act.

The lexicographic representation of bribery and the semantic properties of its verbal signs are investigated. It is established that there is no word “bribe” in the synonymic dictionaries of the Soviet period; however, Russian synonymic dictionaries make it possible to build a rather long series of lexical units that convey the concept of official bribery, the dominant of which is the word “bribe.” In modern speech, lexical units that convey the meaning of official bribery differ in a number of additional characteristics. Bribery is marked by the powerful position of its beneficiary; the distinctive feature of a bribe being illegal for both of its participants. The “vector” nature of a bribe as an indication of the participant from whom its initiative emanates, allows to separate the bribery from extortion, however, the feature of preliminary conspiracy between the bribe participants, which was once present in the meaning of the word “posul”, and the feature of observance-violation of duty, which was once present in the meaning of the words “mzdoimstvo” and “lihoimstvo”, in the minds of speakers of modern Russian, no longer exist.

The paper discusses phraseological units that are used as euphemisms when describing bribery in the Russian and Arabic languages. The contextual use shows that the euphemistic meaning of the set phraseological expressions under study is justified. Their functional and pragmatic potential has been considered taking into account the national and cultural specifics. The linguistic and cultural analysis of these units has been performed: the cultural interpretation of their word components that acquire an appraisal value on the basis of associative symbols, models, and perception stereotypes that exist in the general world image of the two societies has been carried out. The analysis of the phraseological euphemisms in the Russian and Arabic languages has demonstrated that the spiritual and moral motives of human experience are reflected in the language and determine the ethical view and the phenomena of life. Idiomatic and stable expressions successfully function in the contexts with implicit information about negative, socially condemned, phenomena of reality. The semantics and pragmatics of the phraseological euphemisms is defined by both the linguistic and social and cultural background, all playing an important role in revaluating the phenomenon of bribery.

Background. Combating corruption is one of the urgent tasks facing law enforcement agencies and bodies ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation. Regularly in mass media, there are messages on Commission of corruption crimes having, as a rule, resonant character – so-called high-profile crimes. The spread of corruption in state and local authorities, in health and education institutions, in law enforcement and other bodies has a similar nature and is caused by similar reasons. The leading role in the fight against corruption crimes in Russia has belonged to the Prosecutor's office. Therefore, the article attempts to analyze the historical stages of the formation of the Russian Prosecutor's office associated with the development of legislation regulating the activities of the Prosecutor's office in terms of expanding the powers to combat corruption. The essence of the Prosecutor's office as a subject of law enforcement activity, directly interested in the prevention and prosecution of crimes, including, and primarily, crimes of corruption. Materials and methods. The implementation of the research objectives was achieved based on the study of archival materials, anti-corruption legislation, law enforcement practice and research materials of other scientists. The methodological basis of the work was made up of historical and statistical methods, comparative legal and logical, which allowed comparing the essence and meaning of certain provisions of legal acts and categories, to analyze the law enforcement practice of the Prosecutor's office in different periods of history. Results. As a result of the research, draft proposals were developed to improve the anti-corruption legislation and the activities of anti-corruption bodies. Conclusions. The study of the historical experience of the fight against corruption of the Russian Prosecutor's office and the analysis of the legislation regulating the activities of the Prosecutor's office, led to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve the domestic anti-corruption legislation and methods of combating corruption.

The article presents the results of a qualitative study on the characteristics of economic behavior of residents of the Donbas front-line zones. It is proved that a high fate of the shadow economics sector exists Ukraine. It is emphasized that illegal and semi-legal incomes are an integral part of everyday life. Practices of informal employment, tax evasion, bribery and the phenomenon of double social dependence are considered as indicators of monitoring of this problem. Based on the attitude to the problem of informal employment, two groups of respondents were identified. For the respondents who work, this phenomenon does not cause severe condemnation and in some cases is an acceptable form of behavior. Students, who are still in the care of their parents and are only hypothetically familiar with the problems of finding a job, consider it unacceptable not to formalize labor relations. The motivation for doing so is not the loss that such practices bear to the state, for example, in the form of non-payment of taxes, but personal interests (pensions, paid leave, etc.). It was emphasized that the absence of a severe condemnation of informal employment and the declaration of the acceptability of such a form of employment indicate a loyal attitude to the practice of avoiding payment of taxes . This attitude to taxes is already an integral part of the economic culture of our country’s population. It is established that the respondents condemn bribery. At the same time, they admit that people can not do anything without it living in our society. Responsibility for the dissemination of this phenomenon relies mainly on the system. Such an assessment of bribery shows that the majority of respondents are not ready to start fighting with it, because it simplifies the solution of problems in everyday life. In the front-line zones of the Donbass there is a phenomenon of double social dependence, to which the population is ambiguous. It was emphasized that the constant migration of the population from uncontrolled and controlled territories (to the Ukrainian authorities) is a source of illegal and semi-legal incomes. The article outlines the prospects for further study of the phenomenon of double social dependence, namely: the identification of the origins of this phenomenon; establishing a network of agents involved; recording of the dynamics of public assessment.

Corruption is a mimicking antisocial form of distribution of social wealth. Economic opportunities will always be less than the growing appetites of consumers. In the context of resource and environmental risks it is necessary to rethink corruption at the present stage as an unacceptable threat to sustainable development. The authors hope that the introduction of new digital technologies marks a new stage in the development of an open and honest society.

The article is devoted to qualification and criminal-political assessment of the qualifying sign of petty bribery - the existence of previous convictions. It is concluded that the presence of the previous conviction is a sign of the composition that characterizes the special subject of the crime, and in its legal nature this sign corresponds to the concept of actual (or criminological) relapse and covers both the actual relapse of crimes as it is defined in art. 18 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, as well as other repeated cases of petty bribery by a person who has a criminal record for taking bribes, giving bribes, mediating bribery or petty bribery. The conditions for the qualification of a crime under this qualifying criterion, the questions of its application in the conditions of the retroactive force of the criminal law are described. Suggestions are made to improve the legislative regulation of the relevant qualifying circumstances, to its wider use in the system of differentiating responsibility for bribery.

The article is dedicated to the International Holiday — the Day of Fight against Corruption on 9 December. The author of the material considers the vital issues of this so far unsuccessful struggle or ineffective counteraction to corruption phenomena that are revealed in various areas of life and not only our society. The author tries to find out how corruption is treated in the views of the main world religions — Christianity (partially), Islam and national religion — Judaism. The article gives historical reminiscences and authorial comments on the text fragments of the main written sources of these religions. Judgments about the origins, roots and main causes, of course, of the immoral, harmful and devastating phenomenon of corruption, are deeply rooted in the national economies of many developed and most developing countries on the planet. At the end of the article, the author expresses his dissenting opinion on measures to combat corruption in the form of three independent conclusions. But the main thing that the author tries to express in relation to the accumulated domestic experience of fighting corruption is instead of solving a specific problem, it is being reformulated.

The article is dedicated to the International Day against Corruption, which is celebrated annually on December 9. Corruption as a complex socio-economic phenomenon is generated by a variety of reasons, most of which have already been identified and subjected to comprehensive analysis. But in Russia, corruption has become monstrous, extremely corrupt local, regional and federal officials mock openly over helpless legislation, the consequences of which are seen in the flight of capital from the country, and in the recession / stagnation of the national economy, and in the tragic events of recent times. In the end, corruption undermines the basis for the economic security of the Russian state and undermines the emerging clusters of the national idea. The author of the material continues to understand the causes of corruption and considers the vital issues of this so far insufficiently successful struggle and inefficient counteraction to corruption phenomena that are found in various areas of life and not only our society but also many other countries. The author also tries to find out how corruption is interpreted in the views of the main world religions — Christianity (partly), Islam and national religion — Judaism. The article gives historical reminiscences and authorial comments on the text fragments of the main written sources of these religions. Judgments about the origins, roots and main causes, of course, of an immoral, harmful and destructive phenomenon — corruption, which deeply impressed the national economies of many developed and most developing countries of the planet, are being voiced. The author cites episodes of corruption from the Scriptures of the world religions, gives his own, sometimes controversial or controversial interpretation. At the end of the article, the author expresses his opinion on measures to combat corruption in the form of three independent conclusions. The author’s attempt to express his attitude to the accumulated experience of the sacred struggle against corruption, which is very contradictory in its quality, boils down to the following: instead of solving a concrete, fixed and described problem, it is attempted to reformulate and belittle its danger through sophisticated connotations.

Corruption is a global challenge which may impact negatively on economic growth and sustainable development of the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa). All of these five countries have been held back by corruption, in varying ways, but their rising importance to the global economic system ensures the spotlight now shines brighter than ever on them. Yet some of the BRICS countries have handled the issue better than others. According to Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (2017), in the BRICS bloc of major emerging economies, South Africa is ranked the best (71st), followed by China (77th) and India (81st), with Brazil is 96th and Russia 135th out of 180 countries. These five nations support the strengthening of international cooperation against corruption, including through the BRICS Anti-Corruption Working Group, as well as on matters related to asset recovery and persons sought for corruption. This article provides a detailed analysis of anti-corruption legislation of four of the BRICS countries (Brazil, South Africa, China and India), as well as a brief overview of the efforts of these countries in the fight against corruption.

The article analyzes the specific conditions that influenced on the formation of the functioning features of judicial and administrative authorities of the Moscow State (the end of XVI - XVII centuries). The causes of tolerant public attitude towards corruption are discovered. The process of the state anti-corruption practice formation is examined.

Fraud crime is particularly complex, especially from the perspective of judicial practice, and often the solutions proposed are considerably different from one case to another. In certain concrete situations, even the separation of the offense of deceit from the tort liability committed for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations. Constantly, in such situations, it was considered that the mere non-performance of a civil obligation cannot have criminal consequences as long as one party has not used deceitful means to persuade the other party to execute the convention on time (Hâj, 2000, p. 351). Thus, deception approaches civil and criminal content, but elements of nuance make the difference.

The legislation on the contract system in the field of procurement for state and municipal needs is a complex legal mechanism, the functioning of which complicates the corruption component. Parties to a state (municipal) contract must clearly recognize the full range of responsibility for breaking the law. The application to the participants of the procurement process of the norms of the Criminal Code is a last resort by the state. The legislator, using a differentiated approach, established responsibility for the contract service worker, the contract manager, a member of the procurement commission, and persons who are interested in bribing them. When creating a norm, the rules of legal engineering were not observed, the experience of building norms provided by Art. 204, 2041, 2042, 290, 291, 2911, 2912 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, provisions of the theory of criminal law on corpus delicti and on the institution of exemption from criminal liability.

The problem of description of the social vocabulary functioning in different linguistic strata in certain historical periods is considered on the example of the lexical representations of the topic of bribery in the Russian language. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of a comprehensive description of the vocabulary of social interaction, including institutional relations, the scope of which includes bribery. It is shown that in the vocabulary of the Russian language this topic is represented by words, idioms and non-idiomatic expressions, as well as proverbs that reflect the perceptions of Russian native speakers of one of the parts of social interaction of citizens and government members. 312 linguistic facts, containing semes ‘bribery’, which are included in the structure of the meanings of the words that constitute the lexical-semantic field “Bribery” are identified. Ideographic net is developed, which determines the structure and composition of the field. It is noted that the semantic field center is the ideogram “the custom of taking bribes”; its key lexical represent is the noun bribery . The idea about this phenomenon as about custom is stated. Interpretive analysis of the contexts in which you use this concept is made. Based on the analysis it is concluded that proverbs objectify semantic components of the concept of custom: identifying, regulating, etc.

Objective: to analyze the problems existing in the modern law enforcement practice, related to the implementation of criminal-legal norms, stipulated in Article 291 and 2911 of the Russian Criminal Code (hereinafter CC of RF), to offer the authors’ proposals for their solution, including the improvement of these norms and their implementation practices in order to strengthen the bribery counteraction.Methods: along with the general dialectic method of scientific cognition, other general scientific methods were used (induction, deduction, analysis and synthesis) as well as specific scientific (formal-legal, comparative legal, sociological, content analysis) methods.Results: on the basis of a critical analysis of the current edition of the regulations, as stipulated in Articles 291 and 2911 of the Russian Criminal Code, and the modern practice of their application, solutions are proposed to several complex problems arising in the classification of these crimes. In particular, it is proposed to change the disposition of part 1 of Article 2911 of the Criminal Code, deleting the indication of the bribe size. The necessity is shown to change part 5 of Article 2921 of the Russian Criminal Code, reducing the maximal penalty.Scientific novelty: in the work, on the basis of the analysis of modern law enforcement practice, typical mistakes are considered made by investigators and the courts in applying Article 291 and 2911 of the CC of RF, and with this in mind, suggestions and recommendations are proposed, aimed at improving the efficiency of criminal-legal impact on the mentioned crimes.Practical significance: the opinions and findings of the authors formulated in the article, can be useful in lawmaking activity (in preparing relevant draft laws on amendments and additions in the CC of RF); when adjusting individual interpretations contained in the decisions (decrees) of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, as well as in the activities of legal practitioners (especially in the process of qualification of crimes under consideration); while conducting new research on the topic, finally, in the educational process (teaching the discipline "Criminal Law" and the relevant special courses).

Objective: to broaden the knowledge of the criminological nature of corruption on the basis methods of mathematical analysis and modeling of social processes and phenomena.Methods: in addition to the dialectical and systematic methods, the author uses a combination of specific scientific techniques: the sociological method, the method of content analysis, factor analysis, mathematical modeling, etc.Results: in this work, the author substantiates the necessity to develop corruptiometrics as a new direction of criminological research, oriented towards the search of systemic connections between bribery and socio-economic conditions. Corruption in Russia is considered in a sociological aspect, shown to be dependent on the level of material welfare of population, consumer expectations, entrepreneurial activity, unemployment rate, etc. In addition, systemic relationship between the level of bribery, the size and structure of the state apparatus was revealed, the close links between the various corruption crimes were shown.Scientific novelty: for the first time in domestic criminology, the study presents the correlation analysis of bribery as a social phenomenon, defines the instrumental value of mathematical methods for statistical array investigation. In addition, the presented article is the original presentation of the author's model of corruption monitoring, focused on the search for the causes of the statistical reduction of bribery.Practical significance: the possibility to using the findings and conclusions as part of the development of new methods of corruption assessment and prediction, in the practical activity of prevention subjects, in anti-corruption expertise of normative legal acts, in research activities and work to improve the skills of law enforcement officers.

Objective: to identify the disputable issues of criminal-legal regulation and problems of criminal law norms application, establishing liability for mediation in bribery. Basing on the analysis, to propose ways to resolve some of them.Methods: for the accuracy and completeness, general and special methods of scientific cognition were applied. The general methods include historical-legal, logical-legal, comparative legal methods, systemic analysis and synthesis. Special methods are study of documents and content analysis; expert evaluation method.Results: the authors came to a conclusion about the need to reform the law concerning the criminal liability for mediation in bribery. One of the solutions to the problem is to change the disposition of Article 291.1 of the Criminal Code. However, a comprehensive analysis of the problems of application of this regulation and the norms of the General part of the Criminal Code indicates that there is no need to legislatively confirm the criminal liability for mediation in bribery.Scientific novelty: the complex analysis of problems of the application of Article 291.1 of the RF Criminal Code has been made, which serves as the basis to justify the inconsistency of this provision of the criminal law; a proposal is made to make amendments in the norms of the General part of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation relating to the concept of accomplice of the crime.Practical significance: the results can be used in the reforming of criminal legislation of the Russian Federation, and also at the further research of problems of differentiation of liability for bribery.

The article analysed the controversial issues of qualification of actions of the intermediary in bribery under article 291.1 of the Criminal code, are the kinds of mediation depending on the subject of bribes. On the basis of analysis of legislative construction is concluded decriminalize mediation in bribery if the bribe amount is less than 25 thousand rubles.

Objective: to determine the specific forms of corruption and promising methods to counteract corruption in network trade.Methods: the combination of inductive observations, comparisons, generalizations, facts and trends of corruption in network trade with a logical analytical deduction of economic theories and the corruption concept are the basis of the study and provide an opportunity, on the one hand, to assess the level of compliance of theoretical concepts of corruption with the practice and, on the other hand, to determine their applicability to organize opposition and create conditions to prevent its occurrence; to summarize the features of corruption in the form of a kickback, the discourse method was applied in this work.Results: on the basis of theoretical provisions and facts of corruption in trade, it is proved that it has typical characteristics of corruption in commercial and non-profit organizations. The key reasons are identified why corruption occurs in trade. Among them, supply of poor quality goods at inflated prices, leading to bribery in the form of «personal bonus» to administrator of the trading organization when selling goods by57Диалектика противодействия коррупцииThe dialectics of anti-corruptionАктуальные проблемы экономики и права. 2015. № 4Actual Problems of Economics and Law. 2015. No. 4an unscrupulous supplier, and also supply goods to the trade organizations, which will not buy without kickback. Most of these corrupt deals are carried out by natural monopolies in the form of state and municipal procurement. In some cases, the kickback is the argument, stimulating the decision to introduce new and advanced technologies. The factors that lead to corruption in trade are listed, and reasonable methods to counteract it are grounded, allowing to create conditions for its eradication in other branches of business as well.Scientific novelty: for the first time a generalization has been made about the deficit as the driving force in the mechanism, when the bribe- givers and bribe-takers change places.Practical significance: the main provisions and conclusions of the article can be used in the research of specific forms of corruption and in the developing methods of combating corruption both in trade and in other business areas.

Objective: to give answers to the topical issues of corruption counteraction. Methods: the methodological basis of research is the overall dialectic method of cognition, as well as general scientific, special and private methods of research. Results: basing on the analysis and summarizing of results of investigative-court practice, legislation provisions and criminal law doctrine, the features of the following are shown а) defining the object and revealing the subjective signs of bribery; б) stating the fact of bribe extortion, promising/offering mediation in bribery. Scientific novelty: The answers have been found for the topical questions of corruption counteraction, for instance, at criminal-legal level - to establish property deprivation as a punishment and a means of criminal-procedural pressure. Practical value: The results of the carried out research can be used in scientific, law-making and law-enforcement activity, in the educational process of juridical universities and faculties.

Objective: to analyze and compare the social-demographic and criminal-legal features of personality of a criminal, who committed commercial subornation and personality of a criminal, who committed crimes specified in Art. 290, 291 of the Russian Criminal Code. Methods: dialectic methods of cognition of social phenomena and processes, methods of systemic analysis and synthesis. Results: When comparing the personalities of those convicted for commercial subornation and for giving and taking bribes, such common features were revealed as social-demographic, moral-psychological and criminal-legal ones. The study of personality features of corruption criminals convicted for commercial subornation and for bribery gives prerequisites for purposeful study of such persons, in order to reveal such features which would serve as a reliable indicator of the risk of committing this crime by the person. Scientific novelty: The author for the first time compared the social-demographic features of personality of a criminal who committed commercial subornation and personality of a criminal, who committed crimes specified in Art. 290, 291 of the Russian Criminal Code, thus revealing the common characteristic criminologically significant features of the persons of this category. Practical value: Basing on the obtained conclusions, theoretical provisions are formulated, which broaden the existing scientific knowledge about the personality of these categories of criminals. These provisions can promote further scientific research of the personalities of criminals who committed commercial subornation and of those convicted for giving and taking bribes.

Objective: to develop a model mechanism of choosing a personal or social identity, and on its basis to analyze the psychological prerequisites of corruption on the example of educational reform. Methods: the provisions of probabilistic philosophy by V. V. Nalimov; provisions of synergy on self-organizing systems; authors’ method of psychosocial dissonance, the model of interaction mechanism. Results: basing on the developed model mechanism of choosing the personal or social identity, it is shown that corruption is associated with the personal identity of the official whose private interests prevail over the public ones (and often are opposite to them), despite the fact that their public position implies social identity and social (public) consciousness. Scientific novelty: basing on the author's methods and models, which have scientific novelty, the article for the first time investigated the role of personal and social identity as a prerequisite for the corruption occurrence. Practical significance: the main points and conclusions of the article can be used in scientific and pedagogical (educational) activities in addressing the issues of corruption and society development, and in corruption crimes prevention.

The author investigates circumstances of the last arrest and the death of bishop (in schism — «the Moscow metropolitan») Boris (Rukin) in detention in 1931 on the basis of his Case from the documents of the Central archive of FSB of the Russian Federation. The author studies the arrest’s reason (the attempt to bribe a soviet clerk), assorts in details the course of investigation and analyzes its result — death of bishop Boris in the hospital of the Butyrsky insulator. In the article the basic attention was occupied with checking of the official version of church-historical literature about suicide of the bishop. The author considers the death of the prisoner, «the metropolitan Moscow», has followed soon after accusing him of a counterrevolutionary propaganda. It was his words to «churchmen» about the possibility to bribe the Soviet power. Materials of the investigatory case do not contain any data to support the version of suicide. At the same time, they allow to assume the interest of the OGPU bodies in the distribution of this version with the purpose to justify the refusal to give out the body of late «metropolitan» Boris for his church burial. The materials have also indirectly testified to the interest in elimination of «the Moscow metropolitan» of some «churchmen» connecting with him. First of all, it was «metropolitan» Bessarion (Zorin) who headed the Gregorian split. He obtained a Boris’s apartment under the decision of VCIK. The article can be useful at drawing up of biographic directories, at writing of historical monographies about the Gregorian split, the Moscow diocese and the Russian Orthodox Church as a whole.

Objective: To explain, predict and counteract bribery in Russia and Ukraine. Methods: Analysis of time series of criminological data, including revealing trends and obtaining trend equations, calculating the central tendency and dispersion measures, calculating and analyzing the coefficient of bribery variations, calculating the specific weight of bribery in the criminality structure, the least square method, the double regression analysis, calculating the approximation coefficients, building functions graphs, observation, comparative-legal method, formal-logical methods, historical method, using the probability laws of distribution. Results: 1) The criminal legislations of Russia and Ukraine are compared by the appropriate corpus delicti, their comparability is determined; 2) bribery trends in Russia and Ukraine are revealed and interpreted in Soviet and post-Soviet periods: а) in the Soviet period bribery in RSFSR and UkrSSR had similar indicators and dynamics of development; б) in post-Soviet period opposite trends are marked in bribery dynamics in Russia and Ukraine; 3) it is shown that bribery distribution by the Ukraine regions is close to normal one (Gauss distribution); 4) it is proved that both in Russia and Ukraine bribery has low specific weight in the criminality structure (does not exceed 0.5 % in Russia and 1 % in Ukraine). Scientific novelty: Obtaining trend equations of bribery in Russia and Ukraine, comparing bribery trends in Ukraine regions, revealing the forms of bribery distributions in Ukraine regions, researching the variations and central trend of time series of bribery coefficients in the compared countries, analysis of bribery coefficients, bribery variations and specific weight of bribery in Russia and Ukraine. Practical value: The obtained scientific results would be useful in analytical-staff work of Interior bodies, law-making activity of various state bodies aimed at corruption counteraction.

The tradition of giving presents to state and municipal officers is established in Russia and it injects systemic corruption. Basing of the Russian legislation, foreign rules and traditions, the author investigates the problem of distinguishing a bribe from a present. Taking into account the existing trends, the author attempts to form a universal approach and predict the ways of solving the problem.

The article views the issues of corruption constituent in the sphere of land legislation. The basic patterns of committing crimes in this sphere are analyzed on certain examples. The main problem zones in the land managing sector in Russia and abroad are viewed in detail. Certain ways of solving problems with corruption in land sector are suggested.

Implementing the situational approach, the article defines the typical investigation situations occurring when revealing and investigating bribery. Definingthe investigation activities which should be carried out in a certain situation, and classifying them, enabled the author to elaborate the pattern of bribery investigation, which can be used for its planning and organization.

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of corruption, considered by the author in terms of an ideological approach. This approach allows to determine the cultural prescriptions of corruption as a systemic problem with the modern legal government, but also to put the question of the limits of legal regulation in the sphere of counteraction with this phenomenon.

The article is prepared in the theoretical field of semantic concept of crime, the doctrine of criminal subsystems and criminology of law.

The article views the issues of regional anticorruption monitoring in the Republic of Tatarstan. The corruption in the Republic is characterized, anticorruption measures are evaluated.

Review of the article by Kh. Kuri contains gives an estimation of its points, style and structure of the material presentation, the statistical and sociological data about corruption in Germany and other western countries.

The article deals with the theoretical field of semantic concept of crime, doctrine of criminal subsystems and criminology of law.

The article presents juridical-mathematical models of the frequencies of rational unlawful behavior of bribe takers subject to the changes in the criminal law strictness and probability of catch.