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Global biofuel production is growing rapidly due to the demand for alternative energy sources and the desire to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. With its abundant biomass resources, Ukraine has great potential to develop the biofuel market. The prospects for the biofuel market in Ukraine are good, and the country has the potential to become a leader in the production and use of biofuels in Europe. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical provisions and develop practical recommendations for improving the accounting of biofuel production. It has been established that accounting for biofuel production is an important means of achieving sustainable development goals. Performing its information function, accounting can provide internal and external users with the necessary information and optimize the production and sale process of biofuel, while minimizing the negative impact on the environment. This, in turn, contributes to sustainable development and environmental protection in the energy sector. Taking into account the peculiarities of biofuel production, the organizational and methodological support of accounting was improved in terms of the development of the application of the elements of the accounting method: a working plan of accounts was developed for enterprises engaged in the production of biofuel, the sequence of displaying operations in the accounting was improved taking into account the peculiarities of biofuel production, additions were made and modification of the calculation, which takes into account the specifics of the use of biofuel, a management report on the production of biofuel has been developed, which will allow more effective control and management of the enterprise's impact on the environment and contribute to its sustainable development. All the above-mentioned improvements and proposals aim to develop the organization of the activities of biofuel industry enterprises in accordance with the provisions of the concept of sustainable development.

The article substantiates the drivers of sustainable development of countries in the context of globalization, namely: the development of alternative energy, low-carbon economy, circular economy. It is argued that with the establishment of the model of sustainable development in the world practice, the issue of a significant reduction in the segment of energy-intensive types of global production and a decrease in the scale of consumption of energy resources is of particular importance. It is substantiated that in order to disseminate an energy-efficient model of economic development on a global scale, it is necessary to form an active State policies of the countries of the world by creating economic, administrative, social and infrastructural conditions, eliminating State subsidies to environmentally harmful industries, using market incentives, increasing public procurement in energy-saving industries, along with stimulation of their investment financing. The prospects for the development of the world energy sector until 2030 are outlined. The synchronization of Ukraine with ENTSO-E, the European network of electricity transmission system operators, is examined. It is found that synchronization with ENTSO-E is a step towards expanding the opportunities and prospects for attracting investment in the energy sector of Ukraine. Recommendations on finding effective ways of transition of countries’ economies to the use of alternative energy sources, low-carbon development and application of the principles of circular economy (the conception of combining linear production lines into a closed cycle) are provided. It is substantiated that the transition to sustainable low-carbon development can be successful due to the implementation of the global energy conversion of the economy.

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Climate change has become a threatening problem for all countries of the world. For Kazakhstan, one of the world’s largest grain exporters, with its previously predominantly arid climate, developed mining industry, metallurgy and mainly coalfired heat and electricity generation, slowing down warming is becoming an urgent task. The purpose of this study is to summarise various aspects of the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on climate change in the Republic of Kazakhstan and the possibilities of reducing greenhouse gas emissions through Kazakhstan’s transition to a new economic model based on the use of renewable energy sources. During the study, various methods of analysis were used – analytical selection based on a given or identified feature, comparative analysis of similar characteristics of various objects, statistical analysis of dynamic series, synthesis, representing the primary theoretical generalisation of empirical data. As a result of the study, a noticeable dependence of changes in average annual temperature and precipitation on total greenhouse gas emissions was identified. Moreover, the identified similarity of the dynamics of the main climatic indicators with the dynamics of individual greenhouse gases in Kazakhstan requires further research. It is also concluded that individual innovations in the form of individual renewable energy power plants or a Quota trading system determined by the highest values will not lead to a noticeable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Only the transition to a green economy, which should become a state priority, and its principles and main characteristics should be the reference when making any government decisions. This study can become a starting point for many theoretical and practical studies and show the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions not as a purely mechanical process, but in conjunction with other phenomena, which can be useful in making managerial decisions

The purpose of this study was to analyze the quality of charcoal biobriquettes from a mixture of palm fruit shells (Arenga pinnata) and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) under a pressure of 10 tons, which included moisture content, density, ash content, volatile matter, bound carbon and heating value. The research method includes preparation of test samples, testing the characteristics of biobriquettes using the SNI test method. 06-3730-1995 covering moisture content, density, ash content, volatile matter, bound carbon and heating value. Biobriquettes use 10% tapioca adhesive and 10 tons of pressure with 5 treatments (A: 100% palm shell charcoal; B: 75% palm shell charcoal + 25% water hyacinth charcoal; C: 50% palm shell charcoal + water hyacinth charcoal goiter 50% ; D: palm shell charcoal 25% + water hyacinth charcoal 75%; E hyacinth charcoal 100%) and 3 replications. The results showed that bioricket made from a mixture of palm fruit shells and water hyacinth with a pressure of 10 tons had physical properties, namely water content ranging from 3.3952-8.8377% with a density of 0.6488-1.0363 g/cm³, chemical properties namely ash content 1.4440-14.4133%, volatile matter 34.9767- 47.6800% and heating value 4282.0-5614.05 cal/g.

The article provides an overview of the International Scientific and Practical Conference “Energy Transition as a Factor of Influence on Energy Legislation”, held on June 20, 2022 at the Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, co-organized by the Faculty of Law of Lomonosov Moscow State University, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Perm State National Research University, Belgorod State National Research University, and Ulyanovsk State University. The authors describe the main areas of the sections’ activities of the conference, where a comprehensive discussion was given to the issues of rethinking the energy transition in terms of the changed realities, the role and transformation of legal regulation in the framework of the energy transition, legal challenges of ensuring relations in the energy sector, impact of relations on institutions and other branches of law in the energy sector, etc.

Aim. To study the prospects for the development of alternative and low-carbon energy in the Republic of Belarus in the context of joining the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as a full member.Methodology. The key research methods were historical and logical analysis, comparative and typological analysis. The focus is on the study of international treaties and agreements essence, various normative legal acts, resolutions, strategies and plans for the development of cooperation, as well as statements and speeches of officials. The work also applied the scenario forecasting method to identify the promising areas for the development of “green” energy in Belarus.Results. It is stated that with the accession of the Republic of Belarus to the SCO as a full member, a potential opportunity appeares for increasing foreign investment in projects for the development of alternative and low-carbon energy; it is expected to strengthen the energy dialogue with Russia, including the field of “green” energy; the strengthening of the position of the Republic of Belarus on the world stage is stated in connection with joining a large organization and the creation of economic and logistics joint projects.Research implications. The study results can be relevant for studying the transformation of the energy markets of the SCO member states in the context of the global energy transition.

Chinas growing economic power led to the rise of its geopolitical ambitions in the 21st century, and Chinas industrial policy has long been an important tool for implementing its global leadership strategy. Yet, how effective is the visible hand of the state? This paper examines the positive and negative effects of industrial policy implementation in Chinas electricity sector based on the analysis of policy documents, statistics, and academic publications. This study finds that together with energy policy measures industrial policy has been quite successful in promoting RD activities and production of high-tech power equipment. It gave China an opportunity to increase the share of clean energy sources in the power generation mix. Besides, Chinese power companies gradually became global leaders in the electricity sector. At the same time, the implementation of industrial policies has led to the over-expenditure of resources and is characterized by problems of horizontal and vertical coordination between the three main players in the policy-making and implementation system: the central government, local authorities, and large state-owned companies. The development of the electric power sector and related industries is managed by a large group of ministries and departments of the central government. Moreover, the heads of several energy companies have the power and influence equivalent to that of a minister, and there were divergences of priorities of central and local authorities at the regional level.

The relevance of the research topic is determined by special attention to the development of «green» energy in the state policy of the People's Republic of China. The problem of the development of the Chinese energy sector is the shift of priorities to the search for alternative, clean energy sources that will replace oil and gas. Analysis of recent publications ensures a persistent interest in the problems of alternative energy in the majority of countries implementing stable economic growth. According to the authors, the processes of integration of alternative energy into the energy system of China, a country with high rates of economic growth, remain unexplored. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the choice of economic instruments for the integration of alternative energy into the energy system of China. The research methods used in the work are comparison, grouping, systems approach, formalization, axiomatic method, analogies, abstraction and modeling. Results of work. Within the framework of this study, the dynamics of changes in the structure of energy consumption in China has been studied, from the point of view of energy sources. China's energy policy issues go hand in hand with its economic policy goals. The country needs to support rapid development and economic growth, but in a much less energy-intensive way. This is widely recognized by the Chinese government, but significant changes in energy consumption versus production could mean major changes in its economic structure. The field of application of the research results is the energy policy of the state, aimed at the greening of life. Findings. The transition to renewable energy is inevitable, so the question is how best to manage this process while minimizing the total cost of energy services and the cost of damage caused by energy use. The combination of energy efficient and renewable energy sources will eventually replace the existing traditional energy system, which is dominated by fossil fuels. The most important factor for such an early transition is the need to address the problem of catastrophic climate change.

THE PURPOSE. Studying the complex issues associated with providing consumers who are away from the central power supply system with environmentally safe renewable energy source, i.e. conversion of wind energy into electrical energy and uninterrupted supply of electricity to consumers. In this area, one of the complex issues is to determine the wind energy resources in the area where it is planned to install a wind farm.The article deals with the determination of wind energy resources in Turkmenistan. Using databases obtained from meteorological stations over several years, calculations of wind energy resources by region are carried out. This will quickly and in detail analyze the wind energy potential in a particular area to assess the choice of capacity of the projected wind turbines, with the aim of ensuring sustainable development of the region and the reliability of electricity supply.METHODS. In order to estimate the wind energy resources in the area it is necessary to determine the average wind speed per year. In this research work the average annual wind speeds obtained from meteorological stations installed in different regions of Turkmenistan were used. These data were compared with the actual data obtained from the 2 kW wind power plant installed at the research site of the State Energy institute of Turkmenistan and the relevant graphs were built. The results of the obtained data can be used for optimal selection of wind power plant locations and assessment of wind energy resources of the region. RESULTS.As a result of the calculations, wind energy reserves in the region and for the regions of Turkmenistan were determined, as well as the optimal locations of wind farms.Using the technical characteristics of a 2kW wind power plant, the average annual electricity output of a wind power plant of different capacity is determined.With the correct definition of wind energy potential, there is an opportunity to solve energy, economic, environmental and social issues of the country. And also there is an opportunity to mitigate climate change on the basis of wind energy installations, and their resources, environmental benefits, goals and objectives on the scientific methodological basis in the field of wind energy for implementation of state programs for energy conservation in Turkmenistan and energy supply of the region.CONCLUSIONS. On the basis of the carried out scientific work the wind energy resources and technical potentials of wind power plants in the territory of Turkmenistan were determined and the database for compiling the wind energy cadastre was created.

Europe is transforming its energy balance and increasing the use of local renewable energy sources. Russia's economy depends on the export of fossil (non-renewable) energy resources. About half of the country's energy resources are exported, primarily to European countries. A change in the fuel and energy balance of European countries, as the main consumer of Russian energy resources, will affect the Russian economy. Therefore, Russia urgently needs to know the state of alternative energy in Europe. The purpose of this article is to assess the growth rate of the share of innovative alternative energy sources in the energy balance of Germany and Denmark, as leading countries. The background for the implementation of energy policy in the field of alternative energy is different. First of all, these are countries with developed economies. They need a reliable, uninterrupted supply of energy sources. The Danish government was the first among European countries to evaluate the potential of alternative energy and began to develop it. Denmark is the first country in Europe to use wind energy to generate electricity. In 1991, the first offshore wind energy plant in Europe appeared in Denmark. Germany started the construction of wind power parks only in 2008. Nevertheless, today Germany, along with China and the United States, is among the top three world leaders in terms of wind power capacity, and also has become one of the world leaders in terms of the total installed capacity of solar panels. In absolute terms, characterizing the development of alternative energy, Germany is the world leader, in relative terms - Denmark. Germanys economy is many times larger than Denmarks. Therefore, Germany cannot rebuild the fuel structure of its economy as fast as Denmark. The Danish leadership has set ambitious goals for the development of alternative energy. In 2050, 100% of the energy supplied to end consumers will be generated from renewable sources. Germany cannot rebuild its economy with this fast pace. In Germany in 2050, the share of renewable energy in final energy consumption will be 60%. Germany, unlike Denmark, initially relied not on the development of alternative energy, but on the development of nuclear energy. However, through consistent energy policies, it has become a world leader in alternative energy use. When Germany began to implement energy policy, it already had a prototype - Denmark. But then, as the study showed, the country chose its own path. And then Germany and Denmark developed alternative energy in different ways. Nowadays the international cooperation has a great importance. Germany and Denmark collaborate in regional and transregional projects in terms of renewable energy sources. North Sea Wind Power Hub is a successful example of their work together. The experience of Germany and Denmark has shown that alternative energy development programs do not exist by themselves. The alternative energy development program is only part of several other related programs. Among them are programs on the rejection of the use of nuclear energy (in relation to Germany), measures to increase the energy efficiency of economies, construction of infrastructure, changes in the organizational structure of energy, etc. Nowadays, many countries in the world pursue an energy policy in the field of renewable energy. In 2009, Russia also committed to increase the share of alternative energy sources to 4.5% by 2020. In the implementation of this policy, it is necessary to take into account the experience of Western countries. The difficulties faced by countries in the new energy sector do not allow us to talk about a decrease in their dependence on energy imports.

Abstract. This paper examines the current problems of energy supply in the Arctic regions and analyzes their main causes. The experience of the EU, USA and Japan on the use of renewable energy sources is presented. Ways to improve the efficiency of energy supply in the Arctic are shown.

The paper presents the results of wind monitoring carried out in order to confirm the feasibility of building a wind farm in the Republic of Tatarstan. The task of wind monitoring is to determine and study the dynamics of the average annual wind regime and calculate the wind energy potential at promising sites for placing a wind power plant. On the given sites, after the annual cycle of meteorological parameters measurements, the average annual wind speeds, wind power, preferred directions, wind density, vertical profile of the wind flow and other data necessary for a detailed calculation of the wind power potential of the sites and the selection of specific models of wind generators and their arrangements for operation will be determined at these sites. An important component of the work performed is the development of methods for calculating wind potential at heights other than the heights of direct measurements.

The paper studies the problems of conventional power engineering and the prospects of its development related to the use of hydrogen as energy carrier. The role of hydrogen economy and power supply systems on the basis of hydrogen fuel cells in the context ofRussian power engineering has been specified. The promising use of fuel cells as alternative sources of electric energy in power supply systems has been described. The proposals for improvement of strategic hydrogen economy management and implementation of the tools for public stimulation of the use of hydrogen fuel and fuel cells to supply consumers in various industries and major sectors have been developed.

Aim. Determination of the importance of the ecological vector in ensuring the sustainable development of the Republic of Dagestan.Materials and Methods. A historical and comparative analysis was carried out using official statistical data of Rosstat and data from state reports on the state and on environmental protection.Results. The author proposes that there be a focus on the formation of public and individual ecological consciousness of citizens, the involvement of the population in various environmental actions, the use of alternative energy sources and the development of tourism in the republic, taking into account the proper level of protection of natural objects.Conclusion. The Republic of Dagestan, due to its geographical and climatic features, has more potential in the field of sustainable development than any other region of our country, but it seems that the best results require the application of all the actions listed herein aimed at strengthening the role of the environmental component of sustainable development.

In this article, the recommendations for the integrated waste management in the textile industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the conditions of transition to the "green economy" are formed. It has been noted that on the current stage of the development the world economy faced with environmental, economic and social problems threaten to present and future generations. The target essence of integrated waste management is the availability of such conditions for it achievement as: substantiation of the criteria for the effectiveness of integrated waste management; indicators assessing effectiveness criteria; types of estimates of economic efficiency of waste management. The system of management decisions as an instrument of integrated waste management on the enterprises has been considered. It has been offered to highlight the expected economic, environmental and social effects and indicators assessing effectiveness criteria when applying an integrated approach to waste management in textile enterprises. The approach to the estimation of components of the economic, environmental and social effects of processing production waste has been elaborated. It has been determined that the impact factors for the efficiency of integrated management of the textile industry wastes are: cost of primary raw materials and useful components contained in waste, cost of technological processes, the cost of moving secondary material resources and primary raw materials from sources of their formation to the place of final consumption, the cost of protecting or restoring the environment from the effects of waste. It has been proved that in the textile industry increasingly powerful economic levers appear to expand and deepen the use of waste in the production process, and economic effect has a growth trend.

The article is devoted to determining the place of renewable energy sources (RES) in the new industrial revolution. The peculiarity of the Fourth industrial revolution, unlike the previous ones, is a particular account of the anthropogenic impact of human activities on the environment. One of the ways to reduce carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere is the use of renewable energy technologies. In the article, the author outlined the prerequisites and prospects for the development of renewable energy in Russia and the world, as well as considered the world and domestic experience in the use of renewable energy. On this basis, the author concluded that it is expedient to develop renewable energy sources in Russia. Besides, the author showed that the development of renewable energy technologies could act as a driver of innovative modernisation of the economy and a source of formation of a low-carbon (green) economy characterised by high energy efficiency, energy independence and minimal impact on the environment.

Biofuel is one of the world’s major alternative sources of energy derived from biomass which includes almost all organic substances. In this regard, the state and prospects of development of the world bioenergy have been considered. The positive and negative sides of increasing energy production from biomass have been revealed. The analysis of the countries with the greatest biological resources for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels has been carried out. The leading countries in the production of various types of biofuels have been determined and the measures of state support, contributing to the development of this direction, have been analyzed. The state and prospects of bioenergy development in Russia have been considered. The export potential of the country in the field of biofuel production and its use in industry has been revealed. It has been established, that despite some successes in the use of biofuel, the development of bioenergy projects in Russia still leaves much to be desired. The reasons, hindering the development of bioenergy in Russia, and measures to stimulate the development of biofuel production have been identified. In this regard, a flexible policy of the state in terms of innovation and energy is necessary, while today the state is focused on traditional energy sources.

The purpose of this work is a synthesis of roller press construction for alternative fuel produc-tion from small-fraction energetic valuable raw materials. Achievement of the goal set in the work is carried out by forming a systematic approach to the search for rational design solutions for roller presses. Studies conducted on analysis basis of open information sources in the field of theoretical research, development, and implementation of press equipment for small fraction-al raw materials briquetting that used as alternative energy sources. Established, that a promising direction for the development of alternative energy is composite solid fuels production by bri-quetting method from a mixture of small fraction energetic valuable materials. Shown that roller presses use is promising for composite fuel briquettes production. Revealed the problem that currently there is no software, independent or integrated into the well-known CAD-system, that allows, taking into account briquetting process technological features, develop and simulate the life cycle of roller briquette presses. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that for the first time a systematic approach based on the use of structural-parametric synthesis and analysis has been applied for creating a rational design of a roller briquette press for the production of com-posite solid fuel. Using the proposed system approach, a new improved roller press model for the production of fuel briquettes, including composite ones, from energetically valuable small fractional raw materials having a low bulk density (0.2...0.6 g/cm3) developed.

Optimal management of fuel supply system boils down to choosing an energy development strategy which provides consumers with the most efficient and reliable fuel and energy supply. As a part of the program on switching the heat supply distributed management system of the Udmurt Republic to renewable energy sources, an "Information-analytical system of regional alternative fuel supply management" was developed. The paper presents the mathematical model of optimal management of fuel supply logistic system consisting of three interconnected levels: raw material accumulation points, fuel preparation points and fuel consumption points, which are heat sources. In order to increase effective the performance of regional fuel supply system a modification of information-analytical system and extension of its set of functions using the methods of quick responding when emergency occurs are required. Emergencies which occur on any one of these levels demand the management of the whole system to reconfigure. The paper demonstrates models and algorithms of optimal management in case of emergency involving break down of such production links of logistic system as raw material accumulation points and fuel preparation points. In mathematical models, the target criterion is minimization of costs associated with the functioning of logistic system in case of emergency. The implementation of the developed algorithms is based on the usage of genetic optimization algorithms, which made it possible to obtain a more accurate solution in less time. The developed models and algorithms are integrated into the information-analytical system that enables to provide effective management of alternative fuel supply of the Udmurt Republic in case of emergency.

Copyright of German International Journal of Modern Science / Deutsche Internationale Zeitschrift für Zeitgenössische Wissenschaft is the property of Artmedia24 and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the conditions of the global ecological crisis in the world and Ukraine, the issue of finding alternative energy sources becomes relevant. One of the most common types of renewable energy is solar energy. In Ukraine today, the most promising direction of using solar energy is its direct transformation into low-potential thermal energy. To get electric power, solar radiation is the mere alternative to electric power generated from mined fuel, and without the pollution of air and water, or adverse consequences manifested in global warming. The disadvantage of this type of installation is the limitation of the duration of light time, as well as the effect of cloudiness. During the day, the number of solar radiation changes, to stabilize it is necessary to accumulate and accumulate it for further use, the technical implementation of stable operation of solar installation due to the use of terrestrial radiation and the accumulator of a specific part of solar energy is proposed. The purpose of the work is experimental studies to ensure the stable operation of the solar collector under cloudy conditions. The paper is aimed at the stabilization of the operation of the solar installation and to obtain additional heat after the Sun’s cloud cover. The use of a solar thermal collector is advisable in solar heating and hot water systems in conditions of alternating solar radiation. The results of physical modeling have proved the efficiency of the method of combining types of thermal radiation, due to the accumulation of energy it is possible to increase the quantitative index of solar energy in the conditions of cloudiness by 3 times.

The article reveals issues of development and implementation of passive house technologies in Russia, including sociological, energetical, economical, legislative and urban planning problems, as well as the main obstructing factors. The authors conduct research on the level of alternative energy development in the world and Russia in particular. On this basis, the main directions are formulated for solving problems concerning renewable energy and related new technologies, and, in particular, the concept of autonomic energy efficient house.

The basic principles of the design and schematics of alternative life support systems, whose operation is based on the implementation of the open absorption cycle with solar regeneration of the absorbent. Such systems allow to ensure the sustainability of the use, reduction of energy losses, possibility of complex life support, which includes heating, hot water supply, cooling and air conditioning for residential and industrial premises. The number of variants of such circuitry quite diverse and determined by the specific conditions of the tasks of cooling media and air-conditioning. All heat and mass transfer devices included in the system, double-circuit, providing non-contact cooling of the coolant. Applied new means to use heat and mass transfer devices with a movable nozzle, providing the ability to operate in extreme conditions (polluted environment, sharp fluctuations in loads), increasing extreme loads, high lateral uniformity (scale of problem simplification), undemanding to the quality of flow distribution.

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In the modern era, it is clear to everyone that people need to switch to other sources of energy, independent of carbohydrates. To this end, the article reviews the results of scientific research on Azerbaijan's environmentally friendly energy sources and its prospects. The power system of the country is 6,000 megawatts. It is natural to ensure that alternative energy production is 20% of the total energy balance by 2020. This article describes the ways in which this development, growth prospects, and recommendations are made for further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Germany's Energy has come a long way of transformation, gaining their individual traits, that are largely differing from global trends. Currently, Germany is the mistress of the European energy system, so from where will turn its energy vector depends on the fate of the European Union. Article is devoted to the comprehensive analysis of the trends transforming of the energy economy of Germany, which provides an answer to the question: what are the real prospects for his development, taking into account economic, ecologic and geopolitical realities. Energy turnaround is, on the one hand, a massive challenge, on the other - it opens a huge opportunity. Germany's attention focuses on a strategy of innovative development of energy, efficient energy management and energy security issues. The article presents the views of linking energy future of the society with the development of clean, renewable energy sources.

The value-oriented approach to project management of renewable energy based on classification stage of the life cycle of products of the projects, adapted to the goals and objectives of information modeling, which allowed to formulate stricter requirements information models used at different stages of the power plant is proposed. A classification of the alternative energy projects, which highlighting areas for activities is proposed. The list of stakeholders that have an impact on alternative energy projects and presented their classification is defined. The value of alternative energy projects considered from the standpoint of a utilitarian approach, using the concept of utility and on the basis of this concept proposed classification values of alternative energy projects. Criteria values as indicators for assessing the value of alternative energy projects and their weights determined by pairwise comparison. To take into account the changes of the value criteria over time proposed to use the key control points value, assessed value criteria in various key points of control, defined indicator of the total value of alternative energy projects. The classification of risks and tools for value-oriented risk management in alternative energy projects is proposed. Further study authors plan to link the development of mechanisms for harmonization value alternative energy projects for their stakeholders.

Russia ecosystems have significant potential for various types of alternative energy sources development (AES) throughout the country. Especially great potential for wind, geothermal and solar energy. However, alternative energy sources are not well represented in Russia. As a result Russia is far behind the others economically developed countries now.The aim of this study is ecosystem-based analysis of renewable energy facilities activity in Russia, and linking production activities of energy facilities with the performance of ecosystems. As of 01.01.2014 the share of alternative energy sources in the electric power Russia is about 0,3%. The total capacity of alternative energy sources is 480 MW, of which: the share of wind power plants - 18,2%, solar power plants - 65%, geothermal power plants - 16,5% and tidal power - 0,3%.The basis for the alternative energy sources development is climatic conditions of ecosystems and settlements energy supply. Installed capacity of AES is associated with indicators of the impact on the ecosystem and the area used by the power facilities.Ensuring the implementation of AES construction projects in Russia will meet the growing demand for electricity in energy-deficient regions of the country, significantly reduce annual emissions of pollutants and greenhouse gases and make greater use of independent sources in remote regions.Research in the field of natural resource management and environmental protection are the basis for the state programs of territories development for cities of the Russian Federation. Examination of the ecological potential and strategies for landscape development in the region is the basis for urban planning.

Purpose. Implementation of brief analytical review of the state and prospect of development in the modern world of alternative energy, including wind energy, sun energy, geothermal energy, biogas energy, flood-tide water energy, hydrogen energy and small water energy. Methodology. Scientific methods of collection, analysis and analytical treatment of scientific and technical information in area of the present state of world energy and ways of its further development. Results. A brief scientific and technical review is resulted about the state and prospects of world development of basic types of alternative energy. It is shown that, in spite of comparatively small stake (to 10 %) of this untraditional energy in general world balance of making of electric power, world association taking into account the necessary changing in the nearest 50 years of present oil-gas «foundation» of energy on other with large raw material, potential and ecological possibilities are forced to invest large financial means in development of the indicated directions of alternative energy. Originality. First on the basis of materials of separate magazine publications, scientific monographs and internet-reports on power problem the brief analytical review of the state and prospects of world development of basic types of alternative energy is executed. Practical value. Deepening and spread of the scientific and technical learnings in area of functioning and ways of development of modern energy. Scientific popularization of arising up before society claimed tasks from global and important for all of humanity of power problem.

The paper deals with the prospects for the use of algae in different areas of human life. Qualitative and quantitative indicators are given, as well as capacity and the total stock in the two largest fjords of the White Sea - Chupa bay and the area of the island Sonostrov (Louhi region of the Republic of Karelia) are calculated. The paper provided the profitability of using the White Sea algae resources.

The relevance of the discussed issue is caused by the need to improve energy efficiency of DC-DC power converting devices for needs of alternative power engineering. One of the problems of converting solar energy into electrical one is a low level of energy efficiency of this process. Due to variable value of illumination of solar panels during the day, the parameters of energy received are variable, hence, the settings of secondary electrical energy converters must be adaptive. Improving the quality of functioning of alternative power sources is possible due to the use of methods of extreme regulation. The paper considers some famous algorithms for a control system of boosting voltage converter which implement the search for operating parameters of the converter of the maximum power point. The problem of choosing optimal algorithm from the adaptive (with the choice of step) and non-adaptive algorithms of disturbance and observation is relevant as well. In addition, the algorithm of increasing conductivity was investigated. Comparison and construction of these algorithms and a new combined algorithm of extreme regulation on their basis were carried out. The main aim of the study is to compare the maximum power point search algorithms; develop a new algorithm for a voltage converter control system and physical model of the final device and estimate its efficiency. The methods: reviewing of technical publications concerning maximum power point tracking algorithms; simulation modeling using Matlab/Simulink and certain experiments with a prototype of two-phase DC-DC boost converter. The experiments and modeling include: setup of PI-regulator, imitation of various levels of blackout of a solar battery, assessment of the converter efficiency. The results. The authors developed the simulation models for adaptive and non-adaptive perturbation and observation and incremental conductance method and studied their application for different levels of illumination. The software for a microprocessor control system was designed. The authors carried out the experiments in simulation of different levels of illumination of the solar battery to estimate the efficiency of the device. The research demonstrates high value of maximum power point tracking efficiency (99 %) for option with adaptive algorithm of a step change. At the experiment the similar indicators of accuracy (95-96 %) were obtained, at quantization time of 10 ms (for not adaptive algorithm of perturbation and observation).

The problem of risk analysis alternative energy projects and issues of classification. A quantitative risk assessment of alternative energy projects and suggests the application of methods to reduce the effects of risk events in alternative energy.

Development of alternative energy sources requires the implementation of complex problems, the solution of which is necessary to apply the project approach. The uniqueness of alternative energy projects (AEP) necessitates individual approach to evaluating the effectiveness of each. The paper contains the results of the project management features's analysis in the field of alternative energy, determining the values and developing of the value management integrated conceptual model of AEP. In assessing the effectiveness of AEP considered the socio-economic and commercial aspects. Value management integrated conceptual model of AEP was obtained by combining the classical model of the project management goals with the project values model "Five "E" and two "A". The classical model of the project management goals have been complemented with risk parameters.

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The relevance of the discussed issue is caused by the growing interest in renewable energy, where geothermal waters have special significance. The prospects for using geothermal waters are proved by their environmental benefits. However, the economic aspects of exploitation need to be studied. The main aim of the study is the feasibility study of the project for constructing a geothermal plant with a circulating heat extraction scheme on the basis of the Khankala geothermal waters deposit of the Chechen Republic. The methods used in the study: calculation of the economic parameters of investment attractiveness of the project for constructing the Khankala geothermal plant based on discounted cash flows on the following standard criteria: net present value, internal rate of return, payback period and discounted payback period; study of the possible risks of the Khankala geothermal waters deposit development and ways to minimize them; comparative analysis with gas boiler, worldwide experience of geothermal projects implementation, including consideration of government incentives to stimulate the use of geothermal waters. The results. The authors have proved the prospects for geothermal waters use in the Chechen Republic, and calculated the indicators of investment attractiveness of the project for constructing the Khankala geothermal plant and similar stations within the study area, confirming the economic feasibility of using this resource. The paper considers the advantages of the development of geothermal waters of Chechnya, as well as the main risks associated with geothermal projects, and the ways to minimize them. The forecast for the possible substitution of fossil fuels by using geothermal waters of the study area is introduced. The recommendations to promote the development of geothermal energy in Russia are given.

Analysis of the existing unconventional forms of energy with the purpose of determing the state of this industry in Ukraine is conducted. The advantages of alternative energy sources and the need for their further development in Ukraine have been shown.

The article investigates the prosprcts of U.S. alternative energy industry through analysis of more recent electoral campaigns and electoral rhetoric of presidential nominees. This method seems to be no less effective for displaying possible scenarios of industry development in long-term perspective than that of economic projection, because they are political and ideological factors that primarily constitute a political course of today’s America. In the study the author attempts to prove that the stance of alternative energy sector within the US energy system depends on political situation as well as political affiliation of the US administration, rather than on economic imperatives.Purchase on Elibrary.ru > Buy nowDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2070-7568-2014-3-9

The article deals with major approaches to defining the phenomenon of “green business” and its potential role in the sphere of alternative energy sector in world politics. The author stresses the “classic business” approaches to solving global ecological problems and shifting to environment friendly production mechanisms

This article contains results of studying experiences of the leading countries in renewable energy technologies’ development. The classification of renewable energy was presented. In this article we investigated modern trends and prospects of wind power, solar energy, hydropower, bioenergy and geothermal energy. Authors analyzed different national strategies for attracting investments in “green” energy. Rating of the 10 countries with the largest investments in alternative energy was presented. Authors researched investments in developed countries and developing countries, depending on the type of renewable energy. A model for research and forecasting of investment in renewable energy based on annual data for the period 1990-2012 years was built. In addition, authors used methods such as moving average, exponential smoothing, Holt- Winters method and different types of trends based on quarterly data for 2004-2014 years.

The paper considers the problem of manufacturing energy mismatch of periods and periods of use. Alternative sources are provided with battery. However, traditional electrical and heating systems sometimes fail for days and even weeks.В статье рассматривается решение проблемы несовпадения периодов производства энергии и периодов ее потребления. Альтернативные источники обеспечиваются аккумуляторами. Тем не менее, и традиционные электрические, и тепловые сети порой выходят из строя на дни и даже на недели.