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This paper aims to present a comprehensive study of the natural and migration movement of the rural population of Russia over several periods of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The authors proceed from the premise that it is necessary to consider not only the decline of Russia’s rural population but also its movement. The article refers to the data of general censuses and vital records of the population at the regional, district, and settlement levels in one of the most successful agrarian regions by Russian standards, i.e. the Central Black Earth Region. The authors process the information from the sources employing various quantitative methods, including modeling demographic processes of the past, which helps verify the information of official documents. It is concluded that the idea of the general “extinction” of the Russian countryside is oversimplified. Historical data of the Central Black Earth Region testify to the constantly changing, different directions of demographic processes at the level of individual regions, districts, and settlements. Backsliding due to the process of depopulation, conservative demographic modernisation, and especially the transfer of urban dwellers back to rural areas contribute to the preservation of “islands of stability”. There are still dozens of districts and hundreds of settlements in the Central Black Earth Region characterised by natural growth and migration influx. The authors argue that a population which is excessive in terms of the needs of modern agriculture will continue to migrate. At the same time, based on the data of last decades, it is suggested that a certain number of people will be staying in the countryside as well as relocating there — those preferring a rural lifestyle in general or seeking to survive there in times of crisis. The reverse migration to rural areas observed during critical periods made it possible and continues to amortise the continuous decline of the rural population., Целью статьи является комплексное изучение естественных и миграционных аспектов движения сельского населения России на протяжении XX — начала XXI в. под воздействием урбанизации и консервативной модернизации. Авторы исходили из необходимости учета не только убыли, но и перемещения сельского населения России. Статья основана на данных всеобщих переписей, материалах текущего учета населения областного, районного и поселенного уровней одного из успешных по российским меркам аграрных регионов — Центрального Черноземья. Данные источников обработаны количественными методами, включая моделирование демографических процессов прошлого, что позволяет верифицировать сведения официальных документов. В статье делается вывод об упрощенности тезиса о всеобщем «вымирании» русской деревни. Материалы истории Центрального Черноземья свидетельствуют о постоянно меняющейся демографической ситуации на уровне отдельных областей, районов и поселений. Откаты в процессе депопуляции, консервативная демографическая модернизация, особенно обратное перемещение горожан в сельскую местность, способствуют сохранению «островков устойчивости» в аграрном секторе. В черноземных областях остаются десятки районов и сотни населенных пунктов, где продолжается естественный прирост и миграционный приток жителей. Авторы утверждают, что избыточное с точки зрения потребностей современного сельского хозяйства население будет продолжать мигрировать. Вместе с тем на основании материалов последних десятилетий высказывается предположение о том, что в сельскую местность будет прибывать определенное число людей, предпочитающих сельский образ жизни или стремящихся пережить там кризисные времена. Наблюдаемая в критические периоды обратная миграция в сельскую местность позволяла и позволяет амортизировать непрерывную убыль сельского населения.

Poverty – prosperity leap debates have been rising steeply across the globe in recent decades. Taking Taiwan with its Li Kwohting’s legacies as a good illustration how the agrarian-based colony turned into the ‘Silicon Island’ for a comparatively small period the authors analyse the man-made policies on making the ‘Taiwan’s Economic Miracle’. The article studies a ‘twilight zone’ within the gap as well as both the prerequisites and outcomes of the ‘Taiwan’s Godfather of Technology’ stewardship. The paper also considers the factors which determine the rapid growth of Taiwan.Despite the almost universal characteristics of the East Asia countries, differences between them remain substantial. This circumstance gives the authors a room for speculations over the reasons of one country becoming the world leaders. The authors use the ‘Four Asian Tigers’ as Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea and Taiwan for comparison. China is also included in the comparative analysis for better understanding. The study showed that the success phenomenon of the country is being determined in the national cultural context, inside of which the economy develops. The Geert Hofstede’s Six Cultural Dimensions model was utilized for employing the indexes as follows: Power Distance, Collectivism vs. Individualism, Uncertainty Avoidance Index, Femininity vs.Masculinity, Short-Term vs. Long-Term Orientation and Restraint vs. Indulgence. The cultural dimensions typology of the Geert Hofstede helped to explain the national predominance for this or that economic and political initiatives of the government, the comparison showed that the core of nation’s prosperity development mechanisms is incorporated in the Taiwanese cultural code.

The dynamics of quantitative and qualitative changes in the rural population of the Yenisei region is revealed from the standpoint of the theory of demographic modernization. The stages and features of demographic processes in the subregion, due to its geo-economic position, the influence of the colonization factor on fertility, mortality, nuptiality, population growth rates, changes in the demographic behavior of the peasantry, and its ethnic composition are revealed. Based on the analysis of the current administrative statistics published by the provincial statistical committee in the annual “Reviews” of the province and “Commemorative books”, as well as the materials of the First All-Russian Population Census of 1897, the author comes to the conclusion that agrarian migrations in the region at the beginning of the 20th century acquired an explosive character, in contrast to a similar process in Western Siberia, which was extended over time. This led to the fact that the formation of a new demographic model, characteristic of modern society, took place in a specific way, since the features of the traditional model dominated in the resettlement environment: high birth rates and mortality, a large population of the peasant family, a younger age composition, intensive marriage, rare family divisions.

The issue of the activity of the system of medical and paramedic travel migrant station in Siberia during the Stolypin agrarian reform is considered in the article. The author has made a general review of the historiography of the issue, showing its insufficient study and controversial nature. The object of the research is medical assistance to peasants-migrants in 1906-1914. Legislative and regulatory sources on the sanitary legislation of Russia at the beginning of the XX century are analyzed. It is concluded that the system of measures developed by the state was designed to prevent the spread of epidemics by migrants to areas of agrarian colonization. The reasons that impeded the effective operation of this system were identified. It is proved that, despite the existing shortcomings, during the period of the Stolypin resettlements, the state as a whole was able to cope with the provision of medical care to the migrants during their travelling. The author comes to the conclusion about the social nature of medical assistance to migrants. The relevance of the work is due to the need to use historical experience both in the field of state regulation of migration processes and in the provision of medical care in conditions of increased epidemiological danger. The importance of research on this topic is determined, firstly, by the growth in the dynamics of migration processes in the modern world; secondly, the relevance of using the historical experience of providing medical care to migrants in a pandemic.

Determination of strategies for the formation of satellite cities of Minsk is the basis for the development of a polycentric model of the metropolitan agglomeration. On the basis of the comparative analysis of design solutions for master plans, a concept for improving the planning structure and functional organization of satellite cities has been proposed in the paper. The concept is to adapt their planning structure to one of the promising economic profiles (industrial, scientific and industrial, agrarian and industrial, tourism and recreation). In accordance with the concept, there are four main types of the planning structure of satellite cities that correlate with their city-forming specifics: an urbanized planning structure (type У) – an industrial city, an urbanized-natural structure (type УП) – a scientific-industrial city, a natural-urbanized structure (type ПУ) – agricultural and industrial city and a natural structure (type П) – tourist and recreational city. The selected period (20–30 years). While developing master plans, it is necessary to distinguish two main directions of transformation: transformation and development. The implementation of the first direction is provided by two strategies – fragmentation and defragmentation as well as four varieties of each strategy. Spatial development strategies are consolidation, vector growth, sector growth, radial growth. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of possible options for the placement of functional zones, depending on the distance of the city from the core city. Taking into account the identified strategies for spatial development and analysis of the location of satellite cities in the Minsk agglomeration, twelve planning models have been developed that can be used to create urban planning projects to improve the functional planning organization of settlements in the Minsk agglomeration.

From the middle of the XIX century up to the end of the XX century, Israel has developed from an agrarian country to the country with an industrial economy and advanced science sector. A significant part of the immigrants of the Jewish community of Palestine were representatives of academic science and engineers. Their number was periodically replenished by highly educated immigrants from Europe. Scientists, university professors and engineers have become the only “natural” resource available to the country in abundance. The first successes Israel scientists have achieved in the field of agriculture — they invented the drip irrigation and its hybrid varieties, leading to high yields in severe local conditions. The Office of the Chief Scientist (OCS), established in 1969, played a leading role in the development of Israeli science and technology. The influence of the military-industrial complex on the formation of Israel NIS was significant. The high technologies developed for the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) were further adapted for the civilian market. IDF has also become a provider of highly qualified personnel for civilian industries. In 1950–1960 Israel established specialized transfer companies based on leading national universities to commercialise technologies developed at universities and research institutes. The successful experience of state support of innovations in Israel has become an example for many countries, including Russia.

The question of the development of the Kuban and Stavropol economy industrial sectors in the years of the initial stage of the industrialization plans is considered. The results of a comparative analysis of the industrial sectors of these agricultural regions in their production ratio with the agricultural sector are presented. The relevance of the study is due to the need to analyze the factors of economic interrelation of various business entities, as well as regional characteristics of economic development based on an integrated approach when analyzing the socio-economic transformations of this period. The novelty of the research is in the fact that the economic situation in these agrarian southern Russian regions is being reconstructed from the point of view of the tasks of industrial development and the effectiveness of their solution in the historical context of the corresponding epoch. Special attention is paid to the issues of interaction in this period of collectivized agriculture with industry, primarily with its two branches - food and processing. The problems of reconstruction of relevant enterprises and the construction of new plants and factories are touched upon. Their classification by industry and degree of importance is proposed. It is proved that the industrial enterprises of Stavropol and, especially, Kuban were distinguished by a multi-vector application and development of their production potential, despite the pronounced agrarian dominant in the economy of these regions.

A comprehensive study of the sources of the regulatory framework of the internal control system in Russian agricultural organizations was carried out. The evolutionary and legal approaches to the definition of internal control in these enterprises are compared. The content of the supranational (international), national and local level of the hierarchy of legal acts of the organization of the internal control system for these economic actors is disclosed. The influence of the mechanisms of the digital economy in relation to the field of audit, including Organizing internal control systems in modern enterprises that must cope with new challenges and risks. The tends of agrarian digitalization are indicated, including the fact that the state, through the introduction of digital farm management platforms (digital field, digital flock, digital logistics), will thereby stimulate the agricultural producer; domestic producers of agricultural products are focused on increasing the volume and quality of their products on international markets through the use of modern technologies; centralization and unification of the main directions of the agricultural industry, taking into account the digitization of the economy as a whole.

The issues for improving the efficiency of state agriculture management on the basis of investment activity stimulation taking into account modern measures of financial support for agricultural enterprises have been considered. The main reasons and factors that determine the need to strengthen measures of state financial support for investment activities in the agrarian and industrial complex have been presented. The analysis of the amount, dynamics and structure of sources of capital investments financing has been carried out, the place and the importance of some definite state financial support forms in investment processes have been shown. The existing problems for increasing the efficiency of state investment policy in agriculture in modern conditions have been revealed. The conclusion on inadmissibility of reducing the state support level for the branch, the necessity for its further improvement in order to maintain and increase the achieved rates of agricultural production development in Russia has been made.

How did the residents of Kuban region perceive the agrarian transformations that the Soviet authorities carried out in the post-revolutionary period? The archival sources studied in this paper reveal the attitude of the villagers to the land and tax policies of the Soviet state, their sentiments towards Soviet modernisation, as well as the relationship between Cossacks and non-residents during the land management campaign. While the history of the Kuban villages in the 1920s has attracted the interest of many researchers and regional historians, the sentiments and attitudes of the population towards the agrarian reforms by the Soviet authorities have so far received little attention. The measures of the Soviet state contributed not only to the eradication of the traditional Cossack culture but also radically altered the socio-economic and cultural profile of the Kuban villages, leading to the loss of Cossack identity. The article analyses the role of the Soviet authorities in the imposition of a socialist order. In the 1920s, their aim was the dissemination of proSoviet sentiments among the Kuban grain farmers. To this end, party and state authorities used various means and methods. Therefore, the study of the sentiments and attitude towards the Soviet authorities’ actions has become an important channel for obtaining information. The Soviet organs attempted to investigate the attitudes of the farmers and took these data in account for adjusting their policies. The documents produced in this process have been a central source for the present article. In the 1920s the authorities launched a largescale ideological project to make the Kuban population accept the Soviet worldview and embrace an archetypical Soviet mentality. In particular the poor and the non-urban population became pillars of social support for the new regime. The mechanisms that the Soviets applied for studying the sentiments of the Kuban grain farmers, together with other instruments of control and coercion, allowed the authorities to conduct a fairly successful Sovietisation campaign in the region, and to attract new proselytes to their side.

The article deals with the analysis of the socio-economic development of the landed nobility of the Middle Volga region. They grew in number due to the high birth rate in the families of the nobility by birth. In 1867-1897 the increase in the number of the personal nobility of the Middle Volga region considerably lagged behind the growth in the number of the nobility by birth. It should be noted that more than 80% of the nobility by birth of the region lived in cities. The government needed to strengthen its social support throughout all tiers of Russian society, with a clear attempt to restrict access to the nobility. The main process in the sphere of landowning among the noblemen of the Middle Volga region in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries was to mobilize the nobility landowning of the region under study, that is, to reduce the landownership of the gentry and to concentrate land in the hands of the merchantry, the business peasantry and other representatives of the rural bourgeoisie. Throughout the post-Reform period, the landlords retained the position of the main sellers, as well as the largest buyers of land. The redistribution of land among the nobility was influenced by the market development of agrarian relations in general and landlord production, in particular. At the same time, the transfer of land into the hands of capitalized landlords facilitated the development of their farms. In the first twenty years after the abolition of serfdom, the private landownership in the Middle Volga region accounted for a quarter of all agrarian areas. Judging by the wealth of the nobility in the region, it can be stated that in the second half of the 19th century the economic situation of the landowners was very stable, which served as the basis for the high positive dynamics of the growth of the gentry class in the three governorates under study. Therefore, in 1867-1897 the increase in the number of personal nobility and government officials in the Middle Volga region amounted to 106.7%.

Purpose: to study the problem of structural changes in the development of the agricultural sector in Russia within the framework of the national priorities implementation. Materials and methods: the synthetic tools of the study are based on the methods of economic statistics, which helped to analyze the structural dynamics of the country's agricultural sector. The object of the research was the agrarian structure of the Russian agricultural sector. The statistical analysis was carried out in the context of individual categories of farms. Results. The problems of structural changes in the agricultural sector of Russia within the framework of the implementation of national priorities are dealt with. For this, the methodology for calculating structural changes in agriculture and the mining industry, as well as the agricultural sector in the context of certain categories of farms, was used. The analysis is carried out for agricultural organizations, peasant (farmer) households. The problem of structuring the agrarian sector of the Russian economy is considered as a systemic task of state management of the industry, reduced to the formation of optimal proportions between the elements of the agrarian structure and their development. The results of agrarian reforms in agriculture for the period 2006–2019 are presented. A comparative characteristic of the options for organizing large-scale agro-industrial production in Russia and abroad is given. Conclusions. The presented dynamics of structural changes in agriculture on the basis of linear and quadratic coefficients makes it possible to determine the effectiveness of the state agricultural policy in the context of the implementation of national priorities. It has been substantiated that in the mid-term strategic development the intensity of structural changes in agriculture will be determined by the development trends of the small-format sector of the economy, including the one through the system of agricultural cooperation.

This article describes the material and technical condition of agrarian reforms in Uzbekistan and the use of the experience of developed countries in the agrarian sector in thereforms as well as the historical basis of modern methods of training specialists in theagricultural sector.&nbsp

Научный обзор посвящён использованию клевера ползучего в пастбищном хозяйстве различных стран мира. В Европе и Новой Зеландии этот вид является основным бобовым компонентом пастбищных травосмесей. Его наиболее часто высевают в смеси с райграсом пастбищным, что обеспечивает получение кормов с благоприятным сахаропротеиновым отношением. Он превосходит все другие бобовые травы по устойчивости к частому использованию благодаря тому, что его стебли стелются по поверхности почвы и при пастьбе не стравливаются даже овцами и лошадьми. Побеги и часть листьев клевера ползучего лежат на поверхности почвы, и благодаря им растения быстро восстанавливают фотосинтетическую деятельность после стравливания. Травостои с участием клевера ползучего при благоприятных условиях увлажнения способны выдерживать пять-семь стравливаний за сезон. Клевер ползучий превосходит другие виды трав по питательности и хорошо поедается животными, поскольку его урожай представлен преимущественно листьями и в некоторой степени — цветоносами. Клевер ползучий обладает высокой азотфиксирующей способностью, ежегодно накапливая в надземной массе 100–300 кг/га азота; он менее чувствителен к кислой реакции почвенного раствора, чем люцерна, козлятник, эспарцет и клевер луговой, может успешно расти на средних по плодородию почвах. Имея слабую корневую систему, клевер ползучий устойчивее других видов трав к близкому залеганию грунтовых вод. Высокая способность к вегетативному размножению благодаря ползучим надземным побегам позволяет ему сохраняться в составе фитоценозов десятки лет. На пастбищах немаловажное значение имеет и семенное размножение. Некоторое количество головок клевера может достигать полной спелости и распространяться животными вместе с экскрементами. К недостаткам клевера ползучего следует отнести его невысокую засухоустойчивость. При неблагоприятных метеорологических условиях он также может изреживаться в период перезимовки., This review reports on white clover cultivation worldwide. The crop is a common legume component of pasture ecosystems in Europe and New Zealand. It is usually seeded with perennial ryegrass providing forage with optimal sugar-to-protein ratio. White clover exceeds the rest of legume grasses in longevity, its stems lay on soil surface and are not completely grazed even by sheep and horses. Since shoots and sometimes leaves also lay on soil surface, plants recover their photosynthetic activity quite fast after grazing. White clover ecosystems survive five-seven grazings per season under optimal water supply. The crop exceeds other grasses in nutritional value and has high palatability. White clover shows high nitrogen-fixing capacity accumulating 100–300 kg ha-1 of nitrogen in its shoots annually. It grows well on moderately fertile soils and tolerates low soil pH better than alfalfa, eastern goat’s rue, and red clover. Poor root system makes white clover more resistant to groundwater occurrence. It grows in grasslands for decades due to high ability to vegetative reproduction but can also propagate by seeds. Several plants reach their full maturity and spread by animals via excrements. Its disadvantage is low drought-resistance. Under unfavorable conditions white clover overwinters poorly., Кормопроизводство, Выпуск 8 2020

The article shows the necessity to intensify digitalization of Russian economy leaning on rational taxation legislation. Penetration of information technologies in the agrarian sector is so fast that it raises questions about possible underestimation of economic activity of the sector in improving the food provision of the country connected with digital products. The authors researched digitalization of the Russian taxation system stimulating the development of business and changes in the tax mechanism, which provides preconditions for shaping fixed capital of the agrarian sector. Key forms of tax incentives were described, their impact on the agrarian sector was shown and on this basis the necessity to develop a new taxation mechanism of prolonging tax payments on capital growth till the full completion of the information-investment process was grounded. The authors identify priorities of Russian taxation policy in today’s conditions of complicated geopolitical situation and sanction restrictions. They came to the conclusion about the inevitable entry of Russia into the community of information-developed economics. A set of measures was put forward aimed at creating optimal conditions for involving all economic agents in information innovation work and filling economy with digital content. Among key findings of the research we should mention substantiation of taxation system transformations, which could stimulate business development and practical recommendations dealing with upgrading the taxation impact on information technologies’ penetration on digital platforms of the agrarian sector of economy.

The importance of development of the strategic directions of innovative and investment development of livestock production for the purpose of increasing its efficiency is considered. The concept of innovative potential as complex characteristic of the enterprise ability to innovative activity is considered. It is noted that innovative processes in agrarian and industrial complex are specific, depend on the action of nature and natural factors that needs to be considered while developing innovative products. As a methodical basis it is suggested to use indicators for assessment of innovative capacity of the enterprise and also an algorithm of the process of justification of the efficiency of the strategic directions of innovative and investment developmentof livestock production. The analysis is carried out and an assessment of the results of the actions realized in agrarian andindustrial complex of the Voronezh region in the sphere of innovative and investment development of livestock production is presented.On the basis of the conducted research of innovative activity of the agrarian enterprises of the Voronezh region it is noted that a prerequisite for formation of the strategic directions of innovative and investment development of livestock production is development of investment strategy, stages and the principles of investment strategy of the enterprise development.The conclusion is drawn that the use of flexible approach to formation of investment strategy and the strategic directions of innovative and investment development of livestock production will provide the increase in competitiveness of the agrarian enterprises.

This article studies the development and passage of the bill concerning the colonisation of land irrigated by the state in Mirzacho’l (Rus. Голодная степь, lit. Hungry Steppe), a large area of Central Asia, in the early twentieth century. The new principles of organised colonisation supported by the state have not been studied previously. On the eve of the revolution, there was a process of “nationalisation” of the empire which involved the transformation of relations between the centre and the periphery. During the discussions, the government formulated the purpose of agrarian colonisation of Turkestan in the interests of the empire, which was followed by active measures taken for the geopolitical and economic consolidation of the periphery. For the first time in history, the centre determined the image of settlers and their economy, setting the ambitious goal of creating a “Russian Turkestan”. The leading role was played by A. V. Krivoshein, head of land management and agriculture. The study refers to published and archival legislative and administrative documents, works of officials and statesmen, and materials from the State Duma. It is concluded that through legislation, the authorities organised the selection of wealthy settlersto be who had experience in agriculture and set a number of restrictions for them. The government intended to create a stratum of petty Russian farmers in Turkestan who would lead a profitable economy on irrigated lands without using hired labour: they would grow the cotton necessary for the state while ensuring the strengthening of economic ties with the imperial centre and serving as a role model for the indigenous population in economic and cultural terms. The bill also testified to the strengthening of Russian nationalism among the authorities. The study demonstrates that the government’s initiative as a whole received support in the Duma, which established the basis for the equality of all estates and reflected the debatable character of the need for national and cultural restrictions. However, the implementation of the law and the establishment of “Russian Turkestan” were interrupted by the war and the revolution., Исследуются разработка и принятие в начале XX в. законопроекта о заселении орошенных государством земель в крупном районе Средней Азии – Голодной степи. Происходившее в тот период становление новых принципов «организованной» колонизации региона при государственной поддержке, изучение которых является целью статьи, до сих пор не получало должного внимания специалистов. Накануне революции происходил процесс «национализации» империи и трансформации отношений между центром и окраинами. В правительстве в ходе дискуссий была четко сформулирована цель аграрной колонизации Туркестана в интересах империи, и начался переход от проекта к активным действиям для геополитического и экономического закрепления окраины. Центр, поставивший амбициозную цель создания «русского Туркестана», впервые определял желаемый образ переселенца и его хозяйства и организовывал соответствующий отбор. Ведущую роль в формулировании этого курса правительства сыграл главноуправляющий землеустройством и земледелием А. В. Кривошеин. Исследование опирается на опубликованные и архивные законодательные и делопроизводственные документы, работы чиновников и государственных деятелей, материалы Госдумы. Делается вывод, что власти законодательным путем вводили отбор зажиточных и опытных в сельском хозяйстве переселенцев и устанавливали для них ряд ограничений. Правительство намеревалось создать в Туркестане слой мелких русских земледельцев-колонистов, которые бы вели доходное хозяйство на орошенных землях без использования наемного труда, выращивая необходимый для государства хлопчатник, при этом укрепляли хозяйственные связи с имперским центром и являлись примером для коренного населения в экономическом и культурном отношении. Законопроект также свидетельствовал об укреплении во властных кругах идеологии русского национализма. Инициатива правительства получила поддержку в Думе, которая установила начало всесословности и продемонстрировала разногласия о необходимости национальных и культурных ограничений. Однако реализацию закона, создание «русского Туркестана» прервали война и революция.

The design of domestic grain drills largely determines the quality of sowing and the effectiveness of technologies for cultivating farm grain and seed crops in general. (Research purpose) To consider the development stages of domestic industrial production of grain drills and, in the form of an analytical review, to present the main information a chronological order. (Materials and Methods) the authors have conducted an expert analysis of the results of domestic scientists’ research on the effect of the surface distribution of seeds on the yield of grain crops and determined general trends in the development of sowing machines, which made it possible to implement various methods of sowing cereals. The authors have also identified the main trends and stages of industrial production of grain drills in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. (Results and discussion) The contribution of Russian and Soviet scientists to the improvement of grain drills and the issues of the optimization of structural and operational characteristics of sowing units have been analyzed in the paper. The authors have determined and examined the main directions of development of grain drill in the pre-­perestroika period, as well as characterized the state of the domestic agricultural machinery industry at the present stage. (Conclusions) Basing on the results of the conducted research, the authors have found that the development of grain drill designs in the domestic agrarian market is influenced by various reasons and has several directions. Among the most obvious trends we can single out the following ones: the use of the best foreign samples as prototypes; a tendency to increase the area of plant nutrition; the use of operational experience and comparative test results; optimization of design and technological parameters of drills based on the results of targeted scientific research; the development of machines that ensure the rational utilization of the energy resources used; extending the functionality of sowing machines as a result of combining operations and carrying out sowing on stubble backgrounds.

The relevance of the study is determined by the importance of using the mechanism of public-private partnership in the agro-industrial complex, which allows, under conditions of mutual benefit for the state and business, to expand the resource base and channel untapped resources to sustainable agricultural development. The aim of the article is to study theoretical approaches and substantiate practical recommendations aimed at improving the mechanism of public-private partnership in the Russian agro-industrial complex. In preparing the article, general scientific methods of research were used: analysis and synthesis, generalization, comparison, classification. Results. The mechanism of public-private partnership in modern conditions is investigated, its definitions and essence are analyzed, its importance as an effective form of realization of investment activity is defined. The benefits of implementing public-private partnership projects for the state, business and the whole economy are systematized. Key risks for participants of public-private partnership are highlighted. The foreign experience of realization of joint projects of the state and business is analyzed. Features of public-private partnership in Russia are considered, tendencies of its development are determined. It is established that the agro-industrial complex as a sphere of application of public-private partnership needs special attention, since it is responsible for life support and ensures food security of the country. The program-targeted approach is analyzed, which is implemented in the form of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Foodstuffs of the Russian Federation. The government benefits from investing in the development of the agro-industrial complex are determined. The directions of methodical work in the sphere of the implementation of public-private projects are singled out. It is concluded that state-private partnership in the agrarian sphere is capable of becoming the main direction of increasing the competitiveness of Russia.

Introduction: the article imparts authors’ thoughtson a new teaching methodology for mathematical education in universities. The aim of the study is to substantiate the efficiency of the comprehensive usage of mathematical electronic courses, computer tests, original textbooks and methodologies when teaching mathematics to future agrarian engineers. The authors consider this implementation a unified educational process. Materials and Methods: the synthesis of international and domestic pedagogical experience of teaching students in university and the following methods of empirical research were used: pedagogical experiment, pedagogical measurementsand experimental teaching of mathematics. The authors applied the methodology of revealing interdisciplinary links on the continuum of mathematical problems using the key examples and exercises. Results: the online course “Mathematics” was designed and developed on the platform of Learning Management System Moodle. The article presents the results of test assignments assessing students’ intellectual abilities and analysis of solutions of various types of mathematical problems by students. The pedagogical experiment substantiated the integrated selection of textbooks, online course and online tests using the methodology of determination of the key examples and exercises. Discussion and Conclusions: the analysis of the experimental work suggested that the new methodology is able to have positive effect on the learning process. The learning programme determined the problem points for each student. The findings of this study have a number of important implications for future educational practice.

This article considers poetry published in Ural periodicals between 1917 and 1919. It mainly comprises journalistic newspaper verses that are of interest from the point of view of how they reflect public opinion about the events of the 1917 revolutions and the Civil War in the Urals. The range of judgments and assessments of the events in question is determined not only by personal and political preferences, but primarily by the collective notions that are characteristic of mass consciousness. The author of the article concentrates on this aspect. He is interested in stable motifs and images that go back to the collective unconscious of the Ural public. To designate these universals immersed in tradition, he sometimes employs overlapping concepts: topos, archetype, and mythologeme. They assimilate various mental spheres — politics, religion, everyday consciousness, and establish a correlation of an image with timeless scales and thereby take the modeling of that image of the revolution to a higher level of figurative generalisations. The article examines individual figural details and motifs (parallels Revolution — Easter, connections with calendar rituals, seasons, agrarian mythology, colour and light symbols), as well as the meta-story of revolutionary poetry that included the modifying figures of the Hero, Enemy, Victim, depicted Revolution as a struggle and a difficult path to paradise (communism). As a result, the author of the article comes to the conclusion that reliance on common cultural experience based on archetypal principles promotes a profound and fruitful comprehension of life in the era of a historical crisis affecting the interests of the general public.

The Republic of Komi has a fairly high innovative potential, which, however, has significant obstacles to its implementation (especially in the peripheral areas) due to weak infrastructure development. The main volume of the implemented innovative projects linked with local farms to major centers of settlement, although in recent years innovative investment projects began to be implemented in peripheral areas. The main barriers to implementation of innovative projects are underdeveloped transport and energy infrastructure in the region, as well as the lack of own funds for investment from enterprises-customers. Furthermore, the population in the peripheral areas often is not interested in the introduction of innovations in agriculture, because the production here is sufficient for the local population level. To the General level of investment of 110 billion roubles per year an agriculture was supported primarily as a socially significant industry, providing employment in the field. When the level of investment in 110 - 170 billion on the ground that there is ample employment, in which the social role of agriculture is declining. For increase of efficiency of innovative activity in agriculture of the Republic of Komi proposed geographically focused approach to supporting innovation provide forms and volumes of state support of innovations for agriculture in particular regions of the Komi Republic, directions of decision of problems of agrarian and industrial complex of the Komi Republic, due to its characteristics as a system. The economic efficiency of the proposed measures is to optimize the state regulation of the directions and intensity of innovative processes in agriculture of the Republic on the basis of the territorially-oriented approach, and the use of new organizational instruments of such regulation.

The article is devoted to the subject insufficiently developed in the national historiography, especially in regard to its regional dimension. The study is conducted on materials of the Centre of documentation of public organizations of Sverdlovsk region with the assistance of the scientific and publicistic literature. The relevance of the topic is determined by its high importance for the social sciences, especially history. Scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the new materials discovered by the author in mentioned archive are introduced into scientific usage. The purpose of the article was to identify the features of the crisis of the 1980s-1990s in the agricultural sector of the Sverdlovsk region. It is noted that the years mentioned in the title of this article were without exaggeration crucial for our state. It is argued that there is a wide range of opinions about the causes and driving forces of the crisis of 1980s-1990s in the USSR and Russia. It is claimed that the process of destruction of the administrative-command system of economic management was accompanied by a significant decrease of all parameters of the latter and the deterioration of living conditions of the general population. It is stated that herewith the agro-industrial complex had to suffer even more than the industrial sector of the economy, being in fact always subsidized. It is declared that the agriculture of the region has withstood the first onslaught of a systemic crisis: main indicators of its activity began to decline irreversibly in the mid 1990-ies. It is emphasized that the problem of the systemic crisis of 1980-1990-ies in Russia is still mainly developed only on the Federal level. It is proved that the crisis in the agrarian sector of economy of Sverdlovsk region had a number of features and, in addition, it cannot be considered accomplished.

The study presented in this article — which is a study of rural employment in the informal economy — relies on data from the following surveys of households and individuals — “Comprehensive monitoring of the population’s living conditions” and “Selective monitoring of income and participation in social programs”, both carried out by Rosstat in 2011–2015 and commissioned by the Russian government. Rural residents ages 16 and up were interviewed in every region of the 9 Federal districts, including the Crimean Federal district. It is revealed that the transition to a market economy during the 1990’s was accompanied by increasing unemployment and poverty, transformations in the labor market, and the emergence of various forms of self-employment. A decrease in the level of rural inhabitants employed in farming, together with an increase in other fields of the agro-industrial complex (AIC), lead to sectoral mobility (relocation), the transformation of rural social structure, and the development of an informal sector, one third of those employed in which are rural residents. Employment in the informal economy is quite a risky endeavor, which in many ways makes the agrarian labor market unstable as a market economy institution. However, despite the informal sector being characterized by a primitive level of technology, low capital-intensity, as well as low levels of human capital, nevertheless, it compensates the expenses of Russian village social development by way of absorbing labor resources, which, had they ended up outside of this sector, might have stayed out of business.

This article considers the background of state peasant reform, its ideological sources, and practical outcome. The Great Reforms are not described as a single act but as a long process reflecting the complex character of Russian modernisation. With reference to previously unstudied documents, both official and private, the author analyses Nicholas I’s policy regarding the peasant question. It was based on the principle of gradual social change and the rejection of a single abrupt abolition of serfdom. It also focused on laying the foundations for future emancipation. The committees of 6 December 1826 and 1828 maintained the idea of a complex reform based on transforming the management of state peasants through a gradual and controlled change of their status. The committee of 1835 also drafted a programme of changes in state-owned villages. The author regards the reform of state peasants as a comprehensive process reflecting the progressive character of the social and economic development of Russia: it was aimed at rationalising income-generating systems of land management and use, taxation, and the administration of state-owned villages. Despite the differences between the drafts worked out by the secret committees of 1826, 1828, and 1835, they can be characterised by certain similarities, i. e. their strategic aims (the strengthening of the Russian state). Thus, they included the development of the legal status of state peasants and state control of all the spheres of their lives. The article pays close attention to the model of the two-pronged reform formulated by M. M. Speransky and perfected by P. D. Kiselev. Although the methods proposed to solve the peasant question did not rely on the peasant population, they were aimed at eliminating the extreme features of serfdom, thus illustrating the desire of the autocratic government to nurture bourgeois social relations. The official reform of the agrarian sphere of the second half of the 1820s and the early 1830s was characterised by its consecutive incremental nature and the modernisation of the social structure and state management at the central and local levels., Рассматриваются предыстория реформы государственных крестьян, ее идейные истоки и практический результат. Великая реформа предстает не одномоментным актом, а длительным процессом, отражавшим сложный характер российской модернизации. Политика Николая I по крестьянскому вопросу представлена на основании анализа и введения в научный оборот важнейших источников официального и личного происхождения. Она базировалась на принципе постепенности социальных изменений и на отрицании единовременного и резкого уничтожения крепостного права, была направлена на подготовку условий для будущей эмансипации. В основе работы комитетов 6 декабря 1826 г. и 1828 г. была идея о двуединой реформе, идущей от преобразований устройства и управления государственными крестьянами к постепенному и контролируемому государством сближению с ними положения помещичьих поселян. Разработкой ее первой части, то есть программы преобразований в казенной деревне, занимался также Комитет 1835 г. Автор видит реформу государственных крестьян как целостный процесс, отражавший поступательный характер социально-экономического развития России и направленный на формирование рационализированных доходных систем землеустройства, землепользования, налогообложения, а также административного управления казенной деревней. При всех особенностях и отличительных чертах проектов реформы, разрабатываемых в секретных комитетах 1826, 1828, 1835 гг., прослеживается единство как их стратегической цели (укрепление российской государственности), так и тактических установок ее достижения. Они включали развитие правового статуса государственных крестьян, контроль со стороны государства над всеми сферами их жизни. Особое внимание уделено модели двуединой реформы, теоретически проработанной М. М. Сперанским и усовершенствованной П. Д. Киселевым. И хотя методы решения крестьянского вопроса в политике Николая I исключали опору на крестьянское население, тем не менее, она была направлена на уничтожение крайних черт крепостного права и олицетворяла стремление верховной власти к формированию буржуазных социальных отношений. Официальное реформаторство в аграрной сфере второй половины 1820-х – начала 1830-х гг. носило последовательный взаимосвязанный характер и являлось составной частью модернизации социального строя и государственного управления России центрального и местного уровня.

В статье рассматриваются гендерные различия в традиционной религиозной обрядности осетинского народа. Участие женщин в сакральных практиках намного значительнее, чем принято считать. Недооценка роли женщины в религиозной жизни общества обусловлена устоявшимися стереотипами, в основе которых лежит представление о том, что место женщины в этой сфере второстепенно и является всего лишь производной от мужской, главенствующей роли. Женская обрядность сопровождалась ритуальными действиями, содержание которых менялось в зависимости от аграрного календаря. Зимой и весной они были связаны с необходимостью уберечь нивы от оползней и наводнений, успешным прорастанием злаков, летом с просьбами к небесным силам уберечь нивы от града и засухи, а осенью с магическими действиями, направленными на сохранность урожая, защиту зерна от грызунов и червей. Женщина начинала участвовать в сакральных практиках уже в течение первого года после замужества. Молодая невестка в качестве субъекта обрядовых действий впервые выступала во время празднования Доныскъфн. Именно с этого дня молодая женщина формально допускалась в сакральную сферу своей новой семьи, а через нее и в религиозную жизнь всего сельского общества. В Осетии помимо ситуационной обрядности, вызываемой текущими проблемами (ливни, засуха), существовали ежегодные, имевшие строгие временные координаты, женские праздники. Среди последних наиболее известны Остлти кувд и Фыдуани. В основном женщины всегда находились в числе активных участников всех ритуалов, кроме тех, где участие мужчин было исключительным. Но даже в этом случае женщины вносят свой вклад в отправление обряда посредством выпекания ритуальных пирогов, приготовления хмельных напитков. Особенностью части обрядов аграрных верований с участием женщин была их эротическая составляющая. Это было обусловлено представлениями о плодовитости природы, которую необходимо стимулировать эротическими действиями. Рассмотренный в статье материал позволяет сделать вывод о том, что в осетинском обществе женская сакральность была объективной реальностью, при этом она отличалась от мужской, являясь ее ярким дополнением., Womens participation in sacred practices could have been much more significant than it is commonly believed. The underestimation of the role of women in the religious life of the society is due to the established stereotypes, which are based on the idea that the place of women in this area is secondary and subordinate to the dominant role of men. Female ritualism was accompanied by sacral actions the contents of which varied according to the agrarian calendar. During winter and spring they were related to the need to protect crop field from flow slides and floods, to provide successful seeds germination, in summer to request the heavenly host to protect crop fields from hail and drought, in autumn to provide magical actions, focused on keeping harvest in safety, protecting corn from rodents and worms. Woman would become involved in sacral practices during the first year after her marriage. As a participant of ritual actions a young wife appeared for the first time during the celebration of Donyskafan. From that day on young woman was allowed to sacral sphere of her new family, and through this sphere to the religious life of the whole rural community. Besides situational ritualism, caused by current problems (rainstorms, drought), annual female holidays existed in Ossetia. The most famous among them are Ostalty Kuvd and Fyduani. Mostly, women were important participants in rituals, except exclusively mens ceremonies. But even in these cases, women gave a boost in ceremonies by baking ritual pies, brewing hopped beverages. Rituals of agricultural beliefs were often accompanied by erotic actions, which in accordance with the ideas of the fertility of nature were supposed to stimulate it. The material of the article suggests that special female sacralization existed in the Ossetian society, which differed from the male sacralization, being its objective complement., №31(70) (2019)

Авторами статьи обобщается положительный опыт деятельности отечественных и зарубежных предприятий и образовательных организаций по формированию цифровых компетенций у молодежи. Дается характеристика современных трендов корпоративного обучения цифровым компетенциям. Определяется их соотношение с познавательно-поведенческими особенностями молодого поколения. Авторы выявляют наиболее эффективные способы формирования компетенций в сфере цифровых технологий в зависимости от психологических особенностей современной молодежи. Учитывая невозможность удовлетворения потребностей современного цифрового рынка труда только силами специализированных учреждений, приводятся предложения по организации цифровой среды для обучающихся в других образовательных организациях., The implementation of the policy of digitalization in the Russian Federation requires the higher school to develop new ways of organizing training for the new formation, and from the state - to take the necessary organizational and incentive measures for their early widespread implementation. This is due to the fact that it is the human resources potential, which has the necessary competencies in the conditions of constantly growing digitalization of all spheres of the economy, that can become the main source of growth in labor productivity and competitiveness of economic entities of Russia., Педагогическое образование в России, Issue № 6, Pages 24-29

The article is devoted to the study of contemporary problems of small business in agriculture and ways of overcoming them. On the basis of systematic analysis in the paper shows the importance of small businesses, it features in agriculture, investigated the factors inhibiting the establishment and development of small agrarian business, the reasons for their low efficiency. According to the results of the study suggested solutions to the identified problems.

The book “Agrarians, power, and the village: from past to present” by Alexander M. Nikulin (Publishing House “Delo”, Moscow, 2014) is notable for the fact that it examines the two hundred year history of interaction between the government and agrarian scientists. In particular, the author presents biographical information about such outstanding scientists as A.I. Vasilchikov, F.A. Shcherbina A.V. Chayanov, G.A. Studenskiy, L.N. Litoshenko, S.S. Maslov, P.A. Sorokin, A.D. Bilimovich, T.I. Zaslavskaya, and V.P. Danilov. The book cites little-known facts about the American experts who worked inRussia during the 1920‑1930’s, such as Harold Ware, Lement Harris and Thomas Campbell. A.M. Nikulin’s book sheds light on the long history of the Russian village and the relationship between the government and agrarian scientists. This publication is extremely relevant for the sake of revamping these relationships on a new foundation.

The concept of competitiveness and mechanisms of management of competitiveness of production is considered. Major factors of ensuring competitiveness of production of agrarian and industrial complex are allocated. The main problems of production of wheat in the Republic of Crimea making negative impact on the level of her competitiveness are revealed. The mechanism of management of competitiveness of production of agrarian and industrial complex is developed.

The rapid decrease in population, and then a production shutdown rural communities in Montenegro, primarily as a result of the lack of long-term policies for agricultural and rural. The socialist system is primarily running the ambitious project of transforming society, fundamentally shook former agrarian structure and traditional rural life. Industrialization, nationalization, colonization, collectivization, planning and directing the production, the basic measures that sought to overcome inherited the post-war situation. In order to fill out the demographic and serving the needs of industry, measured by the inadequate and democratic society rough forms of pressure on the peasantry. Individual farming industry ceases to be of special public interest, which is strongly influenced by the overall integrity of the village, rural society and the life of the farm. In such a balance of power, more economy stagnates and becomes insignificant part of the social structure, devoid of almost all influence in the social chain of action. The above changes have contributed to the short period of time Montenegro yarn path from a purely agrarian society to an urban partially developed as it is today. This paper presents a brief summary of the Montenegrin rural drama, where the end is not in sight.

Представлена информация о системной работе РГАУ – МСХА имени К.А. Тимирязева по подготовке высококвалифицированных кадров для российского АПК. Она включает: повышение престижности с. – х. образования, привлечение талантливых выпускников школ, помощь в трудоустройстве специалистов в крупнейших аграрных компаниях, соглашения с регионами, поддержка и развитие учебной и научной инфраструктуры академии., Information on the systematic work of Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy on training of highly qualified personnel for the Russian agroindustrial complex is presented. It includes: increasing the prestige of agricultural education, attracting talented graduates, assistance in employment of specialists in major agricultural companies, agreements with the regions, support and development of educational and scientific infrastructure of the Academy., №5 (2018)

Воронежская губерния в начале ХХ в. относилась к типичным аграрным регионам Российской империи, с преобладавшим сельским населением. Подавляющее большинство жителей деревни составляло крестьянство. К концу XIX в. в ней стала ощущаться аграрная перенаселенность, что являлось следствием слабой степени урбанизации территории, отсутствием крупных промышленных центров. Социально-экономический кризис начала в. не смог обойти стороной и Воронежскую губернию. С началом реализации столыпинской аграрной реформы из Воронежской губернии усилился миграционный поток, но естественный прирост населения оставался стабильно высоким. Этот факт говорил об усилении кризисных явлений в трудовой занятости жителей и, в первую очередь, местного крестьянства. Для изучения причин роста населения рассмотрена демографическая модель поведения населения, степень ее воздействия на социум и экономику региона. Для изучения были выбраны несколько уездов Воронежской губернии, а в качестве конкретных примеров в рамках уездов были выбраны наиболее типичные населенные пункты, встречавшиеся в исследуемой губернии. Основным источником исследования стали опубликованные статистические сборники и первичные архивные материалы — метрические книги. В них были зафиксированы основные демографические показатели (брачность, рождаемость, смертность, естественный прирост населения), анализ которых мог дать объективный ответ. В результате исследования было обнаружено, что естественный прирост обеспечивался снижением смертности при сохранении традиционной рождаемости. Таким образом, можно утверждать, что зафиксирована начальная стадия демографического перехода местного населения в начале ХХ в. в Воронежской губернии. Voronezh province at the beginning of the twentieth century belonged to the typical agrarian regions of the Russian Empire with a predominantly rural population. The overwhelming majority of the villagers were peasants. By the end of the XIX century there was an agrarian overpopulation, which was the result of a weak degree of urbanization of the territory and the absence of large industrial centers. The social-economic crisis of the early twentieth century did not pass Voronezh province. Because of the implementation of the Stolypin agrarian reform the migration flow increased from Voronezh province, but the natural increase in the population remained stably high. This led to the intensification of the crisis phenomena in the employment of the inhabitants and, primarily, of the local peasantry. To study the reasons for population growth, it was necessary to consider the demographic model of the population’s behavior, the degree of its impact on the society and the economy of the region. For this study, several counties of Voronezh province were chosen, and as specific examples within the counties the most typical settlements were selected. The main source of research was statistical collections and primary archival materials, that is, metric books. They recorded the main demographic indicators (marriages, fertility, mortality, natural population growth) the analysis of which could give an objective response. As a result of the study, it was found that the natural increase was provided by a decrease in mortality with the preservation of the traditional birth rate. Thus, it can be argued about the initial stage of the demographic transition recorded by the local population at the beginning of the 20th century in Voronezh province.

Статья посвящена проблемам и особенностям становления земледелия в Туве русскими крестьянами, которые не просто принялись массово переселяться в регион с конца XIX века и стали осваивать территорию, но и привнесли сюда новую хозяйственную культуру.В исторической литературе встречаются утверждения, что в Туву переселялись преимущественно зажиточные крестьяне — кулаки. Однако работы исследователей-историков, а также архивные документы, полевые материалы историков и этнографов и воспоминания старожилов не подтверждают этого. В основном это были бедные крестьяне, которые могли стать зажиточными. Обосновавшись на постоянное жительство в Туве, русские земледельцы оказались в стране, где коренное население вело совершенно иной образ жизни — кочевой — и земледелием почти не занималось. Поэтому происходила встреча двух совершенно разных типов хозяйствования и землепользования. Выявилась культурно-хозяйственная разнонаправленность: природосберегающая этика коренного кочевого населения и природопользовательская, природопреобразующая деятельность крестьян-земледельцев. Два образа жизни были настолько разными, что говорить о тесных экономических контактах и культурном взаимодействии в начале совместного проживания русских крестьян и тувинцев едва ли возможно. Какое-то время, это больше напоминало существование двух параллельных миров.Русским переселенцам в Туве удалось оптимизировать свои трудовые навыки, успешно адаптироваться. В хозяйственный оборот их усилиями были введены тысячи десятин земли. В Туве появились новые, ранее неизвестные здесь сельскохозяйственные орудия труда: плуг, борона, жатки, веялки и т. д., которые постепенно начали использоваться и тувинским населением. Была создана новая, несколько отличающаяся от прежних мест проживания система хозяйствования, которая оказалась адекватной местным природно-климатическим условиям.В целом русская аграрная колонизация не обостряла земельный вопрос в Туве, так как для переселенцев и коренного населения были характерны разные хозяйственные стратегии, и пришлое население постепенно приспособило свою хозяйственную деятельность к этим различиям.В качестве источников автор использовал воспоминания русских старожилов Тувы, в разное время собранные и опубликованные материалы о жизни русских в Туве, а также материалы материалы архивных документов (Государственного архива Республики Тыва, Государственного архива Красноярского края, Научного архива Тувинского института гуманитарных исследований), работы путешественников конца XIX — начала ХХ в.

The article analyses the research of the electoral situation inRussiaduring free democratic elections to the Constituent Assambly, conducted by Marxist sociologist oflawI. Chernyshev in 1905. Based on the basic principles of universal suffrage, the author described the structure and social class segmentation of the electorate of the country based on the analysis of statistical data of the first nationwide census in 1897. He concluded that the fate of the future constitutional development of the country would be determined by the agrarian petty-bourgeois and not proletarian political parties. The practice of holding elections to the Constituent Assembly of Russia in 1917 confirmed the objectivity of the electoral forecast by I. Chernyshev.

In article theoretical aspects of formation of interaction of agrarian business and the state are considered. With use of process and system approach in article the essence and content of interaction of agrarian business and the state are defined. It is shown that the main participants of interaction are agrarian enterprise structures of various forms of ownership and managing, and also their association and bodies executive, legislature, the public and municipal administration, control and supervising and fiscal authorities. Proceeding from the legal, social and economic functions realized by agrarian business and the state main objectives and problems of formation of system of interaction which can form a basis for improvement of motivational mechanisms of creation of partnership are defined.

In article the directions of state regulation and support of agricultural industry of the areas of Central Black Earth Region are analyzed. The main program actions for development of industries of crop production and livestock production are considered. An assessment is given to development of agrarian sector of economy which substantially provides food independence of the country. Need of the state support of agrarian sector by means of budget financing is proved.

The article presents the results of study of problems related to the implementation of organizational and economic innovations to management process of organizations and institutions of tagricultural higher education system. The relevance of this issue is determined by the accumulation of significant changes and transformations in agricultural production of modern Russia. Despite significant improvements in social, economic and technological components of the Russian agro-industrial complex, the system of agricultural higher education remains quite conservative. During the research work was used a wide range of general and concrete scientific methods (analysis, synthesis, deduction, system approach, modeling, abstraction), as well as essential information base presented by the works of Russian and foreign scientists. The result of the research is the grounding of methodological bases of formation and development of agricultural higher education regional innovation and integrated management systems.

The article provides an overview of some of the historical stages of the development of ideas about the protection of plants, modern complexity of the situation in connection with the reduction of the availability of fertile soils and the need to shift from extensive to intensive crop production. Discussed the search for the genetic mechanisms of plant resistance to adverse abiotic and biotic environmental factors and trends, based on fundamental studies of the natural protection mechanisms of multicellular organisms, in particular viral infections.

Мы предлагаем целостную систему для анализа, оценки и улучшения экологического менеджмента, используя "аграрный сектор" в качестве примера. Она включает в себя междисциплинарный подход (экономика, организация, право, социология, экология, технология, поведенческие и политические науки) и включает в себя: уточнение управленческих субъектов, потребностей и спектра регулирующих режимов (институциональной среды, частных, коллективных, рыночных, общественных режимов) на различных уровнях принятия решений (индивидуальных, фермы, эко-системы, на местном, региональном, национальном, транснациональном, глобальном); Спецификация критических социально-экономических, природных, технологических, поведенческих и т.д. факторов управленческого выбора, и возможный спектр управленческих форм; определения и оценки сравнительной и абсолютной эффективности форм экологического менеджмента и системы; совершенствование форм государственного вмешательства в эко-менеджмент., We suggest a holistic framework for analyzing, assessment and improvement of environmental management using "agrarian sector" as an example. It incorporates an interdisciplinary approach (Economics, Organization, Law, Sociology, Ecology, Technology, Behavioral and Political Sciences) and includes: specification of managerial actors, needs and spectrum of governing modes (institutional environment; private, collective, market, public modes) at different level of decision-making (individual, farm, eco-system, local, regional, national, transnational, global); specification of critical socio-economic, natural, technological, behavioral etc. factors of managerial choice, and feasible spectrum of managerial forms; defining and assessing comparative and absolute efficiency of eco-management forms and system; improvement of forms of public intervention in eco-management.

A system of factors that affect the formation of labor resources is considered. At present, quite unrelated indicators that reflect individual aspects of the labor potential are used to characterize labor efficiency. In new economic environment, it is necessary to elaborate a system of indicators that would more fully reflect the use of labor. Keywords: labor resources, efficiency, competitive labor compensation, nominal compensation, criterion, labor productivity, demography UDC 331.53:631 DOI 10.12737/4143 INTRODUCTION The reorganization of ownership patterns and the formation of a mixed economy in the agrarian sector require adequate changes in labor relations. An important cause of the production decline in the agrarian sector was the inability of the rural population to adapt to market conditions due to its specific mentality. The substantial drop in overall production and the deterioration of the demographic situation have led to a decrease in the absolute number of employees and, what is more important, to changes in their qualitative composition. In our opinion, an increase in the performance of the agrarian industry is primarily determined by the availability of highly professional and economically competent human resources who are able to use new technologies in production. We see a decrease in real labor compensations of agricultural producers, late payments, unpaid vacations, dismissals, and reduced productivity and labor motivation. The goal is to propose and substantiate a system of labor-forming factors and to assess the efficiency of labor. The development of market mechanisms in the agrarian sector in the absence of efficient state incentives for agricultural producers has led to deterioration in socioeconomic conditions in the industry and in rural communities as a whole. Thus, it is necessary to analyze in detail the existing situation and to elaborate measures of increasing efficiency in the use of labor. Market relations introduce changes to the organization, distribution, and use of labor, which manifest themselves in different ways in agricultural businesses of different forms of incorporation. At present, agricultural production practices require new approaches to make the use of labor efficient. We used data of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service and the Kemerovo oblast territorial statistics body for our analysis. The paper employs the following methods: - economic–statistical; - monographic; and - abstract–logical [8].

The ecological compatibility of plant cultivation technologies involves the ecological management not only in the agrocenosis, but also in adjacent to them nature stations constituent the agrolandscapes. Phytosanitarian situation in modern agroecosystems of Western Siberia requires a stabilization on two the most numerous and harmful ecological groups of damaging organisms — soil-inhabiting or root-tuberous, and surface-inhabiting or leaf-stem. In the forest-steppe zone of Novosibirsk oblast’ and Altai the authors estimated a phytosanitarian state of the plants and a soil in the conditions of factory farms. It was shown, that the mechanisms of realization of biological variety creation considerably differ for ecological groups of soil-born and air-born harmful or-ganisms. For soil-born species it is effectively to create a biological variety in time by alternation of crops in rotations, and for air-born — mosaic distribution of different plant species in space. Keywords: agrarian landscape, crop rotation, phytosanitary predecessor, crops’ mixture, biological variety, plant protection.

В процессе становления национального сознания любого народа доминирующую роль играют специфические условия его социально-экономического, общественного и государственно-политического развития, в ходе которого складываются традиции, обычаи, культура, а также мифы, образы и стереотипы, присущие только ему и отличавшие его от всех других народов. Национальные мифы, образы и стереотипы придают значимость событиям повседневной жизни. Они способны оказывать влияние на действия людей, на их социальное и политическое поведение, сыграть роль элемента, вокруг которого могут объединиться какие-либо социальные группы и силы. The process of formation of national consciousness of any nation is dominated by the unique conditions of its socio-economic, social and political development, during which traditions, customs, culture as well as myths, images and stereotypes are created as specific features of the nation differenciating it from other nations. National myths, images and stereotypes give prominance to the events of everyday life. They can influence people’s actions, their social and political behavior; they can play the role of an element around which some social groups and forces may unite.

The review covers the analysis of our own and published data pertaining to population and genetic consequences in various mammalian species under conditions of high levels of ionizing radiation as a result of the Chernobyl accident. The findings indicate that these conditions have promoted the reproduction of hetero-zygotes in polyloci spectra of molecular genetic markers and animals with a relatively increased stability of the chromosomal apparatus. The prospects of using the reproductive “success” of the carriers of these characteristics as an integral indicator of the selective influence of environmental stress factors are discussed.KEYWORDS ionizing radiation; molecular genetic markers; reproductive ”success”; cytogenetic anomalies; eco-logical stress.INTRODUCTIONIt has been 26 years since the largest technogenic ca-tastrophe of the 20 th century – the chernobyl disas-ter – which highlighted many of the global issues fac-ing industrial and post-industrial societies. From the point of view of a systemic-evolutionary approach, the processes of anthropogenesis and sociogenesis are the results of employing unique strategies of survival pertaining exclusively to Homo sapiens, whose core el-ements include the simultaneous combination of bio-logical, socio-cultural and technological adaptations. the chernobyl accident revealed the incompatibility of these elements. technological adaptation being the most mobile of the listed adaptations, it determines the general direction of the history of humankind. Domes-tication of plants and animals as a condition of the tran-sition to sedentary life characterized the first phase of the formation of the agrarian civilization and, hence, the creation of novel technologies capable of adapting to dynamic environmental factors. culture itself (in-cluding the production culture) must play a major role in the coordination of all three components of the adap-tive strategy. the chernobyl accident and the attitude towards its consequences and the consequences of nu-merous technogenic accidents and disasters of the 20