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Background. The article is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the birth of Nina Fedorovna Talyzina (1923–2018) — a famous Russian (Soviet) psychologist, specialist in the field of didactics and psychology of teaching and learning, one of the students and followers of P.Y. Galperin, author of the activity theory of learning, creator of the Department of Pedagogy and Educational Psychology at the Faculty of Psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University Objectives. The focus of the article is on the restoration of the scientific biography of N.F. Talyzina as well as on the identification of the main directions of research carried out under her leadership and with her direct participation. Methods. In this historical and psychological research, the oral and written speeches of N.F. Talyzina, as well as biographical and archival materials were analysed. Results. The article presents the main stages of the scientific biography of N.F. Talyzina. N.F. Talyzina completed her Cand. Sci. (Psychology) thesis on the topic “Inferences in solving geometric problems” under the supervision of P.A. Shevarev at the graduate school of the Research Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the RSFSR (now PI RAO). After defending the thesis in 1950 she began working at Moscow University. At Lomonosov Moscow State University N.F. Talyzina made her way from assistant (1950-1952), senior lecturer (1952–1960), associate professor (1960–1963) of the Department of Psychology of the Faculty of Philosophy to the head of the Department of Pedagogy of Humanities Faculties (1963–1966), and then head of the Department of Pedagogy and Educational Psychology (1966–1995) of the Faculty of Psychology created in 1966. In 1970, N.F. Talyzina defended her doctoral dissertation on the topic “Psychological foundations of managing knowledge acquisition.” In 1989, on the initiative of N.F. Talyzina a Training Center for retraining university employees in the field of psychological and pedagogical foundations of the educational process in higher education at the Faculty of Psychology of Lomonosov Moscow State University was created. In 1995 N.F. Talyzina left the post of the head of the department and for 20 years until 2015 she remained a professor at the above-mentioned Training Center. From 2015 until the end of her life N.F. Talyzina was a leading researcher at the Laboratory of Educational Psychology at the Department of Psychology of Education and Pedagogy. Conclusions. The ideas about the controlled formation of concepts developed by N.F. Talyzina not only received experimental testing, but were also used in organizing school and vocational instruction.

Background. The article discusses the issue of the psychological foundations of the content and methods of school teaching on the example of a mathematics course at primary school. Objectives. The study focuses on the pedagogical and psychological analysis of Ya.I. Abramson’s programme in mathematics, based on the theory of the gradual formation of mental actions and concepts by P.Ya. Galperin. Methods. Theoretical analysis of publications reflecting the results of using the author’s mathematics programme in school practice. Results. Based on L.S. Vygotsky’s ideas about the relationship between learning and mental development and the theory of the gradual formation of mental actions and concepts by P.Ya. Galperin, a scientific and psychological substantiation of Ya.I. Abramson’s original programme in mathematics for teaching primary schoolchildren is provided. The research also provides a brief description of the programme followed by a psychological analysis of the results of testing in Moscow schools. This educational programme has been shown to be highly effective. Conclusions. The data obtained serve as practical confirmation of the effectiveness of training based on the third type of orientation and learning in the theory of P.Ya. Galperin. In addition, they clearly demonstrate the correctness of P.Ya. Galperin’s position on the need to highlight the subject matter of the area being studied from the first steps of school education, which, in turn, once again illustrates the heuristic potential of P.Ya. Galperin’s general psychological theory and the possibility of its application to various areas of social practice, primarily in solving educational problems.

Introduction. One of the most well-known theories that allows us to study the process of structuring a concept in the mind of a student is the APOS theory, specially created for the study of mental processes in mathematical education and worthy of application in other disciplines. Despite numerous studies on methods of teaching mathematics, in recent years there have been few publications on the problem of students’ understanding of mathematical concepts; there are practically no works devoted to the study of the formation of mental structures in the course of students’ assimilation of mathematical concepts. The aim of the article is to analyze the process of mastering mathematical concepts using the example of trigonometric functions and present the results of the study in accordance with the stages of the APOS theory. Materials and Methods. The study sample included 102 first-year students of the Institute of Construction Engineering under Kazan State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. The APOS theory was used to study students' perception of mathematical concepts, which allowed us to see the details of mathematical concepts formation at each stage of the APOS theory, as well as to identify characteristic errors and classify them. The empirical basis of the study includes the results of a written survey conducted among students. The quantitative characteristics of each stage of APOS were compared. Results. The effectiveness of the application of the APOS theory was shown, a questionnaire was developed which allowed studying the process of mathematical concept structurization in the student's mind. Within the APOS theory framework, differences in levels of understanding of trigonometry were identified, which allowed for the classification of errors made by students. It was found that most of the students who participated in the experiment made conceptual errors in learning the concept of function. The results demonstrated the importance of investigating the mental structures that emerge during the cognitive process to determine the intellectual reserves of learners. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study contribute to the development of scientific understanding of the process of structuring mathematical concepts in the minds of learners and methods for studying the mental structures of abstract concepts. The materials will be useful for university teachers, school teachers in the development of mathematics, as well as in the study of other disciplines.

Public administration in the field of healthcare is carried out using certain tools (methods, techniques, operations, algorithms of actions, procedures and techniques of action, management technologies, communication strategies, etc.). The composition of the mechanisms of public administration in the sphere of healthcare is proposed, which is determined by the results of the analysis of the content and results of the medical reform in Ukraine. The aim (purpose of application), features of action, limitations and degree of completeness of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine are considered. Further improvement of public administration in the field of healthcare in Ukraine lies in the plane of system creation of its instrumental base. The system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare is a set of various mechanisms, the simultaneous action of which in terms of interconnection and interdependence allows to ensure high-quality public administration in the most important socioeconomic sector of the country, which is healthcare. The features of the system of mechanisms of public administration in the sphere of healthcare are characterized. The formation of a system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine should have a fundamental basis, which is formed in the form of appropriate conceptual foundations. The conceptual foundations of the formation of the system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine contain a set of attitudes, principles, provisions, guidelines and vectors of action of state institutions, combined into constructs, the reliance on which will allow the formation of such a really effective system. The creation of a system of public administration mechanisms in the field of healthcare in Ukraine is important for improving the quality of public administration, and therefore great attention should be paid to this process.

The development of European integration processes leads to the emergence of new opportunities for improving the functioning of domestic enterprises. That increases competition not only in foreign, but also in domestic markets. This necessitates the need to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the functioning of domestic enterprises, and requires, first of all, the improvement of their management system. International experience shows that one of the key directions in the context of the above is the application of a process approach to activity management. This requires managers of all levels in the enterprise to understand the provisions of the theory of this approach and the algorithm of actions regarding its practical application. The results of studying the scientific literature indicate that the theory of the process approach to the management of the enterprise's activities has been developed quite widely. At the same time, there are currently no unified approaches to the interpretation of even the basic concepts of this theory - process, business process. It was established that the wording of the mentioned concepts is incomplete, they contain provisions regarding their individual aspects or properties. What makes it impossible to develop an effective approach to improving the company's management system and practically implement it. Based on the results of a categorical analysis of scientific works and the provisions of international and domestic ISO standards regarding the essence of the concepts "process" and "business process", the key features of these concepts were determined. By synthesizing these features, taking into account the connections between them, the author's definition of these concepts was formed. Compared to the positions available in the scientific literature, the proposed formulations are complete, reflect all the key aspects of the studied concepts and make it possible to form an effective approach to the management of the enterprise's activities. It was established that the process contains not one, but three consecutively executed stages, which ensures the existence of the process and connections between the processes. A business process as a type of process has three key features: controllability, repeatability and flexibility. Thanks to these properties, the business process fulfills its role in the system (enterprise). Business processes within the system are interconnected and are aimed at achieving the general goals of the system (enterprise) through the achievement of the goals set for them.

The Meaning and Functions of Textual Exemplifications in a Dialect Dictionary The article presents the expediency of using different types and methods of interpreting words and emphasises the importance of exemplifications in dialect lexicography. The practice of publishing thematic dictionaries has shown that in the case of dialect dictionaries of the differential type there is a need to use extensive text, that is, exemplification, which is linguistically interpreted as clarification of the meaning of a word by way of examples. In dialect dictionaries, exemplification is of particular importance as it complements and expands the set of ways of conveying the meaning of a word already known in lexicography, such as interpretation through the description of an object or its part; interpretation through concepts; interpretation through the selection of a literary counterpart (translation from another language); interpretation through the selection of synonyms or antonyms, etc. The interpretation of the lexeme through the text is superimposed on one of the ways of explaining the meaning used in the dictionary article. Exemplification is considered to be a cultural phenomenon that has its own unique semantics, created by accumulating ritual terms, phraseological units, verbs with magical meaning, names of household items. In ritual texts, these are also nominations that specify the plan of the text in terms of realia, action, agentivity, time and space. The semantic centre of such texts are the names of rituals and their attributes, the names of magical actions, etc. Znaczenie i funkcje przykładów tekstowych w słowniku gwarowym Artykuł omawia celowość stosowania różnych rodzajów i metod interpretacji wyrazów oraz podkreśla znaczenie egzemplifikacji w leksykografii gwarowej. Praktyka wydawania słowników tematycznych pokazuje, że w słownikach gwarowych typu dyferencyjnego zachodzi potrzeba posługiwania się obszernym tekstem, czyli egzemplifikacją, co w językoznawstwie interpretowane jest jako wyjaśnianie znaczenia wyrazu za pomocą przykładów. W słownikach gwarowych egzemplifikacja nabiera szczególnego znaczenia, gdyż uzupełnia i poszerza znany już w leksykografii zestaw sposobów oddawania znaczenia wyrazu takich jak: interpretacja poprzez opis przedmiotu lub jego części; interpretacja poprzez pojęcia; interpretacja poprzez wybór odpowiednika literackiego (przekład z innego języka); interpretacja poprzez wybór synonimów lub antonimów itp. Na jeden ze sposobów wyjaśniania znaczenia zastosowany w artykule słownikowym nakłada się interpretacja leksemu poprzez tekst. Egzemplifikacja jest uważana za zjawisko kulturowe, które ma swoją własną, unikalną semantykę tworzoną przez nagromadzenie terminów rytualnych, frazeologizmów, czasowników o znaczeniu magicznym, nazw przedmiotów użytku domowego. W tekstach obrzędowych są to również nominacje określające plan tekstu pod względem realemów, akcji, agentywności, czasu i przestrzeni. Centrum semantyczne takich tekstów stanowią nazwy obrzędów i ich atrybutów, nazwy czynności magicznych itp.

Every time you watch a soap opera, a documentary dies,” says a character in the Italian comedy “Tuttelovogliono” (2015). The context in which this character makes the statement highlights the educational role of documentaries, compared to the first genre of film production. But first of all, what is a documentary? The special nature of this kind of film in general, as well as the use of photographic images and sound recordings in particular, have proven difficult to conceptualize by reference to the distinction fiction film/non-fiction film. There is also terminological confusion caused by different uses of the term “documentary” and the phrase “non-fiction film”. “Latosensu”, we can attest to instructional non-fiction films, product promotion films, historical documentaries or biographical films.

Сегодня имя драматурга Николая Робертовича Эрдмана широко известно в мировом театральном пространстве прежде всего как имя автора двух пьес для драматического театра «Мандат» и «Самоубийца». Написанные в 1925 и 1928 гг., они получили самую высокую оценку деятелей отечественного театра, но были запрещены Главным репертуарным комитетом в начале 1930-х гг. и только в конце 1980-х гг. опубликованы на родине автора. С той поры они преимущественно и являются объектом внимания отечественных литературоведов. О произведениях, созданных Н. Эрдманом в разные годы с соавторами, в том числе для музыкальных театров, мало кто знает. Они большей частью не изданы, и вследствие этого не попадали в поле зрения исследователей. До сих пор не опубликованный текст пьесы В. Масса и Н. Эрдмана на музыку оперетты Ж. Оффенбаха «Орфей в аду» впервые стал предметом литературоведческого исследования. История Орфея и Эвридики издавна интересовала композиторов, художников, но первыми в явно комической разработке представили ее композитор Ж. Оффенбах и его либреттисты. В травестировании главных персонажей древней истории, ее сюжетных ситуаций французские авторы середины XIX в. были сосредоточены на морально-бытовых сторонах частной жизни высоких персон. Создавая свой текст на музыку Ж. Оффенбаха, русские драматурги развивали ее травестийную выразительность в диалогах драматического действия и представляли в комической истории героев с мифологическими именами нарастающие тенденции мировой политической реальности рубежа 1920–30-х гг. Приведенный материал позволяет предположить в опыте пьесы В. Масса и Н. Эрдмана для музыкального театра «Орфей в аду» разработку известного сюжета по линии условно-метафорической линии отечественной эпической драмы, начатую «Мистерией-буфф» В. Маяковского (1918), получившую развитие в 1930–40-х гг. в пьесах-сказках Е. Шварца, в 1970–80-х гг. – в «комических фантазиях» Г. Горина и др.

Актуальность работы обусловлена необходимостью изучения в полном объеме творческого наследия Н. Эрдмана – драматурга с мировой славой. Впервые исследуется неопубликованный текст «представления в одном акте» «Телемах», созданный с участием Н. Эрдмана. Цель – выявление особенностей организации действия пьесы, выразительных возможностей комического, актуализирующих проблемы советского социума на рубеже 1920–1930-х гг. Материал исследования – текст пьесы В. Масса и Н. Эрдмана «Телемах» в соотношении с обозрением «Одиссея» этих же авторов изучался с опорой на возможности таких литературоведческих методов, как типологический, сравнительно-исторический, историко-функциональный. Анализ пьесы «Телемах» в контексте обозрения «Одиссея» обнаруживает травестийную разработку авторами не только фрагмента гомеровской истории, на что указывает название, но также истории выбора жениха в варианте гоголевской «Женитьбы» как известных культурных моделей. Персонажи пьесы с античными именами говорят в «Телемахе» гекзаметром. Тем острее и очевиднее в действиях главного героя, в речевом оформлении его требований, в средствах достижения цели проявление отечественной социально-политической реальности рубежа 1920–30-х гг. Травестирование фрагментов гомеровской поэмы позволяет острее представить процессы, происходившие в современном авторам социуме. Драматическое действие пьесы 1930 г. обнажает безудержное стремление героя командовать, подчинять других, определять события в выгодном для себя направлении. В результате приватное преобразуется в государственное, личное – в идеологическое, уничтожаются основания для создания семьи и нормального существования людей. Анализ поведения персонажей и событий в действии пьесы «Телемах» представляет процесс утверждения правителя авторитарного типа. Последовательная разработка, трансформация-травестия фрагментов сюжета гомеровской поэмы в «Одиссее», «Телемахе» и др. произведениях В. Масса и Н. Эрдмана конца 1920-х – в начале 1930-х гг. позволяет видеть этих авторов в числе первых создателей эпической драмы условно-метафорического направления.

The modernization of the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova has brought with it several legislative innovations, among which is the Pauline action (revocation). The scope of Pauline’s action covers, in principle, all civil legal acts, regardless of the category to which they belong. From a practical point of view, the determination of the Pauline action’s application scope relies in the identification of exceptions to the general rule. The revocation action’s application scope has limitations resulting from the methods and forms of defense of subjective civil rights and the competition between these methods. The object of the Pauline action can be only a valid and efficient legal act, which means that if there are grounds for nullity or inefficiency, applicable will be the methods of finding or declaring nullity, finding inefficiency, finding simulation. From the perspective of determining the Pauline action’s application scope, it is relevant to address certain legal acts or facts that provoke doctrinal controversy - declaring the unenforceability of a payment made in the benefit of the creditor by the debtor; the possibility of challenging the court decision by prejudiced creditors through a Pauline action as a result of the debtor’s fraudulent procedural behavior. The institution of Pauline action holds sufficient “elasticity” to ensure a veritable protection against various fraudulent legal acts to which the debtor may resort to.

This article is a review of Jiř ubrts book The Sociology of Time: A Critical Overview (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan/Springer; 2021. 283 p.). The author places this work in a broader context of previous books by ubrt in order to show that all these publications analyze the past and contemporary sociological theories, and focus on historical sociology and the conception of sociology as a science on social processes. ubrt considers time in the context of the long-term development of knowledge, in which efforts have been made to control and master it. He also conducts a critical analysis of the views of previous generations of sociologists who developed ideas about the nature and functions of time. ubrt examines different fields of the so-called sociology of time; however, his main interest is the temporalized sociology such as theories of Niklas Luhmann and Anthony Giddens, but especially the conceptions in the field of historical comparative sociology, which combine the object of sociological research with long-term historical processes. According to ubrt, the basic aspect of time that should be decisive for sociology is its irreversibility associated with the idea of an open future.

Among the most peculiar traits of Kant’s critical philosophy is the contention that, while we can know our moral maxims and can thus reflect on our actions from a moral point of view, we cannot really know whether in a given situation our actions are actually motivated by those maxims. This means that, although we have a firm sense of our moral duties, we can never be certain whether some particular action of ours is done from duty or simply in accordance with it. This view is voiced in several of Kant’s writings. Most prominent is its appearance in the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, but we also find it in Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason and in The Metaphysics of Morals, and it is even present in smaller writings such as “On a Miscarriage of all Philosophical Trials in Theodicy” or “On the Common Saying: That may be correct in theory, but is of no use in practice”. It is against this background that I revisit Kant’s remarks on the lack of self-knowledge regarding the motives of our proper actions. I suggest a reading of Kant’s views on this issue in the light of a tradition reaching back to Plato, in which man’s (moral) self-relation is shaped in an irreducible way by both self-consciousness and self-ignorance.

The study of the universal semantic types of repetition - multiplicative, distributive, iterative on the material of the Ossetian language reveals significant discrepancies in the designation of aspectual-actional features of the course of action in mono- and polytemporal plans, especially iteration, which is, in contrast to the Russian language, in the sphere of action of a separate grammatical categories of multiplicity, and proves that different interpretations of the same objective entities by speakers of different languages is the most important characteristic of the linguistic picture of the world, which noticeably distinguishes even related languages.

This article aims to determine the effect of liquid waste, knowledge, and community actions on Tapin River pollution in Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan Province, and river management strategies to reduce Tapin River pollution that can be done by improving actions. This study uses quantitative research and qualitative research using a cross-sectional. Collecting data using a questionnaire that was analyzed using the Regression test. The results showed that waste, liquid waste, knowledge, and community actions in maintaining river cleanliness had a significant effect on Tapin river pollution in Tapin Regency, South Kalimantan Province (Fcount(220.431) > Ftable (2.720) or Sig.=0.000 ttable (1.664) or sig = 0.009 t table (1,664) or sig = 0.000 t table (1.664) or sig=0.000

This study’s point of departure is a question: given that the Old Testament God so categorically prohibits all images, why is His Word, i.e., the Bible, so full of visions and visual imagery? In this paper, the issue is discussed in terms of a distinction between the visual, broadly understood, and the pictorial, relating in a narrow sense to graphic artefacts. I argue that mental images are distinct from and, in a sense, superior to pictures. The latter are contrasted with an ‘enhanced’ visual imagery that includes sensory and motor images as well. Holistic units of these ‘enhanced’ visual memories are termed as ‘image-experiences’. The first and most important quality of the ‘enhanced vision’ is its spatial character, which can even predetermine the emotional key of the response. This is particularly the case with ‘limitless’ natural spaces, such as the sea, the skies, or mountainous landscapes. The complex structure of the natural sublime and its affinity with divine imagery is discussed using the concrete example of the modern European aesthetics of mountains in its historical evolution. Then the paper turns to the hierotopic approach, according to which the spatial experience of religious imagery emerges from organized ensembles of sacred objects and symbolic pointers, conceptualised as spatial icons. Another important quality of the enhanced visual is in its organic link with movement and action. Image-experiences are lived through rather than passively watched. Calvinist visual theology provides a remarkable example of an iconoclast ideology, which explicitly supports the ‘enhanced visual’ and shows a way to develop it into a form of understanding and transforming the world. The motional/actional aspects of the ‘enhanced’ visual are further discussed in terms of a hierarchical model of motion control proposed by Nikolai Bernstein in which two kinds of spaces are defined: first, space as a geometric medium of locomotion defined by delimiting surfaces and dynamic constraints; secondly, spaces of purposeful tool-mediated activity as collections of meaningful objects. Our human talent for identifying things by unclear or incomplete features is instrumental to our ability to recognize objects in drawings and photographs. The Bernsteinian system helps to explain why the perception of 2D images is dominated by object-oriented parsing. Hence, there is a danger that the response to pictures be reduced to subject-object interaction in which many important holistic qualities of the enhanced visual would be lost. Hierotopic creativity – the construction of sacred spaces – can be seen as a strategy to mitigate these dangers by integrating image-pictures into higher-level spatial constructs of enhanced visuality.

The genesis of time is explained in the spirit of constructivism combined with the activity approach to cognition. The cardinal temporal categories of present, past, and future are dis­cussed in terms of action-thoughts understood as elementary units of activity whose structure is determined by linguistic semiosis. Husserl’s tripartite model of the phenomenology of time (prime perception, retention, protention) is applied to the analysis of the subject’s experience of his actions. It is demonstrated that, while our lived present is composed of the actually per­formed actions, our past and future are constructed by reflexive action-thoughts in the cogni­tive domain of language. It is emphasized that the construction of a temporal sequence that unites what is and what already or still is not, is possible only in linguistic semiosis. The analogy with Husserl’s tripartite structure of the time-consciousness flow helps elucidate the triad ‘present-past-future’ as an instance of the epistemological trap of language: ‘past’ and ‘future’ are mental constructs that belong to the present just as any other act of thinking.

Anarchist teachings have become popular in the modern world. Due to this fact, it is necessary to examine the history of this movement, because many important anarchists of the past are hardly known today. This article focuses on the ideas of Lev Chernyi (Pavel Dmitrievich Turchaninov), who was a Russian anarchist in the early 20th century. The author analyzes his program work “A New Direction in Anarchism: Associational Anarchism”, first published in 1907. The goal of the analysis is to introduce Chernyi not only as a dedicated anarchist, but also as a social scientist, familiar with the traditions of European sociology. Such a perspective is possible due to the terminology used by Turchaninov. In particular, the Russian anarchist divides social sciences into sociology and sociometry, defining the subject area for each field of knowledge. To reach the goal, it is necessary to answer several key questions of social sciences, namely, how Chernyi explains action, social order and social changes. The author claims that answers to these questions very well might be found in the work of Turchaninov. The conclusion is that Chernyi’s ideas are interesting not only for researchers of anarchism, but also for social scientists and philosophers, since Turchaninov has several concepts similar to the ideas of the classics of sociological thought.

Рассматривается вопрос целеполагания в обучении иностранному языку. Актуальность данной проблемы заключается в возрастающем требовании к обучению иностранному языку как средству межкультурной межличностной и профессиональной коммуникации. Сегодня развитие рынка труда обусловливает необходимость непрерывного образования (life-long learning), в том числе и языкового. Навык целеполагания является одним из основополагающих в парадигме обучения на протяжении всей жизни. Приведены определения понятия «цель» с точки зрения таких научных областей, как философия, психология и педагогика. Рассмотрено понятие и этапы процесса целеполагания на примере курса «Иностранный язык» у обучающихся среднего профессионального образования. Навык целеполагания следует развивать с момента начала обучения. Знание внутренней структуры процесса целеполагания со стороны как преподавателя, так и обучающегося помогает, во-первых, грамотно выстроить траекторию обучения, подобрать соответствующие средства, приемы, методы, ресурсы обучения. Во-вторых, целеполагание – это навык, который нужно систематически развивать при помощи учебных упражнений и задач. Для этого необходимо обладать достаточными знаниями о том, что вообще представляет собой процесс деятельности, какими характеристиками он обладает и какая роль отводится в нем целеполаганию.

This article demonstrates one of the first attempts for systematic and analytical analysis of Ukrainian adventure prose of the first third of the 20th century as the unique part of the literary process of the given time period. Some of the works included into the analysis have never been previously studied, the others were excluded from the literary circulation for a long time due to the ideological reasons and now have been «re-read» and this way the gap in the understanding of the genre diversity of Ukrainian adventure prose of the first third of the twentieth century has been filled. The national features of Ukrainian adventure prose have been distinguished in the research. Special attention has been allocated to defining and clarifying the specifics of such adventure genres as a frontier novel, eastern, robinsonade, travelogue, printed series, detective series, spy novel, novel-quest, noir, and gothic novel, horror, chronicle fiction. It is established that in the first third of the 20th century while operating in a pan-European context, Ukrainian adventure literature adopted a few new genres (frontier novel, eastern, robinsonade, travelogue, action, thriller, printed series, detective series, spy novel, gothic novel, horror, chronicle novel), plots and images, themes and motifs that could not be developed in previous centuries due to being under the imperial colonial pressure. The analysis of adventure literary works gives every reason to say that Ukrainian literature has absorbed the achievements of the world, sometimes even ahead of the time. This is very important for the scientific understanding of adventure discourse because the works of Ukrainian literature utilize quite interesting and often innovative artistic techniques that are nowadays considered very important in the overall development of the adventure literature. It is emphasized that Ukrainian literature had its own immanent sources of adventure discourse, the influence of the Western literature in the late 19th and 20th centuries only accelerated the development of this meta-genre in the national field. It is established that in the 20-30s of the 20th century, Ukrainian culture for the first time was able to move in different vectors following readers’ requests for action fiction. Representatives of modernist discourse in the Ukrainian literary process sought to overcome the limitations of domestic literature, which concentrated exclusively on purely national problems and already classic topics, genres, images. A defining feature of the Ukrainian literary process of the 20-30s of the twentieth century is its intensive interaction with cinema, which affected primarily the topics and the genre-style system of literature (borrowing cinematic plots, typical motifs, typecasting, screenwriting techniques, editing, etc.). Writers, aiming to «shake up» the established literary genres, deliberately developed their works on a script structure, using montage techniques, close-ups, multi-episodes, spatio-temporal shifts. The attempts to adapt the canons of silent cinema, where the scripts were often created at the request of the director for a particular actor, are manifested in the absence of detailed portraits of the characters, while the description of their actions is given in detail. Influenced by German expressionist cinema, which also absorbed the Gothic aesthetics of horror, the Ukrainian artists actively used the techniques of creating suspense through chronotope, sound details with the semantics of anxiety or surprise, cliffhanger, and avoiding danger at the last moment. It is noted that the writers of the modernist trend abandoned the traditional descriptiveness, ironized over the outdated images and techniques, literary clichés, offering their own semantic design of the work of art. Their texts are distinguished by their looseness, freedom of play, absolute rejection of canon, bold destruction of the plot as such, deliberate shaking of established narrative canons through chaotic composition, sudden transitions, stylistic shifts.

“Digital double” is a rapidly developing technology in recent years. The term “digital double” appeared a long time ago. For more than thirty years, digital doubles, as virtual representatives of real objects, have been used, in particular, in the space sphere. However, this technology became widely known at the time of the beginning of digitalization processes in order to activate the functioning and development of business. The article explores the possibility of using the resource model “Digital twin of an organization” to describe human behavior in specific situations. The probability of choosing an action is determined from a variety of alternatives, based on an assessment of the significance of perceived incentives and restrictions. When predicting human behavior, along with external incentives, internal motives for actions and actions should also be taken into account.

Purpose. The purpose of this work is to conduct a systematic analysis of the semantic and structural features of temporal sentences with the meaning of sequence. Methodology and Approach. The present article is devoted to the research of temporal sentences with the meaning of sequence. The compound sentence with subordinate temporal clauses takes a vital place among complex sentences and requires special attention for the specification of its sense. In this work, the principles of designing of temporal sentences with various conjunctions are considered, an attempt to explain structural and semantic features of such designs is made. Also, the specifics of the use of aspect-temporal forms of verbs in compound sentences with the meaning of time are analyzed. Results. The novelty of the proposed approach is that the study presented the distinguishing criteria and similarities between the conjunctions used in the sentence and analyzed the parameters of the aspect-temporal verb forms in the primary and subordinate parts. Theoretical and Practical Implications. The tasks posed in the article are dictated by the need to clarify the semantic nuances of various subordinate conjunctions, with the help of which the temporal meaning is expressed. The significance of the proposed classification of description is determined by the need for research of the dynamics of the status characteristics of temporal sentences with a sequence meaning in order to perspectively present the latest results of their system analysis.

The correlation of the terms of “administrative misdemeanor” and “administrative offense” has been characterized; the legal definition of “illegal act” as the main component of the content of an administrative misdemeanor has been analyzed; the main legislative features of an administrative misdemeanor have been classified, each of them has been characterized. The author has offered classify offenses according to the following criteria: a) the degree of public danger: crimes and misdemeanors (administrative, civil, disciplinary); b) spheres of public life: in the economy, politics, social sphere, etc.; 3) forms of guilt: committed with intent and committed through negligence. It has been emphasized that an offense is a socially dangerous or socially harmful, illegal, culpable act of a tort person, which entails legal liability. Nowadays, legal science defines several types of them: constitutional and legal misdemeanor, civil misdemeanor, administrative misdemeanor, disciplinary misdemeanor, tax misdemeanor. It has been analyzed that the current legislation actually equates the concepts of “administrative offense” and “administrative misdemeanor”, which is incorrect, because an administrative offense is inherently much broader than an administrative misdemeanor, since it includes all illegal actions that occur in the field of public management. It has been emphasized that any violation of administrative law should be considered as an administrative offense, while an administrative misdemeanor is an illegal act, which entails the imposition of an administrative penalty according to the law. It has been proved that the main component of the content of an administrative misdemeanor is an illegal act. It has been emphasized that the act is characterized by such legislative features as: social harm, illegality, guilt, administrative punishment. It has been noted that the absence of at least one of them makes it impossible to qualify an illegal act as an administrative misdemeanor (a tort).

One of the most difficult issues of aspectology is the study of the form of the verb categories and methods of verbal action, as well as establishing relationships gradation in the grammatical system of the verbal expression. In the course of the analysis, we should turn to the theory of “degrees”, as it makes it possible to broadly describe the lexical and grammatical features of the verb, to consider the system of aspect formation, to reveal qualitatively-characterizing differences between aspects’ meaning and methods of verbal action. The theory of “degrees” is an original attempt to comprehend the “qualitative” nature of the form of the Russian verb and proves the borderline, “hybrid” nature of an aspect formation. These meanings in the verb system are realized by using a variety of affixes. These forms are the modes of transmission of the subjective gradual evaluation of an action.

The article presents main directions of the criticism of P.Ya. Galperin’s theory of the stage-by-stage formation of mental actions and concepts (SFMA) from the early days of its development (1950s) up to the present days. Four directions of the criticism are discussed: from the general psychological, educational psychological, pedagogical and developmental psychological perspectives. From the standpoint of general psychology, the main objections are related to the idea of internalization as the basic mechanism for the emergence of mental processes; it is argued that the transformation of the material form into the ideal form is not proven enough in the SFMA theory. From the standpoint of educational psychology, the main critical remarks refer to the explanation of the formation of new actions and concepts as not being supported by facts. The objections to this criticism are based on the idea of alternative research methodology. From the standpoint of pedagogy, critical remarks concern the stage-by-stage formation as a pedagogical method. Objections to this criticism are related to an alternative understanding of the correlation between learning and thinking. From the standpoint of developmental psychology, the basic objection is that the SFMA focuses entirely on the ‘aktualgenese’, ignoring the ontogenetic development. The paper concludes with an outline of the developmental perspectives of the SFMA theory.

To analyze the nature of the aggressiveness of human behavior in society we are to characterize the components of aggression, their varieties and their role in the formation of socio-cultural discourse. Consequently when having studied different theories we see different forms of human aggression. To understand the essence of the aggressiveness is also necessary to trace the place and role of violence. Moreover we stressed it is important to analyze the interaction of instrumental methods for the realization of power relations in the society. To implement the intended goal, it is expedient to use the method of comparative analysis with the use of various approaches. As a result we see the principle of methodological pluralism make it possible to study the phenomenon of aggression, its forms and elements through the prism of philosophical and theoretical proves. The system approach provides the consideration of the problem in its correlation with such social systems as power, public action, and political activity. The high level of aggression testifies to the impossibility of modern society to cope with the destructive effect of this phenomenon. An approach to the phenomenon of aggression, which takes into account both the various factors, affected it, and the dual nature of human aggression, can help to solve the problem. Philosophical aspect of the analysis of human aggression points to the need to study socio-cultural discourse. The implementation of such an analysis indicates the need to follow the principles of methodological pluralism, which reveals the dual nature of human aggression. When studing the phenomena we can see the state of the psyche is predetermined by different factors that play a mutually important role. The biological nature in the process of the need to put into practice socially significant projects is intensified bycognitive and emotional processes. But it can be corrected by the actual social conditions in combination with the previous learning of the individual. As the result we signify that the analysis of socio-cultural discourse on the principles of methodological pluralism reveals the dual nature of human aggression. We proved that this mental state, defined as the desire to harm or damage another person, has different degrees of expression, different motives and goals. This diversity allowed analyzing that in anthropological aggression both are responsible social factors and biological factors. Such an analysis reveals the essence of aggression as a phenomenon that is determined by the heterogeneous factors of human existence in the world. Psychic energy, manifested in man as consciousness, serves as a factor in the further evolution of man, including his psyche. As the benefit of research we prove that this fact imposes responsibility both on the individual and on the socio-cultural discourse of society. Having established the dual nature of the nature of human aggression, we come to the conclusion that the modern people, in order to preserve themselves and society, must take responsibility to their own emotionally mental outbursts and integrate these outbursts into a constructive beginning. All social institutes must undrrstand their direct responsibility in solving this problem. It is the single way to avoid the pattern of distructive violence in society.

This article deals with the mechanism for the development of digital competences for students in the study of the ICT course. It is highlighted the use of the special tool, called matrix of competent action, to fix some elements of digital competence training. It includes the following: situational framework; the categories of actions and resources needed to deal with the situation.

A stable classification of practical principles into mutually exclusive types is foundational to Kant’s moral theory. Yet, other than a few brief hints on the distinction between maxims and laws, he does not provide any elaborate discussion on the classification and the types of practical principles in his works. This has led Onora O’Neill and Lewis Beck to reinterpret Kant’s classification of practical principles in a way that would clarify the conceptual connection between maxims and laws. In this paper I argue that the revised interpretations of O’Neill and Beck stem from a mistaken reading of the fundamental basis of the classification of practical principles. To show this, I first argue that Kant distinguishes between maxims and laws on the bases of validity and reality. I then argue that although a practical principle necessarily has the feature of validity, its reality in actually moving the agents to action sufficiently makes a principle a practical principle. If this is so, I argue that the classification of practical principles must be based on the extent to which they are effective in human agents (i.e. their reality). Such a classification yields us three exhaustive and mutually exclusive types namely, “maxims that are not potential laws”, “maxims that are potential laws” and “laws that are not maxims”.

The key issue of the paper is the question of the means of Existence of human action and, therefore, of the actor himself/herself. The concept of ‘action’ refers to different types of action performance: effective action, play action, learning action and, finally, productive action. The paper focuses on the configuration of the Productive Action since it is the production that is considered a complete form of action performance. The Productive Action is represented as a binding of two Occurrences: the occurrence of overcoming the resistance of the past experience and the occurrence of affirmation of new opportunities — the new field of action — by other people. Only in this affirmation can the productive action be performed and completed. The Productive Action, understood as the binding of the Occurrences, appears as the Act of Development. In its essence, the Productive Action is a try-out: though it the meanings of action are tested, constructed and affirmed. Affirmation of meanings is the affirmation of the author’s journey. This is how action becomes Activity.

The authors share their impressions of the contents of three recently published volumes of collected writings of Vladimir Petrovich Zinchenko (1931—2014), a well-known Russian psychologist, educator and philosopher, first editor-in-chief of the Cultural-Historical Psychology journal, member of the Russian Academy of Education. 1. Zinchenko V.P. Vospriyatiye i vizualnaya kultura [Perception and Visual Culture] / Compiled by N.D. Gordeyeva, Editors A.I. Nazarov, T.G. Shchedrina. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tsentr Gumanitarnykh Initsiativ, 2017. 599 p. 2. Zinchenko V.P. Psikhologiya predmetnogo deistviya [Psychology of Object-Oriented Action] / Compiled by N.D. Gordeyeva, Editor A.I. Nazarov. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tsentr Gumanitarnykh Initsiativ, 2017. 384 p. 3. Zinchenko V.P. Psikhologiya obrazovaniya [Psychology of Education] / Compiled by N.D. Gordeyeva, Editor A.I. Nazarov. Moscow, St. Petersburg, Tsentr Gumanitarnykh Initsiativ, 2018. 382 p.

The article proposes an approach to identification of the status of economic entity, based on a comprehensive presentation of the status as a combination of economic and integration statuses. The information basis of identification is the parameterization of statuses, carried out in terms of the control system of subject: according to the pairs of indicators of effect and the degree of integration of activity and the corresponding formative economic indicators of activity and the indicators of integration signs; according to the requisites, interpreting the formative indicators and allowing to carry out reception of factorial influences on status as a whole by performing the economic and integration actions in business operations (in economic integrated operations). The information characterization of changes in the status is provided in view of the reintegration transformations within the terms of the self-organizational management of its stability and homeostatic equilibrium of the management system of the economic entity. This approach allows to develop solutions beginning with the point impact on the attractors of the status formation, achieving controllability of fluctuations in the system with the help of both integration and the economic levers.

The article is aimed at research on probability of a dependence between formation of the market prices for shares and the prices for oil futures. Based on the analysis of scientific publications concerning exploration of the oil pricing problems, their influence on the macro-economic parameters, as well as on the dynamics of market development, the author suggests a hypothesis about existence of the correlation between price determination of the oil futures and prices for the basic financial instrument of financial market – shares. The dynamics of both the index of FSTS and the prices for Brent oil are analyzed. The analysis found that the prices for oil futures are more volatile than the dynamics of the exchange index of FSTS, resulting in a relatively higher risk of the oil-related investments. It is determined that the use of regression models to evaluate the investment risk has certain limitations. The solutions offered by the models with the error correction mechanism and the VAR models allow to better understanding of the nature of price formation, as well as the formation of price relations between different products. As result of the research of co-integration on the basis of the model, in which the price for Brent oil future acted as a dependent variable, is determined that the long-term balance between oil prices and the exchange index of FSTS is not manifested, but there is a interrelation between them in the short term.

The paper presents outcomes of experimental modeling of the conditions for initiating trial action. The hypothesis of our research was that the initiation of the trial action becomes possible when two opposed positions are set within a single action. The trial action was considered the ‘centre’ of retention of two tenden cies of acting — result- and orientation-based. As for the technique, we decided to design the tasks in such a way that they would result in the construction of some object, and this process would, at the same time, display the features of the very field of acting. The research involved 52 subjects aged 7—22 years (students of state schools and universities of Moscow). Using nonparametric methods of mathematical statistics, we revealed several levels of performance characterized by different ‘degrees of trialness’ of the action. The paper describes phenomena that provide evidence of the trial action formation, and also discusses a method of overcoming performance in the trial, rethinking of the task, that was revealed during the experiment. cies of acting — result- and orientation-based. As for the technique, we decided to design the tasks in such a way that they would result in the construction of some object, and this process would, at the same time, display the features of the very field of acting. The research involved 52 subjects aged 7—22 years (students of state schools and universities of Moscow). Using nonparametric methods of mathematical statistics, we revealed several levels of performance characterized by different ‘degrees of trialness’ of the action. The paper describes phenomena that provide evidence of the trial action formation, and also discusses a method of overcoming performance in the trial, rethinking of the task, that was revealed during the experiment.

Sylvia Sasse`s article and interview with Amy Bryzgel.

It is considered that the theory of legal facts is one of the most conservative in jurisprudence, which is not confirmed on closer examination. This article is intended to draw parallels in the knowledge gained in law regarding legal substance and the knowledge gained in physics, primarily in quantum physics, regarding the structure of physical substance. As a result of the study, the author concludes that their positions are similar.

Пьесу «Дни Турбиных» рассматривают, как правило, в связи с позицией автора и его героев в остродраматической ситуации смены государственной власти в России. Предпринятый в статье анализ ее поэтики обнаруживает использование автором выразительных возможностей самого широкого спектра комического, в том числе и балаганной природы. Выявляется разный масштаб и разная степень проявления ее выразительности на разных уровнях и этапах организации действия, системы персонажей. Устанавливается системность ее использования в оформлении мотива бегства и, более всего, бегства представителей власти.

The article presents results of an empirical research of cognitive, affective (emotional) and behavioral components of ecological consciousness in 323 children of preschool and primary school age (6—10 years).It was found that preschool age children underestimate the impact of nature on man, but at the same time overestimate the human impact on nature. Children of this age attributed greater importance to being emotionally close with nature than children of primary school age. When choosing between the industrial, social or natural environment, children of both age groups give preference to the natural environment, leaving the industrial one the least preferred. The outcomes of this research were used to analyze the development of dialectical thinking (actions of transformation and association) in children of these age groups. As it was revealed, dialectical thinking in children of preschool age is predominantly visual. In primary school children, the visual form is replaced by conceptual and symbolic thinking, although still in an underdeveloped form. The article concludes that the first two years of school education have little influence on the development of dialectical thinking in the part that concerns actions of transformation.

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Theology is not a technology but a theology of the word. There are those who are dealing with the technology of the word, and those who are, throughout the active life, dealing with the very essence of theology. Elder Silouan is witnessing the Orthodox tradition of truth that is summarized in one sentence – act in order to know. If there is no action, than there is no knowing, and, therefore, there is no theology. Without action, there is no participation, and participation is possible only through knowing; without it, theology becomes and remains the technology of the word.

The famous dispute between Protagoras and Euathlus concerning Protagoras’s tuition fee reportedly owed to him by Euathlus is solved on the basis of practical argumentation concerning actions. The dispute is widely viewed as a kind of a logical paradox, and I show that such treating arises due to the double confusion in the dispute narrative. The linguistic expressions used to refer to Protagoras’s, Euathlus’s and the jurors’ actions are confused with these actions themselves. The other confusion is the collision between the pairs of incompatible actions ambiguously expressed by two different pairs of sentences, one of which is a propositionally consistent pair whereas the other is an inconsistent one. The actional (practical) paradox solution aims to clear up these confusions by means of two core borderlines, propositional and expressive, drawn between the actions and the propositions. The propositional distinction says that actions are empirical facts and they lack truth values unlike propositions, which are mental entities and are often employed for referring to the actions. This distinction helps to avoid the confusion between the empirical incompatibility of actions and the truth-functional inconsistency of propositions. The expressive distinction claims that although the same linguistic sentences can be used to refer both to actions and propositions, two empirically incompatible actions can be expressed both by a pair of inconsistent propositions as well as by a pair of consistent ones. Therefore, the action of Protagoras’s being paid may be linguistically symbolized in four different ways: Protagoras gets paid due to the verdict, Protagoras gets paid due to the contract that amount to Protagoras does not get paid by the contract and Protagoras does not get paid by the verdict respectively, and likewise for Euathlus’s actions. The two distinctions are used for classifying the two groups of paradox solutions, legal and logical, proposed so far depending on which of the two confusions they purport to escape from. The actional reconstruction of the paradox suggests that there is only one single agent in the dispute, Protagoras, while the other named Euathlus is a ‘phantom,’ which most probably was invented by Protagoras himself for the sake of creating this challenging sophism.

Objective: to analyze the history of formation and development of the executive actions, to elaborate unified requirements for their content.Methods: the dialectic approach to the cognition of social phenomena, which allows to analyze them in their historical development and function-ing, in the context of the unity of objective and subjective factors, determined the choice of research methods: formal-logical and comparative-legal.Results: the paper summarizes the existing scientific provisions concerning the absence of unified requirements for executive actions. The author analyzes the history of formation of the executive actions, their essential features, supervisory institutions and procedural mechanisms, which would promote the introduction of the legal standards in to the sphere of state administration.Scientific novelty: for the first time the article summarizes and analyzes the various scientific approaches to the requirements for executive actions; the necessity is proved to publish the internal rules of executive authorities as a public document.Practical significance: the conclusions of the article can be used in scientific, educational and law enforcement activity when considering the issues of executive actions.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the origin of aesthetics at the deep level of human consciousness. Three works of outstanding thinkers, I. Kant, K.G.Jung and M.M. Bakhtin, are taken as a basis, forming a trialogue aimed at elucidating the origin of aesthetic categories, which are on the edge of intuitive judgment of taste and its rational externalize in a particular work. The differences in the approaches and ways of thinking of the three thinkers under consideration are emphasized, which will allow to create a holistic view of the phenomenon of the aesthetic.

Unlike other legal sciences, the science of civil law did not produce any meaningful theory of inaction as a legal fact. The purpose of this article is to fill in this blank space. As a result of research, the author exposes certain features of the legal fact of inaction in the branch of civil law and draws conclusions regarding it – as a special type of act, in a number of cases having signs of action.

Learning and adaptation are central problems to both edusemiotics, or semiotics of education, and biosemiotics. Bildung, as an especially human way or form of learning, and evolution as the main form of adaptation for many biologists after Darwin are often regarded as mutually exclusive concepts even though human beings are undeniably one biological species among others. In this article I will try to build a bridge between the biosemiotical, edusemiotical and Bildung-theoretical stances. Central to this discussion is biosemiotician Kalevi Kull and some of his recent publications where he considers adaptation, evolution and learning. The primary theoretical resource that I utilize here, in addition to the general Greimassian, edusemiotical and Bildung-theoretical starting points, is perceptual control theory (PCT) to which I compare the Uexküllian conception of functional circle.

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The paper deals with the problem of verb choice in potential aspectual competition. The analysis of the most popular interpretations of invariant aspectual meanings suggests that the Imperfective Aspect defines an action itself while the Perfective Aspect defines the action’s limit. If this hypothesis is correct, the opposition of an action and the action’s limit is supposed to stay relevant in any contexts even in case of competition of aspectual modus meanings. Such contexts are considered as a field where verb aspect conveys more distinctive nuance of the action compared to the traditional particular aspectual meanings. However, in such cases verb choice is to be motivated by invariant aspectual meanings as verb choice in any other context. To verify this hypothesis we have conducted an experiment that aimed to identify the rules of the verb choice in potential aspectual competition. The paper considers the results of the part of the experiment that was dedicated to modus meanings. Results of the experiment proved that the opposition of the action and the action’s limit is relevant for Russian native speakers even in case of competition of aspectual modus meanings.

The aim of the article is to introduce the concept of personality and character which is based on the activity theory approach by A.N.Leontiev. The introductory part of the work gives a short history of characterology whose analysis reveals apparent uncertainty in understanding the subject matters of character psychology and personality psychology. They are directly (character) or indirectly (personality) confined to a person’s psychic individuality. However, the specific content of this individuality appears to be so broad and various that characterology starts losing its clear contours while personality does not find any generally accepted definition. In the framework of the developed concept, personality is regarded as a structure of life meanings while character is seen as an instrumental level which accepts life meanings for performance and implements them in human actions. Nonidentity of the two studied formations is shown: they are different in terms of content, function in human psychics, units of structure, general construction and genesis. Some examples are given based on the data of ethnic psychology. They show how a sense formation which is the same for different nations is realized through unequal characterological techniques. On the other hand, a few sense formations can be expressed by a single action or stereotype. In conclusion problems of correlation between personality and character and the source of their generation are discussed.