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Activation of the sympathetic nervous system plays an important role in arterial hypertension (AH) development. Antihypertensive drugs of central action contribute to the elimination of sympathetic activation. The selective imidazoline receptor agonist moxonidine has been successfully used in the treatment of patients with hypertension. The review article presents data on the antihypertensive efficacy of moxonidine, the possibility of its use in combination therapy to reduce elevated blood pressure (BP). The effectiveness of moxonidine in overweight patients, metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and postmenopausal women is shown. In addition to lowering blood pressure in obese patients, moxonidine reduces plasma leptin levels and weakens sympathetic overactivity, which contributes to weight loss. In patients with metabolic syndrome — obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, the use of moxonidine, along with the antihypertensive effect, was accompanied by an additional positive effect on increased variability in blood pressure levels, contributing to the normalization of the daily blood pressure profile, eliminating the morning rise in blood pressure levels. The beneficial effect of moxonidine on carbohydrate metabolism and tissue sensitivity to insulin was noted. The administration of moxonidine to patients with hypertension and menopausal syndrome in peri- and postmenopause, along with effective level control, was accompanied by a significant improvement in the quality of life. In patients with hypertension and osteopenia during menopause, moxonidine led to increased bone formation processes, which helps reduce the risk of developing or progressing osteopenia and osteoporosis. The article focuses on additional indications for the use of moxonidine. In the presence of concomitant pathology — chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, dementia in elderly patients, the use of moxonidine, along with antihypertensive action, led to an improvement in the quality of life.

The study highlights the specifics of the everyday work of the merchants of the Astrakhan and Orenburg Governorates in the fishing industry. Emphasis is placed on the activities of entrepreneurs who explored the waters of the Asian region in the 19th century – the Caspian and Aral Seas, as well as the Emba, Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers. The purpose of the study is to analyze the specifics of fishing in the 19th century as one of the spheres of merchant entrepreneurship in the Asian direction. The choice of geographical boundaries is dictated by the desire to study the merchant fishing industry of the frontier regions of Russia as a branch of merchant business focused on the economic development of Asian territories. The paper presents the fundamental differences in working conditions between Astrakhan and Orenburg entrepreneurs. The article shows a wide range of organizational tasks solved by merchants in preparation for fishing operations. The localization of labor activity in the places of residence of Asian nomads (Kazakhs, Kalmyks, Turkmens) attributed unique character to the fishing business of the Astrakhan and Orenburg merchants of the 19th century. Merchants doing business in the depths of barely explored territories with little or no presence of Russian military were regularly attacked by steppe nomads. Conflicts of this kind led to the theft or destruction of the property of fishermen and sometimes ended in the death of merchants and their employees. To date, Russian historiography has not offered an analysis of the merchant fishing industry in the Asian direction in the 19th century in the aspect of everyday work, which brings novelty to the presented study.

The study highlights the specifics of the professional activities of caravan masters from the khanates of Central Asia who controlled the movement of caravans in Russian-Asian trade in the first half of the 19th century. The article examines the social status of the caravan masters, defines their authority and main duties during the journey to trading locations, analyzes the features of interpersonal interaction between the leaders and other caravan members, and focuses on the moral and psychological qualities of the caravan leader. From the moment the caravan set out on a long and dangerous journey through the steppe and desert areas, the caravan master, officially approved by the government of a Central Asian khanate, gained full control over the process of movement. Taking full responsibility for the life and health of the caravan personnel, as well as the safety of the goods, the leader chose the optimal route, determined the locations for stops, controlled the duration of rest, and monitored provisions consumption. The study demonstrates that the official duties of the caravan leader in the unique logistical setting of a merchant caravan were accompanied by various tasks, the effective solution of which depended on the leader’s business mentality and special skills. The archival materials used in this work are being introduced into scientific circulation for the first time.

The business activity of merchants of the middle of the 19th century, who chose the tea trade as the main area of their investments, is investigated. The analysis of the Russian tea trade in the middle of the 19th century in the context of its organizational specifics is very limitedly presented in Russian historiography, which confirms the novelty of this scientific study. The key moments of the organization of trade operations with the Chinese in Kyakhta are considered. The range of problems typical for the entrepreneurial practice of tea merchants of this era is presented and analyzed. Emphasis is placed on the trade in smuggled tea and the production of its surrogate versions as the main obstacles to the productive work of the tea market in the interests of the merchants and the state. It is noted that the trade in illegal goods was carried out by colleagues who did not know how or did not want to make a profit in an honest way, and the marginal phenomenon itself was so massive that the merchants could not liquidate the illegal market on their own. As a result, in order to resolve many issues, merchants had to interact with various structures of the country’s authorities. It is shown that the remote format of interaction between large entrepreneurs and their sales agents in Kyakhta had certain inconveniences and brought profits to tea business owners much less than the possible maximum.

Introduction. The paper considers the problem of ice formation on the spray ring of vertical steel tanks (VST) in spring, which threatens the safety of operating personnel when carrying out technological operations. The necessity of introduction of means of protection against ice is emphasized, which will make it possible to release commercial operators from performance of high risk operations of ice clearing from dry pipelines.Problem Statement. The task of the research is to substantiate the use of possible ways of icing control on the tank spray ring.Theoretical Part. As the basic information, the modern methods of de-icing used in mechanical engineering, oil industry and construction are presented.Conclusions. As a result, the work proposes options for the use of means to fight against icing, through which the overall level of safety in the tank farm will increase.

The inspection of pharmacovigilance systems is regulated by the Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP) and local laws and regulations. Inspections may be carried out by audit teams of competent authorities as part of regulatory activities or business agreements. So far, there have been no studies dealing with rate setting for competent authorities labour costs in connection with onsite or documentary inspections of pharmacovigilance systems.The aim of the study was to develop scientifically valid rate setting criteria for labour costs related to onsite or documentary inspections of pharmacovigilance systems.Materials and methods: the assessment of labour costs was carried out by surveying experts of two Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) countries who have experience in preparing and conducting evaluation and inspection of pharmacovigilance systems. The calculation of the experts’ time costs was performed automatically using the CrocoTime software. The expected workload for experts in 2022 was estimated based on the reports over the last 5 years (2016–2020) containing information on the number of foreign marketing authorisations, and the number of medicines under development according to national registers of medicinal products of the EAEU member states.Results: the study calculated the average expert labour costs and estimated workload for the EAEU competent authorities in 2022. It was demonstrated that the average labour costs are comparable in EAEU member states, however, estimated amount of labour may change (both increase or decrease).Conclusions: further study of rate setting for labour costs related to pharmacovigilance documentary inspections and study of competent authorities staffing could be performed by a dedicated division, e.g. of the Eurasian Academy of Good Practices. A constructive discussion of approaches to the improvement of control over pharmacovigilance systems will increase availability of efficacious and safe medicines of assured quality for the population and help pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities manage financial and reputational risks.

Introduction. The paper discusses the methods for occupational risks assessment of workers within the framework of the labor protection management system. To date, there is no legally approved methodology for occupational risks assessment. Numerous well-known methods of ORS are advisory in nature. Their main weak point is the influence of the human factor and, consequently, the relative subjectivity of the final conclusions.Problem Statement. The main objective of this work is to study the possibility of occupational risks assessment of workers by the "Bow tie" method in the occupational safety management system.Theoretical Part. The method of risk assessment "Bow tie" was adopted as a basis. The main components of this method are considered. Approbation has been carried out. It is proposed to introduce an additional barrier into the "Bowtie" risk assessment method, which is called "Non-destructive control".Conclusions. As a result, a technique for occupational risks assessment was proposed, taking into account the results of non-destructive testing. The positive aspects of the proposed approach are also identified.

Acute and chronic urogenital infections are associated with male infertility. Besides "traditional" sexually transmitted infections, there is a significant increase in inflammatory diseases of reproductive system caused by opportunistic pathogens. Studies show that sperm fertility is influenced by direct exposure to sexually transmitted infections, as well as dysfunction of the blood-testicular barrier, leading to autoimmune infertility. In a number of clinical trials, Prostatilen AC was shown to have benefitial effects on the ejaculate.

The article analyzes the everyday business activity of Asian entrepreneurs who participated in caravan trade with the Russian Empire through the cities of Orenburg region in the first quarter of the 19th century. The specifics of foreign trade operations of merchants from Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand during this period were almost completely ignored by Russian historians in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern periods. The source base of this article consists of unpublished archival documents that shed light on the details of the business activities of merchants from Asia. Letters to the regional and Imperial administration made by Asian entrepreneurs, as well as personal letters from foreign merchants are particularly valuable in this regard. Traders had to deal with a long list of tasks. Before the caravan could go along the required route, it was necessary to hire responsible guides, which was not always possible (guides often turned out to be unreliable, which led to additional expenses for the cargo owners), acquire pack animals, take care of security and prepare a considerable amount of money for various road tolls for travelling through the Kazakh steppe. The merchants who were successful in the caravan trade were characterized by moral and psychological stability, the ability to restrain themselves, not succumbing to momentary desires, and even the skills of using cold weapons and firearms. To resolve issues that were exclusively within the competence of representatives of the Russian regional or central administration, Asian merchants had to possess certain communication skills.

Introduction. In the age of automation and mechanization of labor, noise and vibration have become the leading dangerous and harmful production factors (DHPF) in various industries and agriculture. In order to reduce the harmful effects of vibroacoustic factors on the human body, first of all, it is necessary to evaluate this factor. The article provides general information on the assessment of working conditions under the influence of vibroacoustic factors.Problem Statement. The aim of this work is to study the main aspects in the assessment of vibroacoustic factors.Theoretical Part. As basic information, the paper provides the definitions of noise and vibration, their main characteristics, classification, hygienic regulation, the negative impact of these factors on human health, methods of assessment and measures of protection against them.Conclusion. The study of the main aspects of the assessment of vibroacoustic factors allows us to analyze the DHPF and further develop measures to reduce the negative impact of these factors on the human body.

This article attempts to reconstruct the business life of merchants engaged in foreign trade with Asian khanates in the second half of the 18th - first third of the 19th centuries using ego-sources. Business correspondence of entrepreneurs and their employees, official papers of the regional and imperial administrations, officials from the border and customs services make it possible to reproduce in the most accurate way the unique features of the daily work of merchants engaged in the sphere of caravan trade in the Asian direction. The research material consists mostly of unpublished authentic data from the State Archive of Orenburg oblast (GAOO). Such documents provide some information about the size of the merchant caravans, the range of export products, the amount of money used by the merchants-exporters, and also reflect the opinions of merchants about the main difficulties of the caravan trade. From the merchants’ appeals to the authorities for help we can learn about the financial situation of a particular merchant, understand the motives of his actions and evaluate how stable his business was. Letters from entrepreneurs who lived in various regions of Russia and participated in foreign trade show that businessmen of Orenburg, which during the 18th - 19th centuries had the status of the main center of trans-Asian trade, practically did not send any caravans to Central Asia during the period under study. The archival documents show the ethnic and religious composition of the entrepreneurs who participated in foreign trade with Bukhara, Khiva and Kokand. The main distinguishing feature of sources of personal origin is that the subjective view on the specifics of the labor process of entrepreneurs and the emotionally charged text form in the mind of the reader a bright, distinct image of merchants who stood at the origins of Russia's economic ties with Central Asia.

The issue of the implementation of repressions against the “Trotskyists”, “Zinovievites”, “Rightists” and other “enemies of the people” living in the Kirghiz SSR in 1937—1938 is examined in the article. Both objective and subjective prerequisites for the punitive activities of the security agencies in the first years of Soviet power are considered. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of scientists and the public in the period of Stalinist repressions, the assessment of these events. The study was carried out on the basis of materials from the archives of the State Committee for National Security. The novelty of the research is due to the fact that these documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In addition, statistics are provided on some categories of repressed in the republic, which are also published for the first time. A rethinking and political assessment of the events of this difficult period is proposed. The repressive activities against the so-called “enemies of the people” in the political aspect are analyzed, since the special services were an instrument of the ruling party and obeyed. The role and place of the security agencies, the mechanism for implementing repressions and illegal methods of conducting investigations based on archival documents of the State Committee for National Security of the Kyrgyz Republic are shown.

Introduction. The article discusses the problems of limited assessment of occupational risk using the existing Fine-Kinney method, which does not take into account the results of a special assessment of working conditions, therefore the authors propose an improved methodology for assessing occupational risk taking into account the working conditions indicator.Problem Statement. The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing methods of assessing professional risks, analyze the labor protection system at the drilling enterprise, and develop a methodology for assessing professional risks for the drilling enterprise.Theoretical Part. The existing methods for assessing professional risks and the enterprise standard were used as basic information.Conclusion. The improved technique will reduce the degree of risk, prevent accidents at work and generally be used at other enterprises.

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Background. Aortic valve stenosis is common with prevalence of about 0.5 %, peaking in people aged over 70 years mostly due to age-related valve calcification. The year 2002 was marked by the invention and use of the endovascular aortic replacement valve by an A. Cribier’s group of French surgeons. Russian endovascular surgery introduced transcatheter aortic valve replacement in 2009, having since built an extensive experience in this practice. Perioperative mortality in patients under 70 years with no serious comorbidity ranges from 1 to 3 %, however, reaching two-fold 4–8 % in elderly patients. The emergence of minimally invasive technologies offered cure to critical patients, who would merely not get over an open surgery.Materials and methods. This case study provides video recordings of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (Accurate Neo) in transfemoral approach performed for the first time in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Patient K., 70 yo, diagnosis: Atherosclerosis. Aortic valve stenosis. FC III. Complications: aortic valve calcification st. III, CHF II A, FC III, persistent atrial fibrillation, tachysystole. Comorbid: CHD. Exertional angina. FC III. CHF II A, FC III.Results and discussion. Improving the transcatheter valve type facilitates an optimal individual aortic valve selection. Pre-replacement valvuloplasty was performed in all patients. The valve replacement is followed by transoesophageal echocardiography to justify possible aortic valve post-dilatation upon marked paravalvular regurgitation. The implant positioning relative to the aortic valve fibrous crown and mitral valve flaps is precisely controlled with ultrasound.Conclusion. Interventional radiology currently provides high-quality, effective, minimally invasive medical aid even in aortic stenosis patients with multiple comorbidity. In the patient’s denial of open surgery, transcatheter aortic valve replacement represents a sole alternative treatment, also increasing the life expectancy and quality. A wider diversity of available transcatheter devices enables a better personalisation of the biological valve replacement procedure.

Introduction. The analysis shows that one of the main causes of accidents at refineries is the low reliability of process equipment and technological discipline violation.Problem Statement. The objective of this research is to study theoretical foundations of loading and unloading railway overpass operation, to identify hazardous factors and to suggest measures to improve safety during operation of this overpass at the oil depot of Bashneft-roznitsa ООО (limited liability company).Theoretical Part. During loading and unloading operations, many accidents occur annually that pose some risk to workers life and health and cause damage to the ecology and economy of the country. The features of the process are: high pressure, high temperature, the use of dangerous and harmful, toxic chemicals that have a harmful effect on humans.Technical causes of accidents are wear and unreliability of equipment, violation of production discipline. However, there are also organizational causes of accidents, such as poorly organized production control, as well as low level of industrial safety competence of employees.Therefore, it is necessary to carry out measures aimed at improving the reliability of the equipment.The study has also revealed that one of the main technical causes of accidents at oil refining enterprises is the low reliability of technological equipment and violations of production discipline.Conclusion. The paper presents the study on operation of the loading-unloading railway overpass at the oil depot of Bashneft-roznitsa ООО (limited liability company). There have been developed and proposed measures to improve safety during operation of the loading-unloading railway overpass at the oil depot of Bashneft-roznitsa ООО (limited liability company).

Transforaminal endoscopic hernia removal is currently one of the most effective and relatively safe methods of treating an intervertebral hernia of the lumbosacral spine. In the current study we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of transforaminal endoscopic discectomy in combination with puncture nucleoplasty as a surgical protocol to treat hernias of the lumbosacral spine. 87 patients (43 men and 44 women) aged 19 to 62 years were enrolled in our study and underwent proper evaluation. The duration of follow-up in the postoperative period averaged 18.7 6 months (from 7.2 to 28 months). To assess the clinical effectiveness of the performed surgical interventions, the dynamics of the pain syndrome was analyzed using a visual analogue scale (VAS). Patient status, pain and disability were assessed using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Postoperative complications were also analyzed to evaluate the results of the operation. Moreover, objective criteria were used to assess the level of pain and the degree of disability. All patients showed a decrease in pain intensity and an improvement in the vital signs. Long follow up for ODI within six months after the operation showed a significant decrease by two to three times. Due to the lack of similar studies (endoscopy plus nucleoplasty), the results of our work were compared with the results of endoscopic hernia removal without nucleoplasty. However, in the evaluated patients, some intra- and postoperative complications were observed. In conclusion, the use of puncture nucleoplasty as the second stage of minimally invasive hernia removal of muscle tension dysphonia (MTD) is an effective treatment method, significantly reducing the recurrence rate of the disease.

The article focuses on the work organization and work activities of merchants engaged in trade in the Asian direction during the 19th century. This topic has not yet been subject of special research in previous eras or in modern historiography. The daily business activity of merchants is studied here on the basis of published narratives of participants in the Asian caravan trade, also taking into consideration various articles and periodicals of the 19th century as well as archival documents. Work is conceived of as a special structured area of everyday life. The purpose of this contribution is to identify the specific features of everyday business activity of Orenburg entrepreneurs trading with Asia. The authors identify the main aspects of everyday business activity (behavior, life conditions and mentality), as well as its components: the conditions, motivation, goals, resources, and performed actions. The authors argue that the general circumstances of Asian trade were unfavorable before the 1870s, due not only to natural conditions and climate but also to the merchants' difficult relations with trade and ruling circles in the Central Asian states. The authors determine the complexity of merchant work in the area under study. Every merchant was simultaneously organizer and executor of caravan trade, and also acted as a controlling authority. These activities required the merchant to be independent, responsible, prudent and able to withstand physical hardship and psychological discomfort

Introduction. The article analyzes the most likely damage from fatal industrial accidents. The analysis revealed the main cause of industrial accidents — violation of safety requirements during the organization of various works and their implementation in practice. A special role in the prevention of accidents is played by the process of employee training, which requires careful preparation. That is why, in order to minimize accidents and erroneous actions of personnel, it is proposed to introduce a new business game "Guardians of labor" into the practice of training.Problem Statement. The objectives of this research: creating a business game for learning and adapting security requirements at the enterprise; developing and comparing different options for evaluating security solutions; developing information analysis skills; developing the activity of game participants.Theoretical Part. Training in the form of a business game gives you the opportunity to work out the skills of analyzing information, evaluating and comparing different approaches to solving a problem. The authors of this study created a business game "Guardians of labor". It helps you to strengthen knowledge of occupational safety and health, fire safety, first aid and accident investigation.Conclusion. The proposed method helps improving the professional qualities of students, develops the ability to reasonably defend their opinions and analyze alternative approaches.

Introduction. Organization of safety hydrocarbons transportation is one of the primary objectives for companies operating hazardous production facilities. Corrosion protection of field pipelines is still the most complex and multifaceted task. That is due to significant length of communication lines, branching pipeline networks, complex and heterogeneous composition of pumped liquids.Problem Statement. The purpose of this research is the development of method of salinity control and the prevention of premature corrosion wear of oil pipelines by the use of inhibitors.Theoretical Part. When transporting oil and petroleum products through pipelines, there is a high probability of synergistic risks arising from corrosion of the pipeline body material, including salt deposits. Salt formation affects the throughput, performance of pipeline systems, and equipment performance. According to the result of in-line diagnostics analysis, more than 70% of pipes are subject to corrosion, with metal loss and changes in wall thickness. Corrosion also led to metal properties transformation, and degradation of its functional characteristics. Inhibitors are widely used during oil production and transportation to protect from the formation of salt deposits. With long-term operation of oil and gas pipelines it is not possible to ensure completely safe operation. Pipeline systems are constantly affected by the environment, external and internal pressure, corrosion and aging of the pipeline material.Conclusion. The article presents a brief overview of the current state of oil pipelines, and a new method for protection from salt deposits. The composition of the salt deposition inhibitor, including citric acid, has been developed. It has been experimentally established that its use reduces the number of accidents. A brief analysis of the occurrence of accidents in the oil and gas industry is performed. The problems of safe operation of pipeline systems under the influence of non-stationary factors are determined. The necessity of creating a method for mathematical modeling of pipeline systems is confirmed.

Introduction. One of the main tasks of the production organization is to prevent accidents. In the oil and gas industry, a significant part of accidents occur on process pipelines. Depressurization of the process pipeline leads to negative consequences up to a complete shutdown of production and can cause human casualties. Modeling the pipeline depressurization process in accordance with accident scenarios is one of the approaches to ensuring the safety of technological pipelines.Problem Statement. The purpose of this study is to model the process of pipeline depressurization in accordance with scenarios of industrial accidents under certain environmental conditions.Theoretical Part. In most cases, the main causes of accidents are internal hazards associated with depressurization and destruction of technical devices, as well as personnel errors due to violation of the requirements of the organization and production of hazardous work. There is no unified methodology for drawing up a scenario for the development of accidents at hazardous production facilities, and the existing guidelines for determining possible scenarios are of a recommendatory nature. Various types of fire and explosive process media located inside the pipeline are considered in the preparation of scenarios. The object of experiments was a 3D model of an industrial site with a hypothetical process pipeline under such variables as building density, meteorological conditions, and air mass stagnation zones. The latter were modeled in the FlowVision software package, which visualizes three-dimensional liquid and gas flows.Conclusion. The developed universal algorithm made it possible to create scenarios for the development of an emergency situation on a hypothetical process pipeline. The results are applicable for further modeling of emergency situations.

One of the surgical methods for treating aortic valve pathology is the Ross operation, which was proposed by the British cardiac surgeon D. Ross in 1967. Numerous studies have shown excellent long-term outcomes of this operation. However, in some patients, pulmonary autograft dilatation may occur in the long term. To avoid this complication, technical modifications of this procedure have been proposed. A literature review on modified Ross operation as a prevention of pulmonary autograft dilatation is presented.

The relevance of the research is related to increasing number of tank farms that have developed a standard operating life. It inevitably leads to equipment failure and accidents at oil and gas facilities, including irreparable harm to the environment and workers lives. Under limited economic frameworks conditions and due to difficulties of repair and restoration work without decommissioning equipment, the only way to prevent emergencies is technical diagnostics and continuous remote monitoring analysis of the tanks state. The aim of the research is to develop and propose non-destructive testing method of a reservoir, which allows determining the possibility of its further operation without shutdown of planned work and allows planning the further repair work and safe service remaining period. Objects: vertical steel tank, acoustic emission control method, infrastructure of the enterprise’s tank farm. Methods: analysis of regulatory-technical documents, forecasting hazardous areas allocation on vertical steel tanks, modeling of a wireless data transmission system. Results. It was established that the use of a low-temperature mode of tank loading with addition of a wireless GSM monitoring system during acoustic emission controlling allows increasing significantly the safety of tank farms operation. Conclusions. Acoustic emission monitoring with low-temperature loading of reservoirs local sections, as well as constant remote monitoring of the tank farm and using the real-time wireless transmission of information by GSM technology can significantly reduce the probability of emergencies.

Introduction. Aneurysms of visceral arteries in the abdominal cavity are very rare. Often aneurysms of branches of the abdominal aorta are an incidental finding as patients seldom present obvious clinical signs or pathological changes in the organ supplied by the artery involved. The incidence of aneurysms of branches connecting the celiac trunk and the upper mesenteric artery amounts to 3.5% of all the cases of aneurysms of abdominal aorta arteries, mostly the gastroduodenal artery. This paper presents a case of minimally invasive treatment of gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm at the BSMU Clinic.Materials and methods. Patient K, a 47-year-old female, was admitted for emergency treatment at the Bashkir State Medical University Clinic in May 2019. The patient’s complaints included feeling weak, black stool for seven days prior, faintness and epigastric pain.Results and discussions. Instrumental examination and angiography data demonstrated that the size of the pseudoaneurysm has increased 2.5 times and reached 65×45 mm; the clinical picture led to the conclusion that the aneurysm was ready to rupture and that there was an immediate need to stop the blood flow to the gastroduodenal artery pseudoaneurysm.Conclusion. The range of currently available image-guided surgical procedures makes it possible to perform adequate embolization of pathological structures such as artery aneurysms.

Introduction. When a pathological process emerges in a part of the cardiac conduction system, it results in various cardiac arrhythmias causing cardiac activity disorders affecting the entire body and posing a threat to the patient’s life.Today, the endovascular treatment of arrhythmias has replaced many open heart surgeries becoming a widely accepted alternative to drug therapy. The key techniques of x-ray-guided endovascular treatment of arrhythmias includes the implantation of various devices, transcatheter radiofrequency ablation of arrhythmogenic zones and cryoablation. An excellent comparison of ablation techniques has been presented in the most extensive international randomized clinical trial FIRE AND ICE.The implantation of single-and two-chamber pacemakers, electrophysiological research, radio frequency ablation are all performed at the Bashkir State Medical University Clinic.Material and methods. The electrophysiological research and transcatheter radiofrequency endocardial ablation using the Carto 3 system for complex rhythm disorders have been carried out at the Bashkir State Medical University Clinic since 2013.Results and discussion. 159 EPIs and RFAs have been performed at the Bashkir State Medical University Clinic.Conclusions. X-ray guided endovascular surgery is the method of choice in the treatment of various forms of arrhythmias.

Aim. Investigation of comparative dissolution kinetics of generic medicinal products containing moxonidine versus reference drug. Material and methods. Objects of the research were film-coated tablets containing moxonidine (INN) in a dose 0.4 mg: a reference drug Physiotens® and 4 generic drugs. In vitro dissolution test of moxonidine from the study drugs was performed using comparative dissolution kinetics test (CDKT). The CDKT was performed in the media with the following pH: 1.2 (1:9 mixture of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and water), 4.5 (acetate buffer solution, prepared as per State Pharmacopoeia, XIII), and 6.8 (phosphate buffer solution, prepared as per State Pharmacopoeia, XIII). The sampling for dissolved moxonidine was performed 5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 min after the test was started. An high performance liquid chromatography method with ultraviolet detection at 220 nm was used to assay. Results. Within 15 min more that 85% of moxonidine dissolved from the reference drug and all study drugs at pH 1.2; dissolution profiles were similar without calculation of similarity factor f2. Similarly, at pH 4.5 dissolution profiles of study drugs #2 and #3 were similar to that of the reference drug, and the similarity factor f2 was not calculated. However, in case of study drugs #1 and #4 significant differences were observed at a single time point (15 min), which suggests that their dissolution profiles are non-similar to that of the reference drug. Similarity factors f2 were calculated 17.52 and 35.30, respectively (less than 50). At pH 6.8 similarity factors f2 for all study generic drugs were also less than 50 (23.8, 49.8, 38.6, and 35.9), so their dissolution curves were non-similar to that of reference drug. Conclusion. In our study we observed difference in release in vitro of medicinal products containing moxonidines: none of the study drugs was fully similar to the reference drug in all media. The differences observed at pH 6.8 were noteworthy, where the samples had or faster kinetics (study drugs #2 and #3), or slower dissolution kinetics (test drugs #1 and #4). Observed differences in moxonidine release rate may impact absorption of active pharmaceutical ingredient into the blood following drug administration.

Introduction. Aneurysm of renal artery is a rare and complex pathology of renal bloodstream. Large percentage of observations show that renal artery aneurysms are iatrogenic and happen due to urological interventions. Traumatic aneurysms are much less frequent. By the nature of the blood supply arterial aneurysms are subdiveded into those, which occur when the injured organ is only artery and arteriovenous aneurysms that occur while an artery is damaged along with the accompanying veins. Aneurysms may be treated only surgically, and the only exception is pregnancy. It is possible to use the open treatment option such as aneurysm resection with prosthetics, reanastomosing or its collateral plastics of the renal artery; exclusion of aneurysm with shunting of renal artery or its branches; resection of aneurysm with anastomosing of artery with azygos splanchnic arteries; complex reconstruction using autovein or internal iliac artery segment; including kidney resection at local infarction or nephrectomy in the case of evident nephrosclerosis.Materials and methods. This paper presents a clinical case of successful minimally invasive surgical treatment of traumatic aneurysm of renal artery. It was carried out through stenting of the right lowpolar renal artery: a coronary sheath was used to transfuse and implant the Explorer-Itgimedical Aneugraft 3.0 * 18.0 mm graft-system; the stent-graft was implanted into the right lowpolar renal artery so that it covers the aneurysm ostium. Results. The above case shows the possibility to successfully apply the endovascular method to treat posttraumatic aneurysms of renal arteries with derivative circulation.Conclusion. This technique can be safely and successfully used as an alternative to the traditional «open» surgery, as it is minimally invasive, and allows performing a complete blockade of the pathological blood flow and to avoid an additional operating trauma and compromenation of distal branches.

The article describes the achievements of PJSC Tatneft in the field of isolating water inflow zones in horizontal wells by expandable cross-sectional profile pipes. An example of the isolation of water inflow zones on a well that left the production for three years due to 100% water cut is given, and the dynamics of its operation for 16 years after insulation by two expandable profile packers is shown. Technologies and technical means for regulating oil and water flows in horizontal wells, multi-channel well designs for simultaneous targeted impact and operation of different sections of the reservoir (deposit) are presented. An example is given of the separation of a horizontal well into two segments controllable from the surface and graphs are shown of the dynamics of bottomhole pressures in segments obtained during the well operation. The most promising directions of science development are shown to simplify well designs and improve the quality of their fixation by cardinally solving complications emerged during the drilling process, as well as to increase the productivity of wells by controlling the flow rates of liquids that are extracted from several heterogeneous zones of oil deposits.

Artery aneurysms of pool celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery are not often in clinical practice. Often, the first clinical manifestation of the aneurysm is a hemorrhagic shock which proceed from its rupture. The risk of aneurysm rupture doesn’t depend on their size, ranging from 3% to 10%. But the mortality from aneurysm rupture can be reaches 36%. As we know well that the aneurysm ruptures has a high rate of mortality, treatment as symptomatic as asymptomatic aneurysms are essential. The authors of the article represent the demonstration of successful endovascular treatment of aneurysms splenic artery and posttraumatic aneurysm of common hepatic artery using modern embolization materials. In the first case performed embolization of lumen aneurysm by embolization coil with next installation in the lumen of the artery stent graft, in the second case – the feeding artery was embolized by microemboles. Nowadays, the medical instruments for X – ray surgical interventions allow you to perform a complete embolization of pathological structures such as aneurysms of the main arteries of the celiac trunk. Thanks to low level of interventions endovascular therapies can be related to the method of choice in the treatment of many surgical diseases in compulsory with the open methods of operation.

The article discusses the current state of the legal regulation in the sphere of ensuring citizens’ rights of access to environmental information in the Republic of Kazakhstan.Public awareness contributes to a better understanding of environmental issues and their direct participation in the decision. Public authorities should ensure appropriate public access to environmental information, as well as to take measures to improve the quality, timeliness and relevance of the material submitted.

Борьба с неосторожной преступностью должна быть отнесена к числу приоритетных задач государства ввиду неуклонного роста процессов, обусловленных неосторожным поведением людей. Интересы защиты государства и общества от вредных последствий такого поведения неизбежно приводит к анализу его мотивации как ближайшей и непосредственной личностной детерминанты. Мотивы присущи как умышленным, так и неосторожным преступлениям, и по своему характеру это мотивы общественно опасного поведения, приведшего к вредным последствиям. Понятие «мотивация» шире понятия «мотив», что обозначает совокупность потребностей, интересов, привычек и т.д., которые могут выступать в качестве мотивов противоправного поведения. В статье подчеркивается, что мотив неосторожного поведения охватывает только действие, а его вредные последствия немотивированны, вследствие чего отмечается разрыв связи мотива и вредных последствий. Предложена классификация мотивов неосторожного преступного поведения, указаны мотивирующие такое поведение факторы, которые должны учитываться в процессе разработки мер профилактики.

This article presents an overview and results of treatment of malignant neoplasms of the liver hepatic artery chemoembolization methods in 141 patients. The analysis of the results of this method of treatment.

Продажа спиртных напитков и организация пунктов по их реализации являлись значимой составляющей трудовой повседневности оренбургского пореформенного купечества. Предметом анализа выступает специфика организации этого вида предпринимательской деятельности во второй половине XIX - начале XX веков на территории Оренбургской губернии. В ходе исследования рассмотрены внутри- и внешнеполитические процессы, отразившиеся на желании и возможностях оренбургских купцов включить торговлю спиртными напитками в сферу своих коммерческих интересов. Либеральные реформы 60-х годов XIX века облегчили доступ к этому направлению торговли для всех категорий российских подданных, что способствовало появлению в большом количестве новых питейных заведений, как в Оренбургском крае, так и по всей России. Цель. Целью статьи является выявление круга проблем, с которыми сталкивались предприниматели Оренбургской губернии при организации торговли спиртными напитками в пореформенное время. Метод или методология проведения работы. Методологической базой исследования служат проблемно-хронологический и сравнительно-исторический методы. Результаты. Результатом работы становится вывод о том, что такое направление коммерции оренбургских купцов как продажа алкогольной продукции и открытие пунктов по ее реализации было подвержено влиянию внешне- и внутриполитической обстановки. Виноторговцы в процессе своей профессиональной деятельности также попадали в зависимость от круга приоритетных задач государства. Так, опасаясь распространения пьянства среди населения страны, и желая увеличить доходы бюджета, государство включило регулятивные механизмы посредством введения винной монополии. Эта мера привела к снижению доходов предпринимателей и заставила их искать окольные пути для увеличения прибыли. Область применения результатов. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы для изучения этапов экономического развития Оренбуржья и истории предпринимательства в регионе.

The review shows the results of the use of prolonged release verapamil (Isoptin® SR) in clinical practice. Numerous randomized clinical studies confirm the high efficiency and safety of Isoptin® SR in patients with arterial hypertension, as well as in patients with arterial hypertension in combination with ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasesand disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The advantage of Isoptin® SR (verapamil) application in case of supraventricular arrhythmias has been proven.

The review shows the results of the use of prolonged release verapamil (Isoptin® SR) in clinical practice. Numerous randomized clinical studies confirm the high efficiency and safety of Isoptin® SR in patients with arterial hypertension, as well as in patients with arterial hypertension in combination with ischaemic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasesand disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The advantage of Isoptin® SR (verapamil) application in case of supraventricular arrhythmias has been proven.

The article is devoted to the fundamental problem of modern fluid geodynamics and fluid geochemistry - clarifying the role of the gravitational factor in the formation of the East European kydrostratisfera sedimentary basin. The features of the Paleozoic depositional, the mechanism and lithologic-hydrogeochemical consequences of the halogenesis processes and uterine brines density convection of Lower Permian evaporite basin into underlying terrigen calcareous Paleozoic and Proterozoic environment. It was found that the exchange-adsorption and exchange-absorption interaction between brine and clastic rocks was been few involved in metamorphism chloride brines. The lithological-thermodynamic studies and balance calculations in the “brine-carbonate rock” system showed that the main role in the formation of multicomponent calcium chloride brines in the sedimentary cover basin, belongs to the processes of metasomatic dolomitization of limestone.

Objective. To evaluate clinical efficacy and safety of M6-L artificial disc in lumbar degenerative disc disease (DDD). Material and Methods. A total of 109 patients with diagnosed lumbar DDD and spinal stenosis were operated on after 6 months of unsuc- cessful conservative treatment in 2011–2015. All patients underwent M6-L artificial lumbar disc implantation. Average follow-up period was 1.5 years (range: 4 months to 6 years). Patient satisfaction after treatment, regression of pain score, increase in activities of daily liv- ing, as well as radiographic parameters (recovery of intervertebral space height, mobility in the operated segment), and frequency of com- plications, reoperations and revision surgeries were evaluated. Results. Good and excellent clinical outcomes were revealed in most of patients. The average VAS score of back and leg pain regression was 27 mm, improvement in daily activity – 24.3 points on ODI, increase in the disc space height – 7.6 mm, and mobility in the operated segment – 8.5°. Serious complications were not detected, spontaneous fusion at the operated level was noted in 2.0 % of cases, revision surgery due to implant migration (implant removal and ALIF with cage) was required in 0.9 % of cases. Conclusion. Intervertebral disc arthroplasty with M6-L is a safe and highly effective procedure that maintains mobility in the operated segment and prevents adjacent disc degeneration.

В стaтье рaссмaтривaется современное состояние прaвового регулировaния в облaсти обеспечения прaв грaждaн нa доступ к экологической информaции в Республике Кaзaхстaн. Информировaнность общественности способствует более глубокому понимaнию экологических проблем и непосредственному учaстию в их решении. Госудaрственные оргaны должны обеспечить общественности соответствующий доступ к экологической информaции, a тaкже принять меры по повышению кaчествa, оперaтивности и aктуaльности предстaвляемых мaтериaлов. Ключевые словa: экологическaя информaция, конвенция, доступ к экологической информaции, окружaющaя средa, прaвa человекa.

Results of experimental and clinical studies devoted to urapidil combining central antihypertensive effect with peripheral vasodilatation are discussed. Scope of urapidil application is described; its good tolerability and safety are highlighted. Urapidil mode of application in different clinical situations accompanying by acute increase in blood pressure is specified.

Results of clinical trials devoted to urapidil, antihypertensive drug having central and peripheral mode of actions are reviewed. Target groups of patients for urapidil use are specified. Dosage regimen and methods of urapidil use in different clinical situations with acute increase in arterial blood pressure are described in details.

The article gives a short review of сase records of ABSORB Scaffolds Application in patients with ischemic heart disease. All patients underwent endovascular procedures in the Department of Roentgen-Endovascular Diagnostics and Treatment of Bashkir State Medical University Clinic.

The relevance. Changes in technological parameters of product pumping at oil and gas pipelines operation in comparison with the stationary operating condition leads to appearance of additional mechanical stresses in the wall of pipes and to decrease in margin of safety. At the same time, the pipeline resource specified in the project changes to decrease. The risk of failures increases. This substantiates the development of methods for assessing and ensuring the safety of oil and gas pipelines in conditions of non-stationarity of technological parameters of operation. The main aim of the research is to assess and ensure the safety of operation of oil and gas pipelines at non-stationarity of pumping technological parameters. Object: pipeline system of oil and gas industry. Methods: theoretical studies of oil and gas pipeline operation safety in conditions of non-stationarity of technological parameters of the pumping regime. Results. The authors have obtained the analytical dependences of pipelines strength on parameters of non-stationarity of pumping regime and recommended to ensure safety of oil and gas pipelines in conditions of non-stationarity of technological operating parameters. Conclusions. In non-stationarity conditions of oil and gas pipelines technological parameters while operation, in the wall of their pipes, the increased mechanical stresses occur that reduce the safety and life of the structure. Under the same conditions of inner pressure, the highest stresses arise in section of pipeline connection with equipment which have absolute rigidity for deformation. Mechanical stresses reduction in pipeline wall is provided by pumping regime smooth regulation, which is realized on oil pipelines by means of the main pumps, equipped with frequency-regulated electric drive. The pipelines exploitation safety in non-stationarity conditions of pumping technological parameters can be reached by pumping regime regulation with use of frequency-regulated electric drive.

The paper reviews the clinical practice potential of a combined action antihypertensive medication urapidil for the treatment of patients with acute elevation of blood pressure (BP) and confirms urapidil effectiveness and good tolerability. Urapidil action mechanisms, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics are discussed, together with the results of the key clinical trials which have demonstrated antihypertensive effectiveness and safety of this agent. Additional beneficial effects of urapidil, such as reduction of the increased pulmonary artery BP and improvement of bronchial conductivity, are also described.

The article is dedicated to the study o/f political and legal terms for Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) development while PPP becomes the issue of today for Russian political and social-economic life. The article covers particularly the analysis of the effective legislation of PPP at the federal and regional levels and appraisal of the current political trends regarding the development of legal partnership between the government and companies in the connection with the legislation. The author provides research especially of the prospects of the PPP federal Draft Law and reveals key specifics and problems of the legal environment of PPP in districts of the Russian Federation.

Aim. To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of the selective imidazoline I1-receptor agonist moxonidine versus the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril in patients with uncomplicated hypertensive crisis (UHC). Subjects and methods. Two hundred and twenty-five patients (125 women, 100 men) aged 56,2±14,4 years with UHC were examined. The patients were randomized to a group of once-daily 0.4 mg moxonidine orally (n=113) and a group of once-daily 25 mg captopril (n=112). Dynamic measurements of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate, electrocardiogram recording, and determinations of blood creatinine, potassium, and glucose levels were made along with general clinical examination. The efficacy indices in patients were time to the onset of antihypertensive action, degree of BP lowering, and duration of antihypertensive effect. duration. 24-hour BP monitoring was used to evaluate the efficacy of the drugs compared. The time course of changes in the parameters was analyzed for 12 hours. Results. Both groups achieved an antihypertensive effect as a significant reduction in systolic and diastolic BP 30 and 60 min after therapy initiation, respectively; at the same time BP decreases did not exceed 25% of the baseline levels. Moxonidine was found to be more effective mainly in the duration of its antihypertensive effect with a steady BP decline throughout the follow-up. There was evidence that moxonidine exerted a positive metabolic effect, particularly in significantly reducing blood creatinine levels. In the moxonidine group, the patients with above satisfactory efficacy were 26,9% significantly more and those with above satisfactory tolerance were 18,8% more. Conclusion. The findings suggest that moxonidine versus captopril is highly effective and well tolerated in patients with UHC. The drug may be successfully used to treat UHC, starting in the prehospital period, especially in patients with concomitant diseases (diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, chronic renal failure).

The article is dedicated to the analysis of western countries experience of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) development while PPP becomes the issue of today for Russian political and social-economic life. The article covers especially the study of definitions and meanings of PPP, the analysis of institutions and specificity of Public-Private Partnership practices in western countries which have advanced experience in this field.

This article is about the trial of transplantation of fetal cells of pancreas to laboratory mice with streptosotozin diabetes. Cells were infused into liver in the dose of 105 cells/0,5 ml. Mices that received rabbit β-cells had normal level blood glucose within 2 months after xenotransplantation.