Search

According to the WHO Strategic Plan, measles should be eradicated in 2020 in the five WHO Regions including European Region. However, large measles outbreaks are being periodically registered in diverse European countries. In the Republic of Serbia (SRB), 5,076 measles cases were detected in 2018, among which 15 cases were fatal.Aim of the study was to examine herd immunity to measles and rubella viruses in the population of the Republic of Serbia.Materials and methods. Blood serum samples obtained in 2018 and 2019 from conditionally healthy residents of the Republic of Serbia were tested for the presence of IgG antibodies to measles and rubella viruses in five age groups: I — children from 2 to 6 years old, II — children from 8 to 14 years old, III — 15 to 24 years old, IV — 25 to 49 years old and V — over 50 years old. A total of 1000 samples were obtained, 200 sera in each group. Enzygnost® Anti-Measles virus/IgG and Enzygnost® Anti-Rubella virus/IgG ELISA test systems (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH, Germany) were used according to the manufacturer's instructions.Results. Overall, around 23.0% and 33.7% of the surveyed persons had no or low level of anti-measles IgG antibody (≥ 275.0 — ≤ 1000.0 IU/1). In age group I, 60% children contained no or “low” anti-measles antibodies titer (29.5% and 30.5%, respectively). In addition, low antibody titer level was mainly detected in individuals from age group II and III (p 0.05). A third of children under 8—14 contained high IgG-antibodies titer against measles ( 3000.0 IU/l) that might serve as an evidence that such subjects recently recovered after measles. Similar results were obtained for IgG antibodies to rubella in the same age groups.Discussion. The study results evidence about altered routine immunization against measles and rubella in children aged 12—15 months (first vaccination) and those at age of 6—7 years (revaccination) with MMR vaccine. The data obtained correlate with official data on coverage with measles and rubella vaccines in the Republic of Serbia.

General vaccination of population with vaccinia virus leaded to the eradication of smallpox, then it was finished because of the danger of adverse events. The recurrence of research interest in smallpox vaccine is due to the research of using the virus as a weapon of bioterrorism and the increased frequency of orthopoxvirus infections whereas the population immunity decline. The vaccinia virus is also used as a vector for creating recombinant vaccines. Understanding the pathway and predicting the immune response it will be able to avoid possible adverse events and excessive immunization. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations between humoral immunity, clinical signs during a vaccination period, sex and age characteristics of adults who had received several doses of vaccinia virus. We studied a vaccination clinical data of 135 subjects revaccinated with a smallpox vaccine from twice to 10 times. A total of 95% and 5% vaccine recipients experienced mild or moderate vaccination period, respectively. Inoculation skin lesions was noted at 127 subjects (94.1%). Among them more than 22% vaccine recipients experienced local or systemic adverse events. Compared to mild group moderate group had larger hyperemia (p = 0.04), scab (p = 0.01), healing time (p = 0.001). The age subjects with a moderate vaccination period is less than mild (p = 0.03), the chance of lymphadenopathy development is higher within moderate vaccination period (p 0.001). Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers were determined for 54 subjects using plaque reduction neutralization tests. There was a noted tendency of higher protective antibody values at women compared with men. Negative correlation between the antibody titers and the hyperemia size was revealed. Frequently axillary adenopathy is assotiated with higher protective antibody values. Vaccinia neutralizing antibody titers value are not associated with the presence and size of the lesion, the scab falling time, age and the number of previous vaccinations. The clinical variability and the immune response using the same vaccine and the same pattern vaccination would be explained by individual genetic differences that should be further explored.

The study covered 30 apparently healthy individuals and 38 patients with systemic scleroderma. The patients gave their consent to participate in the study in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki in the current (2013) version (ACR/EULAR). The donors and patients had their blood tested for catalase antibodies with immunoenzyme assay and using magnetic sorbents upon hospital admission and before discharge. It was found that the patients with systemic scleroderma had a reduced oxidase activity of catalase as well as elevated catalase antibodies, compared with the controls. We revealed a statistically significant regularity that the concentration of catalase immunoglobulins is associated with activity and course of the disease. To assess the activity of systemic scleroderma we performed a complex evaluation of two parameters: enzymatic activity and catalase antibody levels. It was established that catalase autoantibodies are mostly revealed in patients with high-activity scleroderma, subacute and acute course of the disease, and when the lungs, skin, kidneys, joints and nervous system were involved, which was conclusively confirmed by a correlation analysis. It is especially important that catalase antibodies should be revealed at early stage of the disease development; they are of especial diagnostic importance, and their changes over time may form the basis for assessing efficiency of administered therapy. The changes in biochemical activity of catalase, elevated antibody titers provide additional criteria of diagnosis in systemic scleroderma. Monitoring of these parameters in hospital settings helps to evaluate the effectiveness of administered therapy and adjust its correction, which is confirmed by inclusion of such extracorporal techniques as plasma separation into the combined treatment schedules. Studying biochemical activity of catalase and formation of catalase antibodies expands our understanding of scleroderma development and opens new avenues for research.

Introduction. Rotavirus infection (RVI) is the most common cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide: 600,000 children die annually; it accounts for approximately 3 million hospitalizations and 25 million physician visits each year among children. Preventive vaccination is universally recognized as the most effective measure against this infection.The purpose of the study is assessment of reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of the pentavalent live vaccine for RVI prevention in childhood immunization.Materials and methods. The first multicenter prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of the pentavalent live vaccine for RVI prevention was conducted in Russia among healthy infants aged 2 months at the time of the first vaccination.Results. The vaccine had a satisfactory safety profile and high immunologic activity when administered in a threedose series for childhood immunization. No negative changes in the children’s health condition were detected during the surveillance monitoring.Discussion. The seroconversion rates, the seroconversion factor and the geometric mean antibody titer were consistent with the results obtained during trials of the above vaccine and its equivalents in other countries.

Aim. Assessment of tolerability, safety and immunogenicity of the 4-valent conjugated meningococcal MenACYW-D vaccine, administered 2 times to children 1–2 years of age in the Russian Federation.Study participants. 100 children aged 9–17 months not previously vaccinated against meningococcal infection.Methods. Two doses of the MenACYW-D vaccine were administered intramuscularly at intervals of 3–6 months. Antibody titers for meningococci of serogroups A, C, W, and Y were determined using a serum bactericidal assay in the presence of human complement before the 1st vaccination and 28 days after the 2nd vaccination. Participants with titers ≥ 1:8 were considered protected from meningococcal infection caused by the corresponding serogroup of meningococci.Results. After two vaccinations, the level of seroprotection in relation to these four serogroups of meningococci was achieved in 92.9–99.0% of vaccinated children. No immediate adverse events were reported after any of the 2 doses of the vaccine studied. The frequency of local and general expected adverse reactions after any of the 2 doses of the vaccine was 45% and 40%, respectively, in terms of severity they were mostly weak and disappeared within 3 days. In general, there was no increase in the reactogenicity of the vaccine after administration of the 2nd dose compared to the 1st dose. Unexpected adverse events were recorded in 10% of the study participants, of which only one (diarrhea that stopped within one day) at the conclusion of the research physician was a causally related with the vaccine. None of the adverse events led to the early termination of participation in the study. One serious adverse event has been reported, which the physician has identified as not having a causal relationship with the vaccine being studied.Conclusions. Two dose immunization with the MenACWY-D vaccine in children 1–2 years of age in the Russian Federation was safe, well tolerated, and induced a pronounced bactericidal humoral immune response against meningococci of serogroups A, C, W, and Y.

Aim. Isolation of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) of an attenuated rabies virus, develop schemes for immunizing animals with RNP-based preparations and determine the most effective scheme that allows obtaining serum with a high antibody titer to the RNP.Materials and methods. We used the transplantable cell line Vero, the strain rabies virus «Moscow 3253 Vero», adapted for reproduction on Vero, rabbits of the chinchilla breed. In order to obtain serums containing antibodies to the RNP of the rabies virus, experimental schemes have been proposed for immunizing animals with RNP, including with adjuvants: polyoxidonium and colloidal gold. The dynamics of the accumulation of antibodies to the RNP of the rabies virus in the blood serum of experimental animals was studied by dot-immunoassay.Results. The target component (RNP of the rabies virus) was isolated directly from the cytoplasm of the Vero cell culture infected with the rabies virus according to the modified M. Dastkhosh (2014) method, lyophilized and used in the development of preparations for immunizing experimental animals. In the study of the dynamics of the formation of antibodies to RNP of the rabies virus by the method of dot-immunoassay, the effectiveness of an adjuvant is established — colloidal gold nanoparticles ranging in size from 15 to 17 nm, the use of which makes it possible to increase the antibody titer by 2 times.Conclusion. The results obtained are of interest for further research related to the design of diagnostic products and the development of methodological techniques using such preparations.

Vaccines for prophylactic immunization provide the most reliable and effective protection against the vast majority of infectious diseases. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) represents a high-priority medical issue at the territory of the Eurasian continent. Of great importance is assessing a role of distinct antibody titers especially low titers, observed quite often in vaccinated individuals, sometimes posing obstacles in determining a threshold of seropositivity as well as the level of specific protection against TBE virus. We aimed at obtaining data to assess antiviral activity of virus-specific antibodies with distinct titer levels based on the in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo experimental studies with a highly virulent Far-Eastern strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus. The in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo comprehensive experimental studies with a highly virulent Far-Eastern strain of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) were conducted and the dynamics of antiviral activity of virus-specific antibodies at variable titers (1:100–1:3200) was measured (timeframe ranged within 1–96 hours p.i.) to provide a rationale for evaluating the antiviral immune response. It was found that the in vitro experiments demonstrated that the IgG at 1:100 titer exerted a weak anti-TBEV neutralizing effect at all time-points examined. The IgG 1:400 titer caused a 2 log PFU/mL decline in TBEV Dal strain yield at 72 h post-infection, whereas at 1:3200 titer it completely suppressed TBEV replication throughout the observation period. The ex vivo experiments with blood serum obtained from vaccinated subjects demonstrating a range of TBEV antibody titers (sera from vaccinated individuals with varying anti-TBEV antibody titers) and in vivo (outinbred white mice) experiments revealed a delayed virus elimination for antibody titers at 1:100 and 1:200 as well as rapid virus elimination (1–2 days p.i.) for antibody titers greater than 1:400. Thus, antibody titer at 1:400 may be considered as the universal anti-TBEV protection threshold. In order to properly conclude regarding the revaccination schedule it is advised to start with testing blood serum for durability of anti-TBEV immune response. Subjects with TBEV antibody titers at 1:100 and 1:200 should be strongly recommended to undergo a mandatory revaccination. Such an approach is believed to be the most effective way toward enhancing efficacy of vaccine-mediated protection against TBE.

Aim of the study was to investigate the features of vaccine prevention of leptospirosis and its influence on morbidity.Materials and methods. The incidence of human leptospirosis in the Russian Federation in 1956–2016, 41 cases of disease in Siberia and the Far East in 2012–2016, official Rossel'khoznadzor data, volumes of laboratory studies and vaccination of animals in Primorsk Territory and Irkutsk Region were analyzed. Blood sera from 7315 humans, 2189 dogs, 481 bovine animals and 50 small cattle, 115 pigs, 88 horses were investigated to pathogenic Leptospira antibodies.Results. Essential significance of vaccinal leptospiroses prevention in farm animals and dogs to decrease the epizootic and epidemic process activities is demonstrated. Currently, the epidemic process in Siberia and at the Far East includes only sporadic cases, the immune stratum of the population is 3,7 ± 0,2%. Postvaccinal antibody titres in dogs, pigs and small cattle rarely exceed 1:100 while in bovine animals and horses it can reach 1:800 without disease signs.Conclusion. Human immunization in the antropurgic foci is impractical at effective specific prophylaxis for animals. The standard base for leptospiroses requires improvement. The concept of absolute and relative diagnostic antibody titer in microagglutination test is offered to use in clinical diagnostics. In veterinary the correction of diagnostic titer depending on the animal species and vaccination time is necessary.

Current areal of anthrax among live stock and wild animals covers almost all the continents. The cause of human infection is conventionally considered to be the contact with diseased animals in the process of carrying for an animal, forced slaughter or further trimming of carcasses, as well as contact with infected raw materials of animal origin. Licensed vaccines has made an invaluable contribution to the improvement of epidemiological situation on anthrax, however, development of the vaccines complying with current scientific progress remains relevant. We have constructed a vaccine prototype containing recombinant protective antigen and S-layer EA1 protein and added state-of-the-art CpG 2006 adjuvant to the formulation. We have demonstrated the advantage of the lyophilized form of the preparation. Objective — obtainment of anthrax vaccine prototype in lyophilized state and assessment of the prototype compliance with the requirements to vaccine preparations. Materials and methods. Isolation of rPA and EA1 protein was carried out using producer-strain B. anthracis 55ΔTПА-1Spo– on an integrated end-to-end manufacturing line, including concentration, diafiltration and two-phase chromatography. CpG 2006 adjuvant was synthesized according to known sequences. Components were mixed and lyophilized in sublimation unit. Combination of 1% sucrose and 3% glycine was used as cryoprotector. Effectiveness and safety of the preparation were evaluated on the model of BALB/c mice and guinea pigs applying immunological, morphometric, and histological assays. Antibody titers in sera of immunized animals were evaluated using standard ELISA procedures. Protective properties were investigated through LD50 values for the test-strain used on immunized and control animals and immunity index. Results. We have performed complex investigation of the anthrax vaccine prototype, containing B. anthracis 55ΔTПА-1Spo– proteins as main and supplementary antigens, as well as CpG 2006 adjuvant, stabilizers and preservative agent. The prototype meets the requirements to immunobiological medicinal drugs by all physical-chemical properties. Our preparation does not have a toxic effect on the organism of laboratory animals in case of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of single human dose. Pathomorphological study of guinea pigs’ organs immunized with double dose of the vaccine prototype has not revealed any evidence of damaging effect on the cells and tissues of macroorganism. The prototype protects BALB/c mice from the infection with B. anthracis 71/12 test-strain.

To date, clinical data have convincingly shown that C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infectious can cause serious diseases with severe complications and consequences. There are assumptions that the developed chronic chlamydial infection can become an important factor in the pathogenesis of the gastrointestinal tract diseases, which are manifested in the so-called post-infectious period. It is commonly known that chlamydial infection has a tropism to the cylindrical epithelium, which covers the human mucous membrane of the urethra, cervix, rectum, conjunctiva of the eyes and the throat. However, the role of the causative agents of chlamydial infections, such as C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae, in the occurrence of the gastrointestinal tract diseases has not been studied. In order to study the possible relationship between the gastrointestinal diseases and the presence of chlamydial infection markers, we have selected a group of patients with the gastrointestinal diseases and detected antibodies to C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae and DNA of these pathogens in blood serum, liver biopsy and bile ducts. As a result, C. trachomatis DNA in blood serum was detected in 50% of cases, and in liver biopsies — in 59.3%. A new approach has been developed in the serological diagnosis of chlamydial infection caused by C. trachomatis, which allowed for revealing diagnostic antibody titers in 51.9% of cases in this group of patients, and in the comparison group — in 11.6% of cases. Among 50% of patients, in whom DNA was revealed in blood serum, it was also revealed in 64.3% of cases in biopsy samples of gastrointestinal organs. Upon detection of C. trachomatis DNA in blood serum, antibodies to the “cultural” antigen were detected in 60.1% of cases, and with the simultaneous detection of C. trachomatis DNA in blood serum and gastrointestinal organs, they were found in 72.2% of cases. Simultaneous detection of C. trachomatis, both in blood serum and in the gastrointestinal tract, may indicate the ability of C. trachomatis to spread hematogenously and infect organs away from the primary focus of infection. The obtained data absolutely require further study in light of the identification of the relationship between the detection of the pathogen and the development of the gastrointestinal pathology. But in general, the results are not yet studied evidence of the possible gastrointestinal organs infection by C. trachomatis.

Antiepidemic measures were limited effectiveness for several years Objectives of this research were formulated as an assessment of the immunogenicity activity of the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in the composition of modern trivaccines Immunogenicity of the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 in the vaccinated by vaccine was assessed by graphing, reflecting the dynamics of the multiplicity growth of antibodies (MG) and medium ratio of antibodies increasing (MR) in sera for several groups vaccinated. For comparison of vaccinated immunity was determined by traditional methods of evaluation of the immune response. As a result of the research, differences in the immunogenicity activity of the virus were revealed, which are reflected in antibody titers and the multiplicities of their growth from 2 to 4 - 8 times with the applying of similar quality vaccines. These changes couldn’t be observed with accounting study of the immune response. When immunized with a vaccine with an antigen dose of 5 mg HA identified a group of«silent» volunteers (8%) who did not respond to promotion with antigen A(H1N1)pdm09. Increasing dose of the influenza virus A(H1N1)pdm09 to 15 mg/dose in the split vaccine were result of the elimination of the group of«silent» volunteers. Simultaneously was observed a significant increase in the immune response in serum titers (up to 32-fold) and antibody growth rates Accordingly, using of the graphical form of accounting made it possible to better assess the details of the formation of collective immunity to the virus A(H1N1)pdm09 and the nature of its deviations in a number of cases.

Objective of the study was to determine allelic variants of HLA II class haplotypes in persons living in the Republic of Kalmykia in the territory of Pre-Caspian sandy natural focus of the plague, immunized for epidemic reasons with live plague vaccine and search for associations of HLA class II haplotypes with peculiarities of post-vaccinal immunity development. Materials and methods . 20 individuals took part in the study. HLA typing was performed applying multiplex PCR. Production of immune-regulatory cytokines and antibody titers to fraction 1 of the plague microbe was determined using enzyme immunoassay. Statistical processing of the results was carried out using standard programs. Results and conclusions . Allelic variants of haplotypes HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 class II of the main histocompatibility complex of 20 persons residing in Lagansky and Chernozemelsky districts of the Republic of Kalmykia have been identified. Determined have been the differences in the ratio of allelic variants of HLA-DQA1 and cytokine production INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-10 by the areas of residence. Association of the HLA-DRB1*01 allele with a high level of spontaneous and induced IL-10 cytokine production has been revealed at various times after booster vaccination. Further study of genes that regulate the development of immunity, along with immunological methods will make it possible to personalize the use of the existing vaccine against plague, and predict the immunogenicity and effectiveness of preventive drugs under development.

Recent epidemiological events showed that pregnant women are the most vulnerable part of population if there is the flu in the country and they die much more often than the rest part of people. That is why influenza vaccination of population including pregnant women is one of the priorities of public health service in our state. Worldwide experience of influenza vaccination of either adults or children by new adjuvant vaccine has caused our research of its efficiency among pregnant women. The aim of the study was to investigate the level of antibodies to influenza virus strain A/H1N1/v, A/H3N2 and B in pregnant women vaccinated adjuvant trivalent subunit vaccine. Our research is randomized and comparative on parallel groups. It was carried out within the demands of Russian Federation and International ethic norms adapted to such kind of researches. Evaluation of the immunogenicity of the vaccine was conducted in 27 pregnant women in the II trimester of gestation, and in 23 pregnant women in the III trimester of gestation, 19 non-pregnant women was in the control group. The level of antibodies in the serum was determined using a reaction of hemagglutination inhibition before and 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after the vaccination. Revealed that influenza vaccination of pregnant women in the II and III trimester, causes the increase in titers of antibodies to vaccine influenza strains A and B, to fully meet the required criteria CPMP, and does not differ from the nonpregnant group. In a month after vaccination the level of seroprotective against A/H1N1/v was 77.0%, A/H3N2 — 88.9%, B — 85.2% after vaccination in II trimester, and 87.0; 87.0; 91.35% in III trimester of gestation. The factor of seroconversion after vaccination in II trimester for A/H1N1/v was equal to 6.5, A/H3N2 — 7.2, B — 6.5, after vaccination in III trimester of pregnancy: 7.1, 6.5 and 5.1 correspondingly. At the same time revealed accelerated decline in antibody titer against influenza in pregnant women compared to nonpregnant women in a year after immunization The set of results of the study can be concluded that adjuvant trivalent subunit vaccine effective in vaccination of pregnant women in II and III trimester of pregnancy, and it is able to effectively provide immune protection against viruses of the flu A and B within all pregnancy long.

The development of HIV vaccine remains an important goal in prophylaxis and therapy of HIV/ AIDS epidemics. There are various approaches for development of а candidate vaccine based on induction of neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immunity. Synthetic peptides are considered promising vaccine antigens since they are capable of activating both humoral and cellular immune response. HIV-1 envelope gp120 is the target for neutralizing antiviral antibodies. The V3 region of the HIV-1 gp120 is highly immunogenic and important for the virus-coreceptor interaction. In a RV144 vaccine trial, the levels of vaccine-induced IgG antibodies recognizing V1V2 regions from multiple HIV-1 subtypes show inverse correlations with a risk for HIV-1 infection. Meanwhile, HIV is characterized by high diversity. The consensus and mosaic immunogens are complete but artificial proteins, which are computationally designed to elicit immune responses with improved cross-reactive broadness. We have been studied immunogenic properties of synthetic peptides derived from V1, V2, V3 loop regions of the consensus M HIV1 (CON-S) sequence group of the gp 120 envelope protein and V3 loop derived from a Russian RUA022a2 isolate. These peptides specifically reacted to HIV-positive sera in ELISA, thus indicating their similarity to appropriate HIV proteins. The peptides proved to be weakly immunogenic. Therefore, Freund complete adjuvant was used to enhance peptide immunogenicity. To assess the immunogenicity, the mice were immunized with a peptide mixture. Antibodies have been developed to every peptide from the mixture, being, predominantly, of IgG isotype. The antibody titers depended on the length of peptide sequences. However, the sera from immunized mice did not have a HIV neutralizing activity. The serum neutralization was assessed by pseudovirus-based assay, using a molecular clone of virus isolates CAP 45.2.00.G3 and QH.209.14.M.EnvA2. The virus neutralization is a complex process and may be influenced by several factors, such as antibody titer, isotype, or antibody structure. Probably, to induce neutralizing antibodies by this peptide mixture, it is necessary to choose appropriate adjutants and immunization schedule. Moreover, it was shown that peptides could increase in vitro virus infectivity in pseudovirus-based model, using the CAP 45.2.00.G3, QH209.14M.ENV.A2, QD435.100M.ENV.E1 molecular clone. These viral isolates belong to different HIV-1 subtypes.

Data on the current vaccination process have in sickly children with disorders of the central nervous system, and grafted lifeless live vaccines against diphtheria, measles and mumps.The levele of intercurrent diseases in every group was 33,3%. The post-vaccination period in 73% vaccination to diphtheria are asymptomatic (and after measles mumps vaccination in 86%). The post-vaccination reactions were in 50% illness children. The antibody titers seronegative was not identified. Children with epilepsia need to determine antibody titers sixs months after vaccination against measles and mumps to decide on supplementary immunization.

В статье приведены данные о появлении в различных областях РФ заболевания соболей по клиническим и эпизоотологическим признакам сходного с парвовирусным энтеритом. Имеются заключения нескольких ветеринарных лабораторий, подтверждающих этот диагноз. Авторы подчеркивают серьезность проблемы и делают вывод о необходимости полноценного научного исследования этого явления с целью выяснения точной этиологии нехарактерного для соболей заболевания., In the article data about the emergence in various regions of the Russian Federation of the disease sables on the clinical and epidemiological features similar to parvovirus enteritis is provided. There are the findings of several veterinary laboratories, confirming this diagnosis. The authors emphasize the seriousness of the problem and make a conclusion about the need for full scientific study of this phenomenon to ascertain the exact etiology is not typical for sables disease., №2 (2018)

Immunomodulating drugs play an important role in therapy and prevention of numeous diseases associated with altered immune functions. Immunomodulators of bacterial origin are the most active ones, serving as a basis for design of therapeutic vaccines that are capable of stimulating antigen-specific response, along with nonspecific actions. The Immunovac VP4 poly-component vaccine is among such preparations, being a potent activator of innate immunity and showing protective activities against a number of facultative pathogens. In present review, the data are summarized that concern therapeutic effects of Immunovac VP4 in various disorders (lung abscess, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis, pyodermia, herpes, acute respiratory infections). In all cases, high clinical effect was registered, i.e., decrease in number and severity of relapses, decreased dosage/number of medical drugs applied, prolongation of remission states, and transition to less severe clinical forms. The therapeutic effect is accompanied by sufficient positive dynamics of immunological parameters, e.g., phagocytic activity of macrophages, increase in lymphocytes bearing CD4, CD8, CD16, CD72, CD21 markers, enhanced IFNγ and IFNα production, correction of Ig synthesis, increased antibody titers and affinity. Analysis of data from strictly controlled studies performed in limited clinical samples, has shown a number of general regularities for common effects of microbial antigens in various disorders including allergic diseases.

The comprehensive clinical-immunological characteristic of a tick-borne encephalitis vaccine En-cepur Adult (Germany), which was studied on a group of residents of Far East of Russia was discussed. Reactogenity in 32,4% of vaccinees was characterized by minor clinical manifestations and was due to the reaction to specific vaccine albumin. Expression of immune response (mean geometric titers) was evaluated in a neutralization test. A group with the reactogenity showed higher geometric mean antibody titers (1:182) compared with a group without the reactogenity (1:97). All of vaccinees with various levels (high, middle, low) of specific immune response had an increased quantity of CD20+ and CD25+ lymphocytes. We showed a difference in immunologic reactivity of people with high and low levels of specific antibody response. As compared with a low level group the group with a high level of specific response showed significantly higher quantity of lymphocytes and their subpopulations (CD3+, CD4+, CD45RA+) as well as higher levels of IgM, IgG. We conclude that vaccine Encepur Adult (Germany) possesses a high immunologic activity. It is recommended to use this vaccine as a safe and effective specific preventive remedy in TBE endemic areas.

A full-scale development of post-vaccinal immunity is determined by T and B cell-dependent immunological memory which is formed in response to vaccine injection. However, a capacity of existing and newly developed vaccines to stimulate T cell-dependent immunological memory is very poorly studied. Present work is a first attempt of analyzing this issue, with respect to effects of live mucosal influenza vaccine. The study involved fifty-seven healthy young persons, in whom percentage of T cells with СD45RO+, CD45RA+, CD4+СD45RO+, CD4+CD45RA+, CD8+СD45RO+, and CD8+CD45RA+ phenotypes was determined pre- and post-vaccination. Following vaccination, increased average T cell levels of all the mentioned phenotypes was revealed in those volunteers who responded to the vaccine with elevated serum antibody titers. Individual data analysis has shown that, among individuals with antibody response, a percentage of persons with CD45RO+ T cells was 35 to 57%, as compared to vaccinated persons without such antibody response (11 to 22%, p < 0.05; p < 0.01). When using CD45RA+ marker, appropriate values among group 1 volunteers varied between 14 and 36%, whereas for group 2, only one case was detected with expression with significantly increased CD8+CD45RA+, expression on T cells post-vaccination. Hence, a single immunization with live influenza vaccine is followed by significantly increased levels of peripheral CTLs (CD8+) and Th (СD4+) with СD45R0+ (memory cells) and СD45RА+ (naive) phenotypes in sufficient cohort of immunized persons (35 to 60%). Certain relations exist between post-vaccinal accumulation of memory T cells in peripheral blood, and development of a systemic humoral response to vaccination. However, this connection is not absolute, since an increase in these cells post-vaccination occurs in some persons without such a response (up to 25% of immunized individuals). (Med. Immunol., vol. 10, N 6, pp 535-542) .

Evaluation of reactogenicity, safety and immunogenicity of the inactivated subunit influenza vaccine adsorbed monovalent (Pandeflu) on the base of strain A/California/7/2009 (H1N1v) was conducted in 70 volunteers aged 18–60 years immunized by one or two doses. A clinical trial of the vaccine Pandeflu was conducted in the St.Petersburg Institute of Influenza. The study group included 38 women (54,3%) and 32 men (45,7%). The average age of women was 38.2 years, men — 26.9 years, mean age of all volunteers was equal to 31.7 years. This group of volunteers was randomized in 2 subgroups. The first subgroup of 50 volunteers was vaccinated with Pandeflu, but the second one of 20 volunteers was given a placebo. The strong and moderate local and systemic reactions were not observed. All local (6 volunteers) and systemic (6 volunteers) reactions were recorded after ithout any medical care. It proves the good tolerability and low reactogenicity of vaccine Pandeflu. Indicators of clinical and biochemical blood tests, a general analysis of urine during the study period were within normal limits. In the study of the immunogenicity it has been shown that after a single injection of vaccine the first vaccination. All these reactions were mild and transient and disappeared wPandeflu the seroconversion rate reached 68%, but the level of seroprotection was 52%. The multiplication factor of the geometric mean antibody titer increase in serum reached a value of 5.8. Conducting of immunization with two doses of vaccine with the interval of 28 days increases the immunogenicity: the level of seroconversion rate increases up to 96%, but the level of seroprotection – up to 74%, seroconversion factor – up to 10.8. These data confirm high immunogenic potential vaccine in case of single dose as well as double doses administration.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of rituximab (RTM) therapy on the clinical, morphological, and immunological parameters of lupus nephritis (LN) activity. Subjects and methods. The study included 19 patients with types III and IV LN (WHO classification) with its 6-133-month history. Their mean age was 28,6 years (18-63 years). RTM was given in a dose of 500 mg weekly for 4 weeks or 1000 mg twice at an interval of 2 weeks. Fourteen patients received a complete course of RTM therapy. Five cases could not complete the course due to poor tolerability or death. Renal rebiopsy was performed in 8 patients 6-12 months after therapy initiation. Results. Thirteen patients achieved partial remission in different follow-up periods. Complete remission was noted in 7 patients a year after a course of RTM therapy. There were no exacerbations of LN in remission patients. Just a month after therapy was marked by a decline in the systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity index (SLEDAI 2K) from 20.4+7.3 to 14.3+6.5 (p

s. PHYTOPHARM 2012 M 32 Obzory po kliniceskoj farmacologii i lekarstvennoj terapii [Reviews of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy] ТОМ 10/2012/2 als on 392 patients with verified diagnoses of lambliasis and opisthorchiasis. Thus, it testifies about its antiparasitic activity. The karaganda pharmaceutical complex was constructed and put into operation on the basis of holding «Phytochemistry». The complex has capacity of 2 millions ampoules, 150 millions tablets, capsules and 2 millions soft dosage forms of original competitive phytopreparations. Attempts to restore cholinergic function have been considered as a rational target to improve the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. One therapeutic option is the use of AChE inhibitors which block this key enzyme in the breakdown of acetylcholine (1). during the last decade the use of herbal medicinal preprations in dementia therapy has been studied based on traditional medicine (2). Gum ammoniacum is a gum-resin from Dorema ammoniacum d. don which has been used in Unani and iranian traditional medicine for several indications. A previous study showed AChE inhibitory activity for a dichloromethane extract of this resin (3). The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of active compounds from gum ammoniacum. Extraction of the resin was performed by sonification with dichloromethane. The extract was investigated by a respective colorimetric microplate assay and the active zones were identified via TlC bioautography. Then the active compounds were isolated using several chromatographic techniques such as vacuum liquid chromatography, column chromatography and counter current chromatography. The structures of the active components were characterized by different methods such as one and two-dimensional h and C NMR spectroscopy (COSy, TOCSy, hSqC, hMbC, NOESy) and mass spectrometry. Two spirosesquiterpenoidic chromadiones were characterized as active components and one of them is a new compound. Their iC 50 values for AChE inhibitory activity were determined by microplate assay as 77 and 100 μg/ml. The extract was analyzed by hPlC to determine the concentration of active compounds in the extract. References: (1) howes MJ, houghton PJ. 2003. Pharmacol biochem behav. 75: 513–527. (2) Andrade C, Sudha S, Venkataraman bV. 2000. J ECT. 16: 144–156. (3) Adhami hR, farsam h, krenn l. 2011. Phytother Res. 25: 1148–1152. EFFECT OF MARJORAM POWDER (ORIGANUMMAJORANA L.) AS ANTIBIOTIC GROWTH PROMOTER SUBSTITUTIONS ON PERFORMANCE AND IMMUNITY OF BROILER CHICKS © Aghdam Shahryar Habib , Akhavan Movahed Iman , Toghyani Majid 2 department of Animal Science, Shabestar branch, islamic Azad University, Shabestar, iran department of Animal Science, khorasgan branch, islamic Azad University, isfahan, iran This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of marjoram powder (origanummajorana l.) as an antibiotic growth promoter substitution on performance and immune responses in broiler chicks. Three hundred day-old broiler chicks were divided randomly into four treatment groups included: control (basal diet), antibiotic (flavophospholipol) and marjoram powder at levels of 2 and 4 g/kg in basal diet. body weight, feed intake and feed conversion were recorded at 14, 28 and 46 d. Antibody titer against Newcastle and Avian influenza (h9 N2) viruses at 26 d (14 d post immunization), SRbC at 32 d (6 d post immunization) and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio at 42 d were measured. Results showed that the birds fed the 2 or 4 g/kg marjoram powder had higher final body weight than other treatments (P < 0.05). feed consumption in antibiotic group was significantly decreased. feed conversion ratio was not affected by dietary treatments. Antibody titer against Newcastle and influenza viruses were elevated in broiler chicks fed 4 g/kg marjoram powder (P < 0.05). Antibody titer against SRbC, albumin to globulin ratio and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio were not affected by dietary treatments. These results suggest that A NEW SPIRO-SESQUITERPENOIDIC CHROMANDIONE FROM GUM AMMONIACUM WITH ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITORY ACTIVITY © Adhami H. R. , Kaehlig H. , Zehl M. , Krenn L. 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Austria Institute of organic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria