Search

Subject and Purpose. The effect of abnormally strong interaction of electromagnetic radiation with fine conductive fibers is сonsidered. Metal, semiconductor, or graphite fibers can heavily absorb electromagnetic radiation provided the fiber diameter is several hundred times smaller than the radiation wavelength. For the most effective transfer of radiation energy, a proper ratio of the radiation wavelength, fiber refractive index, and fiber diameter is sought. Methods and Methodology. The diffraction problem of a cylinder whose diameter is much smaller than the incident wavelength is treated. The formulas to compute the radiation absorption efficiency have a series appearance. The series coefficients depend on the diameter of the cylinder, its refractive index, and the wavelength. With the cylinder diameter much smaller than the wavelength, these coefficients can be series expanded in the small parameter, and it should suffice to take into account only the first term. The findings are experimentally verified by measurements of the microwave radiation energy transmitted to a fine graphite fiber. Results. Relationships have been determined of the fiber diameter, fiber conductivity, and wavelength when the effect of the electromagnetic radiation absorption was at its strongest. The experiment showed that even unfocused, an 8 mm wave beam transmitted more than 10% of the energy to a graphite fiber of a 12 μm diameter. The size of the fiber area struck by the beam was 300 times smaller than the beam cross-section. Conclusions. Conductive fibers of a cross-sectional diameter much smaller than the incident radiation wavelength strongly absorb this radiation. The absorption is at its strongest when the radiation wavelength in the fiber substance is approximately 10 times larger than the cross-sectional diameter of the fiber. The effect of the anomalously strong absorption of electromagnetic radiation can be used to transfer the electromagnetic radiation energy to fine-fiber targets no matter whether the radiation beam is focused or not. Also, this effect can be of use for making protective screens in the microwave region.

Very thin conductive fibers, whose diameter is much smaller than the wavelength, strongly absorb and scatter electromagnetic radiation. The efficiency factors of absorption, scattering and radiation pressure of metal fibers with a diameter of several micrometers in the centimeter wavelength range reach several thousand. The absorption of electromagnetic radiation in two-layer fibers has been studied. In fibers with a metal core and a lossless dielectric cladding, the absorption is the same as in solid metal fibers. In lossy cladding fibers, strong absorption occurs when the fiber diameter is several nanometers. Fibers with a dielectric core and a metal cladding strongly absorb radiation when the thickness of the cladding is comparable to the thickness of the skin layer.

SCIENTIFIC RELEVANCE. Biowaiver is a procedure for establishing the bioequivalence of generic and reference products without in vivo studies. Regulatory requirements for this procedure, as described in a variety of documents, differ in certain features and aspects. These differences need to be analysed.AIM. The aim was to compare international and Russian regulatory approaches to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System-based biowaivers, provide recommendations on comparative dissolution testing, and outline opportunities for streamlining the regulatory framework of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).DISCUSSION. In this article, the authors analyse biowaiver requirements and describe procedures for assessing the permeability and pH-dependent solubility of medicines, comparing dissolution profiles in various media that simulate the gastrointestinal environment, and interpreting test results. This paper shows the role of excipients in the solubility and permeability of an active substance.CONCLUSIONS. The authors recommend a methodological approach to the biowaiver procedure for replacing in vivo bioequivalence studies with in vitro tests under the current EAEU regulatory framework and list the characteristics of medicines that limit the applicability of the procedure. In conclusion, this article provides a rationale for harmonising the existing guidelines and requirements.

In this work, models of elastic adsorption deformation of microporous adsorbents with different micropore geometries are proposed, which make it possible to relate changes in the relative linear dimensions of macroobjects (adsorbents) and micropores. Model No. 1 is a model of elastic adsorption deformation of microporous adsorbents upon interaction with gases. Model No. 2 corresponds to the model when the micropores are plane-parallel slots of limited size. Obviously, the proposed equations can be used in constructing the general thermodynamics of adsorption processes and adsorption theory, as well as in calculating the thermodynamic functions of adsorbents. In particular, changes in the internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy of the adsorbent during its deformation can be calculated. Thus, it will be possible to reveal the contribution of the non-inert adsorbent to the measured heats of adsorption. The developed approach contributes to the development of the thermodynamics of adsorption processes and the construction of a general theory of adsorption, taking into account the contribution of the adsorbent.

It is well known that gas absorption by a semiconductor surface leads to a change in its electrical conductivity. This phenomenon has become the basis for the technical production of various gas sensitive sensors. Near the particle surface, due to the absorption and subsequent ionization of oxygen molecules, a surface zone is formed that is depleted in free charge carriers. The thickness of this zone is comparable to the Debye length and depends on the oxygen pressure on the particle surface. Depending on the size of the particle and the degree of their connection, there can be either conductive contacts or contacts of the Schottky barrier type between them. All this leads to a different kind of relationship between the conductivity and the concentration of the gas being determined. Since the sensitivity is based on chemical reactions between the surface of a solid body and gas molecules, the most demanded are materials with a large surface-to-volume ratio and a high degree of porosity, i.e. nanoparticles. In the present work, the main possible mechanisms of absorption of gas molecules by compacted nanoparticles are considered and their analysis is carried out.

Every year modern industry increases the number of technological processes using high-risk chemicals. Therefore, for the uninterrupted work of personnel, it is necessary to minimize the possible consequences of leakage of these substances, but for this, first of all, a clear definition of the maximum permissible concentration of a particular hazardous substance in the air is required. In the last decade, nanomaterials of various types have been used as active elements for gas sensors, and gas sensors based on tin oxide have become the most popular among researchers. In this work, typical reactions of the interaction of the surface of a nanocompacted SnO2 layer with some detectable gases were studied. It is shown that with an increase in the concentration of the analyzed gas due to its chemical absorption, the electrons previously captured by oxygen are released, which leads to an increase in the number of nanoparticles in the conducting state. This feature makes it possible to use the nanocompacted SnO2 layer for the determination of nitrogen mono- and nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere.

In the realm of fisheries, particularly in the cultivation of fish in peat ponds, well water or irrigation is the primary water source. However, due to its peat composition, the water used exhibits turbidity and a high density of particles. Consequently, the quality of this water for fish cultivation remains a subject of debate. Within peatlands, the quality of pond water significantly impacts fish growth. Filtration and absorption technology has been selected, as it presents various advantages and disadvantages when compared to current conventional methods. The filtration and absorption media used consist of 15% silica, 15% active sand, 20% active carbon, 25% zeolite, and 25% corosex pH adjuster. Other issues, electricity-related challenges frequently arise in fish farming. The adoption of renewable energy in the form of solar power has been proposed to generate electrical energy. This application utilizes solar power-based filtration and absorption water processing technology, with a series of test variables to ascertain the impact on pond water quality. This is accomplished by comparing the filtration and absorption settings to untreated pond water and pond water treated with water hyacinth. The results of this application include the production of 100% alternative electric power, reduction of TDS levels by up to 29%, the elevation of PH levels by up to 2.81%, and decrease of NH3 levels by up to 16.33% when compared to untreated peat water fish ponds and peat water fish ponds utilizing the traditional mechanism of water hyacinth.

This paper presents a brief overview of the main approaches to mathematical modeling of the interaction of optical radiation with biological tissues. In the case of light propagation in tissue, the Monte Carlo method is an approximation of the solution of the radiation transfer equation. This is done by sampling the set of all possible trajectories of light quanta (photon packets) as they pass through the tissue. Such a stochastic model makes it possible to simulate the propagation of light in a turbid (scattering) medium. The main types of interaction between photons and tissue are considered: scattering, absorption, and reflection/refraction at the boundary of the medium. The algorithm of the method is based on the statistical approximation of the estimated parameters instead of using non-linear functional transformations. Efficient methods for modeling the problem of Raman spectroscopy in turbid media are shown, taking into account the parameters of the detector and the sample size. Two fundamental approaches to the numerical simulation of Raman scattering are considered. Based on data from open literary sources, a variant of modeling Raman scattering in normal multilayer human skin in the near infrared wavelength range is shown. The Raman spectra of ex vivo normal skin tissue sections are presented to quantify various intrinsic micro spectral properties of different skin layers. The reconstructed Raman spectrum of the skin is compared with clinically measured skin spectra in vivo. The overall good agreement between the simulated process and experimental data is shown. The possibility of using the sequential Monte Carlo method for data processing in correlation wide-field optical coherence tomography for the study of biological objects is shown.

This article proposes and analyzes a circuit solution for providing heat supply to the generator of an absorption refrigeration machine (AHM) in centralized air conditioning systems using a heat pump unit (HPU) and solar collectors (SOL). Previously, such schemes have already been considered in the scientific works of Russian and foreign authors. The aim of the work is to propose new circuit solutions aimed at improving such systems, as well as confirming higher energy efficiency. This goal is achieved by solving the following problems: additional supply of the circuit with a common storage tank, operation of the absorption refrigeration machine generator and the condenser of the heat pump unit based on a common heat exchanger. Such a solution for the air conditioning complex based on an absorption refrigeration unit has been proposed for the first time. The most important results are the possibility of obtaining high values of the coefficient of performance, the possibility of achieving a number of technological advantages, increasing reliability and efficiency, as well as reducing the metal consumption of an absorption-type plant operating from solar collectors and a heat pump plant compared to similar systems. The significance of the obtained results lies in the fact that the use of a common storage tank and a combined heat exchanger (AHM generator / HPU heater) provides a significant increase in the coefficient of performance, a decrease in the metal consumption (reduction in costs) of the main equipment.

The MedLine database contains 570 publications, including 71 randomized clinical trials and 6 meta-analyses on the rebamipide molecule in 2022. Indications for the use of rebamipide are gastric ulcer, chronic gastritis with hyperacidityin the acute stage, erosive gastritis, prevention of damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa while taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Currently trials are studying the efficacy and safety of the drug in gouty and rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Sjgren's syndrome, bronchial asthma, vitiligo, atherosclerosis, diseases of the kidneys and liver; using in traumatology to accelerate bone regeneration; in ophthalmology to improve the regeneration of corneal epithelium; in oncology to reduce inflammatory changes in the oral mucosa after chemoradiotherapy. The review article is about the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of rebamipide. A detailed understanding of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics allows for individual selection of therapy based on the characteristics of the patient's body gender, age, comorbidities; choose the optimal route of administration and dosing regimen; predict adverse effects and drug interactions; be determined with new clinical indications.

This paper is devoted to the application of epithelial monolayer of human colon adenocarcinoma cells — Caco-2 for in vitro permeability evaluation of drugs. Main advantages of this biological model are described. General principles, approaches and methodology of Caco-2 permeability assay are defined. Correlation between human intestinal permeability in vitro and apparent permeability coefficient in vitro is indicated

Up to the present time, the construction of a general theory of the equilibrium adsorption is a very urgent task. In the present paper, a general phenomenological approach is developed to describe both adsorption and absorption equilibria. It was shown that under certain assumptions, the resulting equation transforms into the well-known classical Henry, Langmuir, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equations with constants having a clear physical meaning. Thus, the constant in the Henry equation is determined by the temperature, the specific surface of the adsorbent, the size of the adsorbate molecules, the molar mass of the adsorbate and the isosteric heat of adsorption (the energy of interaction of the adsorbate molecules with the surface of the adsorbent). In the derived Brunauer-Emmett-Teller partial equation, in contrast to the classical version, a clear dependence of the equation constant on the specific physical characteristics of the adsorption system is indicated for the first time. It is determined by the concentration of adsorbate molecules in the liquid phase at the temperature under consideration, the concentration of adsorbate molecules during the formation of a dense monolayer on the surface of the adsorbent, the energy of interaction of adsorbate molecules with the surface of the adsorbent and the heat of condensation. The presented approach can serve as a basis for modeling a variety of adsorption and absorption phenomena, including adsorption on microporous adsorbents.

When designing natural gas drying equipment, the possibility of implementing an integrated approach to determine the rational technical and economic indicators of the technological devices under consideration is of great importance. This makes it possible to achieve maximum energy efficiency from the operated equipment for each specific field. One of the important tasks to be solved in the development of gas fields is the choice of a method and appropriate technological equipment according to a variety of criteria, including operating costs and the cost of devices, plant performance, metal consumption, replicability of the technology in question, etc. One of the ways to solve such a problem is the application of mathematical methods of system analysis in complex decision-making problems, in particular, the method of analyzing hierarchies.

This paper investigated the synthesis of inorganic polymer composites for electromagnetic radiation absorption using potassium titanates. The selected polyamide 6 and potassium polytitanate materials contain TiО2, K2СО3, and KCl obtained by charge sintering. Results showed that modification of polyamide 6 with sintering products in the form of a fine powder of potassium polytitanate that contains different phases K2O × 2TiO2, K2O × 4TiO2, and K2O × 6TiO2 which increased their strength properties. With increased potassium titanates (PTT) synthesis, a gradual transition from di to potassium hexatitanates occurs K2O × 2TiO2 – K2O × 4TiO2 – K2O × 6TiO2. The optimal content of potassium polytitanate was over 20 % by mass. To fully ensure the reinforcing effect due to the filling of potassium polytitanate polyamide 6, it is necessary to use whiskers K2O × 6TiO2, which can be collected by the additional crystallization of the amorphous charge sintering product. By designing experimental-statistical mathematical models in equal regressions, mathematical optimization of inorganic polymer composites for electromagnetic radiation absorption using PTT was carried out.

Over the past decades, we have witnessed many remarkable advances in understanding the impact of vitamin D on human health. There is an exponential growth of new data covering both the fundamental biology of vitamin D and the clinical implications of deficiency and the effects of vitamin D supplementation. This literature review has been prepared to combine and interpret the current scientific evidence on the mechanisms of vitamin D absorption, with a focus on vitamin D absorption through the apical membrane of enterocytes in various pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract. Reviewed studies have identified some distinctive aspects of vitamin D bioavailability that should be considered in the treatment or prevention of vitamin D deficiency in patients with malabsorption syndromes, especially in the active phase of the disease. Moreover, recent in vivo experiments and in vitro studies have demonstrated that vitamin D absorption is not a simple diffusion process as previously thought, but rather a mechanism that also involves multiple membrane transporters. Maintaining or improving vitamin D intake through diet or increased sun exposure is problematic, so oral supplementation may be an effective and safe approach to improving vitamin D status. Vitamin D3 is the recommended form for both prevention and treatment of vitamin D deficiency, which is associated with more stable pharmacokinetics. Vitamin D absorption is improved when vitamin D is taken with a small amount of fat-containing food and medium chain triglycerides. In malabsorption syndromes, it is optimal to increase the general population doses of vitamin D by 2–3 times both for prevention and for the treatment of deficiency and insufficiency. While vitamin D deficiency is more common among people with gastrointestinal disease, data have not been able to establish whether the relationship is causal or the result of intestinal inflammation and malabsorption syndrome. However, owing to the understanding of the mechanisms of action of vitamin D, there is evidence that its deficiency can be directly related to the severity of the disease, and partly to the etiology or pathogenesis of the disease itself.

To obtain ultrapure hydrogen by membrane technology, instead of expensive membranes made of Pd alloys, cheaper ones based on metals (Nb-Ni) and (V-Ni) are considered. Due to alloying of these Ti alloys, the performance of the membranes increased – diffusion and permeability of hydrogen, wear resistance and thermal stability, exceeding the Pd alloys. For crystalline analogs, the problem was also solved by increasing the Ti concentration with the formation of eutectic phases in ternary alloy compositions (Nb85-xTixNi15 and V85-xTixNi15). Hydrogen accumulated in membrane matrices forms specific polyhedral eutectic TСР hydrides up to phase transitions, and upon cooling from 673 to 303К under conditions of thermal expansion from 473 to 673К, it increases the temperature of β-hydride formation and forms NiTi and NiTi2 compounds, which stabilize and protect nano- and crystalline membranes from brittle destruction.

Background. An effective way to obtain barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes stress-tolerant to cadmium, with a low level of toxic ion accumulation in grain, is the selection of cells in selective in vitro systems, based on somaclonal variability, which promotes the formation of specific and nonspecific adaptive mechanisms.Materials and methods. The object of the study was cv. ‘999-93’, developed by selection from a hybrid combination of spring barley (Luly × Conrad) × 2867-80, and its regenerated forms in seed reproductions of the 3–5th generation, induced in the process of cell selection on media with cadmium, aluminum and polyethylene glycol. The plants were grown under normal soil conditions and against a provocative background for cadmium.Results. The contribution of the environment-forming activity in the roots of the studied genotypes to inactivation of toxic ions appeared insignificant. The total removal of cadmium by plants against a provocative background increased 22.5 times, reaching 5.8–10.3 mg/kg of dry phytomass when distributed among organs: roots (91.9–93.4%) > stems (5.9–7.8%) > grain (0.5–0.8%). The amount of toxic metal in grain increased 11 times in the original form and 2.8–6.8 times in regenerants. The negative effect of excess cadmium in the soil on the accumulation of zinc in barley was shown. There was no gradation in the importance of organs for zinc accumulation or any presence of functional barriers preventing this. Regenerants induced on selective media with cadmium had the greatest adaptive advantages to stress: pronounced barrier functions of roots, minimal accumulation of toxic ions in aerial organs, and high seed productivity (they exceeded the original genotype by 35.5%). Adaptive reactions associated with the limitation of cadmium accumulation in plant tissues of regenerants, obtained by in vitro selections with aluminum and an osmotic, were shown to be weak.

The article discusses and analyzes the construction of liquid-jet sulfitators used in the beet sugar industry. The importance of sulfitation treatment in the sugar beet processing and raw cane sugar technology is noted and the main advantages of its use at various technological stages are given, namely, preparation of extractant used for diffusion sucrose extraction out of beet cossettes, thin juice processing, thick juice with B- and C-remelts processing, as well as raw cane sugar remelt processing. The advantages and disadvantages of liquid-jet sulfitators in comparison with other constructions are noted and criteria for their improvement are given. It has been noted that the created ejection, which sucks in the sulphitation gas into the contacting chamber, and the fact that the absorption of sulfur dioxide occurs on a larger surface than in other types of structures the main advantages of liquid-jet sulphitators. The main disadvantages are the short length of the contacting chamber, which is insufficient for ensuring complete absorption of sulfur dioxide, as well as instability of the generated ejection when the productivity changes. This determines the criteria given in the article for the improvement of liquid-jet sulfitators. The description of the developed construction of the sulphitator centrifugal-jet nozzle of sugar production liquids is given, which provides: the stability of the sulphitation gas supply in a wide range of plant productivity; stability of the hydroaerodynamic regime of the system «treated liquid – sulphitation gas» inside the sulphitator; sufficient contact time for complete dissolution in the treated liquid of the sulfur anhydride contained in the sulphitation gas. The advantages of the developed centrifugal-jet sulfitators in comparison with typical liquid-jet sulfitators are noted: ensuring the operation range of 50-120% of the nominal capacity (plant production capacity); significant reduction in the technical sulfur consumption for the sulphur anhydride production, which is used as a reagent for the sulfitation treatment of liquids in beet sugar processing; reduction of harmful emissions into the atmosphere due to 100 % sulfur anhydride dissolution in the treated liquid.

The paper presents the results of modeling the processes of controlled thermal cracking of quartz glass under the parallel action of two infrared laser beams of different geometries on the material: with maximum intensity in the center and with zero intensity in the center (annular section). To calculate the temperature distribution in the material, the method of Green's functions was used, which allows us to obtain a well-interpreted solution for almost any type of function of surface heat sources. Further, taking into account the quasi-static approach, using the methods of the classical theory of thermoelasticity, thermoelastic microstresses were calculated, both on the surface and in the depth of the material. It is established that the simultaneous use of these two types of laser exposure makes it possible to control the temperature field more efficiently, and create prerequisites for the most stable formation of a microcrack. The simulation results show that with a bi-beam effect, the micromechanical stresses necessary for the formation of a microcrack are realized in shorter time intervals, both on the surface and in the depth of the material, which allows increasing the processing speed by up to 30 %. Strengthening control over the process of controlled thermal cracking can significantly reduce the percentage of defects and improve the quality of the resulting microeletronics products.

The purpose of this study is to develop a circuit for an automobile air conditioner, which will reduce the consumption of power developed by the engine. This paper proposes the design of an automobile absorption air conditioner. A description of the principle of operation of an automobile absorption air conditioner operating on a cycle of a one-stage absorption refrigeration machine has been given in the paper. It consists of a stripper (generator), a condenser, an absorber, an evaporator. Lithium bromide (LiBr) solution has been used as an absorbent, which has a low boiling point, is non-toxic and safe. 3D-models of the absorber and generator of an automobile absorption air conditioner has been developed in the course of the research. The absorber is designed to form a weak absorbent solution. This solution is supplied to the generator heat exchanger using a liquid pump. There it is heated by the exhaust gases to the boiling point. The solution evaporates and water vapor enters the condenser (evaporator). In the generator, the solution is concentrated from 52 to 60 %. After that, water vapor is supplied to the absorber from the condenser, and a concentrated absorbent solution is supplied from the generator. It should be noted that the generator is a key element of an automobile absorption air conditioning system. Inside it is a strong LiBr solution that feeds the absorber. The design of the air conditioning system does not provide for the use of a compressor and allows to reduce the power loss of the power plant to the drive of the liquid pump. According to calculations, the pump drive power was 0.17 kW. For comparison, the compressor of a modern car air conditioner consumes 7–11 kW. An absorption car air conditioner provides the following advantages: additional engine cooling, environmental friendliness, fuel economy, efficient use of the heat of vehicle exhaust gases. A distinctive feature of this design is that it is proposed to use the heat of the exhaust gases for the process of heating the absorbent. This design can fully compete with the existing modern car air conditioners.

Copyright of News of Kazakhstan Science / Novosti nauki Kazahstana is the property of NCSTE (JSC National Center for State Scientific and Technical Evaluations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, an algorithm that makes decisions on whether or not an object under protection has been penetrated based on data from infrared (IR) sensors included in a wireless sensor system is considered. Based on theoretical considerations, methods for calculating the attenuation of infrared radiation by the medium, including attenuation due to molecular gases and aerosol attenuation, are presented. Peculiarities of the external environment impact on the functioning of local heat sensors are shown. Also, peculiarities of the noise immunity characteristics of a radio communication channel are considered with due regard for signal fading. With the purpose of analyzing the environment impact on the efficiency of the entire system, we present dependencies of the total error probability on the energy parameter, taking into account the attenuation of infrared radiation in both the environment at the level of local sensors and the radio communication channel. In addition, a dependence of the total error probability on the communication distance under the influence of fading is presented. The results arrived at are analyzed and the degree of influence of the environment on the quality of functioning of the wireless sensor system of thermal type is evaluated. It is shown that adverse weather conditions can have a significant impact on the efficiency of local sensors, and, hence the entire system. However, despite the possible significant deterioration in efficiency due to the IR signal attenuation in the medium and in the radio channel, the efficiency can be increased by increasing the number of sensors used.

An analysis of studies of membrane alloys Ta77Nb23 and Ta94,9W5,1 was carried out with an estimation of their characteristics – thermal stability, strength – by measuring microhardness, matrix structure – by X-ray analysis, as well as the dynamics of hydrogen – diffusion (theoretically) and permeability (experimentally). The efficiency of the hydrogen separation/purification using the Ta77Nb23 and Ta94,9W5,1 alloys was higher than that of palladium, measured under the same test conditions.

Subject of Research. The paper presents numerical methods that first studied laser heating of titanium-containing optothermal fiber converter and vein wall, as well as the effect of thermal damage of the vein wall during endovasal laser coagulation with different average power of 980 nm semiconductor laser and the traction speed of the converter inside the vein. Method. Models and conditions for numerical simulation of optical and thermal physical processes were formulated, occurring during endovasal laser coagulation of veins using titanium-containing optothermal fiber converter. The Monte Carlo method was used in optical modeling. The initial-edge task for a non-linear model of radiation-conductive heat transport with moving sources of radiation was analyzed at thermal simulation by the method of finite dispositions. The effect of vein wall thermal damage was assessed as a result of solving the Arrhenius equation. Main Results. The titanium-containing optothermal fiber converter can be used for endovasal laser coagulation of veins by radiation of 980 nm laser with average power up to 20 W. Laser radiation is almost completely absorbed by the converter. With the simultaneous start of laser radiation and the beginning of traction, the temperature of the vein wall does not immediately reach the maximum value; the waiting time can reach units and even tens of seconds. The temperature inside converter exceeds 250 °C. The optimal combinations of average laser power and titanium-containing converter traction speed are defined for uniform coagulation of the vein wall. Practical Relevance. The results can be used in the development of laser methods and devices for endovasal laser coagulation of veins.

Subject and Purpose. In laser measurements technique, the absorption and scattering of microwave radiation in a wire, which diameter is much smaller than the wavelength, can be very large. The absorption and scattering efficiency factors can reach values of several hundreds. This effect has been investigated under the conditions when a plane wave falls on a wire in free space and the electric vector of the wave is parallel to the wire axis. The effect also appears if the wire is located along the axis of the radiation beam, but in this case the absorption in thin wires is appeared to be less. In thicker wires, it may be large. This paper shows that such an effect exists when a thin wire is located along the axis of the beam propagating in a hollow metallic waveguide. Methods and methodology. An experimental study of the effect of strong interaction of microwave radiation with very thin (d << l) metal wires located along the axis of a hollow metal waveguide was carried out. The transmittance and reflection coefficients of the waveguide section with a wire in the frequency range from 12 to 18 GHz were measured. The absorption and scattering coefficients of the wires are evaluated. The diameters of the wires ranged from 50 to 1000 microns, while their length ranged from 100 to 200 mm. The waveguide cross-section is 8 ´ 16 mm, the wave type is H10. Results. Our experiments have shown that the transmittance values of the section with the fiber are in the range of 80…90 %; the reflectance values are in the range 1…5 %, depending on the fiber length and its diameter. At some frequencies, where resonances are observed, the transmittance reduces down to 10…20 %, and the reflectance increases up to 10…40 %. Conclusions. The results of our study have showed the existence of the effect of strong interaction of microwave radiation with very thin conductive fibers in the waveguide with a longitudinal fiber arrangement. The effect can be used in the development of waveguide elements for measuring equipment: attenuators, absorbing loads, etc.

The paper deals with the application of spectrophotometric method and the sensor for determination of contaminating hydrocarbon impurity presence in waste water. The sensor is designed on the basis of modern element base. For measurement accuracy increase it has computer processing of analysis results for the absorption spectra of liquid (water) media in the ultraviolet wavelength range. The proposed sensor and computer program enabled the study of hydrocarbon impurity presence in the water that is an important factor for continuous monitoring of the environment. The absorption spectra of gasoline, diesel fuel, synthetic motor oil, fuel oil, natural oil are given as the most frequently present as impurities in the water, measured on an automated spectrophotometric sensor model. The use of modern small-sized elements makes it possible to design a small-sized highly sensitive sensor for express analysis of the water quality.

In article various theoretical aspects of an exit of the companies on the foreign markets are considered. Influence of globalization on productivity of the companies is considered, ways and factors of a choice of strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The behavioural and cultural aspects influencing strategy of an exit to the world market are analysed. The analysis of strategy of the companies which have entered the foreign markets, is carried out taking into account the previous researches in this area.The following conclusions became result of research: 1) globalization positively influences the companies as the market increases, however the small companies and the companies in emerging markets lose in competitive fight; 2) the companies with considerable experience are inclined to choose strategy of opening of own enterprise while the organizations without similar experience prefer export or joint venture in the host country territory; 3) the strategy choice with a bigger involvement of resources is directly proportional to knowledge of culture of the country to which there is a company. At entry into the market with other culture smooth adaptation is necessary for successful realization of strategy. At last, people are inclined to make behavioural mistakes, and knowledge of them and continuous control will help to achieve successful results; 4) for an exit and successful work in the foreign markets of the company important not only to possess competences, but also to be able to protect them and to keep in time; 5) on the market with high political and investment risks, and also adverse economic conditions of the company are inclined to choose strategy with the minimum investment of money (franchizes, licensing).

Using a laser transmitter in the range of 200 nm to 1200 nm, transmittance and total extinction coefficients were determined for two different but close related optical media which are ocean water and shallow well water in Mombasa County, in Kenya. The results were interpreted using Lambert–Beer’s law as applied for very small ranges of concentrations. It was established that the total extinction coefficients for two forms of water showed linearity with values of total extinction coefficients found to be µt = 7.734 (g/ml)-1 mm-1 and µt = 127.6 mm-1 at a wavelength of 638 nm for ocean water and shallow well water respectively.

Heavy bituminous oil is the main source of Nigerian unconventional resources. The resources represent oil sand and bitumen oil forming a belt of bitumen oil covering about 120 km extending from Lagos, Ogun, Ondo and Edo. Huge reserves of the resources are located in the state of Ondo. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method was used in the research to study bitumen oil in South West Nigeria. The NMR spectroscopy on the nuclei of 1H and 13C uses signals from protons and carbon nuclei, respectively, tetramethylsilane molecules Si(CH3)4. Regions of absorption of aliphatic (7–65 ppm) and aromatic (108–170 ppm) nuclei of carbon atoms are clearly defined in the NMR spectra of 13C of the objects under consideration. Signals of carbon atoms of olefinic fragments make a significant contribution to the last range of spectra of the cores of Nigerian bitumen deposits. An analysis of more known methods of defining the aromatic region of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of 13C showed that for fractions that do not contain condensed cyclic and heteroatomic compounds, the definition of chemical shift subranges (CS) corresponding to aromatic carbon atoms 110–130 ppm not substituted, 130–137 ppm substituted by methyl, another alkyl – and naphthyl substituted – 137–148 ppm is sufficienly reasonable. There are regions of absorption of quaternary carbon atoms bonded to oxygen or nitrogen (148–170 ppm), carbonyl carbon atoms (170–200 ppm), as well as tertiary aromatic carbon atoms, located in the ortho position to the hydroxyl or other oxygen atom (108–118 ppm) in objects containing larger amounts of heteroatoms.

The article deal with a main trendes of development of relations with the property in a modern stage of economic development. In article are specified the main directions of the use of the term “redistribution of property”, determined the main features of this process. It is considered periods of redistribution of property in Russia. The commonest method of redistribution of property are analyzed.

Biological preparations differ substantially from low molecular weight chemicals in molecular weight, multidimensional structure of an active substance, presence of post-translational modifications, composition of impurities and excipients, drug manufacturing process, etc. These specific features of biological preparations also influence their pharmacokinetic properties. The assessment of pharmacokinetic properties is essential not only for the confirmation of the efficacy of a biological preparation, but it is also key aspect of demonstrating the similarity/analogy of a biosimilar preparation under development and the reference (original) preparation. High molecular weight biological preparations when administered subcutaneously and intramusculary initially migrate from the injection site into lymphatic vessels and then to blood. Pharmacokinetic properties of drugs with Fc region of immunoglobulin, are affected by their ability to interact with Fcy and FcRn receptors. Almost all biological preparations possess immunogenicity, the appearance of antibodies to a drug causes changes not only in pharmacodynamic but also in pharmacokinetic properties of biological products. The assessment of pharmacokinetic properties is a complicated and time-consuming process, for example, the study of drug distribution may in some cases require the use of a radioactive label.

The availability of radio communication, television, radiolocation, remote information processing systems led to the appearance of an intense electromagnetic background in our environment. In many cases, it is the cause of the disturbance of the correct functioning of biological objects, a hindrance to the operation of radioelectronic devices – information transmission systems and military equipment. Therefore, there is a need to protect objects from electromagnetic radiation. Particular attention is given to the development of screens and coatings, the effectiveness of which is achieved through the absorption of electromagnetic radiation, since the reflection of electromagnetic radiation often has a negative effect associated with the formation of a re-reflected wave effecting the screened object. In addition, it can help to identify an object by external sensors in cases where it is undesirable. The effect of an anomalously large absorption of microwave radiation by conducting fibers is observed when electric vector of an electromagnetic wave which falls on a fiber is parallel to the axis of the fiber. The possibility of using this effect to create protective screens is considered in this paper. The study showed that electromagnetic radiation is very strongly absorbed and dissipated by thin conducting fibers if the electric vector of the wave is parallel to the fiber axis: the values of the absorption and scattering efficiency factors can reach several hundred and even thousand, that is, the effective absorption and scattering cross sections can be in several hundred or thousand times higher than the geometric cross sections of the fiber. This is a size effect, the nature of which, perhaps, is related to the effective excitation of currents at certain ratios between the fiber diameter and the wavelength of the radiation. Also in the work, the advantages of graphite fibers in front of metal ones as a material for absorbing screens have been experimentally proved. The results of the study can be used to create protective screens in the microwave range.

The purpose of this work was to investigate the heterogeneous equilibrium: Ni(S) + 4CO(V) Ni(CO)4(V). The data on the temperature dependence of this reaction equilibrium constant enables to measure important thermodynamic parameters (such as reaction enthalpy and entropy). Pure nickel or the solid solutions of gallium in nickel were used as equilibrium solid phases. It should be stressed that only nickel and nickel alloys form the stable carbonyl compound (Ni(CO)4) in the reaction between solid metals and carbon monoxide at low vapor pressures (up to 1 bar). The considered reaction has high selectivity and in the case of nickel alloys only nickel (as a component) reacts with carbon monoxide. High temperature spectrophotometry is the main method of vapor-pressure measurement in this work. Nickel carbonyl vapor has the speci c bands in the near-UV absorption spectrum. The characteristic spectrum consists of main peak at 206 nm and two shoulders at 230 nm and 270 nm. The investigation of the optical absorption at these bands as a function of temperature allows one to determine the temperature dependence of nickel carbonyl concentration and, therefore, the equilibrium constant and some thermodynamic values for very reaction. To record the spectra during heating the experiment was carried out in an evacuated quartz cuvette. This cuvette was lled with nickel (nickel alloy) powder and with carbon monoxide gas. The vapor pressure was measured by the digital manometer (XP2i). Then the cuvette was sealed and annealed in the liquid thermostat for some days to reach an equilibrium state. After anneal the cuvette was quenched and analyzed for Ni(CO)4 concentration by spectral scanning. To nd the dependency between the optical absorption coef cients k and the Ni(CO)4 concentration in the gas phase the separate experiments for the spectrum scanning of carbonyl saturated vapor (Ni(CO)4 (S)Ni(CO)4 (V); Ni(CO)4 (L)Ni(CO)4 (V)) were organized at very low temperatures (-70 – -25 °C). Appreciable amounts of the nickel carbonyl were detected only at low temperatures (

Relevance of the work is caused by the lack of mathematical description of ammonia and methylamines absorption from multicomponent gas mixtures in a regular packing. The main aim in the study is to develop a mathematical model and the method of calculating ammonia and methylamines absorption from a gas mixture in a new regular tape packing. The nozzle can increase the degree of purification of process gases and intensify the absorption. The methods used in the study. Differential equations of mathematical model, incorporating material balance equation and mass transfer equations, are solved numerically. The results. The authors have calculated the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a regular belt layer and the nozzle layer of Raschig rings at ammonia absorption from a gas mixture. The distribution of concentrations of the components over the packed bed height was determined and the comparative analysis of the mass transfer efficiency of a mixture of ammonia and amines absorption on regular and circular nozzles was carried out. It is shown that the volumetric coefficient of ammonia mass transfer on Raschig rings is in 1,2 times lower than that in a regular nozzle tape with an equal equivalent diameter and the mass transfer coefficient for a nozzle of the chord is in 1,72 times lower than that on a regular nozzle tape. When replacing the Raschig rings by a regular nozzle tape with the same mode of operation of the column and equal packed bed height the methylamines and ammonia concentration in gas phase at the outlet of the absorber is reduced by 10 %. At reducing fluid flow rate excess from 3 to 2 in the curve of change in trimethylamine concentration in gas by the packed bed height the layer extremum occurs. This can be explained by the relative decrease in trimethylamine absorption rate due to reduction of water consumption and increase in its temperature.

The urgency of the discussed issue is caused by the need to develop the model for interaction between the sun radiation and atmosphere for the exact and long-term forecast of weather and climate phenomena in the atmosphere. The main aim of the study is to solve the problem on radiation transfer in the layered dispersed media analytically and to identify the general laws on radiation transfer depending on the radiation parameters and media. The methods used in the study: solution of the radiation transfer equation for space-limited layered dispersed media; the equation solution is based on the exact solution of the radiation transfer equation in one-dimensional media. The results: the authors have studied the radiation transfer in multilayer dispersed media. The analytical formulae for calculating the transmission coefficient, reflectance and absorption of dispersion media consisting of three plane layers were obtained. It was shown that absorption of dispersed media depends strongly on absorption layer position in dispersed media. The highest absorption value is registered at upper position of the absorbing layer; the lowest value is marked at the layer lower position when the light falls from above. In this case the absorption slightly depends on the absorbing layer position. Similar characteristics were obtained for different values of optical thickness of dispersion media.

Copyright of National Academy of Sciences of Armenia Reports / Doklady Nacionalnaâ Akademiâ Nauk Armenii is the property of National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bacgraund. The explosiveness of ammonium nitrate (AN) is more serious shortfall than its caking. In Russia, Cherepovets Nitrogen OJSC organized the production of complex nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer (NPF containing 32% N and 5% P2O5) by introducing into the NH4NO3 melt a liquid complex fertilizer of 11% N, 37% P2O5 from superphosphoric acid. In Uzbekistan, NAVOIYAZOT JSC introduced phosphatized AN (NPF - nitrogen-phosphate fertilizer with a content of 22-28% N, 2-6% P2O5), by adding phosphate flour (17-18% P2O5) to NH4NO3 melt. And the production of lime-ammonium nitrate (LAN) is established in European countries and in Russia, with the addition of limestone or chalk in the melt NH4NO3. Uzbekistan also has huge reserves of limestone and dolomite, which open up the possibility of creating an LAN production. In this regard, the development of scientific principles and technology for producing an explosion-safe AN with the addition of local carbonate minerals is an urgent task. Purpose. Studying the process of obtaining granulated LAN based on NH4NO3 melt and limestone from the Forish deposit (Jizzax region). Methodology. The introduction of crushed limestone in the melt NH4NO3 followed by granulation of nitrate-carbonate melts using the prilling method as well as determining the composition and properties of the finished products. Originality. It was revealed that the use of the CaCO3 additive in the NH4NO3 melt at a mass ratio of from 100: 5 to 100: 80, allows to increase the strength of the nitrate granules by 2.3-5.9 times and reduce the time of their dissolution by 2 times. Findings. For the granulation of nitrate-carbonate melt the prilling method is applied using a granulation tower. Studied the composition and properties of new types of fertilizers. It is shown that with the ratio NH4NO3: CaCO3 = 100: 25 the product contains 27.91% N, 11.06% CaO and has a granule strength of 4.55 MPa, which is much higher than the strength of pure NH4NO3 granules (1.32 MPa). Porosity and absorption of pure AN granules is 22.0% and 4.82 g. With an increase in the proportion of limestone to the NH4NO3: CaCO3 = 100: 25 ratio, the porosity and absorbency of the LAN granules is 8.15% and 3.22g, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work is devoted to comparison of optical absorption value of titanium dioxide coatings obtained by means of reactive thermal evaporation (RTE) and its activated species (ARTE), as well as to study on the dependence of the absorption coefficient of the coatings on the process parameters. Special attention is paid to the study of the influence of the films nonstoichiometry on absorption in the visible and near-infrared ranges of the spectrum. The results allow concluding that the dominant mechanism responsible for absorption in titanium dioxide films in the near-infrared range of the spectrum is the deviation from the stoichiometric composition. This deviation is caused by the presence of defects in the coating structure such as oxygen vacancies (ions Ti3+), which are seen as electron traps. As oxygen pressure and ionic current increase, the absorption of titanium dioxide films is reduced, and films with a composition closer to stoichiometric are obtained. In turn, the absorption of titanium dioxide in the visible spectrum (at wavelengths of 532 nm and 670 nm) has less to do with defects in stoichiometry, in contrast to contaminating impurities contained in the starting material, in the vacuum chamber and in the jet gas.

An experimental study was performed on outbred male rats. In the first series of chronic experiments we studied the process of glucose absorption in an isolated loop of a jejunum in 12 rats. In the second series we studied the changes of lipid peroxidation during immobilization with the introduction of MFB and without in 18 rats in each group. Rats were operated in a special way. During all the days of immobilization there is an increased DK in serum of rats, reaching maximum on the seventh day of daily one hour immobilization. Lipid peroxidation products (conjugated dienes, malonicdialdehyde) and antioxidant activity of serum in chronic immobilization stress (1 hour a day during 7 days) and glucose absorption in a jejunum were investigated. Activation of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and its correlation with inhibition of glucose absorption rate were revealed. 2-ethyl-6-methyl- 3-hydroxypyridine succinate (EMHPS) administration of a 10 mg/kg a day dose for 7 days resulted in primary and end lipid peroxidation product decrease and increase in blood serum antioxidant activity. Under EMHPS correction, the glucose absorption rate approached the control group level in chronic immobilization stress. Activation of lipid peroxidation was suggested as one of the possible mechanisms of glucose absorption reduction during stress. Activation of the POL can be one of the decline reasons of the glucose absorption process during stress.

Despite the potential of [1,2,4]triazino[4,3-c]quinazoline derivatives as promising bioactive compounds, their electronic spectra has not been studied. Present manuscript is aimed to the estimation of relationships of molecules structure with the nature of their UV-spectra and identifying spectral patterns of pharmacophore that determines the pharmacological activity of the substance. Mentioned information undoubtedly contributes to the development of the theory of the purposeful synthesis of organic compounds. Methods and results. UV-spectra of sodium (3-oxo-3,4-dihydro-2H-[1,2,4]triazino[4,3-c]quinazolin-4-yl)acetate in different polarity solvents have been studied. It allowed to identify types of electron transitions, which were responsible of emergence of the observed absorption bands. Conclusions. It was found that the UV-spectra of the studied compounds in solvents with different polarity were characterized by three absorption bands in the range 190–227 nm, 260–284 nm and 328–348 nm. According to Braude classification the first absorption band should be classified as 1La, the second – as 1Lb, and the third band is due to p-π- conjugation in the molecule of the whole molecule structure.

The possibilities of modification of a weakly ionized plasma are investigated theoretically and experimentally within different electron density behavior models. The dependence of the additional absorption of radiation of discreet cosmic sources Cassiopeia A and Cygnus A in the artificially disturbed ionospheric D-region on the amplitude of heating signal during the special measuring campaigns of February and October 2008 has been analyzed. The ionosphere has been modified with using the world most powerful HAARP heater, Alaska, USA. The 64 beam riometer located in the immediate vicinity of the heater was used as the recording system.

Mathematical modeling of «sliding» water drop motion in the air flow was performed in software package FlowVision. The result of mathematical modeling of water motion in a droplet with diameter 100 microns at the «sliding» velocity of 15 m/s is shown. It is established that hydrogen sulfide oxidation occurs at the surface of phases contact. The schematic diagram of the experimental setup for studying air purification from hydrogen sulfide is shown. The results of the experimental research of hydrogen sulfide oxidation by tap and distilled water are presented. The dependence determining the share of hydrogen sulfide oxidized at the surface of phases contact from the dimensionless initial concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the air has been obtained.

Here, we report the investigation of mechanism of chiral molecular recognition of cysteine biomolecules by chiral CdSe and CdS semiconductor nanocrystals. To observe chiral recognition process, we prepared enantioenriched ensembles of the nanocrystals capped with achiral ligand. The enantioenriched samples of intrinsically chiral CdSe quantum dots were prepared by separation of initial racemic mixture of the nanocrystals using chiral phase transfer from chloroform to water driven by L- and D-cysteine. Chiral molecules of cysteine and penicillamine were substituted for achiral molecules of dodecanethiol on the surfaces of CdSe and CdS samples, respectively, via reverse phase transfer from water to chloroform. We estimated an efficiency of the hetero- (d-L or l-D) and homocomplexes (l-L) formation by comparing the extents of corresponding complexing reactions. Using circular dichroism spectroscopy data we show an ability of nanocrystals enantiomers to discriminate between left-handed and right-handed enantiomers of biomolecules via preferential formation of heterocomplexes. Development of approaches for obtaining chiral nanocrystals via chiral phase transfer offers opportunities for investigation of molecular recognition at the nano/bio interfaces.

Using mathematical models of income distribution and excretion of drugs greatly enhances the interpretation of the results of biopharmaceutical research. Pharmacokinetic modeling makes it possible to quantify the biological assessment of pharmaceutical factors, opens the possibility of a science-based regulation of the kinetics of substances introduced through targeted changesof pharmaceutical factors. Results of the study of kinetic models are used to solve some practical problems associated with pharmacological and clinical trials of medicines. Morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate is new organic compound from the 1,2,4-triazole group obtained at the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Zaporozhye State Medical University. The substance has antioxidant and anti-ischemic action, low toxicity. Aim of this work is to study the kinetics of absorption of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate developed formulations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Pharmacokinetic studies of oral and rectal dosage forms of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate was performed on Chinchilla rabbits weighing an average of 2.5 kg, divided into three groups. The third group for comparison was administered a 1% injectable solution of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate intravenously. Substance dose was 0.1 g and 0.5 g per kg of animal body weight, which were administered once. Sampling from the auricular vein of the rabbits was performed at 5, 10, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 120, 150 and 180 minutes after oral administration and rectal dosage forms of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate and after 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes after intravenous injection. Morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate concentration in serum was adjusted spectrophotometrically. Results.Morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate elimination from the body of the animal occurs within 1 hour, and then only trace amount of the drug substanceis detected in serum. After oral and rectal dosage forms of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate its maximum concentration in the blood of laboratory animals is recorded at 60 minutes after administration of the capsules and suppositories respectively. Thereafter, for 2-2, 5 it is supported at a high level. At the same time, no significant differences in the kinetics of the drug administered dose. 24 hours after single oral administration and rectal capsules and suppositories of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate is not detected in the serum. Comparative analysis of the pharmacokinetics of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate depending on the kind of administration and the dosage form shows that after oral administration in capsule form, and rectal administration as a suppository absorption rate constants, elimination, half-life periods floor suction and depending on the dose administered differ slightly. Also, almost no relationship between dose and orally administered rectally morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate and total quantities (of plasma) clearance, since the difference between the drug administered in doses of 5 times the value of the latter increased only 1.2 times. Degree of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate absolute bioavailability after oral and rectal administration, is practically independent from the dose. The magnitude of this indicator for rectal suppository almost 3 times higher than that for oral capsules of morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio] acetate. This indicates the great promise of his rectal dosage form. Conclusion. The degree of its absolute bioavailability for rectal dosage form doesn’t depend on administered dose and is nearly twice higher than for the oral solid gelatin capsules with morpholinium 2-[5-(pyridin-4-yl) -1,2,4-triazolo 3-ylthio] acetate.

Copyright of Refrigeration Engineering & Technology is the property of Odesa National University of Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)