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Background. Cardiovascular diseases occupy leading positions among other diseases and disabilities in most economically developed countries of the world. The growth of morbidity among the population of our country determines the need to assess the quality of life of people suffering from chronic diseases. The study of the quality of life is considered an integral approach that allows combining objective and subjective criteria for assessing health: the degree of adequacy of medical care, determining how the patient copes with the disease and what areas of life are limited by the presence of the disease.Objective. Assessing the quality of life of patients with diseases of the circulatory system.Materials and methods. The study examined the quality of life of 98 patients with circulatory system diseases who applied to a medical organization in Astrakhan. The age of the patients ranged from 45 to 70 years. The international certified Russian-language version of the Medical Outcomes Study Form (SF-36) questionnaire was used to register the quality of life. Statistical processing of the study results was carried out using the computer programs Microsoft Excel 2010 (Microsoft, USA), Statistica 12 (Software, USA).Results. The results of the study indicate that the overall quality of life of patients in Astrakhan suffering from circulatory system diseases is average. The physical and psychological components of health, regardless of gender, do not reduce the daily physical and social activity of the population. The influence of the physical condition on daily role activity, leading to a decrease in these indicators, was revealed among all patients. In most cases, role functioning due to the emotional state, social functioning is assessed as decreased. The psychological component of health in most cases corresponds to reduced values.Conclusion. The results of the study are applicable in practical healthcare to determine activities aimed at improving the quality of human life.

Chronic persistent viral infection leads to developing immune deficiency and may induce lesions in many organs, the hepatobiliary system included. This, in its turn, may facilitate the onset of diseases of the digestive system under exposure to technogenic chemicals, especially those able to produce hepatotoxic effects. In this study, our aim was to examine risks of developing hepatobiliary disorders in children under combined exposure to persisting herpes infection and technogenic chemicals. We conducted a clinical examination of 324 children aged between 6 and 17 years living either in a large industrial city or on a territory where the sanitary-hygienic situation was favorable. The examination included a clinical checkup, laboratory diagnostic tests identifying herpes markers, chemical analyses aimed at establishing levels of technogenic chemicals in blood, and ultrasound scanning of hepatobiliary organs. We established that exposure to airborne technogenic chemicals created elevated levels of aromatic hydrocarbons and formaldehyde in 64.9–97.6 % of the exposed children; elevated manganese and chromium levels, in 20.8–34.6 % of them. Markers of cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) were detected in 75 % of the exposed children; each second child had HSV-1 or HSV-2; each third child had human herpesvirus 6. Hepatobiliary disorders occurring under combined exposure to persistent herpes and echnogenic chemicals were represented by structural liver changes in 30.8 % of the examined children; abnormally shaped gallbladder or reactive changes in its walls and dyscholia, in 15.7–48.8 %. These disorders entail elevated levels of direct bilirubin and greater ALT against imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant systems and manifest themselves as biliary pathology in 69.5 % of cases. Exposed children with persistent herpes infection have 1.2–2.3 times higher likelihood of developing structural changes in the liver and gallbladder pathology and up to 4.3 times higher risks of biliary dysfunction and chronic gastroduodenitis.

The contemporary educational process involves growing diversity and complexity of educational programs and intensity of educational loads. All this, in its turn, affects schoolchildren’s health. Diseases of the eye and adnexa occupy the leading place among pathologies that are caused by unfavorable educational conditions. Prevalence of such diseases grows steadily over the whole period of getting secondary education. The aim of this study was to examine peculiarities and assess risks of myopia in children attending comprehensive schools with different educational programs. Overall, we examined 804 children from the 1st to 11th grade. The test group was made of 312 children who attended comprehensive schools with profound studies of some subjects. The reference group included 492 children who attended ordinary comprehensive schools. Both groups were identical as regards sex and age (р = 0.203–0.479). The study involved handing out questionnaires; estimating whether the organization of the educational processes conformed to the sanitary legislation of the Russian Federation. The research data were analyzed by conventional statistical methods, ROC-analysis, and logistic modeling. We established several leading risk factors that caused myopia in students of comprehensive schools with profound studies of some subjects. They included 5.4–19.2 % higher educational loads; 1.4 times longer periods of PC use during classes; 1.5 times longer periods of work with digital technologies. The children from the test group tended to have myopia, including moderate and high one, 1.3–2.4 times more frequently; the disease occurred at a younger age; risks of the disease were typically higher in such schools (OR = 1.48–2.5). Causation of myopia by factors related to the educational process and digital initiation equaled R2 = 0.52–0.77. Use of ROC-curves identified cut-off points that showed how long it took myopia to develop under the specific educational conditions in comprehensive schools with profound studies of some subjects (the 5th grade) and in ordinary comprehensive schools (the 7th grade). ROC-analysis data indicate it is necessary to apply a differentiated approach to organizing preventive activities for children who attend comprehensive schools with different educational programs.

Growing neuropsychic disorders caused by intensified educational process are a peculiar feature of schoolchildren’s health at present. Our research aim was to examine age-related peculiarities in risks of developing nervous system pathology in school-children attending a gymnasium. We performed clinical examination of 94 children in primary school (Group A) and 56 children in middle school (Group B) who attended a gymnasium. The examination included determining contents of neuromediators and neurotrophic factors in blood, neuro-psychological computer testing (reaction test and STROOP-test). Educational activities were evaluated to determine whether the educational process conformed to hygienic standards. Statistical data analysis involved determining relative risk and odds ratio as well as establishing cause–effect relations. Hygienic assessment of educational activities revealed several adverse factors that made for developing disorders of the nervous system. They included growing weekly educational loads, irrational distribution of school subjects in schedules, and too long use of interactive whiteboards during lessons. We established that nervous system pathology was already developing in 62.8 % children in primary school and 42.9 % children in middle school. We also revealed that asthenoneurotic syndrome and neurosis-like syndrome were by 2.2 times more probable among primary schoolchildren whereas vegetative dysfunction was by 1.6 times more probable among middle school children. Asthenoneurotic syndrome in primary school children was accompanied with lower NOTCH-1 levels in 41.9 % cases; lower acetylcholine content in blood, in 66.7 %; greater serotonin content in blood, in 29.2 %. The disorder became apparent through increased fatigability and weakness, as well as children being too whiny and moody. Middle school children had by 3.1–6.4 times higher risks of lower neuregulin-1β and tumor necrosis factor contents in blood; developing vegetative dysfunctions in them were accompanied with sleeping disorders, headaches, and palpitation. Primary school children were established to have slower perception of a visual and sound stimulus, developing fatigue of kinesthetic reactions as well as rigid cognitive control and poorly automated gnostic functions

Introduction. The article examines changes in global education paradigm in coronavirus pandemic situation. It is not just a shift from classroom to remote instruction based on new technologies. It is also a dramatically new mode of communication in sudden and forced conditions, which requires teachers to revise traditional classroom teaching methods, as with remote learning students tend to lose concentration fairly quickly, distract, become less motivated and bored. As a result, the outcome is not as they expected. Including language games, which are relaxing and entertaining, into a syllabus helps increase motivation, academic self-esteem and improve the results.Methodology and sources. The present study was based on the authors’ personal experience in teaching English to both students of linguistics and engineering students. Specifically designed questionnaires were also used to have opinions of the students, as well as the teachers of English.Results and discussion. An obvious and important result of the study is that traditional foreign language teaching methods should be revised under the coronavirus pandemic situation. The syllabi should be adapted to advanced emote teaching a learning technologies and language games should be included to increase learners’ motivation and academic self-esteem.Conclusion. Language games are a valuable resource to adapt foreign language teaching to remote instruction under coronavirus pandemic situation. They can be an integral part of any aspect of a language taught to learners of all levels.

The present research is vital due to diseases of the musculoskeletal system being widely spread and having great social significance as well as a variety of etiological factors that cause this pathology among schoolchildren. Overall, 339 schoolchildren were examined; they attended secondary schools located on territories with different sanitary-hygienic conditions regarding ambient air. Hygienic, clinical-laboratory and instrumental procedures as well as mathematical data processing were applied to fulfill the research tasks. Average daily consumption of food products was estimated as per “Dairies of a weekly schoolchildren’s ration”; specific factors related to lifestyle were estimated via questioning performed with a specifically designed authors’ questionnaire. Children who attended a secondary school in a city where metallic construction materials were manufactured had manganese concentrations in their blood that were by 8–9 % higher than among their counterparts from the reference group; lead concentrations in their blood were by 1.9–2.2 times higher than in the reference group and by up to 1.7 times higher than background levels. Priority factors that produce such negative effects on health as diseases of the musculoskeletal system include the following: school subjects with the same complexity do not interchange with simpler ones in schedules; breaks between classes do not conform to hygienic regulations; food rations are imbalanced as per milk products and eggs; physical training and doing sports are irregular; homework takes longer period of times than before. Average ionized calcium contents in blood of children from the test group were by 9.0–14.0 % lower and hydrocortisone contents were by 1.3–1.5 times higher than in the reference group (р=0.0001–0.01). Lower mineral density of bone tissues was by 1.6 times more frequent among children from the test group (р=0.04). Diseases of the musculoskeletal system were 4.6–15 times more probable and scoliosis was 8–11 times more probable due to persistent exposure to manganese and lead, violated hygienic principles of education process organization and food rations, and low physical activity of schoolchildren. Changes in bone metabolism, activation of a stress-releasing system, and a decrease in bone mass are basic etiopathogenetic regularities in developing chronic pathology of the musculoskeletal system among schoolchildren associated with exposure to specific environmental factors and factors related to lifestyle.

In conditions of increasing antibiotic resistance and widespread antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile, it is necessary to choose a rational drug for the empirical treatment of escherichioses, which has a wide range of antibacterial activity and does not lead to the development of serious side effects and disruption of the gut microbiota.The aim of the study is to assess the effectiveness and safety of the use of the drug “Nifuroxazid-ECO” in the integrated therapy of escherichioses in children.Patients and methods: 50 patients aged 1 month to 18 years were selected for work by random sampling, hospitalized in the intestinal department of the Pediatric Research and Clinical Center for Infectious Diseases of Russia with non-severe clinical forms of escherichioses. All patients underwent routine clinical, biochemical, instrumental examination. DNA detection of the pathogen was carried out by molecular methods in fecal samples using a set of reagents to detect and differentiate the DNA of diaregenic E. coli in environmental objects and clinical material by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with hybridization-fluorescent detection. Patients received the drug “Nifuroxazid-ECO”at age dosage, every 6–8 hours for 5–7 days.Results: Against the background of the therapy, a significant majority of patients showed clinical improvement. The average duration of hospitalization was 4.8 days, the duration of preservation of diarrhoeal syndrome was 3.4 days. The drug showed good tolerability. There were no cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, re-hospitalization at an early date after treatment, serious adverse reactions.Conclusion: Studies have shown that the drug “Nifuroxazid- ECO” is a safe and effective modern drug which can be successfully used in the therapy of non-severe escherichioses in children.

This paper examines the evolution of merchant acquiring in Russia. Initially, the term was purely professional and meant the involvement of “service points” in accepting cards. Today it denotes the whole range of business for the creation and development of the infrastructure of non-cash settlement and cash services in trade and service enterprises using payment cards. Technological innovation has spurred the development of acquiring tools. However, today, when the number of non-cash transactions is steadily growing and has almost reached the number of transactions using cash, the issue of acquiring fees is still a burning issue between retail and banks. The authors consider the positions of the two parties to the dispute, and also draw conclusions about the possible consequences if the requirements of retail or banks are satisfied.

A study was conducted of the readiness of the population of Belarus for economic behavior in the e-health market. It is believed that there is a low awareness of the possibilities of using services and goods provided by the population, as well as of the experience in obtaining data and services. Lack of alternative e-health, the possibility of learning to receive services, guaranteed security of data transmission.

We conducted a cohort study which included 144 children who were divided into 3 groups. The test group A was made up of 47 children who lived on a territory where ambient air was contaminated with benzene, phenol, formaldehyde, and particulate matter. The test group B included 45 children exposed to aerogenic introduction of metals (vanadium and manganese). The reference group was made up of 22 children who lived on a territory which was safe in terms of its sanitary-hygienic state. It was detected that 87.2 % children aged 4–6 who were exposed to aerogenic impacts by benzene, phenol, formaldehyde, and particulate matter had allergic rhinitis, and two thirds of children with respiratory organs diseases had secondary immune failure. By the first school year, probability of allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, recurrent bronchitis and functional pathologies in the gastrointestinal tract grew by 4.6–7.9 times. When children reached 11–14 years, frequency of chronic diseases in the gastrointestinal tract among them grew by 14.5 times, and probability of secondary immune failure and disorders in the vegetative nervous system was 6.0–6.6 times higher. It was noted that ambient air contamination with metals resulted in chronic diseases in the lymphoid tissue of the na-sopharynx diagnosed in 65.8 % children; children who were exposed to metals in ambient air ran 1.9 times higher risks of combined pathologies in their respiratory organs and the nervous system. When children reached 7–10 years, probability of allergic rhinitis, pathologies in the lymphoid tissue of the nasopharynx, and functional disorders in the digestive system was 3.9–5.3 times higher. Senior schoolchildren who suffered from chronic respiratory organs diseases ran 2.7–3.0 times higher risks of vegetative dystonia and secondary immune failure.

The monetary policy of the Bank of Russia during the financial crises (2008 and 2014) and the use of development banks for economic growth have been considered. The multiple regression model, which allowed to evaluate the influence of a number of factors on the quantitative characteristics of the Bank of Russia monetary policy on the selected time interval has been developed and used. It has been concluded, that in the current сonditions a reduction in the key rate of the Bank of Russia does not lead to an increase in lending to the real sector of the economy. The proposals to increase the volume of lending to the Russian economy in the conditions of implementation of the current monetary policy of the Bank of Russia have been prepared. The usefulness of expanding the application of development banks in Russia to accelerate economic growth has been substantiated.

Our research goal was to assess health risks for population who consumed drinking water with specific chemical structure systematically and for a long time. Drinking water quality is determined by conditions existing in hydrogeochemical provinces where rocks and soils contain increased concentrations of such hazardous metals as chromium, nickel, lead, manganese, and iron. We showed that low frequency or even absence of non-conformity to hygienic standards for admixtures in drinking water doesn't fully guarantee its safety in complicated hydrogeochemical conditions. When certain carcinogenic admixtures (cadmium, chromium, nickel, arsenic, and lead) occur together in drinking water even in low concentrations, it can cause unacceptable population health risks. Drinking water taken in examined geochemical provinces in Perm region causes individual lifelong carcinogenic risk which is (under the worst exposure scenarios) equal to 4*10-3. It can be ranked as De manifestis Risk and requires immediate measures to be taken by those responsible to reduce it. Unacceptable non-carcinogenic risks are caused by joint concentrations of arsenic, strontium, and some other compounds in drinking water. The highest risks existing on the examined territories were detected in relation to gastrointestinal tract diseases (HI up to 10.9, basic risk factor is chromium and its compounds), musculoskeletal system diseases (HI up to 11.8, strontium as a basic factor), and central nervous system diseases (HI up to 11.8, basic factors are arsenic, manganese, and lead). Contributions made by various elements into overall risks were different in different provinces. In some cases, when a certain element occurs in the crust in hazardous concentrations, its contents in drinking water are not observed. We recommend organizations that deal with water supply and sanitary surveillance bodies to take into account peculiarities of a geochemical province and to include admixtures that are contained in the environment in high quantities into monitoring programs and laboratory research.

We performed comparative sanitary-hygienic assessment of regime, stress and intensity of educational process in different educational establishments, a comprehensive secondary school and an innovative educational establishment - lyceum. We detected that studying regime tended to be tight, classes were longer and more intense than in an ordinary school, and educational process involved considerable intellectual, sensory and emotional loads for children; such loads reached "1st category intense" level. Schoolchildren attending lyceums are also busy with additional educational programs and it significantly increases length of total educational load on them. By the end of a school year 20% of lyceum pupils suffer from sympathoadrenal system overstress and it doesn't only determine emotional tonus level in children but also leads to disorders in concentration and decision-making speed, lower reading speed and articulation, slower motor reactions. 15% of lyceum pupils have higher activity of autonomous nervous system and lower adaptation of cardiovascular system to psycho emotional and physical loads. Lyceum pupils also run 2.5 times higher risk of chronic nervous system diseases evolvement than school children attending ordinary schools. Autonomous nervous system disorders, posture disorders and nutrition disorders are predominant nosologic pathology forms in lyceum pupils as they occur in them 1.6-2.9 times more frequent than in schoolchildren of the same age who attend an ordinary comprehensive school. We detected direct correlation between higher intellectual and emotional components of educational process, and total educational intensity as well, and frequency of autonomous system disorders and musculoskeletal system diseases in pupils.

Long-term monitoring and literary data on the effect of wild ungulate acclimatization and introduction on territory helminth fauna complex are reviewed. It is shown that in several cases introduced wild ungulates may lose their specific parasites and aquire indigenous ones thus maintaining foci of native parasitic diseases. Brought with introduced animals new parasites colonize new hosts and inflict significant losses to game management.

The study has involved 43 children living in areas with poor air quality due to public health indicators. In 24 % of cases during the remission the children (with bronchial asthma and recurrent bronchitis, associated with exposure to anthropogenic chemicals such as suspended solids, aromatic and oxygenated hydrocarbons, formaldehyde) demonstrated peripheral signs of obstruction and the presence of functional cardiac disorders. Being under exposure to adverse effects of environmental chemical factors, the children with chronic respiratory diseases suffer from the developing of the cardiac type of vegetative dysfunction, which was manifested in bradycardia and tachycardia, eytonic and/or sympathicotonic baseline autonomic tone, hypersympathicotonic /astimpathicotonic autonomic reactivity. In 17.9 % of the children it was manifested in transient diastolic dysfunction of right ventricle and in excessive systolic blood pressure in pulmonary artery.

We conducted the study of sanitary and hygienic conditions for the staying of children in the preschool educational organization with increased representation of groups. It was established that in the “compacted” preschool educational organizations (30 children in group) the area of playing rooms does not comply with requirements of SanPIN 2.4.1.3049–13; the acoustic exposure level reaches 75–80 dBA; the air of playing rooms contains phenol and formaldehyde in the concentrations exceeding the threshold level value for continuous exposure; and the bacterial load of the air of playing rooms, including the potentially pathogenic flora, increases significantly. The increased number of children in groups increases the risk of delays in the psycho-physical development of children and reduction of adaptive reserve of the cardiovascular, respiratory and nervous systems; increases the risk for formation of systemic multiple organ pathology that, in aggregate, contributes to the increased morbidity of children with allergic diseases of respiratory organs and skin, chronic inflammatory diseases of pharyngonasal cavity, bacterial intestinal and quarantine infections, functional disorders of nervous system and contact helminth infestations.

We had investigated levels of TTG, T4, TNFα, IL-6, IFNγ, and α2-MG in blood serum and supernates of short-term blood cultures in the patients with verified Graves disease before treatment and after reaching of euthyroid status, as compared with healthy controls. We have revealed that initial blood concentrations of free Т4 in the patients were increased, along with decrease in TSH, higher IL-6, IFNγ levels, as well as concentrations of α2-MG which participates in cytokine transport and synthesis. Thiamazole treatment normalized the hormonal profile and reduced blood levels of IL-6, IFNγ and α2-MG, however, without complete normalization, along with increase of serum TNFα contents. It was shown, that the patients before treatment had decreased in vitro response of cells to the mitogenic stimulation as shown by decreased induction of TNFα and IFNγ production, along with, increased spontaneous IFNγ levels. When reaching euthyroid state after Thiamazole administration, we observed an increased spontaneous IFNγ synthesis, decreased IL-6 production in resting cultures. In mitogen-stimulated cell cultures from the treated patients, IFNγ contents became normal, however, TNFα secretion remained lower than in controls. The α2-MG levels in supernates were stable and significantly lower, than in serum. We may presume that thyrotoxicosis treatment with Thiamazole causes stabilization of the endocrine state, however, being not sufficient for normalized production of cytokines, as well as α2-MG, with its regulatory and transporter functions, thus promoting recurrence of disease and reactivation of autoimmune events.

The indigenous population of Mountainous Altai and the slavic population of Kuzbas Region with a thyroid gland pathology is surveyed. Prognostic algorithms of an estimation of peripheric action of hormones of a thyroid gland are made. Algorithms of inspection of patients with a diffusive struma can be recommended for practical use. For monitoring of an autoimmune pathology of a thyroid gland the estimation of a quantitative parity of a thyritropic hormone, an α2-macroglobulins and IL-6 in blood serum has prognostic value.