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The assessement of PEARL model adequateness was carried out on the basis of temperature and percolate data obtained by means of MSU Large Lysimeters. Lysimeters are used in experimental soil science mostly for investigating water balance and substance or ions transport from observed horizons or full soil profile. PEARL 4 model, the water prediction block of which is built on the basis of classical SWAP model, uses preferential water flow describing mechanism. Systematical observation of experimental soils in MSU Large lysimeters allowed obtaining extensive data on temperature and soil moisture dynamics, as well as percolate from bottom border. Thеsе measurements are unique and can become the basis for adaptation, verification and setting of mass and energy transfer models. It was shown, that mathematical parametric model requires adjustment for reaching reliable values of percolate from bottom border, moisture and temperature profiles. It can be achieved by selection of water retention curve (WTC) approximation parameters. It was noticed that the error for all predicted parameters increases in winter period. Thereby, the use of such matter transfer models in soil are problematic for long-term prognosis. For example, due to the annual error accumulation before the spring season such models cannot be applied for estimation of the risk of ground water pollution with agrochemicals.

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem are adult stem cells endowed with multipotent abilities and immunomodulatory properties, like mesenchymal stem cells of other origins. Numerous studies show that adipose tissue stem cells are involved in the pathological process and can exhibit pro-inflammatory properties and attract inflammatory immune cells in the neighborhood. Subsequently, inflammation creates a microenvironment leading to adipose tissue dysfunction. Examples of such a process are obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, in which adipogenesis is disrupted and insulin resistance is initiated. The aim of this review is to understand the role of adipose tissue stem cells in the pathogenesis of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: The information available to date on the effect of metformin on the transcriptome and secretory capacity of adipocytes in human adipose tissue (AT) is scarce and contradictory. The study analyzed whether metformin in vitro modulates gene expression and secretion of adiponectin and leptin in the AT of subcutaneous (SAT), epicardial (EAT) and perivascular (PVAT) localization of patients with ischemic artery disease (IHD).AIM: To assess the effect of metformin at various concentrations (1 and 10 mmol / L) on the level of expression of adiponectin and leptin genes and their content in adipocytes of subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular AT of patients with IHD.MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 134 patients with IHD and indications for direct myocardial revascularization by coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). During the operation, biopsies of SAT, EAT and PVAT were obtained for 3–5 gram, which served as a source of adipocytes. Isolated adipocytes were cultured for 24 hours with and without metformin (1 and 10 mmol / L). After a day of incubation, the expression of the ADIPOQ and LEP genes and the level of secretion of adiponectin and leptin in the culture medium of adipocytes were determined. Statistical processing was performed using the GraphPad Prism 6 software package (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA, USA) and Statistica software, 6.1 (Dell Software, Inc., Round Rock, TX, USA).RESULTS: The adipocytes of the EAT and PVAT of patients with IHD were characterized by an imbalance in the adipokine system, manifested by a low level of ADIPOQ expression and a high LEP expression in comparison with adipocytes of the SAT. Metformin increased the level of ADIPOQ expression and its secretion by adipocytes regardless of their location, while a low concentration (1 mmol / L) in adipocytes of EAT had a stronger effect compared to 10 mmol / L. Metformin had a multidirectional effect on the level of leptin in adipocytes, which depended on their localization: both in low (1 mmol / L) and high concentrations (10 mmol / L), the drug reduced the level of LEP expression and protein secretion in the culture medium of adipocytes of the SAT. EAT had no significant effect on adipocytes. In PVAT, metformin increased the expression and secretion of leptin regardless of concentration.CONCLUSION: Metformin has a direct effect on adipocytes in SAT, EAT, and PVAT and is able to modulate their activity, which is a promising strategy for maintaining the balance of adipokines in AT, especially epicardial and perivascular localization.

Introduction. Adipose tissue (AT) is a potential source of ceramides. Of particular interest is the expression of de novo ceramide synthesis enzymes in the AT of the heart and blood vessels localized in close proximity to the lesion. Male gender and age are considered to be one of the main risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD).Purpose: to study the relationship between the expression of de novo ceramide synthesis enzymes in adipose tissue (AT) and non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in coronary heart disease (CHD).Materials and methods. The study included 30 patients with coronary artery disease who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. During the operation, biopsies of subcutaneous, epicardial, perivascular VT (SVT, EAT, PVAT, respectively) were obtained. Expression of genes for de novo ceramide synthesis enzymes (subunits of serine palmitoyltransferases C1 and C2 SPTLC1, SPTLC2; ceramide synthase 1-6 CERS1-6; dihydroceramide desaturase DEGS1) was assessed by quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software).Results. Men with CAD were characterized by a higher level of expression of de novo ceramide synthesis enzymes SPTLC1, CERS1, 5 and DEGS1 in EAT and PVAT than women. The expression of the studied enzymes in SAT did not differ significantly depending on gender. In patients older than 60 years, the maximum expression levels of SPTLC1, CERS1,2,6, DEGS1 were found in cardiac VT compared with patients younger than 50 years and 50-59 years (p

Introduction. Ceramides are bioactive lipids that are not only structural components of cell membranes, but also second messengers in the transmission of cell signals. Ceramides are associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, may be independent predictors of cardiovascular events and proatherogenic mediators. However, due attention has not been paid to the problem of ceramide accumulation in the adipose tissue (AT) of the heart, while the accumulation of ceramides in adipocytes of epicardial and perivascular AT in coronary heart disease (CHD) is of particular interest, since they are localized in close proximity to the coronary vessels and the focus of the lesion.Objective: to evaluate the expression of de novo ceramide biosynthesis enzymes in the adipose tissue of the heart of various locations in patients with coronary heart disease and acquired heart defects.Materials and methods. The study included 30 patients with CAD, the comparison group consisted of 30 patients with acquired valvular disease (aortic stenosis/insufficiency) without CAD. During the operation, biopsies of subcutaneous, epicardial, perivascular adipose tissue (VT) (SAT, EAT, PVAT, respectively) were obtained. Expression of genes encoding de novo ceramide synthesis enzymes (subunits of C1 and C2 serine palmitoyltransferases: SPTLC1, SPTLC2; ceramide synthase 1-6: CERS1-6; dihydroceramide desaturase: DEGS1) was assessed by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with primers synthesized by Evrogen (Moscow, Russia) on the ViiA 7 Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, California, USA). Statistical analysis of the results was performed using GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software).Results. Patients with CAD were characterized by higher levels of SPTLC1 mRNA in subcutaneous and epicardial VT and SPTLC2 mRNA in EAT. DEGS1 expression was maximal in SVT and EAT. The expression of ceramide synthase genes in VT of patients with coronary artery disease had tissue-specific features. Expression of the CERS1 gene, encoding the enzyme ceramide synthase-1, which produces ceramides with a fatty acid residue in its composition of 18 carbon atoms (C18), expression of CERS5 and CERS6, encoding ceramide synthase-5 and -6, synthesizing ceramides C14-C16 was maximum in epicardial adipocytes. At the same time, CERS5 expression was higher than CERS6 expression. Gene expression of CERS2, encoding the enzyme ceramide synthase-2, which produces long-chain ceramides and attaches C20–C24 fatty acyl-CoA to the sphingoid base in ceramide, was maximal in subcutaneous adipocytes. While perivascular VT was characterized by a higher expression of the CERS4 and CERS3 genes, which synthesize very long chain ceramides C26 and higher. In the group of patients with valvular disease, VT samples did not differ in terms of SPTLC1, SPTLC2, CERS1, CERS2, CERS5, and CERS6 mRNA levels. However, high expression of CERS4 and DEGS1 was observed in EAT, while CERS3 and CERS4 were expressed in PVAT. When comparing the level of expression of genes for ceramide synthesis enzymes between the two studied groups, it was found that in patients with IHD, the mRNA level of SPTLC1 in SAT and EAT, SPTLC2 in EAT, CERS2 in all types of AT, CERS4 and CERS5 in EAT, DEGS1 in SAT and EAT was higher in compared with patients with valvular heart disease.Conclusion. Regional fat depots of the heart differed in the level of expression of de novo ceramide biosynthesis enzymes. The results obtained indicate the activation of ceramide synthesis along this pathway in adipocytes of predominantly epicardial localization in coronarogenic pathology, which may contribute to the accumulation of long-chain ceramides in the VT of this localization.

. In the last decade, the ESG (environmental, social, governance) paradigm has been actively developing in commercial organization management and investment decision-making. The article examines the impact of ESG factors on the financial state and investment attractiveness of Russian public companies. The concepts of sustainable development and corporate governance constitute the theoretical framework of the research. To analyze the impact of ESG factors on the financial state and investment attractiveness of Russian public companies, we used multiple linear regression models using the least squares method. The empirical evidence is data on 80 organizations from RAEX ESG Ranking of Russian companies based on reports for 2020. A statistically significant positive relationship was found between EBITDA and return on assets, dividend yield, cash flows and ESG factors, as well as a statistically significant negative relationship was found between the price/earnings multiplier, beta coefficient and ESG factors. The study demonstrates that there is a mixed statistically significant relationship between the indicator of financial leverage and ESG factors. At that, ESG factors, which are positioned as necessary and having a positive influence on companies’ activities, can threaten both their financial state and investment attractiveness. Further ESG research imply a more detailed study of the model for assessing the impact of ESG factors on a company’s financial performance and the possibility of integrating financial and non-financial reporting standards.

Introduction. The topic under consideration is updated by official domestic statistics, according to which more than a third of employees work in harmful and dangerous conditions. During the production process, people get injured and maimed, lose their ability to work. Dozens of fatal incidents are recorded at workplaces every year.The purpose of the study is to show the advantages and prospects of the introduction of gaming computer technologies in the training of workers in labor protection in the agro-industrial complex (AIC).Materials and Methods. The scientific literature devoted to the educational possibilities of digital gaming solutions is considered. In relation to the topic of this study, the potential of a number of computer games, virtual, augmented and mixed reality technologies is evaluated. The well-known and commercially available gaming software is considered in relation to the topics and objectives of occupational safety training. The strengths and weaknesses of this approach are noted.Results. The paper shows how to prepare for the introduction of gaming computer technologies into the occupational safety training system. In particular, it is necessary to identify and systematize the causes of accidents and injuries at work, to focus on industry (in this case, the most typical for agriculture). Special attention should be paid to organizational risks, because if they are neglected, personnel will work in initially dangerous conditions and high- quality training may be useless. The approaches to the organization of training, conducting classes, checking and consolidating knowledge are considered. Digital gaming products that have proven themselves in occupational safety training in various industries, including the agro-industrial complex, are presented. Variants of such training are considered. The use of digital gaming technology tools for the qualitative development of safety techniques, the formation of safe behavior skills and motivation to prevent injuries is justified.Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the work allow us to assert that gaming computer technologies can be successfully used for teaching occupational health and safety in agriculture. This approach has serious advantages in terms of organization, visibility, cost-effectiveness and safety. Certain disadvantages of the method are likely to hinder the widespread implementation of such solutions in occupational safety training at agricultural enterprises for some time. However, in the medium term, it is possible to predict the solution of the identified problems due to the development of the digital games market, virtual technologies and the development of domestic analogues.

Introduction. Due to a set of unique properties, for example, the ability to differentiate into different types of connective tissue cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attracting more and more attention from researchers. In 2001, stem cells were found in the stromal-vascular fraction of adipose tissue, which, unlike bone marrow MSCs, show a higher tissue density, grow faster, and are available in large numbers when collected from a small amount of adipose tissue. Currently, a large number of studies are devoted to the study of the morphology and immunophenotype of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue stem cells (ASSCs) due to the possibility of easy cell production. Experimental work aimed at studying MSCs of cardiac localization is currently insufficient.Objective: to evaluate the immunophenotype of adipose tissue stromal cells isolated from epicardial and perivascular fat depots in patients with coronary heart disease and acquired heart defects.Materials and methods. The study included 5 patients with ischemic heart disease and 5 with acquired heart disease. The average age is 64.5±2.5 years. All patients had indications for open heart intervention - direct myocardial revascularization by coronary bypass grafting (CABG) or heart valve surgery. SCZhT from subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular VT biopsies (3-5 years) obtained from patients during surgery (CABG or correction of heart defects) and isolated according to the method of Zeng G. [Zeng G. et al., 2013] . When cells grew to 80–90% confluence, they were digested with 0.25% trypsin and subjected to continuous cell growth and proliferation for subsequent experimental analyses. Flow cytometry analysis was performed on passage 2 cells.Results: The obtained results showed that the MSC culture of the 2nd passage was characterized by increased expression of CD73, CD90, CD105 antigens. Approximately 90% of passage 2 cells derived from epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) from a patient with coronary heart disease (CHD) expressed classical MSC markers (CD73, CD90, CD105). In EAT cell culture in a patient with acquired heart disease (ACD), we observed a lower level of co-expression of the main markers of stem cells, in contrast to a patient with CHD (CD90 and CD105 about 61% of cells, and CD90 and CD73 - 58.72%) . The percentage of the studied stem markers on cells isolated from PVAT in a patient with heart disease did not differ significantly from the level of expression of these markers in a patient with coronary artery disease. The level of CD34 expression varied depending on the localization of VT and the disease: thus, in patients with coronary artery disease, the level of CD34 did not exceed 3.5% in both epicardial and perivascular VT. At the same time, a higher percentage of CD34 (32.32%) was found in the epicardial adipose tissue of a patient with PPS. It should be noted that in addition to the main population, both in the EAT culture and in the PVAT, there were 2 minor ones: 1 - CD 90- CD 105+ CD 34-/+ CD 73+ - presumably endothelial population, 2 - CD 90+ CD 105- CD 34- CD 73- - the smallest population.Conclusion: In the early stages of cultivation, cells of the stromal-vascular fraction isolated from epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue express surface markers characteristic of adipose tissue stem cells.

Introduction. The article considers the problems of occupational morbidity and occupational injuries in the food industry, including factors and causes that form working conditions that contribute to the occurrence of morbidity and accidents. Problem Statement. The aim of the study is to analyze occupational morbidity and occupational injuries and their causes, as well as to propose corrective or preventive measures aimed at eliminating the causes of accidents, injuries, and the development of occupational diseases. Theoretical Part. As initial information, the statistical reporting data of the Federal State Statistics Service and the materials of domestic and foreign literary sources are given.Conclusions. The results of the work indicate the presence of occupational morbidity and occupational injuries among food workers and the need to introduce and implement a number of measures aimed at improving working conditions and improving safety.

Purpose: to determine the relationship of the damage level of cell genetic apparatus with reproductive health disorder degree under conditions of harmful production.Materials and methods: the study involved 36 poultry farm female workers of childbearing age. The first group was made up by 22 workers of the main production. The control group included the other 14 employees who were administrative and managerial personnel. Clinical statistical study of reproductive health was carried out with simultaneous investigation of the cariological indices of buccal epithelium using a fluorescence microscope. At least 1000 cells in a monolayer were analyzed on each micropreparation. Statistical data analysis was made using Statistica 6.0.Results: in workers of the main production, there was a high spread of inflammatory gynecological diseases (90.9 % versus 57.1 % in the control group), uterine fibroids (9.1 %, versus 7.1 %). At the same time a statistically significant increase in the number of cells with micronuclei was revealed in this group by 2.6 times (p < 0.05), with protrusions by 1.8 times (p < 0.05), an increase in the total proliferation index by 2.3 times (p < 0.05), and the two-nuclear cells made the greatest contribution to these differences. The integral indicator of cytogenetic disorders of women of the 1st group was also significantly higher by 2.0 times (p < 0.05). Conclusion: negative influence of factors of poultry house production environment on cell genome stability disturbance was revealed. It has been established that the reproductive health disorder degree has a direct proportional dependence on the damage level of cell genetic apparatus.

Aim: to determine the association of the thickness of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) with the level of biological markers and the degree of myocardial fibrosis one year after myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with visceral obesity (VO). Materials and methods: the study included 88 patients with MI who were then divided into 2 groups: with and without it. VO and myocardial fibrosis a year after MI were measured by magnetic resistance tomography (MRI). Serum levels of COL 1, PICP, PIIINP on the 1st day of MI and after 1 year were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results were analyzed using Statistica 6.1 and SPSS 17.0 for Windows. Results: in the presence of VO, an increase in the thickness of EАT, development of cardiofibrosis after 1 year, and an increase in circulating markers of fibrosis in the acute period of MI were observed. A direct correlation was found between the thickness of EАT and the concentration of markers of myocardial fibrosis both on the 1st day of MI and after a year, as well as the percentage of cardiofibrosis and COL1, PICP, PIIINP, on the 1st day of MI for both groups, one year after MI this relationship persisted only in individuals with VO (r = 0.54, p = 0.01; r = 0.33, p = 0.00; r = 0.51, p = 0.01). Conclusions: the fact of VO in patients with MI is associated both with an increase in the thickness of ECT, the development of cardiofibrosis one year after MI, and with an increase in serum levels of COL 1, PICP and PIIINP on the 1st day and a year after the MI. In addition, the thickness of EАT is directly proportional to the degree of VO, and the levels of myocardial fibrosis markers depend on the value of EАT, this makes it possible to consider EАT as an additional indicator of myocardial fibrosis

This review is devoted to the analysis of data on the study of the endocrine function of perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT), its role in the synthesis and secretion of adipocyte hormones – adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin). The results of studies on the possible systemic and local effects of PVAT are reflected. Demonstrated data on the phenotypic affiliation of PVAT, the features of its endocrine and paracrine functions. Pro-and anti-inflammatory agents secreted by PVAT affect vascular health and are involved in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of atherosclerosis. This review summarizes current evidence that PVAT refers to special types of adipose tissue, in terms of both functionality, origin, and role in the development of cardiovascular diseases caused by obesity. In general, PVAT can be considered as a promising pharmacological target for the prevention of cardiovascular risks associated with these diseases.

Aim. To determine the dependence of adiponectin gene expression by subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular adipocytes on the degree of coronary lesion in coronary heart disease. Materials and methods. 84 patients with coronary artery disease were examined. Of these, 39 people showed a moderate degree of atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary bed (less than or equal to 22 points) on the SYNTAX Score scale, 20 severe (2231 points), and 25 extremely severe (more than 32 points). Upon admission to the hospital, all patients underwent an echocardiographic study (Echocardiography, Acuson, Germany) with the calculation of the ejection fraction (EF) of the left ventricle (LV) to assess its systolic function. During a planned surgical intervention (coronary bypass surgery, CABG), adipocytes of subcutaneous, epicardial (EAT) and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) were taken. Adiponectin gene expression was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (real-time PCR) using TaqMan probes. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistica 9.0. Results. The maximum level of adiponectin expression was detected in adipocytes of PVAT, and the minimum EAT. With an increase in the degree of atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary bed, the expression of the adiponectin gene in adipocytes of local depots significantly decreases r=-0.82; p=0.023. Moreover, the low level of gene expression in EAT correlated with a decrease in LV EF by r=0.73; p=0.03. In adipocytes of subcutaneous and especially PVAT, gene expression was the highest in patients with a moderate degree of coronary lesion. Conclusions. Low adiponectin gene expression in EAT is associated with an increase in the degree of atherosclerotic lesion of the coronary bed and a decrease in LV EF.

In the contemporary world, the anthropogenic effect is increasing. At the same time, the quality of life of the population is strongly associated with the environmental quality, as there is growing understanding that rising economic income does not ensure the humanity’s well-being. In this regard, issues connected with analysing the influence of the anthropogenic factor on changes in the quality of the life of the population become relevant. We believe that existing approaches to assessing the quality of life poorly reflect the current situation related to the speed of the environmental changes due to an increase in the scale and intensity of its pollution. Therefore, for assessing the quality of life, we suggest taking into account the environmental and energy components of the anthropogenic factor. To this end, the classification of anthropogenic factors is supplemented by the “industrial production” group, distinguished by the “source of impact” indicator, which allows analysing the group’s influence on changing parameters of the quality of life of the population. The methodological basis of the study is a comprehensive approach to assessing the quality of life. Based on it, we structured the stages of the evolution of approaches to measuring and assessing the quality of life of the population. Moreover, we described key features of these approaches, and identified the fourth stage that substantiates the priority of environmental and energy criteria in assessing the quality of life. We propose to improve the methodology for assessing the quality of life of the population by introducing additional environmental and energy characteristics. The article presents the results of using this improved methodology. We tested it on the examples of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions. The obtained values of the integral indicators of the quality of life of the population show that the Sverdlovsk region has lower index values. That happened due to a more developed industrial sector and, as a result, the more deteriorated environmental situation. The proposed methodology for assessing the quality of life of the population can be used by regional leaders for making decisions related to the regional development aimed at improving the quality of life of the population.

Purpose: to study the actual nutrition and to prove measures for its optimization at the disabled children of middle school age living in residential school of 8th type.Materials and methods: 29 pupils of residential school of the 8th type at the age of 12-13 years are examined. Calculations of the chemical composition and energy value of diets ware made with use of the program of the analysis of a condition of food of the person, version 1.2.4 registered by the Russian Agency of Patents and Trademarks 09.02.2004 No. 2 004 610 397 of Federal State Budgetary Institution Scientifi c Research Institute of Food of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Th e statistical analysis of data was carried out by means of the Statistica 6.0 program.Results: among children with day stay in school (the 1st group) persons with defi ciencies of consumption of energy and the main nutrients meet considerably more oft en (from 50.0% to 90.0%), than among peers of the 2nd group (round-the-clock stay in school) (from 0.0% to 26.3%). At boys of the 1st group the trend of relative defi ciency in a diet on energy, protein, fats and carbohydrates is revealed (from 10.3% to 28.8%), and at girls relative defi ciency of energy, protein and carbohydrates was noted (from 5.6% to 26.3%; on fats – excess for 21.4%). On the contrary, at boys of the 2nd group the excess on energy and, especially, fats (for 46.2%) was noted and at girls the excess on indicators of energy, protein, fats and carbohydrates was observed (from 23.4% to 88.3%).Conclusion: the revealed violations defi ned the list of measures for optimization of food of children who have to be realized within sanitary and educational work with parents.

The aim of the research: to determine the diagnostic value of ghrelin in patients with myocardial infarction. Material and methods. 200 patients (130 men and 70 women) were examined whose average age was 61.4 ± 1.12 years with a diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) with an ST segment elevation. On the 1st and 12th day of the development of MI in the blood serum, the content of glucose, insulin, C-peptide, free fatty acids and ghrelin was determined. Results. Insulin resistance (IR) is a fairly common and characteristic phenomenon for patients with high cardiovascular risk. The presence of insulin resistance in people with MI was associated with more pronounced disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism compared with patients in whom MI was without signs of IR. Ghrelin levels were significantly reduced in patients with MI during the entire period of hospitalization. It was established that ghrelin was the most sensitive and specific marker of IR, especially in the early stages of MI. The determination of ghrelin in combination with free fatty acids increases their diagnostic significance in relation to IR. Conclusion: ghrelin deficiency is one of the significant factors for the presence of IR in myocardial infarction. The results of the study indicate the potential suitability of ghrelin as a new diagnostic marker of metabolic disorders in cardiovascular diseases.

Anatoly Ivanov’s book Scientific Dignity in the Russian Empire. 18th to Early 20th Century. Training and Qualifying Professors and Higher School Teachers gives the idea of academic degree attestation and awarding practices followed by Russian Empire universities. The structure and content of the book are analyzed from the perspective of its research potential and implications for historical science.

Leptin and its receptor are widely distributed mainly in white adipose tissue. Serum leptin concentration correlates with body mass index, and its levels decrease with fasting. Insulin appears to increase leptin mRNA and protein expression, as well as release by adipocytes, synthesized both in advance and de novo, and reduces the levels of adiponectin and its receptors. According to the literature, chronic hyperinsulinemia increases leptin levels. This review summarizes the latest knowledge on the effect of insulin on leptin synthesis and secretion; cellular mechanisms that control the synthesis and release of white adipose tissue are presented.

The article presents some pathogenetic mechanisms of adverse effects of nicotine as a part of tobacco smoke such as carcinogenesis, atherogenesis, thrombogenesis, the influence on functional activity of internals and also a bone tissue and a mucous membrane of a mouth. For food correction of adverse effects the use of a number of ingredients for development of new technologies of functional products is scientifically grounded and recommended. The expected favorable biological effects at systematic consumption of these products are presented.

One of the important problems of the environmental economics is the development of methodology for quantifying the assimilative capacity (AC) of a territory. The article analyzes the existing approaches to determining and assessing the AC of a territory. We justify the advantages of using the energy approach. The authors’ method consists in using the maximum permissible energy load (MPEL) for quantitative assessment of the AC of a territory. MPEL is a value that the ecological and economic system can withstand for a long time without changing its properties. We determine MPEL on the basis of data on the ability of various categories of land to absorb greenhouse gases (GHG), as well as the specific GHG emissions per ton of conventional fuel. Further, we compare the calculated value of MPEL in fuel equivalents with the actual consumption of fuel resources for the needs of the national economy. These values ratio can serve as a standard for measuring and balancing the environmental and economic system. The authors have validated the described method on the example of the Sverdlovsk region, which is characterized by a high level of man’s impact. Calculations show that the actual consumption of fossil fuels in the region exceeds MPEL. That indicates an imbalance in the ecological and economic system and may lead to further deterioration of the environmental quality in the region. The proposed methodological approach and calculations can be used when developing strategic planning documents for a territory, including its energy strategy

Purpose: to determine the amount of medium mass molecules (MMM) in the blood of rats, weaned receiving rations of meat and fat pigs, grown with the use of complex antibacterial drugs (Tylosin, Olaquindox and Zinkbazitrazin).Materials and Methods: this investigation was conducted during 30 days on 48 weaned rats. The level of MMM was determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength (λ) 254 and 280 nm.Results: it was revealed that the MMM level was higher in animals received given in the diet of swine meat and fat in their ration grown with the use of antibacterial drugs than in control group. The lowering of MMM coefficient with the introduction of pigs fat in the diet of rats is evidenced about the homeostasis system strain.Summary: determination of the level of MMM in the blood serum is effective method of assessing in the food staffs safety.

We present new data on the on the microbial composition and properties of probiotic kefir fungi fermented milk drink kefir, namely antikancerogenik, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic and radio-protecting, antioxidant, antihypertensive, hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory, in wound healing, antimicrobial, and preventable and antiallergic biological effects.

In the article, the modern measuring system of socio-economic processes focused on production measurement more than on welfare measurement is considered. The indicator of gross domestic product without ecological and social components is analyzed. Possibilities of use of indicators of the sustainable development offered by the World bank, UNDP, the UN, for an assessment and comparison at regional level of socio-economic and ecological development of territories are considered. The results of calculations of the aggregated indexes characterizing the stability of development, made for Sverdlovsk region, which can be used in the system of adoption of strategic decisions of economic development of the region are given. The choice of aggregate index most adequately measuring a social and ecological component of economic growth at the regional level is proved

The paper presentsresults ofresearch related to theevaluation of theeffectiveness ofcleaner production (CP) based on the application of best available technology (BAT), made for nonferrous-metals industry of the Ural region. The advantages of the introduction of BAT are considered, the need to establish the indicator «suitable environmental quality», with which technology can be identified as BAT is specified. Indicators used in determining theefficiency of production are analyzed, and a system of indicators to measurethe parameters of clean production, confirming and evaluating the effect of increases in efficiency has been proposed. Additionally, it is proposed to include in the system of target indicators for an assessment of productivity of accepted strategic decisions on enterprise development, options, which are designed according to thecriterion of «clean technologies», and reflect thecompany goal to achieveeconomic growth.

In the article authors reveal regional aspect of the problem of influence the ecological factor on investment appeal. This allows considering from the point of ecological and economic security. The choice of the type of investment policy in different scenarios of social-economic development of the region.

The article is devoted to the problems of development of the integrated parameters estimating an ecology and economic condition of the territory.

Within the framework of the Industry 4.0 concept, transition from a linear economy model to a circular economy model aimed at energy saving, regenerative green production, circulation, and consumption is becoming increasingly relevant. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the low-carbon development model consistency with the goals and objectives of circular economy (hereinafter referred to as CE) for subsequent development of a green growth strategy. Objectives of the study: to use the criteria and methods of CE to develop a toolkit for transition to low-carbon economy and to formulate its development strategy. The study used general scientific methods, in particular, analysis, synthesis, and periodization. In the course of the study the criteria for green economy growth have been identified, and in accordance with them the stages of CE have been established such as conceptual, institutional, and regulatory. The author’s variant of the combined regulatory system based on a combination of administrative and economic measures has been proposed. Matrices of problem situations by individual types of activity have been formed. As the study result, the authors outlined the circular economy stages, substantiated the possibility of low-carbon transformation within the framework of CE, relying on carbon emissions management, low-carbon technologies and a system of financing “green” projects implementation. The tools to stimulate “green” growth have been defined: a tax on greenhouse gas emissions, emissions trading system, subsidizing alternative energy, environmental projects, energy-saving technologies development and their implementation into the production process. The novelty of the study lies in a scheme development for building a low-carbon economic development strategy aimed at achieving the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions at the level of both the region and industrial enterprises.

Introduction. Currently, along with the improvement of the scheme of combined drug therapy with first-line anti-inflammatory drugs, important importance is attached to adjuvant topical methods of treating diseases of the distal colon of various inflammatory genesis.Aim. Evaluate the clinical efficacy of the drug on sodium hyaluronate as an adjuvant topical agent in the complex treatment of patients with diseases of the distal colon.Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the results of drug treatment of 97 patients with diseases of the distal colon of various inflammatory genesis, which were divided into two groups, was carried out. In 46 (47.4%) patients of the I (control) group, standard drug therapy with basic anti-inflammatory drugs was performed; 51 (52.6%) patients – II (main) group, the standard program of drug treatment was supplemented with instillations into the rectum of the drug on sodium hyaluronate (0.8 mg of hyaluronic acid in 1 ml). The comparative assessment of the results of treatment took into account the severity of clinical, laboratory and endoscopic manifestations of the disease.Results. In patients of the main group, there was a significant reduction in the healing time of erosions and ulceration of the mucous membrane of the distal colon compared with patients in the control group (29.4 ± 5.7 days, respectively, versus 52.8 ± 6.2 days). Also, in patients of the main group, it was possible to achieve stable clinical and laboratory remission of the disease at an earlier time, restoration of patients’ ability to work, and improvement of their quality of life.Conclusion. The results obtained by us allow us to recommend the drug on sodium hyaluronate as an additional topical drug for the medical treatment of chronic diseases of the distal colon of various inflammatory genesis in outpatient settings.

Aim. To evaluate the expression of leptin receptor isoforms in local fat depots in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and acquired heart defects (AHDs).Material and methods. The study included 120 patients with CAD. The comparison group consisted of 96 patients with degenerative aortic stenosis (AS). Expression of six leptin receptor isoforms (LEPR1, LEPR2, LEPR2/2, LEPR3, LEPR3/2, LEPR4) was assessed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in subcutaneous (SAT), epicardial (EAT) and perivascular (PVAT) adipose tissue. Statistical processing was carried out using the Statistica 10.0 and SPSS 17.0 for Windows software package.Results. In EAT, minimal expression of LEPR1, LEPR2, LEPR2/2, LEPR3, LEPR3/2, LEPR4 was detected relative to SAT and PVAT in the group of CAD patients. In patients with CAD, mRNA levels of six LEPR isoforms were lower than in patients with AS. In indi­viduals with AHDs, a decrease in the expression of LEPR1, LEPR2, LEPR2/2, LEPR3, LEPR3/2, LEPR4 in SAT relative to EAT and PVAT was recorded. However, only the LEPR1 and LEPR2 isoforms were significantly lower in SAT in patients with AS when com­pared with patients with CAD. In PVAT, the maximum mRNA levels of six LEPR isoforms were found in both groups. There were no significant differences in LEPR1, LEPR2, LEPR2/2, LEPR3, LEPR3/2, LEPR4 expression between patients with CAD and AHDs.Conclusion. Patients with CAD are characterized by a marked decrease in the expression of six LEPR isoforms in EAT. A decrease in the expression of studied LEPR isoforms in EAT is associated with impaired adipogenesis, adipocyte hypertrophy, insulin resistance, increased proinflammatory factors, hyperleptinemia, and progression of atherosclerosis. The identified features of EAT in patients with СФВ can probably have both local and systemic negative effects on the cardiovascular system.

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic, etiologically related to SARS-CoV-2, was the longest-lasting pandemic for an acute respiratory disease and had a significant impact on demography, economics and politics globally. Experiences with this pandemic are significant for the sustainable development of human society. A detailed analysis of these experiences in epidemic control should include details of the pathogen evolution down to the regional level. The aim of the study was to establish the regularities of the COVID-19 epidemic process in connection with the change of the pathogen genetic variants on the territory of Primorsky Krai. Materials and methods. A retrospective epidemiological analysis of COVID-19 incidence and dynamics of circulation of SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants during the pandemic of this disease (11.03.2020–05.05.2023) in Primorsky Krai was carried out. Data was gathered from the Department of Rospotrebnadzor in Primorsky Krai, the Centre of Hygiene and Epidemiology in Primorsky Krai, as well as the G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Russian Federation and Russian Platform for Aggregation of Information on Virus Genomes (VGARus). In particular, 1055 nucleotide sequences of full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes from Primorsky Krai, among which 553 were sequenced at the G.P. Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology were included in analysis. Results. When analyzing the epidemic dynamics of COVID-19 in Primorsky Krai (2020–2023), 7 rises in incidence with different clinical and epidemiological symptoms depending on the genetic variants of the pathogen were identified. At the beginning of the pandemic in Primorsky Krai, as well as throughout Russia, Wuhan-like variants of SARS-CoV-2 were predominant, though later, Delta and Omicron genetic variants were in the majority. By the end of April — beginning of May 2023, the proportion of Omicron sub-variants (XBB.1.9.2 and XBB.1.16) in Primorsky Krai was higher than the Russian average and comparable to that in neighboring countries (Republic of Korea and Japan). Conclusion. Due to the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, the possibility of the emergence of new pathogens, the peculiarities of the geographical location as well as political and economic importance of Primorsky Krai, it is necessary to consistently improve regional capabilities for operational molecular virological monitoring.

В окрестностях г. Саратова впервые обнаружена вторая генерация редкого вида голубянки Polyommatus (Agrodiaetus) damone (Eversmann, 1841). Ранее отсюда вид был известен лишь по первой генерации. Видовая принадлежность подтверждена анализом ДНК. Описана методика и результаты ДНК-баркодинга гена COI (митохондриальной цитохром с-оксидазы). Описываются отличия самцов первой и второй генераций. Приводятся данные о распространении и фенологии вида в окрестностях г. Саратова и в Нижнем Поволжье в целом.

The subject of the study is ESG factors (Environment, Social, Government) and their inclusion in the value of Russian companies. The purpose of the paper is to reveal the theoretical and methodological aspects of taking into account ESG factors when assessing the value of companies. The relevance of the study is determined by the influence of the ESG rating of companies on changes in their value. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of a general scheme, which includes four stages: substantiation of key external and internal factors influencing ESG-assessments of the company’s value; analysis of the nature of the impact of key factors on ESG assessments; assessment of the impact of the ESG-factor on the elements of value creation (forecast period, discount factor, cash flows, post-forecast growth rates); building a financial model for assessing the value of companies taking into account ESG factors. Methods: general scientific methods (comparative analysis, generalization, formalization) and empirical (observation, comparison, modeling). The DCF (discounted cash flow) approach was proposed as the main method for assessing the value of a company, which allows not only to estimate the value of a company over a specific period of time, but also acts as a cost management tool. An analysis of scientific and theoretical points of view and methodological approaches to assessing the influence of ESG factors on the value of companies was carried out, significant factors influencing the ESG assessment of the company’s value were identified, and a financial model for assessing the value of the company taking into account ESG factors was proposed. The model for assessing the impact of ESG on cash flow generation elements was tested using the example of PJSC Polymetal. It is concluded that the ESG assessment of a company’s value is influenced by both external factors (international regulation, country specifics, industry specifics) and internal ones (specifics of the capital structure, specifics of production). The developed financial model for assessing the value of a company makes it possible to take into account ESG factors in the output forms of reporting: balance sheet, profit and loss statement, cash flow statement. The proposed model is addressed to top managers of the company for the purpose of using it in the process of assessing the degree of influence of ESG factors on the cost of equity capital, potential investors and appraisers.

Aim. To compare the incidence of leptin resistance (LR) in patients with acute and chronic coronary artery disease (CAD) and patients with acquired heart defects (AHD).Material and methods. The study included 234 patients: 114 patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and 120 patients with chronic CAD. The comparison group consisted of 48 patients with degenerative non-rheumatic AHD — aortic stenosis (AS). The control group consisted of 40 healthy volunteers. On the 1st day of hospitalization, the concentration of leptin and leptin receptor was measured, and the free leptin index (FLI) was assessed. LR was recorded at leptin >6,45 ng/ ml and FLI >25. Statistical data processing was carried out using the software package Statistica 10.0 and SPSS 17.0 for Windows.Results. Initially, LR in MI, chronic CAD and non-coronary disease was revealed in 64%, 56,2% and 25%, respectively. Significant differences in the incidence of LR were observed between patients with MI and chronic CAD relative to patients with AHD (p=0,02 and p=0,03, respectively), while no differences were found between patients with coronary pathology (p=0,82). Equation of patients for body mass index (BMI) did not affect the incidence of LR. High incidence of LR remained for patients with acute and chronic CAD, and amounted to 63% and 57,3%, respectively, while for patients with AS — 25%.Conclusion. Patients with acute and chronic CAD are characterized by a high LR incidence, in contrast to patients with AHD. The number of LR cases in patients with coronary pathology did not depend on BMI values, which indicates possible alternative leptin sources contributing the development of hyperleptinemia. In addition, studying the mechanisms underlying the leptin receptor decrease in CAD is necessary for adequate leptin effects and the prevention of LR.

Introduction. Elimination of manifestations of functional constipation and normalization of the stool to date remain a complex and finally unresolved problem during typical surgical interventions in outpatient coloproctology.Aim. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of the laxative agent sodium picosulfate in the surgical treatment of non-tumor diseases of the anal canal and rectum in outpatient settings.Materials and methods. The results of surgical treatment of 566 patients with non-tumor diseases of the anal canal and rectum, which were divided into two groups, were analyzed. In 275 patients (group 1), laxative agents were not used during treatment or were used indiscriminately. In 291 patients (group 2), the laxative agent sodium picosulfate was used to normalize colon emptying and soften stools during treatment. Comparison criteria: level of pain syndrome after surgery, degree of inflammatory manifestations in the field of surgical intervention, shape, and nature of fecal masses (based on the Bristol scale), frequency of wound inflammatory complications and recovery time for patients.Results. In the early stages after surgery, the stool had a softened consistency (type 5 and 6) in a much larger number of group 2 patients (89.7 ± 4.1 – 94.2 ± 5.1%) compared with group 1 patients (67.3 ± 4.8 – 76.7 ± 4.9%). At the same time, in group 2 patients, pain syndrome was less pronounced, inflammatory manifestations in the area of surgical intervention regressed faster, incidence of wound inflammatory complications decreased 2.8 times (from 16.4 to 5.8%) and work capacity was recovered earlier than in group 1 patients.Conclusion. The use of the laxative agent sodium picosulfate in coloproctological patients when performing typical surgical interventions on the rectum and anal canal on an outpatient basis eliminates the manifestations of symptomatic constipation, ensures the formation of a softened stool in perioperative periods, reduces mechanical injury to the mucous membrane of the rectum by feces, reduces the level of pain syndrome, which improves the results of surgical treatment by reducing the number of wound inflammatory complications.