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Arrowworm Saggita elegans is one of the important and abundant species in zooplankton communities of the western Bering Sea. Interannual variability of their biomass is considered on the data of long-term surveys conducted in 1986–2018, the species production is determined for the Anadyr-Navarin region and deep-water basin in 2008–2018, and the total production of zooplankton communities is calculated for 2008, 2015, and 2018. In the modern period, the biomass of S. elegans has significantly decreased compared to 1990–2000s, with exception of the shallow areas where it is relatively stable. The last decade included two periods with different oceanographic regime: the cold years (2007–2013) and the warm ones (2014–2018), but S. elegans did not demonstrate rapid response to such change of abiotic factors. However, the water circulation patterns in the upper layer were important for them and determined their transport and accumulation. For example, the high abundance and production of arrowworms in the deep-water area in 2008 and in the Anadyr-Navarin region in 2011 were conditioned by their transport and accumulation in these areas. S. elegans are predators, preying mainly upon copepods, so their impact on structure and production of zooplankton community is determined by significant grazing estimated at 50–100 % of Copepoda production or even more. The total production of zooplankton communities was higher in «warm» 2015 and 2018 than in «cold» 2008. The arrowworm production decreased in these warm years but production of non-predatory species (basically small- and medium-sized copepods) increased sharply because of their rapid response to temperature changes realized in high growth rate under higher temperature. Thus, the role of S. elegans in formation of the community production becomes lower in conditions favorable for high growth rate of non-predatory species.

The current paper has presented the estimation results of ecological adaptability of the alfalfa samples. The purpose of the work was to assess the productivity and quality of green mass of the alfalfa samples from the IPI plant genetic resources gene bank and to identify the most adaptive ones according to the trait ‘green mass productivity’ and ‘raw protein percentage’. The study of the collection alfalfa samples was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region on the plots of the “ARC “Donskoy” in the breeding crop rotation of perennial grasses in 2016–2018. The objects of study were 30 alfalfa samples from the collection of N.I. Vavilov IPI from different countries (Canada, the USA, Peru, France). The variety ‘Rostovskaya 90’ was used as a standard one. The estimation of alfalfa samples on the presence of adaptive properties in them according to the trait ‘green mass productivity’ showed that the most valuable samples in present practical breeding work are the samples ‘K-32873’, ‘K-33299’, ‘K-42684’, ‘K-42249’, ‘K-78803’ with weak responsiveness to changes in environmental conditions; the samples ‘K-36104’, ‘K-48778’, ‘K-42694’, ‘K-45715’, ‘K-47800’, ‘K-47802’, ‘K-43260’ with high resistance to stress; the samples ‘K-43272’, ‘K-50545’, ‘K-47806’, ‘K-47807’ with genetically flexible genotypes. When breeding according to the trait ‘raw protein percentage’, the samples ‘K-47807’, ‘K-47804’, ‘K-42712’ possessing a high raw protein percentage and resistance to changes in this trait are important for further work.

Concentrations of hydrocarbons, phenols, DDT and its metabolites, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni, DDD/DDE and DDD+DDE/DDT ratios, and total level of chemical contamination (TPF index) in the bottom sediments are traced for 16 stations in the coastal areas at Vladivostok in 1982−2017. Temporal variations of the concentrations and derived indices are classified to 4 types of dynamics, using the methods of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, crosscorrelation analysis, and fuzzy set classification procedure. They are: primary contamination; secondary contamination; exponential growth; and polymodal dynamics. These variations are induced by two main sources of pollution, such as the industrial influx including wastes from Vladivostok and nearby settlements, aeolian transfer and polluted precipitations, and the terrigenous influx with polluted freshwater discharge. Impact of the first source prevails in the Golden Horn Bay, Diomid Inlet and Eastern Bosphorus Strait, and the second source is important for the Amur and Ussuri Bays (the coast of Vladivostok in these bays is influenced by both sources with predominance of the second). The terrigenous impact has two modes depended on certain processes of contamination: the permanent pollution inherent in the types of secondary contamination and exponential growth and the extreme pollution that forms the polymodal dynamics. The secondary contamination follows the primary one with a lag of 6–7 years. The secondary contamination of terrigenous usually has inverse correlation with the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge; for instance, strengthening of the freshwater inflow causes lower concentrations of Cu and Pb in the bottom sediments due to dilution effect. On the contrary, contamination depends directly on the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge for the exponential growth of terrigenous — the stronger the freshwater inflow, the higher the concentrations of Fe, Ni, and phenols (the latter is a sign of eutrophication). The types of dynamics change following the balance between pollution and self-cleaning of the sediments that is determined by external factors, as a drop in economic activity and its subsequent recovery, limitation and finally ban for using of tetraethyl lead additive, extreme floods on rivers, etc.

Mixed herds of pink salmon including the fish of both artificial and natural origin are exploited by fishery in many areas of Sakhalin Island. To separate the fish of different origin, large-scale tagging of the juveniles otoliths is conducted at salmon hatcheries since 2008. The hatcheries contribution to pink salmon catches in certain areas of East Sakhalin (from the Langeri River to Cape Crillon) is assessed for 2011–2017 on the base of previously published and new data on occurrence of the fish with marked otoliths. The specimens were sampled from commercial catches of 5–13 fixed nets and from research catches in 5–9 rivers throughout entire spawning season. In total, 40,992 otoliths of pink salmon were collected. The otoliths were prepared for microstructure analysis using standard methods of processing. All marked otoliths had the tags of hatcheries located on the eastern coast of Sakhalin. The fish of artificial origin were caught in all examined sites between Cape Soymonov and Cape Crillon every year, but in some years their distribution was wider, up to the northern limit of the investigated area (Langeri River). The fish of artificial origin migrated to all rivers within this area. The total annual landing of the pink salmon marked at artificial hatcheries in the East Sakhalin waters was estimated as 300–10600 t, by years. The rest of the fish of artificial origin (0.4–2.3 . 106 ind.) entered to the rivers and mostly reached the spawning grounds. Long-term dynamics of landing was compared for the pink salmon of artificial and natural origin and their independence was concluded. Distribution of pink salmon originated from certain artificial hatcheries by sites of catch was rather constant that allowed to extrapolate the results for marked fish to all released pink salmon. The highest contribution of pink salmon of artificial origin was noted for catches in the Aniva Bay (23.9 %, on average), it was lower for catches at the southeastern coast of Sakhalin (13.2 %), and more lower for catches in the Patience Bay (7.6 %). Total number of pink adults of artificial origin caught on a particular stretch of coast did not depend directly on the number of pink juveniles released from a local hatchery, but was determined mainly by number of fish migrated there from other hatcheries. The landing of pink salmon originated from artificial hatcheries directly in the rivers where these hatcheries were located and at their mouths was < 10 % of the total catch of pink salmon of artificial origin. Schemes of quantitative distribution of pink salmon with marked otoliths in the waters of East Sakhalin are presented.

Last years the Rostov region has faced a significant climate continentality increase during the growing season of winter crops. This factor makes necessary to develop new varieties of intensive winter barley with a high level of ecological adaptability, resistance to lodging and leaf diseases, with a high level of potential productivity. The purpose of the current study was to develop a new highly productive, stress-resistant winter barley variety with a high level of adaptability and to evaluate it according to economically valuable traits. The current paper has presented the agrobiological characteristics of the winter barley variety ‘Marusya’, the originator and patent holder of which is the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Agrarian Research Center “Donskoy”. The research was carried out from 2018 to 2020 in the fields of experimental crop rotation of the department of barley breeding and seed production of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. The forecrop was peas. The accounting plot area was 10 m², the number of repetitions was 6. The winter barley variety ‘Timofey’ was used as a standard variety. The species was parallelum. The type of development was facultative. Over the years of study in the Competitive Variety Testing of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” (2018–2020), the variety produced from 8.0 to 11.2 t/ha, that exceeded the standard variety ‘Timofey’ on 0.5–1.5 t/ha. Since 2020, the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops decided to include the variety ‘Marusya’ in the State List of Breeding Achievements in the North Caucasus region. The variety is being studied in the Central Blackearth and Lower Volga regions of the Russian Federation. The consistently high productivity of the new variety is achieved due to the large grain and higher indicators of the yield structure elements and resistance to diseases in comparison with those of the standard variety ‘Timofey’

Effects of interannual fluctuations of sockeye salmon escapement to the spawning grounds on dynamics of sexual, age and length-weight structure of the population are demonstrated on generalized data of long-term observations in Lake Dalneye in 1939–2020. Mature sockeye specimens were caught in the Dalnaya River during their anadromous migration to the lake and analyzed by the authors, personally; archive and earlier published data were used, as well. The escapement was evaluated by visual assessment of the sockeye migrants entered to Lake Dalneye and confirmed by counting of mature individuals on the littoral spawning grounds in the lake. Number of dwarf sockeye salmon was estimated using the earlier found correlation between their stock and forage zooplankton biomass (Kurenkov, 1991; Pogodaev, Kurenkov, 2012). The zooplankton biomass was assessed on samples of zooplankton collected monthly at a stationary station in the central part of the lake (once a month during the ice period and up to three times per month during the ice-free period) from the layer 0–50/55 m by vertical towing of Juday plankton net (mouth diameter 18 cm). The numbers of anadromous sockeye males and females had ratio 1 : 1 in years with the maximum spawning stock, but < 1 : 1 when their returns to the lake decreased. Besides, the males were smaller in such years and the dwarfs (matured without migration to the sea) and jacks (matured with short marine period) were able to escape commercial fishing gears. Age of the spawners had a tendency to increase with decreasing of spawning runs and, conversely, more abundant runs were formed by younger spawners. Long-term pressure from fishery and selection of larger individuals caused the body length and weight decreasing for mature sockeye salmon, shortening of their period of marine feeding, and increasing of the smallsized males portion in the population.

Data on spatial distribution and habitat conditions are presented for walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma at southern Kuril Islands in spawning season (spring 2015) and feeding season (summer 2016). In spring, walleye pollock are distributed over the entire shelf and continental slope down to 900 m depth and occupy the upper layer on the shelf and intermediate layer at the slope with water temperature 0.1–1.5 o C. In summer, they aggregate at the depth of 200–270 m beyond the shelf in the intermediate water at the Pacific slope of Iturup Island, under the temperature of 1.3–2.9 o C. Both spatial and bathymetric migrations of pollock are minimal at the Pacific side of Iturup, but they migrate for spawning westward and southwestward to the Okhotsk Sea and slope of Small Kuril Ridge where concentrate at the benthic front between the tidal mixing zone and the Intermediate water. Seasonal redistribution of walleye pollock is accompanied with changes of size-age structure in the main aggregations.

In the breeding process of agricultural crops, including sorghum, the use of multivariate statistics methods makes it possible to determine the correlation between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain in the model population, as well as to identify the load of hypothetical factors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the correlations between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain, which characterize the load of hypothetical factors in the model grain sorghum population. For practical breeding process, there have been analyzed 13 economically valuable traits in 27 grain sorghum varieties, developed by the FSBSI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo”. There has been established a different variation degree of the traits of grain sorghum; a strong variation degree was established for such traits as ‘flag leaf area’, ‘the largest leaf area’, ‘panicle stem’, ‘productive tilling capacity’, ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (27.3–35.2%); a weak variation degree was established for such traits as ‘protein percentage’ and ‘starch content’ in grain (2.8–8.6%). The group with an average degree of variation includes the traits ‘plant height’ after 30 days of growing and at ripening period, ‘panicle length’, ‘1000-grain weight’, and ‘grain yield’ (10.1–15.6%). When analyzing the matrix of correlation coefficients, there were calculated the hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance. There has been built a correlation pleiad, which made it possible to demonstrate mean (r = 0.51–0.68) and strong (r = 0.76–0.94) correlations. There have been considered six hypothetical factors reflecting the total contribution to the accumulated variance, Z-1 – 40.86%, Z-2 – 13.76%, Z-3 – 11.85%, Z-4 – 8.74%, Z- 5 – 6.69%, Z-6 – 5.99%. The first hypothetical factor is determined by such traits as ‘the largest leaf area’ and ‘flag leaf area’ (0.78–0.80), ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (0.84–0.91), ‘grain productivity’ (0.77) and ‘productive tillering capacity’ (- 0.78). The results obtained are used in breeding programs to develop grain sorghum varieties and hybrids adapted to the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region.

Objective. In recent decades, criteria for identifying potential areas have evolved hand in hand with technological tools such as geographic information systems (GIS). However, the criteria for the preservation of protected areas are often not taken into account, thus causing damage to environmental biodiversity that can become irreparable. This paper presents the way of optimizing the process of locating key terrain points by developing a hybrid algorithm for geospatial analysis in QGIS. The goal is to speed up computational time, which is a critical variable for the entire key point detection process, and to suggest potential areas that do not pose a threat to biodiversity. Methods. The strategy used is based on two fundamental assumptions: identifying the tops of spatial objects (rivers) and analyzing the distances between spatial objects (rivers and adjacent territories). The tops extraction allows obtaining potential points, while the distance analysis allows selecting among them those points that are in the range acceptable for locating a dam, provided that the least possible damage to the biodiversity of the adjacent territory is caused. The algorithm was validated using the example of the hydrological network of Manicaragua, Cuba. Results. The results were compared in terms of the calculation time used, the number of valid tops extracted, and the percentage reduction in the total number of areas. This comparison was made using one, two and three vector layers (.shp) with spatial objects representing strategic protected areas. Conclusion. The results obtained show that the more representative the space data (.shp) used, the more effective the results obtained using the algorithm are in relation to environmental protection tasks. A reduction of up to 13% from originally detected key points has been achieved.

Diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses are a serious obstacle to high yields of sunflower seeds. One of the most harmful fungi is the rust pathogen (Puccinia helianthi Schw.). Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature, there has been presented the information on the history of the study of sunflower rust, the biology of the pathogen, the racial composition of its populations, the pathogenesis of the disease and selection for resistance to this disease in the Russian Federation and in other countries of the world. There has been considered the contribution of G.V. Pustovoit and her students in the development of breeding sunflower material with rust resistance based on interspecific hybridization of cultivated sunflower with wild species. There has been shown the contribution of the researchers W.E Sackston, T.J. Gulay, S. Masirevic and others, who proposed methods for assessing breeding material for resistance to a pathogen, methods of artificial infection of plants in a greenhouse and a field, who developed differentiator lines of the rust races. Currently, when calculating the virulence and race code of Puccinia helianthi, there is used a nomenclature adopted by a special international committee. Recently, there have been reports from different countries of the emergence of new, more aggressive races of the causative agent of sunflower rust. In Russia, the work on the study of this pathogen has also expanded. The scientists have monitored the rust races and revealed the racial composition of the fungus populations on sunflower in the regions with a strong manifestation of the disease (Tambov, Saratov and Lipetsk regions, Krasnodar Area). Based on the studied literature data, there has been made a conclusion that it is necessary to expand and accelerate work on monitoring the racial composition of populations of the rust pathogen in agrocenoses and developing breeding material that is resistant to the identified races.

Some components of alcohol extracts from seagrass of genus Zostera were fractioned in the column filled with sorbent Sephadex LH-20 using the methods of size exclusion chromatography. Content of polyphenols in the fractions and their antioxidant activity were determined. The total content of polyphenols in the extracts from Zostera asiatica collected in the Rudnaya Bay (Japan Sea) and Zostera marina from the Aniva Bay (Okhotsk Sea) was 2.10 and 2.15 mg/mL, or 0.4 and 1.8 mg/g DW, respectively. The antioxidant activity varied by fractions in the range 19.1–118.0 μg of ascorbic acid per mL for Z. asiatica and 96.2–213.9 μg of ascorbic acid per mL for Z. marina, in dependence on qualitative and quantitative composition of the fractions. The alcohol extracts of Zostera were heterogeneous systems with different polyphenol components and included protein substances covalently bound with polysaccharides and/or polyphenols, that was confirmed by UV spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. Phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols were presented in the extracts.

Chemical composition and nutritional and biological value of roe are investigated for autumn chum salmon from the Amur River sampled during their run for spawning from the estuary to the area of Khabarovsk city. Color and strength of roe were examined, content of proteins, lipids and minerals was measured, amino acid and fatty acid composition was determined. Caloric capacity and biological value of the samples were usual for this species. Physical properties of the roe (strength, color intensity) practically did not change in dependence on distance from the river mouth. Stable quality of roe in the run of spawning migration in the lower Amur is concluded.

Zooplankton was sampled from the epipelagic layer (0–200 m) in the Bering Sea using Jedae net (mouth 0.1 m2, mesh size 0.168 mm) in 1986–2018. Arrowworms were the most numerous predators, represented with 3 species: Parasagitta elegans, Eukrohnia hamata, and Pseudosagitta maxima. Their summary biomass was 215.7 mg/m3, on average (26.3 % of the total zooplankton biomass), and varied seasonally from 105.9 mg/m3 in winter to 311.8 mg/m3 in autumn. Parasagitta elegans dominated absolutely (> 99 % WW). Mean stock of this species was 64.36. 106 t; its seasonal yield was estimated as 22.1. 106 t in winter, 78.5. 106 t in spring, 191.9. 106 t in summer, and 130.3. 106 t in autumn, so its mean production was 422.8. 106 t WW per year.

Residence time of late-race sockeye spawners on spawning grounds located in the littoral zone of Lake Nachikinskoye in southern Kamchatka is determined directly using 11 series of tagging and tracking of tags conducted in 2018 and 2020 (700 tagged individuals). The residence time is the key parameter for calculation of the spawners number on the data of repeated observations from the beginning to the end of spawning. Methodology of the experiment is described in details and all data of measurements are presented. Impact of certain variables on the target function is discussed. The residence time is estimated as 5 days.

Aim. To analyze the regional systems of location of Specially Protected Natural Areas within the Ural-Siberian sector of Russia's steppe and forest-steppe zones.Discussion. The territory of the study includes the following regions: Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, and Novosibirsk Regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and Altay Territory. Each of these areas has its particularities of SPNA location that are component of the ecological framework. Ecological frameworks on the regional and local levels are the models of stable land use and of biological diversity conservation. The determination of model systems of Specially Protected Natural Areas is necessary to reach a balance between a comfortable and favorable environment for the life of the population and the protection of unique natural heritage. The rational allocation of SPNAs promotes optimizing the territorial structure of nature management, the stable functioning of biological processes, and local development within regional natural borders.Conclusion. It was ascertained that the SPNA allocation system of each examined region had its peculiarities connected with natural objects. Protected territories with federal, regional and local significance are located only in Chelyabinsk and Novosibirsk regions and Altay Territory. Also, positive dynamics in forming a new SPNA are observed in the Chelyabinsk and Tyumen regions and Altay Territory (data for 2019-2020). An excellent balance and development of the protected territories system are seen within the Ural-Siberian regions. The location of the SPNA system within the foothill regions of the Ural-Siberian sector (Altay Territory and Cheleyabinsk region) is the closest to the classical etalon of the ecological framework's formation.

Introduction. The analysis of the current state and prospects of space-based radar surveillance tools is important for determining their functions in global aerospace information systems, which aim to monitor air and space, as well as the Earth's surface. Radar surveillance information is used for the purposes of economic analysis, environmental monitoring, mineral search, emergency monitoring, detection and recognition of specified object s at sea and on land, as well as for ensuring national security. In this regard, it is of relevance to develop methods for preliminary assessment of the resolution capacity of novel high-precision onboard radar systems installed on a spacecraft, considering their main technical characteristics, the parameters of the spacecraft movement and the influence of the atmosphere. A priori estimation of spatial resolution values requires a method for calculating the corresponding indicators meeting the required quality of the synthesized radio holograms.Aim. To derive mathematical dependencies and logical rules allowing a priori estimation of the spatial resolution of radar images obtained by the onboard equipment of a radar complex.Materials and methods. Analytical methods were used to determine the resolution error of onboard radar systems with a synthesized aperture in the lateral (azimuthal) direction and range, as well as the theory of radar signal processing.Results. A comparison of the experimental and analytical data on the resolution capacity of an actual radar system confirmed the validity on the proposed method. The developed methodology was used to determine the procedure of calculating the error when estimating the resolution capacity in terms of azimuth and range. Conclusion. The proposed method can be used for both designing novel radar systems and comparing existing radar complexes, depending on the resolution requirements.

Introduction. Multistrain probiotics often include biocompatible strains, which leads to suppression of microbial viability and, as a result, decreases their efficacy. Therefore, new probiotics should be based on well-matched strains with no antagonism. Study objects and methods. The research featured strains of lactic and propionic acid bacteria from the VNIIPBT collection. The method of direct co-cultivation on dense medium (drop technique) was used to assess the biocompatibility of lactic acid bacteria. Antagonism was detected visually based on signs of suppression after 24 and 48 h after the onset of incubation. Antagonism of the consortia was assessed by the Romanovich method. Results and discussion. The screening resulted in seven promising strains with the specific growth rate of 0.32–0.84 h–1 and the maximum population density ≤ 2.2 billion CFU/cm3. A set of experiments on the strain adaptation mechanisms revealed combinations of strains with the lowest antagonism and competition for the substrate. The research resulted in a four-component consortium of Lactobacillus plantarum 314/8, Lactobacillus helveticus R0052/6, Enterococcus faecium B-2240D, and Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii 103/27. The optimal ratio was the one where the cultures were present in equal proportions. The study also described the biosynthetic properties of the consortium and the ratio of the strains in its composition. The consortium demonstrated a balanced growth, good strain compatibility, and absence of antagonism. The cultivation mode was tested anaerobically on milk whey at 37°C for 24 h (strain ratio = 1:1:1:1). Conclusion. The new consortium proved suitable for industrial production of feed probiotics.

Introduction. New legume-based protein preparations are an excellent alternative to polymers of animal origin and can eliminate the protein deficiency in the diet of humans and animals. In this respect, the raw material base of common leguminous crops has to be thoroughly analyzed in order to develop new technological schemes for novel protein formulations. Study objects and methods. The present research compared modern trends in the production, properties, and safety of food and feed protein preparations based on peas and chickpeas. It involved such standard methods as data systematization and analysis of literary sources. Results and discussion. The leguminous agriculture in Russia is stable enough to produce food and feed protein preparations from peas and chickpeas with the maximum preservation of biological value, composition, and properties. Peas and chickpeas have a high biological value and are rich in polypeptides, fiber, minerals, vitamins, antioxidants, etc., which are lost during processing. By-products of protein production can be processed using biosynthetic transformation with various types of fungal and/or bacterial enzymes, as well as physical and/or physicochemical methods, to obtain feed or food products with an appropriate yield. A synthesis with enzymes or microorganisms can result in functional foods and feeds fortified with minerals, vitamins, fatty acids, and antioxidants.

The studies were carried out in a field experiment in the north of the Arkhangelsk region. Under study were twocomponent grass stands of the first and second year of life, composed of cereal (meadow fescue, reed fescue) and legume grasses (meadow clover and blue alfalfa ). It has been established that in the climatic conditions of the Northern region the studied perennial grasses do not go through the full life cycle during the first year of life: meadow clover develops up to the root rosette phase, blue alfalfa – up to the branching phase, cereals ‒ to the tillering phase. In the first year, the yield is formed due to the legume component, especially meadow clover, which occupies 73 % of the structure. In the second year of life, cereal grasses increase their influence on the yield formation up to 93 %. The most productive variant in the second year was the “reed fescue + meadow clover” variant. With a higher ratio of the cereal component (67 %) in total for two mowings in comparison with the control variant "meadow fescue + meadow clover", the increase in dry matter yield was 2.81 t/ha (LSD05 = 1.46 t/ha), the output of exchange energy was 30.56 GJ/ha higher, crude protein yield increased by 0.22 t /ha. Agrophytocenoses of reed fescue and meadow clover in the first year of intensive use make it possible to obtain green fodder with the protein content in 1 kg of dry matter at the level of 114.28 g ‒ 153.33 g and sugars 133.54 g ‒ 154.65 g depending on the mowing. High loss of blue alfalfa in the grass stand is due to its weak winter hardiness and the effect of low spring temperatures during the period of the beginning of regrowth. Thus, in the conditions of the European North of Russia among legume-cereal grass stands during the first two years of life the grass mixture of meadow clover and reed fescue has been identified as perspective. There has been noted a potential for regulation the feed nutritional value (protein, sugars and fiber content) by means of grass mixture components selection.

Search and introduction of new potato varieties that can be recommended for cultivation in soil and climatic conditions of the Komi Republic are especially important against the background of the average yield in the region of 12.1 t/ha, that is 6.7 t/ha lower than the average in Russia. In 2019-2020 on the basis of the A. V. Zhuravsky Institute of Agrobiotechnology of the Federal Research Center of the Komi Scientific Center of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there were tested potato varieties of the early maturing group – Armada, Meteor, Gulliver, Taifun and Krepysh (standard) and the mid-season group – Varyag, Vympel, Krasa Meshchery, Kumach, Fritella, Vychegodskii and Zyryanets (standard). From the early maturing group, the varieties Armada and Gulliver have been selected as giving a consistently high yield, which exceeded the standard by 6.8-7.1 t/ha on average for two years. Among mid-season varieties no one reliably exceeded the standard variety Zyryanets in terms of yield productivity. The highest yield and marketability was noted for the Fritella variety – 30.5 t/ha and 97 %. All the varieties under study, except for Vychegodskii, showed an average resistance of the tops to late blight damage. Moderate early blight damage of the tops (up to 20 % of the leaf surface) was noted in three varieties – Meteor, Taifun and Vychegodski. The following varieties showed high resistance to common scab - Vympel (no damage), Zyryanets (few lesions) and Gulliver (up to 10 % of tuber surface damage). In all studied varieties the potato tubers were not affected by late blight during both years of research. For cultivation, the agricultural producers of the Komi Republic should use the varieties Armada (29.7 t/ha), Gulliver (28.1 t/ha), Vympel (29.2 t/ha), Fritella (30.5 t/ha), which have good resistance to phytopathogens and high quality of tubers.

At present, the question of the influence of climatogeographic and meteorological factors on human health continues to be relevant and causes discussions among scientists and clinicians around the world. The aim is to study the manifestations and causes of pathological meteosensitivity in patients with arterial hypertension permanently residing in the Far North. For the period from June 2017 to March 2018, 138 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of arterial hypertension (AH) were included in the study based on generally accepted criteria (ESH/ESC, 2018), permanently living in the Far North. Men – 42 people (30.4 %), women – 96 people (69.56 %). The age of the study participants ranged from 18 to 65 years, averaging 45 ± 5.6 years. 32 people smoked (23.19 %). The condition for inclusion in the study was the presence of complaints about meteosensitivity, the manifestation of meteopathies against the background of changes in meteorological conditions, the short duration and relativity of these disorders in the same patient in the same weather conditions. The main meteorological elements that can be considered predictors of meteopathies have been determined, and the main manifestations of pathological meteosensitivity in patients with AH permanently residing in the Far North have been identified. The presence of pathological meteosensitivity should probably be considered as an additional risk factor for the development of cardiovascular events. At present, details such as the manifestation of the metabolic syndrome in patients with hypertension, the degree of hypertension and the duration of the underlying disease, changes in biochemical parameters, and their associations with meteopathies require detail.

The nutritional benefits of wheat bread largely depend on quality and content of the most valuable part of the grain, its protein complex, namely elastic, and quite extensible gluten. In recent years, there has been a tendency for deterioration of grain quality indicators, namely the indicator ‘gluten quality’ regulated by GOST. There are often the circumstances, when gluten acquires properties of increased viscosity and bran particles are firmly held by gluten proteins. In this case, it is practically impossible to extract it and it is characterized by the term ‘non-extractable’. At the same time, gluten extracted from flour (in the absence of bran) of the same grain sample corresponds to the 1-st and 2-nd classes of quality. Thus, in the first variant, the producers face losses as the grain of the 5th class is non-food, and in the other, we get good grain when gluten is extracted out of flour. The breeders of the research institutions face the similar dilemma when selecting breeding material according to gluten quality. Both different ways of extracting gluten often give opposite effect for the same genotype. The purpose of the current study was to assess the conformity degree of GDI, identified according to GOST according to such indicators as GDI in flour, sedimentation, rheological properties on a mixograph. In order to estimate if wheat is strong, valuable and weak, there is not enough only elastic ity, which is identified using the GDI device (gluten deformation index). The deformation index after extracting gluten is not always an objective result of its quality, therefore, there is a need in additional study, e.g. determination of the gluten deformation index (GDI) in flour, SDS sedimentation, rheological properties of the dough on a mixograph, which characterize gluten ‘strength’ (elasticity, strength, etc.). These methods will allow researchers to estimate the quality of breeding material more efficiently, and agricultural producers will have a comprehensive description of gluten quality of grown grain.

Aim. To substantiate ways of geo‐ecological optimization of an oil and gas field landscape (through the example of the Volga‐Ural steppe region).Materials and Methods. The development of directions for geoecological optimization of landscape is based on the authors’ previously developed ideas about the transformation processes of landscape, the formation and stages of the oil and gas natural‐technogenic geosystem development, and the hierarchy and multi‐scale of technogenic changes of landscape.Results. Optimization solutions were developed for the successive stages of planning of oil and gas extraction, operation of an oil and gas natural‐technogenic geosystem field and the end of development and disposal of oil and gas facilities. The main direction of landscape optimization is highlighted and its tasks and principles formulated.Conclusion. Reducing technogenic impact on steppe landscape, its control and regulation is not only a problem of scientific research, but also one of the state of public consciousness and the setting of priorities by management bodies. Methods of reducing the impact and restoringsteppe landscapes can only be effective as a result of implementing a targeted policy of greening education and a corresponding change in public consciousness.

Different approaches to using the analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) to assess the genetic differentiation of populations have been compared in the research. Data on 11 microsatellite loci of 84 bulls of seven breeds were used. The results were compared for three options of the AMOVA module of the GenAlEx 6.502 program: the allele distance matrix (calculated FST(W&C)(=θ) statistics – variant AMOVA1); the genotype distance matrix (ΦPT– AMOVA2); and the allele size difference matrix (RST– AMOVA3). Similar summary estimates of the genetic differentiation of breeds were obtained: FST(W&C)= 0.108, ΦPT= 0.115, RST= 0.110 (all with pperm≤ 0.001). Between the estimates of FST(W&C)and ΦPTfor each locus, the correlation coefficient was 0.99 (pvalueSTwere found. A high correlation of FST(W&C)and ΦPTwith the estimates of differentiation according to Nei’s (0.96) was found. Programs other than GenAlEx (Arlequin v.3.5, GenePop v.4.7.3, RST22) gave similar AMOVA estimates. The negative linear dependence of FST(W&C)and ΦPTon the level of the average heterozygosity of the breed samples was established (R2= 0.6, rS= -0.75 for pvalue < 0.02) and the absence of such dependence for RST(R2= 0.04, rS= -0.23 for pvalue= 0.47). The standardization of the FST(W&C)and ΦPTestimates according to Hedrick’s eliminated this dependence and raised the initial estimates to 0.35 and 0.37, respectively. The latter were comparable to the estimates obtained by the Nei-Hedrick’s (0.364-0.375), Jost’s (0.292), and Morisit-Horn’s (0.308) methods. The Mantel correlations between the matrices of paired genetic distances (GD) calculated by different measures were >0.9 in most cases. The projections of the GD matrices in the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) on the 2D plane were generally similar. The PCoA identified a cluster of Holstein «ecotypes», a cluster of «Red» breeds, and a branch of the Jersey breed. In the two-factor AMOVA of data on clusters (as two «regions»), the interregional GD was 0.357; the differentiation of breeds within the «regions» did not exceed 0.027. Modeling the association of breeds with close to zero GD resulted in an increase in the number of alleles per locus in the «new» breeds by 29 %, and an increase in the combined estimate of genetic differentiation by 29-46 %. The results obtained can be used in the development of measures for the conservation of endangered breeds.

The objective of the study: to identify respiratory diseases specifying the proportion of HIV-positive patients who have to be admitted to the pulmonology department of an emergency hospital.Subjects and methods. All cases admitted to the pulmonology department of Emergency Relief Hospital no. 2, Omsk, from 2016 to 2019 were analyzed.Results. Among patients admitted to the pulmonology department of the emergency hospital in 2016-2019, pneumonia was the most frequent nosology – from 51.6% (2017) to 63.2% (2019) followed by chronic obstructive lung disease – from 29.1% (2016) to 18.1% (2019). The average duration of hospital stay for pneumonia increased from 9.2 (2016) to 15.4 days (2019) that could be indicative of more severe cases due to the increased proportion of HIV positive patients from 22.4% (2016) to 49.1% (2019). Of pneumonia with the detected pathogen, cases of bacterial pneumonia were the most frequent, but in 2019 there was a significant (up to 19.3%) increase in pneumocystosis pneumonia. The frequency of lung cancer diagnostics ranged from 1.2% (2018) to 2.1% (2017 and 2019), which was associated with the low quality of early diagnosis and admission to hospital due to development of complications. The frequency of pulmonary tuberculosis detection in the pulmonology department tends to decrease every year – from 5.3% (2016) to 3.3% (2019), while the average duration of hospital stay before tuberculosis is diagnosed ranges from 4.9 ( 2016) to 5.9 days (2018). Among diagnosed tuberculosis patients, the proportion of HIV-positive people grows up every year – from 31.6% (2016) to 87.2% (2019).

Аim. Assessment of current climate changes in the territory of Ciscaucasia in order to predict the yield of winter wheat.Methods .Integral indicators of climatic conditions for agricultural production were employed. For the investigations, we selected five‐year periods for which the meteorological parameters were averaged, and to identify trends the data of specific five‐year periods were compared with the average value for the entireseries of observations (1960‐2020).Results. The deviation of precipitation in April was highest in 2011‐2015, when it increased by 22 mm, and in 1986‐1990 and 1991‐1995, when it decreased by 15 and 10 mm respectively. In Eastern Ciscaucasia,where conditions are more arid than in the Western and Central regions, in both the rise in air temperature and the amount of precipitation, especially in April and May, increased in the 21stcentury for the entire period of active vegetation.Conclusion.It was established that the value of the hydrothermal coefficient practically did not change during the 1960‐2020 period. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, there was an increase in productivity against the background of a relatively high level of annual precipitation and this stability is confirmed at the present time. There is a very close relationship between natural and climatic factors and the level of winter wheat yield.

Aim.To analyse the patterns of ascorbic acid content in the green mass of Galega orientalis (Galega orientalis Lam.), Gale variety, cultivated under introductory conditions to develop an effective method for increasing feed production.Material and Methods. The influence of the following factors on the accumulation of ascorbic acid in plants was considered: pre‐sowing seed preparation, the presence of a cover crop (pea), cultivation conditions, meteorological factors and the biological age of the grass stand over a three‐year period.Results. It was established that the plant mass of Galega orientalis is a source of ascorbic acid after plants enter the generative phase of development with predominant localization of vitamins in the leaves (96%). Patterns were revealed of ascorbic acid accumulation in the green phytomass of Galega orientalis depending on average daily temperature during the vegetation period (r = ‐0.69) and specific leaf surface (r = ‐0.83‐0.88). Conclusion. The data obtained also indicate a statistically significant positive effect of using Baikal‐EM1 microbiological fertilizer for seed inoculation during preparation for sowing, and a negative effect of the cover crop on the accumulation of ascorbic acid in the plant mass of Galega orientalis in its virginal and generative periods of development.

The purpose of the research is to study the parasite fauna of the common frog (Rana temporaria Linnaeus, 1758) inhabiting the vicinity of the Visim Nature Biosphere Reserve.Materials and methods. The species composition, dominance structure and endoparasite infection of 32 individuals of R. temporaria caught along the banks of the upper reaches of the Sulem Riverwere assessed according to the following indicators: the prevalence and intensity of infection and abundance index.Results and discussion. The species composition of parasites in a common frog from the vicinity of the Visim Nature Biosphere Reserve is presented for the first time. Five species of macroparasites have been identified, classified as Nematoda: Oswaldocruzia filiformis (Goeze, 1782), Neoraillietnema praeputiale (Skrjabin, 1916), Cosmocerca ornata (Dujardin, 1845), Rhabdias bufonis (Schrank, 1788) and as Platyhelminthes: Haplometra cylindracea (Zeder, 1800). One species of endosymbiotic protozoa of Chromista, Opalina ranarum was recorded (Purkinje et Valentin, 1835). The prevalence of the infection of common frogs by helminths reaches 100%, the abundance index is 11.06, and protozoa is 93.8% and 62.16, respectively. Nematodes O. filiformis (the prevalence of infection 96.9%, and abundance index 7.97) and R. bufonis (the prevalence of infection 46.9%, abundance index 2.28) predominate. It was shown that nematode N. praeputiale was not found in the parasitocenosis of immature amphibians, and trematode H. cylindracea was not found in adult animals. The proportion of O. filiformis and C. ornata increases with age in common frogs. It was found that the animals of the July population are infected with nematode R. bufonis largely. Regardless of the age of R. temporaria, the probability of colonization by O. ranarum in spring will be higher.

The shelf and continental slope of the western Bering Sea, being among the most productive areas of the Far-Eastern Seas of Russia, became exploited by commercial fishery half a century ago, after introduction of 200-mile exclusive economic zones in 1977 and relocation of the Russian fishing fleet from the eastern Bering Sea to its western part. In 2010-2019, about 20 % of the total catch of sea fish in the Far-Eastern basin (excluding pacific salmons) were caught in the West Bering Sea fishery zone. Among the fishery districts of the Russian Far East, this area is currently the 1st one by annual catch of pacific cod, grenadiers, sculpins and sablefish, 2nd— by catch of walleye pollock, halibuts and skates, 3rd— by catch of rockfishes, and 4th— by catch of pacific herring and flounders. Features of specialized fishery in the West Bering Sea fishery zone in 2010-2019 are clarified. Now 48 types of the specialized fishery can be distinguished here, while 96.3 % of the average annual landing is provided by the following 8 most important types: walleye pollock midwater trawl fishery (77.8 % of mean annual catch); pacific herring midwater trawl fishery (6.1 %); pacific cod bottom longline fishery (4.7 %); walleye pollock Danish seine fishery (2.7 %); grenadiers bottom longline fishery (2.4 %), pacific cod Danish seine fishery (0.9 %); squids bottom trawl fishery (0.9 %); and pacific cod bottom trawl fishery (0.8 %). All these types of fishery are highly specialized and portion of the target objects in the catches ranges from 76 to 96 % (according to official statistics), while the by-catch accounted as 4-24 %. The is no specialized fishery on such objects as rockfishes, arrowtooth and kamchatka flounders, and sablefish in the West Bering Sea fishery zone, but they are landed as by-catch. The fishery statistics with the data sorting to specialized fishery and by-catch can be used quite effectively for the stocks assessment and determining acceptable level of their exploitation, with recommendations for fishery regulation, including evaluation the possible level of non-specialized by-catch.

In the autumn months of 2018-2019, food spectra of salmons were quite diverse in the Okhotsk Sea. Amphipods prevailed in the diet of juvenile pink and chum salmon that corresponded to these zooplankton species abundance in the southern part of the sea; other significant portions of their diet were presented by euphausiids, copepods, arrowworms, pteropods, and oikopleura. Decapods, fish and squids were in the diet of masu, coho and chinook salmon. Portion of zooplankton was about 100 % in the diet of pink salmon fingerlings, but only 98 % in the diet of chum salmon fingerlings with 2 % portion of squids. Grazing by salmons was insignificant: 0.2-0.3 % of the total zooplankton biomass within the periods of observation (18 days in 2018 and 13 days in 2019), or 0.04-2.0 % for certain taxonomic groups, except of pteropods and oikopleura with the consumed portions of 4-7 % and 7-12 %, respectively. However, the daily consumption by salmons relative to daily production of some groups was significant in October, 2018 and reached 97 % for amphipods and > 200 % for euphausiids in the northeastern Okhotsk Sea (biostatistical areas 6-8) and 48 and 27 %, respectively, in the entire surveyed area. This ratio was twice lower in October, 2019, as 24 % for amphipods and 12 % for euphausiids. Daily consumption of copepods and arrowworms never exceeded 2 % of their daily production. The most favorable conditions for nekton feeding in fall of both years were observed in the northwestern Okhotsk Sea, and the worst conditions — in its northeastern part, with moderate conditions without deficit of prey in the central part (biostatistical area 9) and southern part (biostatistical areas 12, 13), where the biomass of forage plankton exceeded the biomass of nekton in 30-97 times in 2018 and in 56-76 times in 2019.

Choosing of mathematical model for describing of the pacific salmon progeny dependence on the parents abundance is discussed. Results of different approximations are interpreted. The analysis could be useful for forecasting of the pacific salmon stocks by specialists without deep skills in numerical modeling (like the author).

Stocks of demersal and pelagic fish species are assessed for the bottom layer over the outer shelf and upper continental slope between Cape Olyutorsky and Cape Navarin (northwestern Bering Sea) on the data of bottom trawl survey conducted aboard RV Professor Levanidov over the isobaths 20-400 m in the summer of 2019. The total biomass of demersal fish in the surveyed polygon was estimated as 682,262 t; the portion of pacific cod was 51.50 %, arrowtooth flounder — 9.80 %, great sculpin — 9.64 %, rock sole — 4.60 %, alaska skate — 4.57 %, flathead flounders — 2.56 %, yellow irish lord — 2.30 %, and < 2 % for other species. The total biomass of pelagic fish species in the bottom layer was estimated as 759,639 t (species-specific coefficients of catchability were used); the portion of adult walleye pollock was 85.12 %, its juveniles — 9.94 %, pacific herring — 4.67 %, and other pelagic species — 0.27 % in sum. Mean ratios of the species stock between the surveyed polygon and other areas of the northwestern Bering Sea, as the Gulf of Anadyr and the deeper continental slope (below 400 m), were evaluated using the data of bottom trawl surveys conducted in 2005-2017. Some species as yellow irish lord, saffron cod, pacific halibut, arrowtooth flounder, great sculpin, kamchatka flounder, rock sole, and aleutian skate distributed mostly within the polygon and their mean biomass in the outside areas varied from 0.5 % to 69.2 % relative to the biomass in the polygon surveyed in 2019. On the contrary, the portions of pacific cod, greenland halibut, alaska skate, and walleye pollock were larger outside the polygon — from 102.9 to 190.4 %, and almost entire stocks were in the outside areas for alaska plaice, flathead flounders, and pacific herring — from 533.4 % to 1380.5 % relative to the biomass accounted within the polygon. The stocks assessed in 2019 reflected both the state of populations and their spatial and bathymetric redistribution, mostly because of the St. Lawrence Cold Water Pool shrinkage at the bottom of the Gulf of Anadyr. The stocks fluctuations are reasoned mainly by natural factors, rather than fishery impact.

Introduction. The present research featured industrial sugar crystallization. The article introduces a generalized mathematical model of specific growth rate of sugar crystals depending on temperature, solids, and the purity of solution, as well as on the concentration and average size of crystals. The model includes the probabilistic component of growth rate of monocrystals and the reduced adjustment of the constrained crystal growth depending on the abovementioned as-pects. Study objects and methods. The research focused on mass crystallization of sucrose, including the growth rate of monocrystals and the number of crystals in the fill mass. The obtained experimental data were processed using nonlinear programming. Results and discussion. 421 experiments made it possible to develop a probabilistic mathematical model of specific mass growth rate of sugar monocrystals and its dependence on the solution temperature, purity, and solids content. Model error: ± 11.3%. The model covers the temperature range, concentration of solids, and purity of the solution. The proximity of crystals was calculated according to the dependence of the growth rate on their concentration and the average size (error: ± 1.3%). The adjustment range: concentration of crystals = 5–60%, average size = 0.25–1.50 mm. Conclusion. The present generalized mathematical model of crystallization considered the temperature, as well as the purity and solids content in the fill mass, the concentration of sucrose crystals and their average size. The research compared the effect of linear size and concentration of sugar monocrystals on the calculated and experimental sizes of specific mass growth rate and the dimensionless adjustment of growth rate. The calculated sizes proved to be close to the ex-perimental data, which showed adequacy to the developed crystallization model. The research results can be used to optimize the process of mass sugar crystallization.

Dynamics of demersal fish biomass is considered on results of trawl surveys conducted in Peter the Great Bay (Japan Sea) in 1977-2015. Fishery did not have a significant impact on this complex of fish species, including both fluctuating species (walleye pollock, arabesque greenling, pacific herring) and species with stable stock, because of low intensity. Annual landings in the bay were much lower than recommended volumes (TAC). However, a tendency to the total biomass decreasing was observed, accompanied with growth of the sculpins (Cottidae) portion in the ratio of species biomass. The sculpins prey on juveniles of many other species, so maybe their higher abundance was one of reasons for general depletion of the benthic fish community. Other predators, as marine mammals, were not abundant in Peter the Great Bay. For rational resource management, the fishery impact should be distributed proportionally between populations, taking into account their state, so both traditional commercial objects and predators with growing abundance should be landed. This ecosystem approach requires permanent monitoring to all groups of fish species.

Total biomass and production are evaluated for taxonomic groups of zooplankton sampled with Juday net (mesh size 0.168 mm) from the 0-200 m layer in the Bering Sea in 1986-2018. The annual mean stock of zooplankton is assessed as 245.1 . 106 t WW, or by taxonomic groups: copepods — 135.0 . 106 t (55.1 %), chaetognaths — 664.4 . 106 t (26.3 %), euphausiids — 30.8 . . 106 t (10.8 %), medusas — 7.9 . 106 t (3.2 %), and hyperiids — 7.0 . 106 t (2.9 %). The gross annual yield is estimated as 1378.6 . 106 t for copepods (P/B = 9.3), 422.5 . 106 t for chaetognaths (P/B = 6.0), 212.5 . 106 t for euphausiids (P/B = 9.0), 132.4 . 106 t for net medusas (P/B = 16.7), and 90.9 . 106 t for hyperiids (P/B = 12.3). The total annual yield of 2281.9 . 106 t, on average, was formed as a sum of 107.4 . 106 t produced in winter (P/B = 1.0), 889.6 . 106 t — in spring (P/B = 2.4), 755.2 . 106 t — in summer (P/B = 2.8), and 529.6 . 106 t — in autumn (P/B = 2.2). This annual yield was produced mostly by non-predatory zooplankton (1613.8 . 106 t), but also by predatory zooplankton (668.1 . 106 t). Mean annual P/B-ratio for the entire zooplankton in the Bering Sea was 8.5 that was in 1.4 times lower than in the Okhotsk Sea (P/B = 11.8), mainly because of predominance of less productive Copepoda species.

The authors showed that a convenient, accurate and fast way of assessing the degree of influence of environmental factors on plants was needed to optimize photoculture. They emphasized the importance of non-destructive monitoring of crops physiological state of, for which they used phenomics technologies, for example, remote sensing using hyperspectral cameras.(Research purpose) To reveal the possibility of using hyperspectral imaging to determine the plant developmental stability.(Materials and methods) As a measure of the favorable impact of environmental factors on the growth and development of plants, their developmental stability was taken, numerically characterized by the fluctuating asymmetry value. The authors proposed to use vegetation indices determined from the leaf reflection spectra as a bilateral feature. The object of experimental research was juvenile cucumber plants. The studies were carried out in laboratory conditions. The spectral characteristics of cucumber leaves grown under different light quality of radiation were determined using a Specim IQ hyperspectral camera. Information on the spectral reflectances was extracted from the resulting data hypercube. As an example calculations were performed for Normalized Difference Vegetation Index.(Results and discussion) The authors revealed differences in the productivity indicators of plants grown under different light quality. They revealed a significant frequency of occurrence of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index asymmetry in two halves of the cucumber leaf surface. The fluctuating nature of this asymmetry was confirmed. They found that with a light quality providing a higher productivity of plants, lower values of fluctuating asymmetry were observed, which indicate greater stability of plant development.(Conclusions) The authors proposed a method for determining the plant developmental stability using a hyperspectral camera. The method was based on the assessment of the fluctuating asymmetry of vegetation indices calculated for points on the leaf surface, characterized by the same location conditions relative to the border of its left and right halves. A preliminary assessment of the possibility of determining the developmental stability by the results of phenotyping using the example of cucumber plants showed the feasibility of the method and its practical applicability.

Paragonimosis is a severe parasitic disease, which causative agent (on the territory of Russia, trematode Paragonimus westermani ichunensis Chung, Hsu et Kao, 1978) circulates in the south of the Far East. Two forms of paragonimosis are known: pulmonary and muscular (larval) with clinical manifestations like diseases of a different etiology, mimicking the symptoms of malignant tumors, and in cases of late diagnosis and improper treatment, leading to death. Long-term studies of the ecology and biology of the parasite, as well as monitoring the incidence among residents of the southern Far East of Russia made it possible to analyze the situation with paragonimosis in the designated region. Based on the available data, until the mid-1990s, natural sites of disease were found almost everywhere in the river basins inhabited by mollusks of the genus Parajuga and crayfish of the genus Cambaroides as parasite intermediate hosts. During this period, according to official information, the population invasion rate reached 6%. Then, as a result of the mass extinction of freshwater crayfish, the population of P. westermani ichunensis was on the brink of survival, and from that moment on, the number of diagnosed cases of paragonimosis in the inhabitants of the region began to decline, down to zero in recent years. Currently, the population of crayfish Cambaroides is reviving and a case of P. westermani ichunensis infestation of a tiger cub has been recorded, which indicates the population restoration of the parasite itself. This indicates the functioning resumption of the Paragonimus sp. infection centers in the south of the Russian Far East. It is necessary to be prepared for the possibility of an exponential growth in the number of infected animals with such a developmentтof events. Due to the complexity of the disease diagnosing and the lack of certain knowledge about the parasite biology among the majority of medical workers, it is necessary to be ready to low detection rate among the region population.

Hydrological and chemical surveys were conducted in the Uglovoy Bight in October, 2019, February, May and June, 2020 (in total 120 stations) and chemical analyses of water from 13 small rivers running into the bight were done on October 21-22, 2020. Extremely high concentration of nutrients was detected in the Peschanka, Saperka and Gryaznukha Rivers that was obviously caused by waste waters discharge. These rivers were the main source of the bight eutrophication. Within the bight, the highest anomalies of chemical parameters, as low oxygen content, low pH, high concentrations of nutrients (N, P, Si), high turbidity, and high CO2 partial pressure were observed close to these rivers mouths, in particular under the ice in winter, when wind mixing was absent. The hypoxia disappeared in the warm period of year because of wind mixing. High concentrations of total nitrogen (10.0-40.0 μmol/L), total phosphorus (1.5-2.0 gmol/L), dissolved organic carbon (3-5 mgC/L), and chlorophyll a (0.5-2.0 μg/L) in all seasons were the results of active production-destruction processes, obviously with prevalence of organic matter destruction, since the water in the bight was undersaturated with oxygen and supersaturated with carbon dioxide — the bight accumulates and mineralizes organic matter from terrestrial and riverine discharge. Underwater photographs did not detect Zostera meadows at the bottom, which were observed in the northwestern Uglovoy bight in the past. Comparison of historical data on episodic studies in the bight with results of the surveys indicates degradation of its ecosystem, with such signs as disappearance of seagrass, hypoxia in winter, and CO2 flux into the atmosphere. Reduce in water exchange between the bight and the Amur Bay caused by construction of the underwater pipeline in 1982 and the bridge in 2012 is suggested as a reason of the degradation.

Molecular phylogenetics, particularly statistical phylogenetics, is widely used to solve the fundamental and applied problems in virology. Bayesian, or statistical, phylogenetic methods, which came into practice 10—15 years ago, markedly expanded the range of questions that can be answered based on analyzing nucleotide and amino acid sequences. An opportunity of using various evolution models allows inferring the chronology, geography and dynamics of the infection spreading. For example, analysis of globally distributed HIV group M by Bayesian methods demonstrated with a probability of 99% that the most recent common ancestor of these viruses existed in the surroundings of the city of Kinshasa (Democratic Republic of the Congo) in the early 1920s. Another study showed that H9N2 influenza virus most likely passed on to humans from wild ducks in Hong Kong in the late 1960s. In addition, using of the Bayesian analysis allows to evaluating the effect of measures taken on the development of the epidemic process. For example, it was shown retrospectively that the rate of hepatitis C virus infection cases in Egypt increased by several orders of magnitude in the mid-20th century. A sharp rise in new case rate is associated with the treatment for schistosomiasis by using non-sterile repeatedly used syringes. A set of Bayesian analysis methods has been applied in tens of thousands of researches describing various aspects of the occurrence and spread of infectious diseases in humans and animals. This was facilitated by the development and accessibility of software that implements these methods. The complexity of Bayesian phylogenetic methods imposes strict requirements on the data being analyzed. The correctness of the phylogenetic analysis data depends on various factors. For example, it is necessary to choose an evolutionary model that most adequately describes the studied objects. A mandatory step in formulating the results is the justification of the selected model. For viruses, the acquisition of genetic elements from other organisms is typical, therefore, the genomes even from closely related viruses may have non-homologous regions unsuitable for phylogenetic analysis. Another aspect is the creation of a representative dataset. Sometimes, all stages of the analysis are not indicated in publications, so that the data obtained can be interpreted ambiguously. The correct use of statistical phylogenetics methods in virology is possible only upon understanding their principles, proper methods of data preparation and evolutionary model selection criteria.

The study was carried out in 2018 and 2019 in the southern forest-steppe area of the Omsk region. The soil of the experimental plot was chernozem-meadow, medium and heavy loamy. The crop rotation was as follows: ‘black’ fallow – spring wheat – spring wheat – spring wheat – barley, the forecrop was second wheat. It was a two-factor field trial, the area of the plots was 50 and 25 m2, with three-fold sequence. The purpose of the current work was to estimate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer as a basic one and in the form of top dressing combined with fungicidal and herbicidal treatment on the productivity of spring wheat grain. There was identified a positive effect of the factor of nitrogen fertilization N35 on the productivity of spring wheat grain when sown in ‘black’ fallow. In 2018 there was productivity increase on 0.43, and in 2019 it was 0.74 t/ha, or 25.1 and 39.2%, respectively, according to the control. The utilization of the mixture of herbicides and carbamide (5 kg/ha) had only a tendency to productivity increase in comparison with herbicide control. The additional top dressing of 5 and 10 kg/ha of carbamide in ‘head formation period’ increased productivity by 0.32 and 0.42 (in 2018) and 0.45 and 0.47 t/ha (in 2019). The best results were obtained from the combination ‘herbicides + carbamide (tillering) + fungicide (head formation)’, the average productivity increase was 0.60 (in 2018) and 1.83 t/ha (in 2019).

The article is devoted to the analysis of the structure of sown areas and characteristics of barley varieties zoned in the Kirov region for 2020. In 2019 in the Kirov region the varieties cultivated in production for more than 20 years had the largest specific weight – 50.1 % of the acreage occupied with barley. Those cultivated for more than 10 years had 36.1 %; from 5 to 10 years – 13.8 %. Certified sowings varied from year to year in percentage to the occupied area. There is a gradual decrease in unsorted sowings of barley from 3.0 thousand hectares in 2017 up to 1.18 thousand hectares in 2019. The areas sown with barley varieties bred in Federal Agricultural Research Center of the North East named N. V. Rudnitsky (FARC North-East) in the structure of sown areas in 2019 were from 21.5 % in the southern zone up to 57.8 % in the northern zone of the Kirov region. For the whole of the region the greatest distribution was recorded among Belarussian cultivars Zazersky 85 (39.3 % of the areas sown with barley), and cultivars bred in FARC North-East: Ecolog (10.8 %), Rodnik Prikamiya (7.1 %) and Novichok (7.0 %). In northern districts of the region the ratio changed: Ecolog – 27.2 %, Rodnik Prikamiya – 18.9 %, Novichok – 9.0 %, Zazersky 85 – 7.7 %. High productivity (4.22-4.79 t/ha in average), resistance to lodging and diseases characterize the zoned cultivars. The main disadvantage of barley assortment offered for zoning is the lack of stable yield and differences in duration of the growing season among the varieties. All cultivars belong to the group of mid-season, except for the mid-late cultivar Zazersky 85. The region is short of the sources of high-quality raw materials for forage production; only 30.7 % of all assortment of barley in the region are presented by cultivars with high grain quality (Ecolog, Belgorodsky 100, Rodnik Prikamiya and Pamyati Rodinoy). Currently, the trend for developing high-yield early, resistant to lodging and diseases barley varieties of high grain quality is to become the key factor in breeding work.

Introduction.Among the different groups of drugs, diuretics are one the most popular classes that have been used for treatment of cardiovascular system and kidney diseases. At the same time, synthetic diuretics which are widely used, cause large amounts of side effects, such as violation of electrolyte, acid-base and water balances, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Therefore, it is important to search for individual compounds of plant origin – potential pharmaceutical substances for the treatment of urinary tract diseases. In this study individual compounds were isolated from the terrestrial parts of Ononis arvensis L. and Solidago canadensis L. The diuretic activity of the summary extracts of Ononis arvensis and Solidago canadensis has previously been proven.Aim.Method development for the isolation of individual compounds, using modern physicochemical methods of analysis, from the terrestrial parts of Ononis arvensis and Solidago canadensis and the elucidation of their structure.Materials and methods.Aerial parts of Ononis arvensis and Solidago canadensis were collected in the Saint Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical University (SPCPU) Nursery Garden of Medicinal Plants (Leningrad region, Vsevolozhsky district, Priozersk highway, 38 km) in August 2019 and identified by Dr. Goncharov Mikhail of the Saint-Petersburg chemical-pharmaceutical university, Saint-Petersburg, Russia. Fraction analysis were preformed with analytical high-performance liquid chromatography using a LC-20 Prominence (Shimadzu corp., Japan) with a SPD-M20A diode-array detector. Isolation of individual compounds was carried out by preparative high-performance liquid chromatography using a Smartline (Knauer, Germany). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated using 1D and 2D NMR experiments (Bruker Avance III 400 MHz) along with HR-ESI-MS (Bruker Micromass Q-TOF).Results and discussion.Using the developed methods, from the aerial part of the field restharrow (O. arvensis) we managed to isolate and characterised three individual compounds (1-3). Compounds 1 and 2 are isloflavonoids – pseudobaptigenin-7-О-ß-D-glucopyranoside and formononetin-7-О-ß-D-glucopyranoside, respectively. Compound (3) is a flavonoid – kaempferol-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (astragalin). All compounds were isolated for O. arvansis for the first time. Along with this, four individual compounds (4-7) were isolated from the aerial part of the canadian goldenrod (S. canadensis), namely, quercetin-3-O-ß-D-6''-acetylglucopyranoside, isoramnetin-3-О-ß-D-rutinoside (narcissin), quercetin-3-О-rutinoside (rutin) and quercetin, respectively.Conclusion.As a result of the research, methods have been developed for the isolation of 7 individual compounds, using modern physicochemical methods of analysis, from the aerial parts of Ononis arvensis and Solidago canadensis, the structures of all the isolated compounds were elucidated. Future assessment of the isolated compounds biological activity is presumed.

In modern rice growing, the development of new varieties and their rapid introduction into agricultural production is of great importance. Every year the Federal Research Center of Rice and the ARC “Donskoy” develop more productive rice varieties with improved tolerance to unfavorable biotic, abiotic stress factors, with various nutritional qualities of seeds. Any variety responds differently to a variety of agro-ecological conditions, forming different productivity, as the main indicator of cost and demand in production. The current paper has presented the results of ecological variety testing of four rice varieties conducted in 2020 on the fields of ‘Krasnoarmeisky’ and ‘Krasnaya’ located in the Krasnoarmeisky district of the Krasnodar Territory. Each variety was identified on variability of productivity and number of plants per unit area. The productivity of rice varieties varied significantly depending on the variant of the trial (2.93–8.79 t/ha). The variety ‘Kapitan’ significantly surpassed the standard variety ‘Rapan’, when sown after rice and alfalfa, but was at the same level in the agro-ameliorative field. The variety ‘Kapitan’ when sown after ‘AMP’ (high check) formed the maximum productivity of 8.79 t/ha in the background variant and 8.66 t/ha when topdressing with N30. It was due to the high resistance of the variety ‘Kapitan’ to local species of blast in difference from other varieties. Rice stand ranged from 70.5 to 519.0 pcs/m2. The variability between the varieties within the variant was medium (CV = 11.1–19.2%), and between the experimental variants it was high (CV = 59.0–71.3%). For cultivation in the Krasnodar Territory there has been recommended the rice variety ‘Kapitan’, developed by the ARC “Donskoy” together with FRC of rice, which has shown fairly high productivity with little variability.

Introduction. The purpose of the analytical review is to summarize the data of modern scientific literature on the directions and possibilities of using the approaches of metabolomics in the analysis of medicinal plants, plant raw materials and herbal drugs.Text. Analysis of literature data showed that metabolomic approaches have great potential in the field of quality control of multicomponent phytopreparations and biologically active additives, detection of falsifications of rare and expensive plant materials, chemosystematics of medicinal plants, study of the mechanisms of action and toxicity of medicinal plants, etc.Conclusion. Metabolic analysis can become an effective analytical platform both for phytochemical research of plant raw materials and for regular activities to control the quality of plant material and phytopreparations.

Saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron) is a plant with a wide ecological range that forms forests in Mongolia often used as pastures for camels. Actinomycetes were isolated from the soils of the saxaul forest using selective isolation methods. According to the results of phylogenetic analysis based on the sequences of the 16S rRNA gene fragment, it has been established that the obtained isolates belong to the Streptomyces genus. According to the taxonomic position, strains (M41; M42; M 43; C 4-46; C 4-47; C 4-50; M44; C 5-54; C5-60 and C 5-63) demonstrate a high level of similarity (99.20- 100 %) of 16S rRNA gene sequences with type strains of the following species: S. fradiae, S. huasconensis, S. coeruleoprunus, S. tendae, S. rubrogriseus, S. malachitofuscus, S. flavoviridis S. pilosus, S. caelestis, S. azureus, S. fulvissimus, S. microflavus, S. griseussubsp. griseus, S. anulatus, S. cyaneofuscatus, S. luridiscabiei, S. halstedii, S. fulvorobeus, S. pratensis, S. setonii, S. anulatus, S. pratensis, S. caelestis and S. azureus.

Currently, there is a trend in decreasing of the number of pollinators, which is already a matter of food security. Bumblebees Bombus terrestris L. are economically important pollinators of vegetables and other agricultural crops. Recently, it has been suggested that the synergistic effect of pesticides and diseases that affect pollinators contributes to a sharp decline in the number of pollinators. In this work, we investigated the effect of new biodegradable fungicides on eukaryotic microorganisms Penicillium commune and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated from the gut of Bombus terrestris L. larvae. It was shown that the new fungicides studied can inhibit the growth of both mycelial eukaryotic microorganisms and yeast eukaryotic microorganisms. Among the studied substances, the most effective was fungicide 2. The studied substances are selectively toxic only for eukaryotic microorganisms and do not have a toxic effect on animals, in particular insects, and can be used to treat insect pollinator infections caused by fungal microorganisms. It was noted that the new fungicides are more toxic to yeast than to mycelial fungi.

Street food or street food is the format of the food industry enterprises. At such enterprises, the cooking process is focused on the prompt production of products and dishes from semi-finished products and their implementation in street kiosks, pavilions, on mobile counters and carts. The so-called "Hong Kong waffles" are popular as a street food product. One of the effective ways to increase the nutritional value and reduce the energy value of flour confectionery products, which are expedient from a physiological and technological standpoint, can be the use of stevioside sweetener, sea buckthorn oil and Hi-Maize resistant starch as sources of micronutrients (biologically active substances): vitamins, mineral elements and other compounds. Tasting analysis showed that the highest organoleptic properties, as close as possible to the control sample, were possessed by test sample 2 with the addition of 100% stevioside, 100% sea buckthorn oil and 15% of resistant Hi-Maize starch by weight of flour. Samples 4 and 5, the formulation of which included 15% of dried and crushed sea buckthorn cake, scored the least points in the organoleptic assessment, since they have a sea buckthorn aftertaste and a drier and denser crumb compared to other samples. Samples 1 and 3 received a low rating. Sample 1 had a faint aftertaste, probably due to the presence of tri-terpene saponin-licurazide in stevia, which contains a bitter licorice aftertaste. The use of stevioside sweetener, sea buckthorn oil and resistant starch Hi-Maize will not only reduce the calorie content of food products, intensify production processes, but also significantly expand the range of flour confectionery products.

Currently, the application of advanced technologies in sugar factories is relevant. These technologies are based on the use of a combination of physical and energy effects on the feedstock and provide a reduction in sucrose losses at the stage of diffusion juice obtaining. A method of press-diffusion production of juice from sugar beet which allows to increase the yield of sucrose from beet chips and to reduce losses at the stage of diffusion juice obtaining and production costs is suggested by us. The press-diffusion method of extracting juice from sugar beet with the methods of mathematical planning and statistical processing of the experimental results was studied in the work. Regression equations and suboptimal parameters providing the maximum yield of beet juice with minimum energy consumption for its implementation were received in experimental plants under the influence of technological parameters, which were the pressure applied to the beet mass at the pressing stage, the temperature at the diffusion stage, and the pretreatment temperature of beet chips before pressing and the frequency of ultrasonic vibrations of the emitter in the diffusion installation. These operating parameters were the following: pressing pressure 0.27–0.33 MPa, pretreatment temperature of beet chips 334.2–337.3 K, diffusion temperature 342.5–345.0 K and frequency of ultrasonic radiation 21.25–23.36 kHz. The engineering nomograms presented make it possible to determine the value of the specific energy consumption and the value of the liquid phase output from the technological parameters of the press-diffusion method for producing beet juice in a quick and qualitative way.

It is known that significant saving of nitrogen fertilizers are due to perennial legume-cereal grasses use in crop rotations. From 2013 to 2018in the Mari El Republic six-field grass-grain fodder crop rotations were compared on sod-podzolic soils with a very high level of phosphorus and potassium. In the third rotation their productivity and bioenergetic efficiency, changes in several important soil fertility indicators, and crud protein content in the produced fodder were evaluated. The main difference between the crop rotations was based on the duration of the clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture (CAG) use: from one year to three years. In given experiment there was also studied the effect of mineral nitrogen (variants N0, N60) against Р60К60 background on the yield of crop rotations. During six years, there was no significant soil acidification in the variants. Each additional year of clover-alfalfa-timothy grass mixture use raised the energy efficiency ratio of crop rotations by 24-47 % (from 1.13-1.24 by one-year use to 2.08-2.25 by three years of use). Three-year CAG use as compared with one- and two-years has given to the crop rotation significant advantages in energy efficiency (up to two times) and productivity (approximately 40-80 %) of cultivated crops. After refusing to apply nitrogen fertilizations in such crop rotation, average crop productivity, soil humus and nitrogen content in the soil were better preserved. The average crude protein content in dry matter of the obtained fodder increased from 12.7 % to 14.6 % when prolonging theca use up to two years. The average energy value of the yield per rotation was recorded low (8.4-8.7 MJ/kg) and did not depend on the studied factors.

All available data on sakhalin sturgeon Acipenser mikadoi are summarized. Its historical and modern habitats are described and their significant reduction is noted. Now the species is abundant in the Russian part of its range only — in the Tumnin River, where it is represented in commercial catches by two clearly different groups: large-sized juveniles (FL 43–68 cm) and mature fish (FL 135–169 cm). Juveniles of sakhalin sturgeon migrate during their first years, as their osmoregulatory system forms, to the lower reaches of Tumnin, to the internal estuary, and then to the Datta Bay, the Tatar Strait and the Japan Sea. When returned to the Tumnin, the spawners of sakhalin sturgeon have the length 135–169 cm (n = 29) and weight 15–36 kg. Sex ratio among the caught mature fish is 13.0 : 4 or 3.2 : 1 for females : males, on average. Fecundity of the sturgeon females sampled for artificial reproduction varied from 44.8 to 150.0 thousand eggs, on average 87.3 ± 12.1 . 103 eggs. In total, 17 mature spawners of A.mikadoiwere caught in the Tumnin River in 2006–2019 for artificial reproduction (♀ = 13, ♂ = 4), 13 individuals were injected, among them 4/5 of females and 2/3 of males gave high-quality sex products. Producers of this species were distinguished by high survival during manipulations of fish breeding (100 %). Their progeny had low survival, both embryos during incubation and juveniles during rearing; the survival rate for the stage from eggs laid for incubation to juveniles with weight 3.4–7.0 g was 1.85 %. The low survival was supposedly reasoned by combination of unfavorable environmental factors and fish-breeding manipulations. Totally 11,214 juveniles of sakhalin sturgeon with weight from 3.4 to 7.0 g were released into the natural habitat (Tumnin river) in 2007, 2008, 2015, 2017, and 2019. At Anyui sturgeon fish hatchery, the broodstock of sakhalin sturgeon with 274 individuals of 5 ages is created and operated successfully. The male sturgeons in the hatchery mature at the age of 8 years. Here, 11 males of the 2007–2008 year-classes participated in the spawning in 2015–2019. Re-maturation of males was not recorded yet. For the broodstock formation in other fish hatcheries, 200 juveniles of sakhalin sturgeon were transferred to them. To preserve the species, a set of measures is proposed to strengthen its protection and to enhance its artificial reproduction, including the fry releasing into the rivers of the mainland coast, Sakhalin Island, and Japan.