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Introduction. The paper deals with the calculation of wooden arches taking into account the nonlinear relationship between stresses and instantaneous deformations, as well as creep and geometric nonlinearity, are considered. The analysis is based on the integral equation of the viscoelastoplastic hereditary aging model, originally proposed by A.G. Tamrazyan [1] to describe the nonlinear creep of concrete. Materials and Methods. The creep measure is taken in accordance with the work of I.E. Prokopovich and V.A. Zedgenidze [2] as a sum of exponential functions. The transition from the integral form of the creep law to the differential form is shown. The relationship between stresses and instantaneous deformations for wood under compression is determined from the Gerstner formula, and elastic work is assumed under tension. The solution is carried out using the finite element method in combination with the Newton-Raphson method and the Euler method according to the scheme that involves a stepwise increase in the load with correction of the stiffness matrix taking into account the change in the coordinates of the nodes with the sequential calculation of additional displacements of the nodes, which are due to the residual forces. The proposed approach for increasing the accuracy of determination of creep deformations at each step provides using the fourth-order Runge-Kutta method instead of the Euler method. Results. Based on the Lagrange variational principle, expressions are obtained for the stiffness matrix and the vector of additional dummy loads due to creep. The method developed by the authors is implemented in the form of a program in the MATLAB environment. Calculation examples are given for parabolic arches simply supported at the ends without an intermediate hinge and with an intermediate hinge in the middle of the span under the action of a uniformly distributed load. The results obtained are compared in the viscoelastic and viscoelastic formulation. The reliability of the results is validated through the calculation in the elastic formulation in the ANSYS software package. Discussion and Conclusions. For the arches considered, it is found that even with a load close to the instant critical, the growth of time travel is limited. Thus, the nature of their work under creep conditions differs drastically from the nature of the deformation of compressed rods.

The theoretical and methodological problems raised in the paradigm of virtual educational ontology are discussed. The approaches and models of virtual education and their relationship with the forms of education, proposed by foreign researchers, are presented. The philosophical and ontological substantiation of the provisions of virtual education is given, the types and levels of virtual reality presented by national researchers are highlighted. A review of empirical results revealed the elaboration of the immersive properties of virtual reality and showed that the severity of the sense of presence depends on the effectiveness of cognitive control functions, the quality of virtual reality and the level of immersion. The virtual training programs developed by national researchers, according to the test results, showed an improvement in the answers of poorly performing students by 40-50%, and among excellent students and gifted ones by 100%. The results obtained strongly indicate the positive impact of virtual education on academic performance.

Introduction. Currently, the purification of wastewater and technological solutions by membrane methods is considered a promising way to neutralize liquid waste. Therefore, the task of developing an engineering method for calculating baromembrane devices is a challenge. Studies on methods involving calculation of design and process variables, membrane equipment design, research of technological features of membrane devices, selection of design schemes, as well as methods of strength and rigidity analysis, are investigated. Materials and Methods. Basic elements of the body of the combined membrane apparatus are considered, a design scheme is proposed, and a method for calculating the strength and rigidity of the main load-bearing element, the cover, is described. Results. The methods determine the required dimensions of shells and plates for the development of a combined membrane apparatus, and evaluate the strength properties of the devices of this class. The construction elements of the apparatus (primarily, the load-bearing covers) must meet not only the requirements of efficiency and quality of separation and cleaning of solutions, but also the conditions for safe operation. Therefore, the design of the device covers should be based on the optimal design dimensions (thicknesses of round plates, toroidal shells, and support rings). To test the method, the stress-strain state of the membrane apparatus structure was calculated for strength and rigidity. As an example, we consider one cover presented in the form of an open toroidal shell. The evaluation of the application of this technique, taking into account the fact that the shell is mated with a round plate in the inner diameter, and with a ring in the outer diameter, has provided the determination of the required parameters. Discussion and Conclusions. The obtained method of analytical description of the mechanical impact on the elements of the combined apparatus and the example of calculating the toroidal shell and plate, enables to evaluate the stressstrain state of the structure for strength and rigidity. The results of the calculation of covers made of various materials at different pressures are presented. Loading the combined apparatus with transmembrane pressure made it possible to determine the required dimensions of the shells and plates for its design and development.

The article is devoted to the development of an automatic method and device for monitoring the pressing of the stator core of a powerful turbo generator during its assembling at the manufacturer. The core is assembled and pressed in an upright position in separate parts; at each stage, it is necessary to monitor places with weakened solidity. The unevenness of the compaction density causes a relative displacement of the active steel sheets and losses of iron, as well as the appearance and development of certain defects (loosening of the teeth of the extreme packages, coloring of fragments of the active steel sheets, local closure of the sheets and heating of the packages), which can eventually cause severe accidents and failure of the turbo generator. Existing methods, including automatic ones, do not allow performing reliable monitoring. The method proposed by the authors for detecting places with weakened solidity is based on automatic measurement of the specific pressure of pressing during deformation of special control samples. A device for its implementation has been developed, which is a ring installed on the end surface of the core. Cells with control samples are evenly placed in the ring. The largest decrease in the sample thickness caused by the highest specific pressure corresponds to the smallest defect, and vice versa. As a pressure converter, it is proposed to use a flat metal membrane and a capacitive sensor with a digital output. The characteristics of the converter were calculated and experimentally verified. The specific pressure measurement results were processed using a special electronic unit. The device that has been developed makes it possible to improve labor productivity when monitoring the core, diagnose defects with greater reliability and eliminate them, and, ultimately, increase the reliability of the turbo generator as well as its durability.

Arrowworm Saggita elegans is one of the important and abundant species in zooplankton communities of the western Bering Sea. Interannual variability of their biomass is considered on the data of long-term surveys conducted in 1986–2018, the species production is determined for the Anadyr-Navarin region and deep-water basin in 2008–2018, and the total production of zooplankton communities is calculated for 2008, 2015, and 2018. In the modern period, the biomass of S. elegans has significantly decreased compared to 1990–2000s, with exception of the shallow areas where it is relatively stable. The last decade included two periods with different oceanographic regime: the cold years (2007–2013) and the warm ones (2014–2018), but S. elegans did not demonstrate rapid response to such change of abiotic factors. However, the water circulation patterns in the upper layer were important for them and determined their transport and accumulation. For example, the high abundance and production of arrowworms in the deep-water area in 2008 and in the Anadyr-Navarin region in 2011 were conditioned by their transport and accumulation in these areas. S. elegans are predators, preying mainly upon copepods, so their impact on structure and production of zooplankton community is determined by significant grazing estimated at 50–100 % of Copepoda production or even more. The total production of zooplankton communities was higher in «warm» 2015 and 2018 than in «cold» 2008. The arrowworm production decreased in these warm years but production of non-predatory species (basically small- and medium-sized copepods) increased sharply because of their rapid response to temperature changes realized in high growth rate under higher temperature. Thus, the role of S. elegans in formation of the community production becomes lower in conditions favorable for high growth rate of non-predatory species.

The current paper has presented the estimation results of ecological adaptability of the alfalfa samples. The purpose of the work was to assess the productivity and quality of green mass of the alfalfa samples from the IPI plant genetic resources gene bank and to identify the most adaptive ones according to the trait ‘green mass productivity’ and ‘raw protein percentage’. The study of the collection alfalfa samples was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region on the plots of the “ARC “Donskoy” in the breeding crop rotation of perennial grasses in 2016–2018. The objects of study were 30 alfalfa samples from the collection of N.I. Vavilov IPI from different countries (Canada, the USA, Peru, France). The variety ‘Rostovskaya 90’ was used as a standard one. The estimation of alfalfa samples on the presence of adaptive properties in them according to the trait ‘green mass productivity’ showed that the most valuable samples in present practical breeding work are the samples ‘K-32873’, ‘K-33299’, ‘K-42684’, ‘K-42249’, ‘K-78803’ with weak responsiveness to changes in environmental conditions; the samples ‘K-36104’, ‘K-48778’, ‘K-42694’, ‘K-45715’, ‘K-47800’, ‘K-47802’, ‘K-43260’ with high resistance to stress; the samples ‘K-43272’, ‘K-50545’, ‘K-47806’, ‘K-47807’ with genetically flexible genotypes. When breeding according to the trait ‘raw protein percentage’, the samples ‘K-47807’, ‘K-47804’, ‘K-42712’ possessing a high raw protein percentage and resistance to changes in this trait are important for further work.

In order to develop stable feed agrophytocenoses, the most promising and low-cost direction in feed production is the cultivation of companion sowings. In order to study the productivity of complex cenoses of annual feed crops together with soybean there were field trials laid on the experimental plots of the FSBSI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo” in 2015–2017. The purpose of the current study was to substantiate scientifically and practically the development of highly productive agrophytocenoses of annual feed crops in companion sowings with soybean. The analysis of green and dry biomass productivity values showed that in singlemillet species crops, the productivity was higher than in companion sowings with soybean, this is explained by the lower productivity of the legume component. The highest mean productivity of aboveground biomass for three years of study (18.84 t/ha) was given by Japanese millet in its pure form. Siberian and Italian millet formed mean productivity of 16.13 and 15.60 t/ha, respectively. The current paper has presented data on productivity and has studied feed advantages of single-species and two-species sowings. The introduction of soybean in the composition of companion sowings has increased the protein percentage on 26.75–30.78% in dry biomass of feed mixtures in comparison with single-species crops. Aboveground biomass of complex agrocenoses contained more oil, ash and less fiber. According to the variants of the trial, the oil content varied from 2.15 to 5.40%, with the maximum amount identified in soybean in its pure form (5.40%), and the minimum value of this trait was obtained in Japanese millet in its pure form (2.15%). It is worth noting that it is advisable to cultivate annual crops for feed purposes together with soybean, since the feed value of the cutting mass significantly improves.

Concentrations of hydrocarbons, phenols, DDT and its metabolites, Cu, Pb, Fe, Ni, DDD/DDE and DDD+DDE/DDT ratios, and total level of chemical contamination (TPF index) in the bottom sediments are traced for 16 stations in the coastal areas at Vladivostok in 1982−2017. Temporal variations of the concentrations and derived indices are classified to 4 types of dynamics, using the methods of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, crosscorrelation analysis, and fuzzy set classification procedure. They are: primary contamination; secondary contamination; exponential growth; and polymodal dynamics. These variations are induced by two main sources of pollution, such as the industrial influx including wastes from Vladivostok and nearby settlements, aeolian transfer and polluted precipitations, and the terrigenous influx with polluted freshwater discharge. Impact of the first source prevails in the Golden Horn Bay, Diomid Inlet and Eastern Bosphorus Strait, and the second source is important for the Amur and Ussuri Bays (the coast of Vladivostok in these bays is influenced by both sources with predominance of the second). The terrigenous impact has two modes depended on certain processes of contamination: the permanent pollution inherent in the types of secondary contamination and exponential growth and the extreme pollution that forms the polymodal dynamics. The secondary contamination follows the primary one with a lag of 6–7 years. The secondary contamination of terrigenous usually has inverse correlation with the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge; for instance, strengthening of the freshwater inflow causes lower concentrations of Cu and Pb in the bottom sediments due to dilution effect. On the contrary, contamination depends directly on the Razdolnaya/Suifen River discharge for the exponential growth of terrigenous — the stronger the freshwater inflow, the higher the concentrations of Fe, Ni, and phenols (the latter is a sign of eutrophication). The types of dynamics change following the balance between pollution and self-cleaning of the sediments that is determined by external factors, as a drop in economic activity and its subsequent recovery, limitation and finally ban for using of tetraethyl lead additive, extreme floods on rivers, etc.

The article presents experience of different countries in promoting separate collection of waste. The purpose of the article is to summarize the scientific conclusions of Russian and foreign scientists in the field of household waste management. The author provides an overview of current scientific publications from Russian and foreign sources on the methods used in different countries to stimulate separate collection of household waste, successful results and problems of implementation, directions of waste management policy. The study evaluates the methods of stimulating separate collection in different countries. The policy of household waste management in Western Europe, the USA and Japan receives a high scientific assessment, the principles of stimulating sepa rate collection are enshrined in legislation. New in the practice of separate waste collection is the search for cost-effective and most environmentally friendly technologies. In the countries of Eastern Europe, changes in traditions and organization of housing and communal services are required to meet the high standards of developed countries. Some countries are implementing separate waste policy elements. China is seeking a comprehensive incentive for separate collection. The scientific assessment of international experience can be used in the formation of a comprehensive waste management policy in Russia.

The overview of publications on soil cartography in “Pochvovedenie”/“Eurasian Soil Science” journal for the period 1899–2020 demonstrates a high diversity of themes and certain trends in the number and dynamics of papers. Their total number (365), calculated per 5-year-long intervals, was distributed rather evenly among these 121 years: approximately 10–15 papers in each interval, although three maximums are rather clear. The first one fell on the post-war interval and was followed by 1965–1970 and 2010–2015 maximums. Discussion of large-scale maps dominated the early publications, many of them tackled soil surveys and applied problems; in the mid-century papers, soil maps of various regions of the country were described since it was time of extensive terrain investigations; numerous were also papers concerning methodology of soil mapping. New approaches and technique were actively discussed in the papers at the turn of centuries, such as remote sensing or digital soil mapping. Along with map compilation issues, there are publications on applying information provided by soil maps for both traditional and novel purposes: schemes of zoning in the former case and development of prognostic maps or assessment of pedodiversity in the latter case. The majority of papers on zoning, concern soil-geographical (later soil-ecological) schemes, whereas the derived types of zoning, for example, ameliorative or erosional, are discussed in few papers. The performed overview may be regarded as summing up the results of traditional soil mapping development with emphasizing its most valuable achievements, as well as indicating the initial signs of new trends.

Mixed herds of pink salmon including the fish of both artificial and natural origin are exploited by fishery in many areas of Sakhalin Island. To separate the fish of different origin, large-scale tagging of the juveniles otoliths is conducted at salmon hatcheries since 2008. The hatcheries contribution to pink salmon catches in certain areas of East Sakhalin (from the Langeri River to Cape Crillon) is assessed for 2011–2017 on the base of previously published and new data on occurrence of the fish with marked otoliths. The specimens were sampled from commercial catches of 5–13 fixed nets and from research catches in 5–9 rivers throughout entire spawning season. In total, 40,992 otoliths of pink salmon were collected. The otoliths were prepared for microstructure analysis using standard methods of processing. All marked otoliths had the tags of hatcheries located on the eastern coast of Sakhalin. The fish of artificial origin were caught in all examined sites between Cape Soymonov and Cape Crillon every year, but in some years their distribution was wider, up to the northern limit of the investigated area (Langeri River). The fish of artificial origin migrated to all rivers within this area. The total annual landing of the pink salmon marked at artificial hatcheries in the East Sakhalin waters was estimated as 300–10600 t, by years. The rest of the fish of artificial origin (0.4–2.3 . 106 ind.) entered to the rivers and mostly reached the spawning grounds. Long-term dynamics of landing was compared for the pink salmon of artificial and natural origin and their independence was concluded. Distribution of pink salmon originated from certain artificial hatcheries by sites of catch was rather constant that allowed to extrapolate the results for marked fish to all released pink salmon. The highest contribution of pink salmon of artificial origin was noted for catches in the Aniva Bay (23.9 %, on average), it was lower for catches at the southeastern coast of Sakhalin (13.2 %), and more lower for catches in the Patience Bay (7.6 %). Total number of pink adults of artificial origin caught on a particular stretch of coast did not depend directly on the number of pink juveniles released from a local hatchery, but was determined mainly by number of fish migrated there from other hatcheries. The landing of pink salmon originated from artificial hatcheries directly in the rivers where these hatcheries were located and at their mouths was < 10 % of the total catch of pink salmon of artificial origin. Schemes of quantitative distribution of pink salmon with marked otoliths in the waters of East Sakhalin are presented.

Objective.In most cases, when determining the stress-deformed state of three-layerstructures, it is assumed that bearing layers obey the Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis, while a filler obey theNeit (vanderNeit), or “broken line”, hypothesis. But in many cases, the results of our research showthat this is not always accurate.Methods.It is proposed to solve the three-dimensional problem of determining the stress-deformed state of a three-layer structure using cubic functions of the law of aggregate deformation distribution along the normal line, obtained on the basis of the law of deformation compatibility at “filler – bearing layer” boundaries and the construction of boundary conditions in joint zones.Results.Equilibrium equations of a three-layer beam obtained on the basis of thishypothesis are shown in Table 1. The given partial differential equations are of the 12th order and wetransformed them into homogeneous equations of the 1st order to simplify the solution. This solution isimplemented using the mathematical modelling software package Mаple 5.4.Conclusion.The work ofthe filler in the direction of OX axis has a certain value, which affects the overall stress state of thethree-layer structure (in existing hypotheses, it is zero).

Last years the Rostov region has faced a significant climate continentality increase during the growing season of winter crops. This factor makes necessary to develop new varieties of intensive winter barley with a high level of ecological adaptability, resistance to lodging and leaf diseases, with a high level of potential productivity. The purpose of the current study was to develop a new highly productive, stress-resistant winter barley variety with a high level of adaptability and to evaluate it according to economically valuable traits. The current paper has presented the agrobiological characteristics of the winter barley variety ‘Marusya’, the originator and patent holder of which is the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Agrarian Research Center “Donskoy”. The research was carried out from 2018 to 2020 in the fields of experimental crop rotation of the department of barley breeding and seed production of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”. The forecrop was peas. The accounting plot area was 10 m², the number of repetitions was 6. The winter barley variety ‘Timofey’ was used as a standard variety. The species was parallelum. The type of development was facultative. Over the years of study in the Competitive Variety Testing of the FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy” (2018–2020), the variety produced from 8.0 to 11.2 t/ha, that exceeded the standard variety ‘Timofey’ on 0.5–1.5 t/ha. Since 2020, the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops decided to include the variety ‘Marusya’ in the State List of Breeding Achievements in the North Caucasus region. The variety is being studied in the Central Blackearth and Lower Volga regions of the Russian Federation. The consistently high productivity of the new variety is achieved due to the large grain and higher indicators of the yield structure elements and resistance to diseases in comparison with those of the standard variety ‘Timofey’

Aim. Assessment by nitrification index values of the level of trophicity and toxicity for aquatic organisms in the waters of a small watercourse in an urbanized area by the content of nutrients in the water and its selfcleaning ability.Materials and Methods. The concentration of compounds of nutrients in the waters of the river was determined using the "Kapel 104T." system of capillary electrophoresis. Water was sampled for analysis according to GOST R 51592- 2000. The water content of readily oxidized organic compounds was assessed by the magnitude of permanganate oxidizability (PND F 14.1; 2.4.154-99) and difficultly oxidized compounds by the magnitude of the chemical oxygen consumption (RD 52.24.421-2012). Assessment of the water trophic level was evaluated by measuring the content of various forms of mineral nitrogen and mineral phosphorus. The aggregation index characterizing the toxicity of various forms of mineral nitrogen to aquatic organisms was calculated by their ratio to MPC for fishery reservoirs. The nitrifying ability of river waters was estimated by the value of the nitrification index (Initr.), calculated by the ratio of the concentration of nitrogen of nitrates in water to the sum of the concentrations of various forms of mineral nitrogen and the self-cleaning ability by the values of the nitrification index.Results. In terms of the aggregation index, water at all sampling points was found to be toxic. The river ecosystem is characterized by a weak ability to cleanse itself and a weak nitrifying ability, which is associated with the influence of numerous cyanotoxins on the microbiocenosis of the watercourse and filtration organisms.Conclusion. It was shown that the most sensitive indicator of trophicity of river waters is the concentration of the mineral phosphorus. Through measuring the ratio of the concentrations of mineral nitrogen to mineral phosphorus, it was established that blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), producers of cyanotoxins, dominate in the phytoplankton of the river in all the points studied.

The analysis of scientific papers devoted to the mathematical description of electric generators of reciprocating motion with permanent magnets demonstrated that the proposed mathematical models of this type of generators are based on the theory of magnetic circuits. Such mathematical models are based on a simplified representation of the magnetic system and the magnetic field in the form of a magnetic circuit with corresponding magnetic conductivities. However, unlike traditional rotary type electric machines, electric generators of reciprocating motion have a number of features, the omission of which in mathematical modeling causes the increase of the cost of their creation (due to the duration of the design and experimental refinement of the generators). Therefore, at the initial stages of electromagnetic calculation and solving optimization problems, it is necessary to use adequate mathematical models to improve the accuracy of calculations of the parameters of these generators. For this purpose, a mathematical model based on field theory can be used; however, its main drawback is the complexity of its application for solving optimization problems. In this regard, to improve the accuracy of calculations of the parameters of electric generators of reciprocating motion with permanent magnets, it is proposed to use refining coefficients (coefficients of scattering and buckling of the magnetic flux) in mathematical models based on the theory of magnetic circuits. The authors have developed refined electromagnetic models of electric generators of reciprocating motion with permanent magnets, which make it possible to obtain the main parameters of generators at the initial stages of electromagnetic calculation and when solving optimization problems with acceptable accuracy. A distinctive feature of the refined electromagnetic models of generators is the consideration of the scattering and buckling coefficients of the magnetic flux in the magnetic system that change during the simulation.

Effects of interannual fluctuations of sockeye salmon escapement to the spawning grounds on dynamics of sexual, age and length-weight structure of the population are demonstrated on generalized data of long-term observations in Lake Dalneye in 1939–2020. Mature sockeye specimens were caught in the Dalnaya River during their anadromous migration to the lake and analyzed by the authors, personally; archive and earlier published data were used, as well. The escapement was evaluated by visual assessment of the sockeye migrants entered to Lake Dalneye and confirmed by counting of mature individuals on the littoral spawning grounds in the lake. Number of dwarf sockeye salmon was estimated using the earlier found correlation between their stock and forage zooplankton biomass (Kurenkov, 1991; Pogodaev, Kurenkov, 2012). The zooplankton biomass was assessed on samples of zooplankton collected monthly at a stationary station in the central part of the lake (once a month during the ice period and up to three times per month during the ice-free period) from the layer 0–50/55 m by vertical towing of Juday plankton net (mouth diameter 18 cm). The numbers of anadromous sockeye males and females had ratio 1 : 1 in years with the maximum spawning stock, but < 1 : 1 when their returns to the lake decreased. Besides, the males were smaller in such years and the dwarfs (matured without migration to the sea) and jacks (matured with short marine period) were able to escape commercial fishing gears. Age of the spawners had a tendency to increase with decreasing of spawning runs and, conversely, more abundant runs were formed by younger spawners. Long-term pressure from fishery and selection of larger individuals caused the body length and weight decreasing for mature sockeye salmon, shortening of their period of marine feeding, and increasing of the smallsized males portion in the population.

The article contains an overview of the mechanisms for attracting production and technological investments of transnational companies in the development of hydrocarbon deposits and a detailed analysis of the national experience of the Islamic Republic of Iran in this area. The results of the analysis of the evolutionary development of four generations of Iranian service contracts showed that the mechanism developed by the Iranian government made it possible to restore oil production in the country to the peak levels of the 70s of the last century and at the same time to ensure the protection of national interests from the withdrawal of excess income by investors. It is argued that in the near future, the Russian hydrocarbon industry will continue to develop new projects together with foreign oil and gas companies. During the research, analytical and graphical methods of comparison and generalization were used. The need for further in-depth study of the Iranian experience in the development of the hydrocarbon sector and its application in the oil and gas sector of the Russian Federation, taking into account the structural features, has been proved. The study may be of interest to specialists from federal authorities with the aim of developing the Russian energy sector and ensuring the protection of national interests.

Introduction. This paper shows the results of a study of the frequency of maintenance of passenger cars in various operating conditions, and provides recommendations for replacing the engine oil of gasoline engines (category SN classification according to API) according to the actual engine operating time (moto-hours). The service book of passenger cars contains the regulations for car maintenance with a list of operations that must be performed. The oil change intervals specified in the Regulations on Maintenance and Repair of Rolling Stock of motor Transport and the factory instructions do not take into account the specifics of the operation of vehicles. Depending on the road and climatic conditions and the operating mode, the standard maintenance schedule can be adjusted, in particular, the frequency of engine oil changes. The scientific novelty of the work is to determine the intervals of car maintenance for specific operating conditions.Materials and methods. The paper presents an analysis of Russian and foreign car maintenance systems, in particular, the oil change intervals of gasoline engines in European countries, the United States and Japan.The results of operational and resource tests of motor oils of gasoline engines carried out by methods of measuring their physical and chemical properties are presented.Results. In this paper, based on the analysis of the problem, recommendations for changing oil in gasoline engines by motorcycle hours for the conditions of the Republic of Dagestan (RD) are developed.The use of external and built-in technical means for calculating the motor hours allows you to determine the recommended oil change interval.Discussion and conclusion. In this paper, on the basis of research on a certain number of vehicles operating in various (including difficult) conditions, recommendations are developed that allow you to determine the rules of car maintenance for various operating conditions.

Introduction. This article discusses the possibility of expanding the colour palette of a ceramic shard. Due to the shortage of high-quality clay raw materials for the manufacture of plastic molded facing bricks, the problem of manufacturing ceramic wall materials by semi-dry pressing from low-quality clay rocks is urgent.Materials and methods. The main raw material was non-caking clay raw material with a low content of clay and a high content of silt particles. Some corrective additives were used to expand the colour palette of ceramic bricks. In the article, the authors used both standard methods for determining the physical and mechanical properties and modern methods for studying the phase composition of materials.Results. The possibility of enriching the colour range of a ceramic shard based on non-sintered clay raw materials has been experimentally confirmed, provided that the mixture contains flux additives. When receiving products with a clarified shard, light-colored flutes should be used.Conclusion. The possibility of enriching the colour range of a ceramic cap by adding white-burning clay, introducing bleaching and chromophore additives and technogenic products has been established. Due to the differences in the chemical composition of clay raw materials from individual deposits, an individual approach to each of them is required.

Background.Osteoporosis is the fourth most common disease after cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and diabetes. All these diseases have common pathogenetic mechanisms associated with impaired cholesterol metabolism. In recent decades, the use of the key enzyme of cholesterol synthesis inhibitors — statins, which can stimulate osteogenesis, has become widespread. However, statins affect the production of the vitamin D active form by reducing the production of testosterone and thus reducing the activity of 1α-hydroxylase. The combined use of statins and α-calcidol (α-C) for the osteoporosis prevention seems promising. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of long-term atorvastatin (ATV) and α-C administration on morphometric growth parameters and bone vascularization in the experiment.Materials and Methods. The experiment was conducted for three months on 120 laboratory male rats, which were injected daily intragastrically with ATV and α-C. After 90 days of the experiment, the animals were decapitated under ether anesthesia. For the study, the right femur and jawbone were taken from the animals. The rat bone sections were impregnated with silver, decalcified, and the histosections were stained according to van Gieson. The distribution of the studied features was evaluated according to the Shapiro-Wilk test. The differences were considered statistically significant at p0.05.Results.It was found that ATV, both separately and together with α-C, increased the size of the newly formed bone in the endoostal and periosteal zones of the femur by 64.8; 40.4 and 15.8; 29.1%, respectively. The combined use of ATV and α-C had a positive effect on the growth of blood vessels in the femur (+23.4%). ATV increased the size of the newly formed bone from the periodontal and vestibular surfaces of the lower jaw by 18.3 and 29.5%, respectively. α-C potentiated the effect of ATV on the size of the newly formed bone tissue in the periodontal and vestibular growth zones of the mandibular bone by 10.1 and 15.0%, respectively. As for the number of vessels in the jawbone tissue, thanks to ATV, it increased by 17.2%, α-C had no effect.Conclusion. ATV increases the thickness of the newly formed bone layer in the growth areas of the femur and jawbone and increases the number of vessels in the jawbone. α-calcidol increases the number of vessels in the bone tissue of the femur and potentiates the effect of ATV on the jawbone growth zones. The combined use of ATV and α-C shows that they positively complement each other.

Objective: to study efficacy and factors of excessive proliferation after trabeculectomy (T) in pediatric uveitic glaucoma (UG).Patients and Methods. 102 children aged from 3 to 17.5 years (mean 124.5 ± 2.8 month) with uncontrolled on maximum topical hypotensive therapy open angle or combined (with peripheral anterior synechiae) form of UG underwent T (148 eyes, 180 operations). 76.1 % operations were performed with intraoperative 5-fluorouracil, 8.3 % — with mitomycin C, 6.1 % — with bioresorbable, 1.7 % — with collagen drainage, 7.8 % — without antimetabolites or drainages. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed.Results. Overall absolute (without hypotensive therapy) success probabilities were 67 %, 46 %, 39 %, qualified success (with hypotensive therapy) — 93 %, 72 %, 54 % at 1, 3, 5 years after T respectively. Factors associated with failure were primary location of inflammation in anterior uvea, aphakic or pseudophakic eye, repeat T, bioresorbable drainage (vs. 5-fluorouracil), persistent inflammation after T. Age and uveitis activity at the moment of T, duration hypotensive therapy before primary T, postoperative complications (9.4 %), frequency of postoperative topical steroid had no significant influence on surgical success.Conclusion. T with intraoperative antimetabolites is effective, safe and nowadays may be recommended as first choice operation in pediatric open angle or combined UG.

Data on spatial distribution and habitat conditions are presented for walleye pollock Theragra chalcogramma at southern Kuril Islands in spawning season (spring 2015) and feeding season (summer 2016). In spring, walleye pollock are distributed over the entire shelf and continental slope down to 900 m depth and occupy the upper layer on the shelf and intermediate layer at the slope with water temperature 0.1–1.5 o C. In summer, they aggregate at the depth of 200–270 m beyond the shelf in the intermediate water at the Pacific slope of Iturup Island, under the temperature of 1.3–2.9 o C. Both spatial and bathymetric migrations of pollock are minimal at the Pacific side of Iturup, but they migrate for spawning westward and southwestward to the Okhotsk Sea and slope of Small Kuril Ridge where concentrate at the benthic front between the tidal mixing zone and the Intermediate water. Seasonal redistribution of walleye pollock is accompanied with changes of size-age structure in the main aggregations.

The article presents the prerequisites for the emergence and fundamental provisions of the concept of sustainable development. The authors note, that the solution of the problems of sustainable development at the global level is impossible without solving the corresponding problems at the level of individual organizations. The paper presents two areas that contribute to the sustainable development of the enterprise: the use of key elements of digitalization and project management. The study formulates the conditions for achieving sustainable development of an individual enterprise, as well as the procedure for setting appropriate target indicators. The article substantiates the necessity and conditions for successful integration of key elements of project management and sustainable development. The paper shows the objective contradictions between these two systems and the ways to overcome these contradictions. The authors note, that the non-commercial nature of sustainable development programs predetermines the need for state participation in their implementation based on GR-management.

A case of whooping cough in a moderate form in a child of the first month of life is described in the presented clinical observation. The moderate form was manifested by the duration of the preconvulsive period up to 5 days, the appearance of cyanosis of the face when coughing in the early stages of the disease (1 week), an increase in the number of coughing attacks. The difficulties of treating pertussis in young children are demonstrated by our observation of the course of the disease. There is no vaccination against pertussis in children in the family due to the refusal of parents and children with prolonged coughing were not examined at the outpatient stage. As a result, chemoprophylaxis was not performed on time and the newborn was discharged from the hospital to the center of pertussis infection. The solution to the problem of reducing the incidence in children in the first months of life should be vaccination of pregnant women in the last stages, and vaccination of the environment, including agerelated revaccinations.

Introduction.Russia has a large spatial disunity of settlements and other objects. Therefore, it is irrational to use low-productivity technical means of cyclical action in the construction of roads. To increase the pace of road construction, improve quality, reduce energy costs for road construction, where relief allows, it is economically feasible to use a set of units of continuous action. Continuous action units, moving one after another, will consistently perform a set of works, carrying out the full construction of the road by flow method. The complex should have a continuous action unit to form a underlying layer. To create complex units, their theoretical justification is necessary. In order to determine the geometric and dynamic parameters of the loading part of the unit to form the underlying layer, the process of moving the bucket filled with soil before it is unloaded is considered.The method of research. Based on the constructive layout of the loading part of the unit, the process of moving the bucket filled with soil before it is unloaded is divided into the stages: vertical ascent, moving in the direction of the leading star of the upper drive, two phases of the bucket rotation on the leading stars of the upper drive, moving from the moment of the end of the turn on the leading star of the upper drive to the start of the turn on the lower turn. When the bucket moves vertically up, the ground is no for dumped. Graphically, this angle of the bucket is chosen when it moves in the direction of the leading star of the upper drive, at which the ground will not fall out of the bucket. Two phases of the bucket rotation on the leading stars of the upper drive and moving the bucket from the moment of the end of the turn on the leading star of the upper drive to the moment of the turn on the lower turning roller are considered. The necessary parameters dependencies have been deduced.Results.Based on the developed methodology, the geometric and dynamic parameters of the loading part of the unit are defined. In particular, the torque of the top drive, the angular velocity of the drive sprockets, the power required for the top drive, the transmission ratio from the hydraulic motor to the sprockets are calculated. Based on the power transferred, a hydromotor was selected for the upper drive of the unit.Conclusion.The calculations reveal the maximum traction force of all buckets during their travel to discharge the soil, the torque of the top drive, the angular velocity of the top drive sprockets and the power required for the top drive. It is advisable to use for the upper drive of the unit gerotor hydromotor MT-160 and two-stage planetary gearbox. The calculations made it possible to develop the design of the elements of the loading part of the continuous action unit to form the underlying layer of roads.

In the breeding process of agricultural crops, including sorghum, the use of multivariate statistics methods makes it possible to determine the correlation between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain in the model population, as well as to identify the load of hypothetical factors. The purpose of the current study was to identify the correlations between morphometric traits, yield elements and biochemical parameters of grain, which characterize the load of hypothetical factors in the model grain sorghum population. For practical breeding process, there have been analyzed 13 economically valuable traits in 27 grain sorghum varieties, developed by the FSBSI Russian Research and Project-technological Institute of sorghum and maize “Rossorgo”. There has been established a different variation degree of the traits of grain sorghum; a strong variation degree was established for such traits as ‘flag leaf area’, ‘the largest leaf area’, ‘panicle stem’, ‘productive tilling capacity’, ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (27.3–35.2%); a weak variation degree was established for such traits as ‘protein percentage’ and ‘starch content’ in grain (2.8–8.6%). The group with an average degree of variation includes the traits ‘plant height’ after 30 days of growing and at ripening period, ‘panicle length’, ‘1000-grain weight’, and ‘grain yield’ (10.1–15.6%). When analyzing the matrix of correlation coefficients, there were calculated the hypothetical factors with a contribution of more than 5% to the accumulated variance. There has been built a correlation pleiad, which made it possible to demonstrate mean (r = 0.51–0.68) and strong (r = 0.76–0.94) correlations. There have been considered six hypothetical factors reflecting the total contribution to the accumulated variance, Z-1 – 40.86%, Z-2 – 13.76%, Z-3 – 11.85%, Z-4 – 8.74%, Z- 5 – 6.69%, Z-6 – 5.99%. The first hypothetical factor is determined by such traits as ‘the largest leaf area’ and ‘flag leaf area’ (0.78–0.80), ‘weight and number of grains per panicle’ (0.84–0.91), ‘grain productivity’ (0.77) and ‘productive tillering capacity’ (- 0.78). The results obtained are used in breeding programs to develop grain sorghum varieties and hybrids adapted to the arid conditions of the Lower Volga region.

Introduction. The current methodology for fuel consumption accounting in road vehicles has not been changed in terms of its quality for a long time. In the majority of transport enterprises of the Cheliabinsk Region, official methods for the regulation of fuel consumption are not used, which indicates the need to improve the fuel consumption accounting standards. The most significant differences between standardized and real consumption are related to transport work.Purpose of the experiment. The article aims to carry out a statistical analysis of the influence of cargo weight on fuel consumption in long-distance transport.Results of the experiment. In order to identify the dependence of cargo weight on fuel consumption in longdistance transport, a study is conducted on the statistical data on the operation of truck tractors at OOO Alliance Auto, one of the largest long-distance road carriers in the Cheliabinsk Region. The study is conducted on MercedesBenz Actros-1840 truck tractors equipped with fuel consumption monitoring devices and devices for determining axle loads. The cargo weigh is determined by subtracting the curb weight from the actual one according to the axle load data. Data on the values of the actual cargo weight and fuel consumption for each trip are recorded using the Fleet Board software and hardware complex; Excel and STATISTICA programs are used to calculate and construct the necessary graphs and regression equations. The statistical analysis performed makes it possible to establish the nature and indicators of the dependence of fuel consumption on cargo weight in long-distance transport. As a result, the relationship between the flow rate and the cargo weight is established; a confidence test is performed; and a regression equation is obtained.Conclusion. Analysis of the collected data shows that the dependence of fuel consumption for transport work by road trains with truck tractors Mercedes-Benz Actros-1840 on the cargo weight for the Russian operating conditions in long-distance transport is linear and amounts to 0.39 liters per 100 km for each ton of transported cargo.

The experimental study of the heat flow intensity of a single-row horizontal air-cooled tubular bundle of heat exchanger with spiral aluminum rolling fins at low Reynolds numbers (Re < 2000) is performed. The geometrical dimensions of the bimetallic finned tubes of the bundle, the following: the outer diameter of the fins d = 56.0 mm; the diameter of the tube at the base d0 = 26.8 mm; fin height h = 14.6 mm; pitch of fins s = 2.5 mm; the average fin thickness Δ = 0.5 mm; the coefficient of finned tubes φ = 19.3; heat transfer length l = 300 mm. The outer diameter of the load-bearing steel tube dн = 25 mm; wall thickness d = 2 mm. The research was carried out by the method of full thermal modeling at a specially designed experimental stand with electric heating of tubes and an exhaust shaft installed above the bundle. The air flow rate through the bundle was regulated by changing the height and cross-sectional area of the exhaust shaft. Calibration experiments were carried out and confirmed the reliability of the data obtained. Then the fins were sanded so to form new types of tubes, which were arranged in a single-row six-tube bundle with a constant relative cross-step σ1 = S1/d = 1.14 = const, and the thermal studies were repeated. As a result, a generalized criterion equation for heat transfer of a finned horizontal single-row bundle at small Reynolds numbers for various heights of the tube finning h = 0-14.6 mm was obtained. The effective height of the tube finning (h = 8 mm) for a single-row horizontal bundle was determined by dimensional and metal-intensive criteria.

Objective. In recent decades, criteria for identifying potential areas have evolved hand in hand with technological tools such as geographic information systems (GIS). However, the criteria for the preservation of protected areas are often not taken into account, thus causing damage to environmental biodiversity that can become irreparable. This paper presents the way of optimizing the process of locating key terrain points by developing a hybrid algorithm for geospatial analysis in QGIS. The goal is to speed up computational time, which is a critical variable for the entire key point detection process, and to suggest potential areas that do not pose a threat to biodiversity. Methods. The strategy used is based on two fundamental assumptions: identifying the tops of spatial objects (rivers) and analyzing the distances between spatial objects (rivers and adjacent territories). The tops extraction allows obtaining potential points, while the distance analysis allows selecting among them those points that are in the range acceptable for locating a dam, provided that the least possible damage to the biodiversity of the adjacent territory is caused. The algorithm was validated using the example of the hydrological network of Manicaragua, Cuba. Results. The results were compared in terms of the calculation time used, the number of valid tops extracted, and the percentage reduction in the total number of areas. This comparison was made using one, two and three vector layers (.shp) with spatial objects representing strategic protected areas. Conclusion. The results obtained show that the more representative the space data (.shp) used, the more effective the results obtained using the algorithm are in relation to environmental protection tasks. A reduction of up to 13% from originally detected key points has been achieved.

Diseases caused by fungi, bacteria and viruses are a serious obstacle to high yields of sunflower seeds. One of the most harmful fungi is the rust pathogen (Puccinia helianthi Schw.). Based on the analysis of domestic and foreign scientific literature, there has been presented the information on the history of the study of sunflower rust, the biology of the pathogen, the racial composition of its populations, the pathogenesis of the disease and selection for resistance to this disease in the Russian Federation and in other countries of the world. There has been considered the contribution of G.V. Pustovoit and her students in the development of breeding sunflower material with rust resistance based on interspecific hybridization of cultivated sunflower with wild species. There has been shown the contribution of the researchers W.E Sackston, T.J. Gulay, S. Masirevic and others, who proposed methods for assessing breeding material for resistance to a pathogen, methods of artificial infection of plants in a greenhouse and a field, who developed differentiator lines of the rust races. Currently, when calculating the virulence and race code of Puccinia helianthi, there is used a nomenclature adopted by a special international committee. Recently, there have been reports from different countries of the emergence of new, more aggressive races of the causative agent of sunflower rust. In Russia, the work on the study of this pathogen has also expanded. The scientists have monitored the rust races and revealed the racial composition of the fungus populations on sunflower in the regions with a strong manifestation of the disease (Tambov, Saratov and Lipetsk regions, Krasnodar Area). Based on the studied literature data, there has been made a conclusion that it is necessary to expand and accelerate work on monitoring the racial composition of populations of the rust pathogen in agrocenoses and developing breeding material that is resistant to the identified races.

Introduction.A quarter of the world’s natural gas and oil reserves are located in the Far North of the Russian Federation. Only with reliable and efficient transportation support is it possible to successfully develop and exploit deposits in hard-to-reach areas. The main factor in increasing the efficiency of road transport and reducing the transport component in the cost of oil and gas is the growth of productivity of vehicles. The paper considers and analyzes the sources of productivity growth of the mobile unit (MU). The characteristics of the organization of work of winter roads in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District (Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Area) are considered. Winters are characterized by three main characteristics: operation duration, location, use of season duration. The activities of one of the major carriers, IE (individual entrepreneur) V.N. Anokhin, have been analysed. The carrier serves six major deposits and four material supply bases. It is highlighted that the main range of transportation is steel pipes. The transport problem was solved in which consumers were optimally assigned to pipe suppliers. For calculations, the route Korotchaevo base was chosen the Pyakyakhinskoye deposit, with a traffic volume of 2800 tons. Rolling stock was selected, the optimal method for placing pipes on the MU platform was found. The minimum number of rides for transporting the entire volume of pipes has been determined. A technological design and technological schemes for the transported cargo have been developed. The influence of technical and operational indicators on the performance of MU; The economic effect of the proposed activities is calculated.Materials and methods.The work explores the technology and organization of pipe transportation on routes to the conditions of the Far North of the Russian Federation. In order to increase the efficiency of road transport, we used the methodology for choosing a rational rolling stock and a method for placing pipes on the MU platform; methodology for determining the optimal number of rides for the transportation of a given volume of pipes; methodology for assessing the impact of technical and operational indicators on the productivity of MU.Results.The economic effect of the implementation of the optimal technological scheme and the organization of pipe transportation in the conditions of the Far North of the Russian Federation is 38,846 rubles per trip. The transportation on an improved winter road allows the use of higher-capacity MU (37 tons) and makes it possible to transport at an increased average speed of up to 20 km/h. Recommended activities allow to increase the productivity of MU from 0.287 t/h to 1.156 t/h.Discussion and conclusions. Measures were developed to improve the efficiency of road transport in the Far North of the Russian Federation. The results of the work are used in the organization of transportation of pipes on the enterprise under consideration.

Some components of alcohol extracts from seagrass of genus Zostera were fractioned in the column filled with sorbent Sephadex LH-20 using the methods of size exclusion chromatography. Content of polyphenols in the fractions and their antioxidant activity were determined. The total content of polyphenols in the extracts from Zostera asiatica collected in the Rudnaya Bay (Japan Sea) and Zostera marina from the Aniva Bay (Okhotsk Sea) was 2.10 and 2.15 mg/mL, or 0.4 and 1.8 mg/g DW, respectively. The antioxidant activity varied by fractions in the range 19.1–118.0 μg of ascorbic acid per mL for Z. asiatica and 96.2–213.9 μg of ascorbic acid per mL for Z. marina, in dependence on qualitative and quantitative composition of the fractions. The alcohol extracts of Zostera were heterogeneous systems with different polyphenol components and included protein substances covalently bound with polysaccharides and/or polyphenols, that was confirmed by UV spectrometry and thin-layer chromatography. Phenolic acids, flavones and flavonols were presented in the extracts.

Objectives. This paper presents research results on the encapsulation of a fluidized bed of liquid and solid toxic waste containing chemicals with a hazard class of 1–3.Methods. Soils contaminated with hexachlorobenzene and hexachlorocyclohexane were used as the seed material. Ceresin was selected as the encapsulant, which was sprayed onto the fluidized bed through a pneumatic nozzle at a temperature of 135°C. Before the spraying of the ceresin, binders were introduced into the fluidized bed of the seed material through pneumatic nozzles in the form of a melt of high-temperature coal-tar pitch and wastewater containing sodium and arsenic salts as well as heavy metal oxides. The experiments were carried out using a modified GLATT AGT-150 laboratory unit.Results. The results demonstrate that the mechanism for granule formation is a mixed mechanism. The binding of the seed material is carried out by both the pitch and salting out. In this case, the cavities in the agglomerates are partially filled with salt deposits, which increases the strength and integrity of the final product’s structure. Ranges for the process parameter values were established at the point at which there was no unwanted agglomeration in the fluidized bed, and dust formation did not exceed 5%. When the ratio of the bed mass to the mass of ceresin is equal to unity, a moisture-resistant free-flowing product of hazard class 5 is obtained, which is suitable for transportation and long-term storage. The average diameters of the initial particles and encapsulated granules were 0.5 and 1.5 mm, respectively.Conclusions. The present study demonstrates a potential process for the granulation– encapsulation of toxic waste and hazardous substances with a hazard class of 1–3 in a single fluid-bed apparatus, resulting in the formation of a moisture-resistant hazard class-5 granular product suitable for transportation and long-term storage. The results obtained can be used in the development of an industrial large-scale process for encapsulating waste of hazard classes 1–3.

The necessity of a comprehensive description of greenhouse gas fluxes on different types of soils, the methodology for creating “carbon polygons” and “carbon farms” with the use of modern methods for assessing carbon fluxes in ecosystems, taking into account the specifics of the natural conditions of Russia and competitive advantages, are substantiated. Directions for developing national methods for calculating carbon fluxes are given, which should be subjected to verification by the interested parties of the Paris Agreement adopted by the Russian Federation. Such issues are considered as the role and potential of the Russian soil cover in the carbon balance of the planet, factors of reducing carbon stocks from the upper 1 meter depth layer of the soil, competitive edge in the EU and the Western world in the questions of natural and climatic changes, the use of remote sensing of the Earth from space in order to obtain regular, complete and reliable estimates of the absorption of greenhouse gases.

The article provides a detailed analysis of key methods to assess the efficiency of projects based on state and private partnership (S&PP), including the appraisal of commercial, social-economic, macro-economic and budget efficiency. For such projects implemented on principles of project financing the authors highlighted the necessity of additional analysis of finance stability and return of credit financing. The article gives the author's definition of the mechanism of financing S&PP projects and explains methodological characteristics of assessing their efficiency for different participants and in interests of different concerned parties (state, business, banks). Special attention is paid to detailed study of the technology of calculating each parameter of assessing the efficiency for investment S&PP projects. Finally, conclusions were drawn about practical opportunities to use all the parameters, demonstrated above to assess the efficiency of projects in Russia, as well as key difficulties arising in the process of analysis and appraisal.

Herbal medicinal products (HMPs) are widely used in medical practice due to their availability, ease of use, and relatively safe pharmacological profile. However, medicinal plants are capable of accumulating heavy metals and arsenic which can have toxic effect on the human body when found in HMPs. The aim of the study was to summarise and analyse requirements of the Russian and foreign pharmacopoeias for the limits of heavy metals and arsenic in HMPs. National and regional pharmacopoeias have limits for the content of the major toxic elements (lead, cadmium, mercury, chromium, and arsenic) in HMPs. The study showed that the Indian and Japanese pharmacopoeias include only semi-quantitative methods for determination of heavy metals and arsenic, while the Russian and Chinese pharmacopoeias allow for the use of both quantitative and semi-quantitative methods. It was demonstrated that the limits for heavy metals and arsenic are the same for herbal substances and HMPs. The development of consistent approaches to determination of heavy metals and arsenic content, a systematic transition to quantitative methods of analysis, and establishment of individual limits for toxic elements in different HMP dosage forms, will make it possible to achieve the so-called consistent harmonisation, ensure reliable assessment of the content of heavy metals and arsenic, and minimize the risk of their entering human body with HMPs.

During operation, concrete and reinforced concrete structures are exposed to the aggressive environment of carbon dioxide. During the reconstruction and overhaul of the berthing facilities in the coastal zone of the seas of the Far East, a weak bond strength of the “old” carbonated and “new” repair concrete has been established in the paper. The reason that prevents reliable adhesion of concrete is the formation of fragile corrosion products in the pores and on the surface of “old” concrete. Accelerated tests of concrete carbonization from exposure to carbon dioxide have been carried out in the course of the study. The structure of the carbonized cement stone has been examined using a scanning electron microscope. The research results have made it possible to assess the structure of a “healthy” cement stone and affected by carbonization. The performed analysis of concrete carbonization process, including micrographs of the samples, has shown that under the action of carbon dioxide, the surface layer with a thickness of 4 mm and more undergoes structural restructuring. Fibrous formations are destroyed, and the carbonized volume is a heap of loosely bound loose new formations and films blocking the entrances to the capillary system of concrete. They are not a reliable basis for adhesion of “new” and “old” concrete and prevent the penetration of liquid containing cement dissolution products from “new” concrete into the capillaries of the healthy structure of the “old” concrete for their reliable connection.

Chemical composition and nutritional and biological value of roe are investigated for autumn chum salmon from the Amur River sampled during their run for spawning from the estuary to the area of Khabarovsk city. Color and strength of roe were examined, content of proteins, lipids and minerals was measured, amino acid and fatty acid composition was determined. Caloric capacity and biological value of the samples were usual for this species. Physical properties of the roe (strength, color intensity) practically did not change in dependence on distance from the river mouth. Stable quality of roe in the run of spawning migration in the lower Amur is concluded.

Introduction. Immunomodulator Galavit® is a promising domestic drug for the prevention and treatment of various infectious diseases. Earlier, the authors have developed and investigated in vitro its new dosage form – transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). Positive results from experiments made it possible to proceed to the study of the pharmacokinetic parameters of Galavit® TTS in animals.Objective: to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of intramuscular and transdermal administration of immunomodulator Galavit® in animal experiments.Materials and methods. Sodium aminodihydrophthalazinedione was used as a substance in the form of a powder to prepare a solution for intramuscular administration of 100 mg (trade name Galavit®, manufacturer SELVIM LLC). The pharmacokinetics of transdermal and intramuscular injections were studied in male Chinchilla rabbits weighing 4.5–5.0 kg. Serum sodium aminodihydrophthalazinedione concentrations in animals were determined by highperformance liquid chromatography using a specially developed technique.Results. In contrast to the injection method, a prolonged and uniform inflow of the drug substance (MP) into the body is observed for percutaneous administration of sodium aminodihydrophthalazinedione. The maximum serum Galavit® concentration for a 40 mg dose (0.172 ± 0.054 μg/mL) and for a 80 mg dose (1.16 ± 0.22 μg/mL) remained at a constant level for 9 and 8 hours, respectively. The relative bioavailability of the Galavit® transdermal therapeutic system was 0.65 and 1.06 for the same doses.Conclusion. Application of Galavit® 80 mg transdermal therapeutic system provides bioavailability that is similar to the intramuscular administration of this drug at the same dose. At the same time, its maximum serum concentration significantly decreases and the retention time of Galavit® in the body increases by more than 10 times, which can contribute to prolongation of the drug effect. Due to the current growing interest in the use of immunomodulator Galavit® for coronavirus infection COVID-19, the development and study of a new dosage form is a promising task

The article is devoted to the study of the accounting paradigm, which is based on global values, priorities of companiesstakeholders and individuals. To comprehend the task, the key values of the global community aimed at its sustainable development are identified and compared with a similar resource of companies and individuals. In the recent years, the significant economic, technological, social and environmental changes have a significant impact on the revision of life priorities at all levels: person — company — global community. The dramatic transformation of global life values that took place in 2020 (and is still ongoing) under the influence of the COVID‑19 pandemic has profoundly and seriously affected the entire life support system of physical and economic entities. All this together determined the need to develop a new value-oriented foundation for building an accounting paradigm. In the course of the study, the authors used methods and techniques of comparative, logical and expert analysis. The authors studied a chronology of the emergence of modern accounting models which is based of generalization of the works of modern scientists in this field. The main purpose of the study was to substantiate the global initial grounds for constructing an accounting paradigm based on a common value characteristic of life support for interested users and economic entities in conditions of uncertainty as well as risks and new opportunities associated with environmental and social changes. Thus, its results caused the justification of the commonality and interdependence of the life activity of an individual, company and society; the necessity and possibility of developing a new value-based view of life support for the accounting sphere. The proposed methods are aimed to improve the life quality in general. They are recommended for the accounting and reporting theory development, as well as to be a basis for improving the quality of the information space of the economy and society.

Objectives. The introduction of digital tools for the development of medicines, intelligent management systems, and quality control is stipulated not only by modern requirements for the chemical and pharmaceutical industry but also by strict regulatory requirements for manufactured products. This principle ensures the release of a quality product on the first attempt. The aim of this study is to develop information support for the intelligent quality management system for the production of active pharmaceutical substances (APSs) for medicines using a fundamentally new technology: continuous synthesis in flow microreactors. To develop the necessary information support, we developed appropriate systemic, informational, and mathematical models; algorithms for the online management of the experiment; and techniques and algorithms to qualitatively assess whether the product meets official regulatory documents.Methods. System analysis techniques, information and mathematical modeling techniques with multireference regression models, and online optimization using the Hook–Jeevs algorithm (a method of expert evaluation based on the concordance factor) were used to solve the problems formulated.Results. To manage the quality of the process of continuous APS synthesis in the flow microreactor, we developed theoretic multiple system models that were designed to build the digital information environment for the process of experimental research. We developed algorithms for mathematical modeling and optimization of the control process based on multiresponse regression models and an online optimization algorithm that allows the process to be managed step by step, taking into account the limitations. Our results show that the degree of conversion is higher in reactions that contain bromodiphenylmethan.Conclusions. Based on mathematical modeling method algorithms for the quality control of the process of continuous APS synthesis on a fundamentally new microreactor system, Qmix were developed. The applicability of the proposed methods and algorithms in the production of the drug diphenhydramine from chlorobenzohydrol and bromobenzohydrol as initial substances was proven by an experimental study. The built models were statistically adequate and valid.

Zooplankton was sampled from the epipelagic layer (0–200 m) in the Bering Sea using Jedae net (mouth 0.1 m2, mesh size 0.168 mm) in 1986–2018. Arrowworms were the most numerous predators, represented with 3 species: Parasagitta elegans, Eukrohnia hamata, and Pseudosagitta maxima. Their summary biomass was 215.7 mg/m3, on average (26.3 % of the total zooplankton biomass), and varied seasonally from 105.9 mg/m3 in winter to 311.8 mg/m3 in autumn. Parasagitta elegans dominated absolutely (> 99 % WW). Mean stock of this species was 64.36. 106 t; its seasonal yield was estimated as 22.1. 106 t in winter, 78.5. 106 t in spring, 191.9. 106 t in summer, and 130.3. 106 t in autumn, so its mean production was 422.8. 106 t WW per year.

The authors analyzed the treatment results of 53 patients (106 eyes) with allergic conjunctivitis. All patients received Olopatadine 0.2 % (Visallergol) in drops once a day during 1 month. All patients underwent the same tests: scraping from the conjunctiva for the presence of eosinophils, evaluation of the inflammation symptoms using 4-ball scale, biomicroscopy of cornea and conjunctiva with staining by lissamine green and tear film stability (Norn’s method). All of the above-mentioned tests were performed before the treatment, on 14-th day and after the course of therapy. The inflammatory reaction of conjunctiva, the amount of discharge in the conjunctival cavity and the staining of the conjunctiva with lissamine green decreased in all patients starting from the 14-th day of treatment. The maximal effectiveness of the drop was registered in patients with the chronic type of allergic conjunctivitis. The manifestation of the disease reduced significantly after 1 month of treatment, but it does not disappear completely. So it is necessary to continue therapy after 1 month. The laboratory methods of diagnosis confirm the effectiveness of Visallergol by disappearance of eosinophils in the conjunctiva scrapings. The secondary dry eye syndrome developed in all types of the allergic conjunctivitis and needs a long-term treatment. The maximal intensity of dry eye syndrome was registered in patients with chronic type of the allergic conjunctivitis. The drop can be used starting from 2 years old.

The article discusses diagnostic approaches to the patients of the first months of life with the signs of acute respiratory failure. It describes a clinical example of a two-month-old child with a cardiopulmonary insufficiency hospitalized in the infectious hospital; the insufficiency was regarded as a manifestation of acute infection of the lower respiratory tract. A detailed analysis of the situation revealed another reason – congenital heart disease. The authors discussed the issues of differential diagnosis.

The work is devoted to one of the actual problems of current ophthalmology — creating effective methods of studying stereovision.The purpose — comparative analysis of the capability of stereoperception under conditions of using different regimes of alternating presentation of stereo stimuli with different characteristics in children with strabismus and in children without ophthalmopathology.Patients and methods. 294 school children — 167 children of the control group (without ophthalmopathology) and 127 children with non-paralytic strabismus without functional scotoma (FSS) were observed. We used stereostimuli with different characteristics in the following regimes of presentation: 1) the regime of simple monocular alternating (alternate presentation of an image for the right and left eye); 2) the regime having an “empty” interval (black background) between monocular phases; 3) the regime having a binocular phase (a binocular image containing details corresponding to the stimuli for the right eye and the left eye) between monocular phases.Results. It was found that the majority of children with non-paralytic strabismus, who are incapable of stereoperception with the classic Fly-test and Lang-test, can perceive the stereoeffect with alternating presentation of stereostimuli within individual ranges of durations of monocular phases, a binocular phase and an “empty” interval. In children of the control group when switching from the simple alternation regime to the “empty” interval regime the maximal durations of monocular phases, which preserved the stereoeffect, decreased and when switching to the binocular phase regime they significantly increased. In children with strabismus linear images are simpler for stereoperception than random-dot images as well as in children of the control group (p < 0.001); stimuli creating the effect of the frontoparallel separation of details get perceived better than those creating the decline effect or the turning effect (p < 0.001); stimuli creating the effect of the vertical stripes decline get perceived better than those creating the effect of the horizontal stripes turning (p < 0.001). However, as opposed to the children of the control group, in children with strabismus the stereoeffect gets formed better under conditions of the peripheral localization of linear details than under conditions of the central one.Conclusion. Using computer programs with different regimes of alternating presentation of stereostimuli with certain characteristics allows to effectively evaluate individual capability of stereoperception which is necessary for the personalized approach to the selection of visual stimuli and stimuli presentation regimes in functional treatment of patients with non-paralytic strabismus.

Residence time of late-race sockeye spawners on spawning grounds located in the littoral zone of Lake Nachikinskoye in southern Kamchatka is determined directly using 11 series of tagging and tracking of tags conducted in 2018 and 2020 (700 tagged individuals). The residence time is the key parameter for calculation of the spawners number on the data of repeated observations from the beginning to the end of spawning. Methodology of the experiment is described in details and all data of measurements are presented. Impact of certain variables on the target function is discussed. The residence time is estimated as 5 days.

Aim. To analyze the regional systems of location of Specially Protected Natural Areas within the Ural-Siberian sector of Russia's steppe and forest-steppe zones.Discussion. The territory of the study includes the following regions: Orenburg, Chelyabinsk, Kurgan, Tyumen, Omsk, and Novosibirsk Regions, the Republic of Bashkortostan and Altay Territory. Each of these areas has its particularities of SPNA location that are component of the ecological framework. Ecological frameworks on the regional and local levels are the models of stable land use and of biological diversity conservation. The determination of model systems of Specially Protected Natural Areas is necessary to reach a balance between a comfortable and favorable environment for the life of the population and the protection of unique natural heritage. The rational allocation of SPNAs promotes optimizing the territorial structure of nature management, the stable functioning of biological processes, and local development within regional natural borders.Conclusion. It was ascertained that the SPNA allocation system of each examined region had its peculiarities connected with natural objects. Protected territories with federal, regional and local significance are located only in Chelyabinsk and Novosibirsk regions and Altay Territory. Also, positive dynamics in forming a new SPNA are observed in the Chelyabinsk and Tyumen regions and Altay Territory (data for 2019-2020). An excellent balance and development of the protected territories system are seen within the Ural-Siberian regions. The location of the SPNA system within the foothill regions of the Ural-Siberian sector (Altay Territory and Cheleyabinsk region) is the closest to the classical etalon of the ecological framework's formation.

The paper provides initial materials characterizing the complicated history of formation, natural soils and lithological-geomorphological conditions of the Jizzakh steppe before the beginning of reclamation development. It is shown that on the basis of soil-lithological and geomorphological zoning, the Jizzakh steppe is divided into a number of natural regions belonging to different levels (altitude levels) of the piedmont plain. In total, 22 districts have been identified within the Jizzakh steppe, including the foothill margins. On the piedmont plain itself, the regions are combined into two high-altitude levels: the upper step and the lower step or blanket zone. These two levels differ sharply in terms of drainage conditions and soil salinity. The upper level, covering the upper and middle parts of the alluvial fan, the high interconal Zaamin-Sanzar plain and the Lomakino plateau, is characterized by a weak manifestation of salinity due to relatively good drainage, except for the sloping depressions of the Lomakino plateau. In contrast to the upper level, the lower level, located in the blanket zone of the piedmont plain, is characterized by active natural salinization because of the poor drainage. The saline sediments of the Zaamin cone delta are characterized by the greatest thickness. To a lesser extent, the rocks of the Sanzar cone delta, which are drained by deep gullies, are salinized. The Khavast sloping plain is characterized by a strongly saline upper two-meter layer, with salt and gypsum content decreasing with depth. Thus, it is shown that high salinity and gypsum bearing rocks, as well as high groundwater salinity of the cone delta zone are the source of modern salt accumulation in soils of foothill Golodnostepskaya plain, as well as in soils of the cone delta zone of Djizak steppe.

The efficiency of an enterprise’s power supply system depends on the quality of electricity and the losses of the latter in electrical networks; both being largely determined by the modes of voltage control and reactive power compensation. In practice, the problems of voltage control and reactive power compensation in power supply systems of industrial enterprises, including electric networks with a voltage of up to 1 kV, as well as 6, 10 kV and higher, are often solved separately. It triggers an irrational use of existing voltage control devices, underutilization of the installed capacity of compensating devices, and affects the voltage control in the electrical networks of the power supply organization. Since voltage management and compensation modes of reactive power are inseparable, they can be correctly determined only with the use of an integrated approach based on technical and economic criteria and taking into account technical requirements and local conditions. This article analyzes the mutual influence of voltage control and reactive power compensation modes in the electrical networks of industrial enterprises from the point of view of ensuring the quality of electricity and minimizing load power losses. The method and results of calculations (on the example of a specific industrial facility) for determining voltage deviations and losses in the electrical network as well as for selecting parameters for voltage control and reactive power compensation are presented. Due to the close relationship of these modes that affect all voltage levels, the effectiveness of measures cannot be ensured without the use of multifunctional devices for controlling the equipment of transformer substations.

The article considers the basic concepts of the system of business tourism in Russia and analyses the directions of its organization. The paper lists the economic and socio-cultural factors influencing the behavior of business travelers in Russia. The author formulates recommendations for the main directions of business tourism, taking into account the factors of the external and internal environment that affect the behavior of a business traveler. The study formulates the requirements of the host party for business travelers and companies organizing business tours. The article determines the factors and conditions of accommodation of business travelers in hotels and places of temporary accommodation. The paper describes the ways of holding incentive events for business travelers in the venues of exhibitions, congresses and business meetings.