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Malignant sinonasal tumors are rare and account for 1% of all neoplasms. Most of these carcinomas are poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumors. Due to overlapping features, both young and experienced physicians encounter difficulties in their diagnosis. We present 2 cases of 2 tumors of the sinonasal tract, which belong to small round blue cell tumors: sinonasal small cell neuroendocrine tumor and esthesioneuroblastoma.

Ovarian germ cell tumors account for 30 % of germ cell tumors of other localizations and 70 % of all ovarian neoplasms. The aim of this review is to study and systematize clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of ovarian germ cell tumors in childhood and adolescence on the basis of current foreign and domestic studies.

Germ cell tumors are a heterogeneous group of tumors differentiating from primary germ cells of embryonic gonads and their derivatives. This case report demonstrates the diagnostic algorithm and diagnostic tactics of a rarely encountered histological type of ovarian germ cell tumor.

The study presents an assessment of variability of histological structure, measurement, and comparison of size of the neoplasm obtained by ultrasonographic examination and pathological examination, as well as the morphometric dimensions of nuclei and cytoplasm of testicular interstitial cell tumors in dogs. The study involved 35 dogs with neoplasms of 46 testes, where 11 animals had interstitial cell tumors in both testes. Insignificant differences of the size of these neoplasms were revealed (p 0.05) using ultrasonography and pathoanatomical measurement methods. Hence, it allows using both methods to assess the size of interstitial cell tumors. In the study, interstitial cell tumor was detected in both testes at once in 50 % of cases in dogs, however, this might be due to specific characteristics of the sample, and further research is required. In the course of scientific work, a morphological study showed the presence of variability in histological structure of interstitial cell tumors, which can lead to incorrect interpretation of the morphological picture and misdiagnosis, e. g. adipocyte-like morphology of interstitial cell tumors have morphological similarity to a benign neoplasm from adipose tissue - lipoma. In addition, there was an extremely pronounced difference in size of cytoplasm (from 23.6 to 148.4 m; average 66.21 22.42 m) and nuclei (from 9 to 57.6 m; average 23.19 7.10 m) in tumor cells. It proves the presence of pronounced anisocytosis and anisokariosis, which should indicate malignancy of the neoplasm, however, testicular interstitial cell tumors extremely rarely metastasize in practice and according to numerous studies.

Introduction. Testicular germ cell tumor is a relatively rare disease. Its high social significance is due to the fact that this pathology occurs in young patients. The standard schemes of polychemotherapy determine the potential possibility of effective treatment for most of the patients even with an advanced disease. Several circulating markers (alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin and lactate dehydrogenase) are being used for therapy monitoring, but the low diagnostic specificity of these molecules determines the need to develop new approaches. Over the past years, circulating microRNA, for instance miR-371a-3p, appeared to be promising marker for testicular germ cell tumor monitoring. However, to develop and to implement in practice the microRNA-based diagnostic technologies, it’s necessarily to understand the features of the microRNA expression alterations specific for different histological types of testicular germ cell tumor.The study objective – to evaluate changes in the expression of several potential marker microRNA molecules (miR-302/ miR-367, miR-371/miR-373) in testicular germ cell tumor samples of various histological types.Materials and methods. Testicular germ cell tumor samples (n = 61), including seminomas, embryonic carcinomas, post-pubertal teratomas, yolk sac tumors, chorioncarcinomas, and corresponding normal tissue samples (n = 61) were included in the study. The analysis of selected miRNA expression was performed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction.Results. We identified the changes in the expression profile of the miR-302/miR-367 cluster typical for semines, embryonic carcinomas, post-pubertal teratomas, yolk sac tumors and chorioncarcinomas, as well as changes in the expression profile of the miR-371/miR-373 cluster, universal for all histotypes except chorioncarcinomas. Inhibition of miR-10b and miR-145 expression in semines, embryonic carcinomas, and post-pubertal teratomas was demonstrated.Conclusion. Activation of miR-302b, miR-302d, miR-371a expression and inhibition of miR-10b, miR-145 expression in the tissue of the most common variants of testicular germ cell tumor is a characteristic feature of these tumors. The detected changes are significant and can lead to corresponding changes in the profile of circulating microRNAs.

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMН) is a glycopeptide of the transforming growth factors β-family, used in many medical fields. Understanding of the biological role of AMH at norm and at pathology such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is expanding. This review includes the literature analysis on the synthesis and biological role of AMH in women and men; factors influencing its level; possibilities and limitations of clinical use of AMH in pediatric endocrinology/urogynecology, reproductive medicine, diagnosis of PCOS and other dyshormonal conditions, oncofertility programs and diagnosis of genital tumors. Effects of AMH in women: inhibiting the entry of primordial follicles into growth, control of follicle sensitivity to follicle-stimulating hormone, participation in the selection of the dominant follicle, inhibition of aromatase activity in granulosa cells of the follicle, regulation of the gonadotropic generator of gonadotropic releasing hormone. AMH is an important component of predicting the response to ovulation stimulation in infertile women, diagnosis of nonclassical forms of PCOS, premature ovarian failure to the development of amenorrhea, other hormonal diseases, granulosa cell tumors, decisions about the possibility of maintaining reproductive function after cancer treatment. Currently, AMH cannot be used as a tool for individualized prediction of the age of menopause, fertility. It is not recommended to decide on the use of cryotechnologies based only on the AMH level. Evolution of laboratory estimation of АМН as an important factor of impact on clinical and scientific application of research is also considered. Despite significant improvements in the technical characteristics of test systems for determining the AMH level, there are limitations in the use of this diagnostic marker due to the lack of standardization. This shortcoming can be overcome by following principles: do not base important clinical decisions only at the AMH level, and use this indicator in conjunction with other laboratory parameters and clinical data; adhere to the consistent use of one automated test system until the introduction of the standard in laboratory practice.

Objective: identification and description of clinical and morphological characteristics of rare forms of stromal cell tumors of the ovaries.Materials and methods. Retrospectively processed over 10 thousand case histories of patients with various ovarian tumors who were examined and treated at the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of Russia and the National Center for Oncology and Hematology of the Ministry of Health of Kyrgyz Republic. In 473 patients were diagnosed stromal cell tumors, among them 3 cases of rare forms of tumors of the stroma of the sex cord were identified: stromal tumor from Sertoli cells, malignant luteoma of the ovary, lipid‑cell tumor from Leydig cells. All patients underwent a planned morphological study of surgical material and immune-histochemical study.Results. The detailed data of clinical observations of rare types of tumors, which was presented in the literature by isolated cases, are presented, the description of which in the literature is presented by isolated cases. The possible effect of clinical and morphological characteristics on the survival of patients with rare forms of stromal cell tumors of the ovaries were analyzed.Conclusions. The necrobiotic changes in the tumor, the degree of malignancy, and the stage of the disease are potential predictors of poor prognosis in patients with rare forms stromal cell tumors of the ovaries which require confirmation in a larger sample of patients.

Purpose of the study. To assess the potential of sonography in the diagnosis of pelvic tumors in children.Patients and methods. We retrospectively analyzed results of ultrasound examination of the small pelvis, abdominal cavity and retroperitoneal space in 110 children with pelvic cancer referred for examination and treatment to National Medical Research Centre for Oncology of the Ministry of Health of Russia, distinguishing the most significant ultrasound parameters regardless of the tumor histological structure. 69.1% of patients were diagnosed with germ cell tumors, including 72.4% with gonadal and 27.6% with extragonadal tumors, 85.8% with sacrococcygeal tumors, 9.5% — uterine and 4.7% — vaginal tumors. Rhabdomyosarcoma was detected in 25.4%, neuroblastoma in 4.5% and a primitive neuroectodermal tumor in 1%. Standard ultrasound examination was performed using scanners Philips IU22 (USA) and Logic 400 MD (GE, USA) with convex transducers (3.5–5.5 MHz) in grayscale, color Doppler and power Doppler modes.Results. The first stage of diagnostics showed that malignant pelvic tumors were characterized with an irregular shape registered in 97 (88.2%; p0.05); tumor echodensity was reduced in 75 children (68.2%; р=0.001). Dopplerography in most patients — 100 (90.9%) — registered a hyperintense intratumoral blood flow, mainly of an arterial type, with maximum arterial velocities (MAV) ranging from 12.5 to 45 cm/s, average MAV = 30±2.7 cm/s. The specificity of the method was 86.3% (p=0.001), sensitivity 85.2% (p=0.011), accuracy 87.5% (p=0.014). Ultrasound monitoring was performed during treatment after each polychemotherapy cycle; we assessed changes in the size of tumors, their structure and neovascularization, allowing evaluation of the antitumor treatment effectiveness.Conclusion. A complex sonography is an important method in the primary diagnostics of pelvic tumors in children, as well as a priority method in antitumor treatment monitoring, which allows detection of the tumor extent and helps to avoid multiple radiation exposure of the growing child’s body.

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT) is a group of neoplasms which develop from the germ cell epithelium and account 94-96% of all testicular tumors. Seminoma is the most common testicular germ cell neoplasm and accounts for about 50% of all TGCT.There is an increasing evidence that metastatic disease in both early and late stages depends on the degree of tumor vascularization. But despite the large number of publications on this subject, the ways of new vessels formation in invasive neoplasms and effect of the intratumoral vessels density on overall and relapse-free survival rate remain unclear.The performed investigation of neoangiogenesis in the dynamics of testicular seminoma progression revealed: significant increasing of relative area of CD31 and CD34 expression as well as vascular density during transition from the initial to the late stages of tumor progression; formation of intratumoral vessels in the seminoma occurs by angiogenesis and vasculogenesis with participation of progenitor endothelial cells; seminoma is characterized by vasculogenic mimicry in the form of channels formation that do not have endothelial lining.

Despite the relatively low incidence of testicular germ cell tumors (TGCT), which amount only 1% of all cancers in men worldwide in the epidemiological aspect, unlike tumors of other localizations, it does not become more frequent with age, but reaches its peak in young men of working age what attaches to the problem not only great medical, but also social significance. Estimation of angiogenesis in the tumor is considered as one of the markers for predicting the course of disease, presence of metastases and sensitivity to antitumor antiangiogenic therapy. At the same time, data concerning the study of the mechanisms of blood vessels formation, the work out of methods for estimation of tumorous angiogenesis as well as the use habits of IHC markers of endothelial cells (CD31 and CD34) for assessing the aggressiveness and prognosis of TGCT and, in particular, EC, are absent in the available literature sources. Investigation of peculiarities of neoangiogenesis in the dynamics of testicular embryonal carcinoma progression revealed: significant increasing of relative area of CD31 and CD34 expression as well as vascular density during transition from the initial to the late stages of tumor progression; formation of intratumoral vessels in the embryonal carcinoma occurs by angiogenesis and vasculogenesis with participation of progenitor endothelial cells; embryonal carcinoma is characterized by vasculogenic mimicry in the form of channels formation that do not have endothelial lining.

Among cancers the ovarian cancer is one of the top ten in prevalence occupying the 7th place and one of the first five in mortality occupying the 4th place. These facts are explained, on the one hand, by the absence of specific clinical manifestations, which causes the diagnosis of the process at its later stages with a frequent metastatic lesion. On the other hand, there is a problem of reliable verification of the diagnosis. The purpose of the study is to improve the complex of differential diagnostic morphological criteria for malignant neoplasms of the ovaries verification, which is based on the latest international classifications and features of practical oncomorphology in Ukraine. Methods. Retrospective analysis of 115 malignant ovarian tumors (where 67 cases of different types carcinomas and 48 cases of granulosa cell tumor were included) contained assessment of histological, immunohistochemical characteristics followed by statistical processing of the results. Results. Received data made it possible to state the diagnostic value of each feature for the studied malignant tumors of the ovaries. Among the histological characteristics the most important were: macro- and micropapillas, follicular / glandular structures, polymorphism degree, mitotic activity, cell necrosis. Among the panel of immunohistochemical antibodies the fractions of cytokeratins (pancytoceratin AE1 / AE3, cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 20), p53, WT-1, EMA and vimentin were mentioned. However, P > 0.05 for all the indicators. Conclusions. The necessity of using is based on a combination of histological criteria for a specific panel of IgG antibodies, which is statistically confirmed. Presence of papillary structures, mitotic activity, polymorphism and expression of p53 are clue for differentiation between HGSC and LGSC. Granulosa cell tumors had a special phenotype Vimentin + / Calretinin + / PanCK + (focally).

Testicular cancer is a rare malignant tumor. In the structure of general cancer incidence, this nosology accounts for about 1–1.5% of cases. Among this pathology, about 90–95% is due to testicular germ cell tumors. Currently, testicular cancer is a potentially treatable solid tumor with a 10-year survival rate of more than 95% upon timely diagnosis and proper treatment. In this regard, early diagnosis and treatment of this pathology is an urgent task today. The article presents a clinical observation of the treatment of a patient with a testicular germ cell tumor. The presented clinical case demonstrates the successful conduct of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and further orchifuniculectomy in the presence of distant metastases namely in case of a non-seminomic form of a testicular germ cell tumor. The approach to treating patients with testicular tumors must be individualized and take into account both the potential gain and the potential risks of the treatment being performed.

The goal of the treatment of children and adolescents with germ cell ovarian tumors is to save both life and its quality. One of the quality of life issue in pediatric patients is fertility preservation. The removal of the ovary on the affected side allows saving the ovary on the opposite side. The single ovary is able to save further full development of female secondary sexual characteristics and will play important role as psychological value. In addition, the reproductive function will be stored. Chemotherapy may badly impact the function of a single ovary. To find out in advance how chemotherapy will affect ovarian function is impossible, so it is necessary for patients with Stage I ovarian germ cell tumors to decide the possibility of dismissing chemotherapy from the treatment. Under certain conditions unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy may be sufficient for stage I disease. Risk factors which should be considered when refusing chemotherapy are discussed.

The performed analysis, based on the examination of pathologists’ reports and medical case histories of the patients of Kharkiv regional clinical center of urology and nephrology named after Shapovalov V.I., for the period covering years 1998-2017, is devoted to the investigation of correlation between the degree of tumorous lesion of the testes and categories of pTNM classification in patients with TGCT. According to the obtained data, there are significant differences between the different histological types of the TGCT. It is concluded that the most aggressive TGCT is embryonic cancer and yolk sac tumor, postpubertal-type; the least aggressive of all is seminoma and teratoma, postpubertal-type; the mixed TGCT hold an intermediate position.

The performed analyses of incidence rate of testicular germ cell tumors and clinical and pathologic analysis, based on the examination of pathologists’ reports and medical case histories of the patients of Kharkiv regional clinical center of urology and nephrology named after Shapovalov V.I., for the period covering years 1998-2017, revealed: unfavorable increasing tendency in testicular GCT incidences, the most typical age of patients with mentioned pathology, and average duration of the disease by the time the patient visited the doctor; determined the possible risk factors of testicular GCT development, as well as the morphological traits in accordance with WНO updated classification.

In accordance with the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid tumors there is a new group of high grade follicular cell-derived malignances which include both poorly differentiated as well as high grade differentiated thyroid carcinoma. This article describes two thyroid carcinomas with signs of high malignancy, characterised by the formation of their own fibrous capsule. We discuss a heterogeneous group of high grade tumors and possibility of indolent behavior some of this type of tumors.

Organ-preserving operations (OPO) in patients with immature ovarian teratoma are shown to be a required technique that permits reproductive function to be preserved in young female patients. The most important positive aspect of OPO is also to preserve a normal hormonal background, owing to which surgical castration-related disorders may be prevented.

Recurrent ovarian granulose cell tumors (OGCT) occur in 20-40% of cases. The low incidence of OGCT and the specific features of their clinical course highly hamper the study of the mechanisms of development of recurrences and the possibilities of timely detection of disease progression and the determination of their optimal treatment policy. Thus, the problem of OGCT needs early diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment to be developed for patients with this type of tumors.

Ovarian steroid cell tumors are rare, unusual neoplasms. There is now no unified management tactics for patients with this pathology. The paper reviews the literature on the clinical and morphological characteristics, prognostic factors, diagnosis, and treatme nt in patients with ovarian steroid cell tumors.

Early diagnosis of recurrent ovarian granulose cell tumors (OGCT) remains an urgent problem of modern oncogynecology. Inhibin B is one of the most potentially important markers of OGCT. Nevertheless, in the world there are today only single studies evaluating the clinical value of inhibin B. The paper presents serum inhibin B measurements in patients with recurrent OGCT. The findings suggest that inhibin B has a high (80-100%) diagnostic sensitivity and 100% specificity.

Transitional cell tumors of the ovary are rare, unusual neoplasms. There is currently no unified tactic for managing patients with this pathology. The paper presents a review of literature on clinical and morphological characteristics, diagnosis, and specific features of the treatment of patients with transitional cell tumors of the ovary.

The author describes clinical and morphological findings about a combination of 2 brain tumors--preventicular astrocytoma of the right hemisphere and giant cell tumor of the pons (giant cell sarcoma?, giant cell glioblastoma?) which gave a metastasis into the area of the interventricular foramen. The author notes the rarity of such a combination and the difficulty of clinical interpretation of the case which became clear only after autopsy. The difficulties of the histological verification of pons tumor and its possible histogenesis are discussed.