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The authors analyse the status of the title problem as compared with the experience in surgical activity of the cardiosurgical hospital designed for 75 beds, performing 500-600 heart operations a year with the use of extracorporeal circulation. The total hospital lethality was 0 after "closed" interventions and 5.7% after open correction. Analysis is made of the lethality after the most common operations: aortocoronary shunting (1.8%), prosthetic mitral valve (6.7%), prosthetic aortal valves (8%), and radical correction of Fallot's tetrad (6.2%), and so forth. The paper treats of the structure and causes of the lethality, among which attention is drawn to iatrogenesis. Intensification of surgical work on the basis of the standardization of the main stages of the patient's treatment is regarded as one of the approaches to the lethality reduction.

The paper discusses some problems of standardization of diagnostic reports made at different stages of cytologic examination in the course of mass gynecologic screenings. The stages were as follows: (1) sorting-out of pathologic and normal material, (2) primary cytologic diagnosis, (3) final cytomorphologic diagnosis. A cytomorphologic classification based on the degree of atypia of cervical epithelium and on histo-cytological correlations is suggested.

The paper is devoted to the assessment of potentialities of ultrasonic scanning of the thyroid during mass screening at an industrial enterprise. A total of 488 persons were investigated. Ultrasonic and thermographic investigations were performed in all of them to detect pathology of the cardiovascular system, abdominal cavity, breast and thyroid. Quantitative assessment of questionnaire data was performed in 100 persons. A group of persons aged 35 (7.5%) was selected for a further ultrasonic investigation. Among them 19 persons (54.3%) had diffuse enlargement, stage I-II, 13 (37.1%) had nodular changes, and 3 (8.6%) were after strumectomy. A special additional investigation was required for 13 persons, of them 9 had nodular types of the goiter, the rest of them were followed-up. 4 patients underwent surgical intervention. A conclusion was made of the effectiveness of the use of ultrasonic investigations during mass screening for the detection of early and latent pathological processes in the thyroid.

The paper describes studies of the density of microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers, cellulose degraders, actinomycetes and azotobacter in the soil of the radical area of corn grown in field experiments with various doses and ratios of mineral fertilizers. In the forest-steppe zone (leached chernozem) of the Krasnoyarsk region mineral fertilizers activated proliferation of radical microorganisms grown on meat-peptone agar, fungi, nitrifiers and cellulose degraders. The effect of the tested fertilizers was dissimilar during plant vegetation. Under the influence of fertilizers proliferation of actinomycetes increased at the phase of 3--4 leaves. At later phases of the plant development a similar tendency was manifest upon soil application of N120P60K60, N60P120K60 and N120P120K120. The azotobacter density increased only after application of N60P120K60, N60P60K120 and N30P60K30.

The paper presents the results of medical examinations of the cosmonauts B. V. Volynov, V. M. Zholobov, V. V. Gorbatko and Yu. N. Glazkov during their 49- and 18-day flights aboard the orbital station Salyut-5. During the prolonged 49-day flight the cosmonauts developed symptoms of asthenization and fatigue. The medical monitoring of the cosmonauts showed increased blood filling of the head veins, increased arterial pressure and cardiac output. No significant changes were noted in the bioelectrical or contractile function of the myocardium. By the end of the flight the 49-day crewmembers showed a 4.5--7.0 kg decrease of body weight. They displayed a decline of orthostatic tolerance. This was especially marked in V. M Zholobov. Postflight biochemical changes were as usual but in the 49-day crewmembers they were more distinct. B. V. Volynov and V. M. Zholobov had moderate counts of protein and cell elements in the urine. It is concluded that space crewmembers ought to adhere strictly to their work-rest cycle and perform actively pressigned exercises.

The paper presents the results of studying the fluid-electrolyte metabolism in P. I. Klimuk and V. I. Sevastyanov before and after their 63-day flight aboard the orbital station Salyut-4. Postflight weight losses in P.I. Klimuk and V.I. Sevastyanov were 5.6 and 3.5%, respectively, the losses being attributed to body dehydration. Postflight both cosmonauts showed a trend for an increased renal excretion of potassium, magnesium, and calcium as compared with their food intake. Those were more expressed on the day after the water load application. Possible causes of the changes and the pattern of recovery of fluid-electrolyte metabolism after a prolonged space flight are discussed.

The paper carries information on the requirement in calorific supply, basic nutritional and biologically active substances of some occupational groups of workers engaged in the construction of the railroad. Substantiation is given to the choice of average daily assortments of food products and an analysis of the actual nutritional pattern is presented.

This paper presents information about the goals, tasks and protocols of a 370-day antiorthostatic hypokinesia study. It describes the use of various methods of research and different countermeasures.

This paper describes multifaceted investigations of the flying work by Soviet aviation medicine in the 1920-30s. It examines the early stages of the professional activity that is at present termed ergonomic foundations of the design, manufacture and use of the aircraft. The paper discusses one of the first formulations of the problem of standardization of the human factors.

The major parameters of the mineral component and protein matrix of bones were investigated in 30 rats flown onboard Cosmos-1129. Postflight, the content of calcium decreased by 7.8%, that of phosphorus diminished by 11.8%, the Ca/P ratio increased by 5.9%, the content of collagen diminished by 14.7% and that of non-collagenous proteins by 45.7% and the content of sialic and hexuronic acids increased by 36.2% and 14.6%, respectively, as compared to the vivarium controls. The paper discusses the role of EDTA-and HCl-protein extracts, soluble and poorly soluble calcium fractions, protein-Ca-phosphate complex, sialic and hexuronic acids in the mechanism of calcium binding by the bone organic matrix.

The paper presents the methods for counting mean per head food and energy requirements of the population, based on the standards of physiological needs of varying groups of the population in food products and energy, and on demographic structure of the population with due account for sex, age, work and living conditions, climato-geographical regions and other factors.

This paper discusses goals and objectives of the Soviet project to build a space medical laboratory "Medilab". Special attention is given to the design, structure and mathematical support of the dedicated biomedical laboratory.

The paper reports the latest data concerning genesis and structure of opisthorchiasis area; biology, ecology, position in the system and distribution of the first intermediate hosts of Opisthorchis felineus; peculiarities of infections with Opisthorchis of the first and second intermediate hosts. The methods of chemical control of mollusks, the first intermediate host of Opisthorchis, are discussed.

The paper is concerned with the results of 13-year experience of combined therapy of Hodgkin's disease. The following therapeutic methods were employed: staging splenectomy, polychemotherapy (COPP, MOPP, ABVP and alternation of COPP and MOPP, COPP and CHOPP, COPP and DPP) and total irradiation of the lymph nodes. Altogether 328 patients with stage I-IV of disease were followed-up. Complete remissions were observed in 68.8%. A 10-year recurrence-free period was noted in 60% of the patients (stage I--100%, stage II--85%, stage III--68.6%, stage IV--48%).

A patent-legal situation is analyzed which has arisen in the world in connection with the problem on protection of native enzymes as objects of invention. The objects under study are shown to correspond to the demands of novelty, essential distinctions and positive practical effect which are made by the legislation of the USSR to inventions. Possibility of legal protection of enzymes as substances with unstated structure obtained microbiologically is determined in terms of acting standard statements. A set of characters necessary and sufficient for recognition of enzymes and substantiation of their novelty is suggested for characteristics of enzymes in original papers and patent documents. General approaches to optimization of native enzyme examination for the novelty and essential characteristics are developed.

The contents and circumstances of publication of the paper "Gastric Lymphomatosis" by M.F. Glazunov, S.A. Kalashnikov, and V.S. Bykov 18 years after it had been written and first submitted to the editorial board of the journal "Arkhiv patologii" are presented. The paper first describing gastric lymphomatosis in the USSR was submitted to the editors in March, 1964, approved but returned to the authors for insignificant corrections and additions, but because of a disease and death of one of the authors (M.F. Glazunov) was resubmitted after sorting out of M.F. Glazunov's scientific archives only in March 1982. The present publication of the contents and illustrations of the authors is aimed at determining their priority in the establishment of the diagnosis of gastric lymphomatosis in this country far back in 1964.

The paper gives the information on a new serially produced kit of protective-technological equipment for intracavitary radiotherapy with the use of manual consecutive introduction of endostats and radiation sources, employed in gynecological cancer.

The paper discusses measures to be taken during hypothetic utmost breakdown at nuclear power stations when the amount of radioactive nuclides injected in the atmosphere exceeds the permissible level. Three consecutive steps of the breakdown are distinguished and, correspondingly, medical and hygienic measures are developed to provide radioprotection of the personnel, population, and workers involved in the elimination of the consequences of the breakdown. Criteria are given for developing protective measures and implementing thereof.

Among diversified conditions of the environment, nutrition factor is of no less importance for harmonic physical and intellectual development of the growing organism. The paper summarizes the main principles of organizing rational nutrition for the growing organism. Demonstrates the significance of a comprehensive study of actual nutrition, physical development and the health status of children and adolescents in specifying the consumption rates of foods and energy with a purpose of organizing rational nutrition. Recommends new consumption rates of foods and energy for children and adolescents with due regard for results of investigations carried out in the RSFSR (Moscow) and other republics of this country, approved by the Board of the USSR Ministry of Health in 1982. Notes that the use of industrial products having an increased biological value plays an essential part in rationalization of children and adolescents' nutrition.

The paper discusses philosophic approaches to the problem of man-environment interplay. Many important problems humanity faces today are associated with biology. Biomedical and astrophysical studies are being carried out to gain a better insight into the laws governing evolution and further development of the Universe. The emergence of a human society started a qualitatively new stage in the evolution of organic matter. A rapid progress of science and engineering is accompanied by a significant rearrangement of the natural environment and, particularly, of living beings. The biosphere is transforming into the sphere of intelligence, i.e. noosphere. However, natural phenomena are still more powerful than man-made productive forces. Man's excursion into outer space allowed him to look at himself as if from the outside and to evaluate critically his actual role, position and responsibility in the infinite Universe as compared with other forms of life and intelligence. The Universe may be boundlessly great but for human beings there is nothing better than the Earth. Our planet will long remain the base for the existence and development of humanity. Today man ought to take the streering-wheel of evolution and fate of the biosphere into his hands, in order to preserve, through the efforts of many generations, our planet as the gem of the Universe.

This paper presents data on the content of 17 free amino acids in plasma of the crewmembers before and after the Salyut-6 185-day flight. Measurements were performed by an automatic amino acid analyzer. Postflight the content of most amino acids was lower than preflight. It is concluded that, in order to increase the amino acid supply, preflight diets should be supplemented with all amino acids, particularly, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, cystine, arginine, alanine, histidine, and postflight diets with all amino acids.

The paper deals with the specific composition of the genus diplostomum, parasitic in fishes and Cyclostomata of the USSR. A key is given for the identification of 13 species of the genus. Each species is provided with a brief morphological characteristic including main taxonomic characters of the species.

The reliability of juridical protection of microbiological inventions which may result in the production of a commercial product is discussed in the paper. If the structure of an invention is strain-method-product, then juridical protection of each of the objects is possible. Protection of a product would be most reliable, but this is not always possible. Protection of a microbial strain is less typical of an invention, and is not reliable. Protection of a microbiological method of production has advantages over protection of a microbial strain since, in this case, the theory of equivalents can be applied.

The paper presents the results of the study of medical impact of AUCPAHP. The study was performed in an organized population comprising 43197 males aged 40-54 years, including an intervention group of 23378 subjects and a control group of 19819. The active, mainly secondary prevention of arterial hypertension in 12 collaborative centres during 3-5 years has caused a decrease in overall mortality in the intervention group by 17.3% compared with that in the control group, in stroke mortality by 52.4% and non-fatal MI morbidity by 23.9%. CHD mortality has turned out to be practically equal in the two groups.

The paper described advantages of pulsed X-radiation over the continuous one. Experimental technique employed with a roentgen-diagnostic unit is depicted. It is shown that the use of pulsed X-radiation helps to substantially cut down the radiation load on the physician and the patient and to heighten the resolution of the moving organs image.

The paper discusses possible application of the method of measuring the total content of organic carbon to evaluate the quality or reclaimed water. The paper gives data on the content of organic carbon, ratio of chemical consumption of oxygen and carbon in the atmospheric condensate, urine, condensate of urine low-temperature evaporation and portable water reclaimed from these sources.

One of the problems of raising the efficacy and acceleration of investigations and developments under the conditions of scientific technical progress is competitive power of products and technologies. The problem is especially acute in international economic cooperation when one must choose an object of license and lines of research promoting its development. The existing mechanisms of control do not ensure reliable solution of this problem and need to be improved. The paper is concerned with the consideration of routine approaches to control of competitive power; new mechanisms based on algorithmic methods using a clustering analysis of patent and scientific medical information have been proposed. The author shows a possibility of building up the functional structure of research pursued in one or several institutions involved in the development of a multipurpose problem, and the choice of directions of research, among them potential objects for license sale and concluding an agreement of international cooperation on a contract basis.

This paper describes the protocols of LBNP training of five prime crews that flew onboard Salyut-6. It is indicated that LBNP is one of the major constituents of countermeasures that must be performed inflight. LBNP may help adapt to weightlessness-induced blood redistribution and predict the level of postflight orthostatic tolerance.

The paper describes the most important investigations aimed at the preparation and examination of enzymes from microorganisms which have been recently carried out in the USSR. It discusses selected theoretical studies of the regulation of the enzyme synthesis by microorganisms. The paper presents data on the properties of certain enzymes which are of practical importance for different branches of people's economy and public health.

The paper deals with the preliminary results of a randomized study on the efficacy of health resort and sanatorium treatment of patients who underwent surgery for stomach tumors. Out of the total number of the patients who had applied for the treatment and had been examined by local oncologists, 35.4% proved to have recurrences and metastases, while the treatment was contraindicated in 25.6% of cases. It is recommended that practising oncologists should consult specialized oncological establishments in each particular case of application for health resort or sanatorium treatment.

Presented in the paper is a brief analysis of population requiring special aids to correct their reduced vision. Main causes of unsatisfactory optical rehabilitation service for low vision population are determined. The program to improve such a service is proposed. Some preliminary results are discussed.

The paper is concerned with methods of monitoring of integral inhomogeneity (II) used in standards of international organizations and in recommendations of the IAAE. Quantitative analysis of errors at different stages of measurement and processing was performed. Statistical effects were investigated on a mathematical model of an absolutely homogeneous detector. The precision of theoretical calculations was confirmed by experimental testing. Nomograms and their description by simplified formulas with account of such errors in II determination were presented by the authors. They proposed methods for calculation of a 95% confidence interval for an II value of a response of a gamma-camera detector, and issued recommendations for testing computerized gamma-cameras without corresponding special programs of processing.

Contamination of milk and its products with Yersinia enterocolitica at various stages of the production process was studied for the first time. Yersinia were detected in fresh milk (at dairy farms, in tanks at reception compartments of dairy plants) and in pasteurized milk (in tanks at the plant, in paper-bags on sale). All Yersinia strains isolated from milk are pathogenic for man and highly resistant to antibiotics. A possible role of man, in particular of workers at dairy farms and plants, in Yersinia dissemination, is shown. Unlike milk, sour milk foodstuffs virtually do not participate in propagation of the infection.

The paper discusses the tumor characteristics and long-term results of treatment of 6875 cases of rectal cancer admitted to oncological institutions of the USSR within 1968-1980. Stage I-IIa ("minimal") tumors were detected in 9.4% of patients. Organ-saving procedures (local excision included) were performed in 57%. Five-year actuarial survival following surgery was 63% according to the All-Union Center for Research on Effectiveness of Cancer Treatment and 74%--according to the N. N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology data.

The paper is concerned with introduction under outpatient conditions of an instrumental diagnostic complex including, apart from routine electrocardiographic and x-ray examinations, more specialized techniques, namely phonocardiography and echocardiography. Based on examination of 273 patients with different heart diseases the authors worded indications for echocardiography with emphasis on the necessity of rejecting or confirming the diagnosis, of specifying the diagnosis upon the deciding on the surgical treatment, and so forth. The authors conclude that it is necessary to use the instrumental diagnostic complex under outpatient conditions. They stress, however, that its successful use completely depends on the number of outpatients. The present paper is of interest for physicians specialized in functional diagnosis made in- and outpatiently.

The paper describes the use of advanced space diets of three prime crews who made 96-, 140- and 175-day flights aboard Salyut-6. It is concluded that the diets facilitated maintenance of a good nutrient status, high work capacity and normal health condition.

The paper is concerned with comparative economic analysis of different types of organization of teletherapy. Considerable economic advantages of the operation of teletherapy units in 2 shifts as compared to that in one shift and a 7-day schedule as compared to a 5-day schedule were shown. Using economic reserves, one can considerably expand the volume of radiological service without great extra expenditures.

This paper presents the results of microbiological examinations of the Salyut-6 crewmembers and environment. There were few cases of adverse changes in the automicroflora composition, i. e., propagation of staphylococci of a certain biotype among crewmembers. However, no over manifestations of infectious pathology were seen. This allows the conclusion that personal hygiene measures and general hygiene and antiepidemic measures taken before and during Salyut-6 missions were adequate and efficient.

The predictive value of risk factors of stomach cancer was studied on the basis of the results of a complex genetico-epidemiologic survey conducted with a view to identifying the group at risk. An optimal combination of these factors and the multifactor method of mathematical statistics were used in working out a decision instruction. Application of the latter offers an 80% credibility in selecting persons at high risk for stomach cancer development. The paper deals with the findings on a significant relationship between stomach cancer development and genetic and familial factors as well as on indications at certain changes in gastrointestinal function observed before clinical manifestation of the disease. The results point to the efficacy of complex clinical, genetic and epidemiologic studies conducted for prediction of neoplasms caused by a set of factors.

The paper is concerned with experience in teaching clinical pharmacology in the Donetsk Medical Institute. The authors discuss the appropriateness of teaching clinical pharmacology (CP) to fourth-year students, lectures in CP to fourth-, fifth- and sixth-year students in accordance with the study of the main clinical specialties (therapy, surgery, pediatrics, etc.), and introduction of a cycle of lectures and practical studies on CP in the curriculum of clinicians' postgraduate education. In the authors' opinion, a clinician who has mastered CP fundamentals, should be employed on CP teaching.

The paper is concerned with the use of peridural anesthesia (PA) in operations for struma in a considerable size and retrosternal localization of the latter, thyrotoxicosis, grave concomitant lesions. The authors have employed PA in 12 patients, in 2 of them in association with endotracheal narcosis, in 9 in combination with neuroleptoanalgesia (NLA), and in 1 postoperatively to liquidate successfully the laryngeal mucosa edema, developed following surgery for struma performed under endotracheal narcosis.

This paper presents ballistocardiographic examinations of the Salyut-6 fourth expedition crew members who showed variations in both the shape and the amplitude of ballistocardiographic complexes. Ballistocardiograms (BCG) were recorded by means of a piezoelectric sensor with a sensitivity of 3 mV/cm x s-2. The sensor weight was 30 g. The sensor was attached to the upper part of the iliac bone, near the body mass center. During ballistocardiography the ballistic forces in the head-to-feet direction were recorded. The examinations were performed preflight and on mission days 46, 71, 98, 133, and 175. Hemodynamic specificities of the right and left heart were determined with the aid of the breath holding test. Measurements of BCG amplitudes were used to determine the kinetic effect of heart rate. The largest amplitude of BCG waves was seen on mission day 133. At this time period the systolic wave amplitude decreased during inhalation holding.

This paper reviews patent and information data on the methods of cardiac location using ultrasound dopplercardiography, as well as on the design and development of onboard equipment to be used for medical monitoring of aircraft and spacecraft crewmembers inflight. It is emphasized that dopplercardiography, being a very informative, noise-proof and relatively simple technique, holds high promise for operational medical monitoring.

"The paper deals with...the interrelation of the education level and death-rate of the Ukrainian SSR population.... Knowledge [of] the dependence of the death-rate on the educational level may be used to predict the average duration of the forthcoming life and education composition of the population." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

The paper is concerned with analysis of a new programmed-control gamma-therapeutic apparatus AGAT-P2 for gamma-beam therapy of cancer patients.

The importance of the perinatal mortality requires a thorough study of its causes. The development of effective measures for reduction of perinatal mortality must be based on the knowledge of not only the immediate causes of death of the baby (fetus) but also of all the factors of diseases and conditions of the mother, conditions of the placenta, external causes exerting a marked damaging effect on the fetus. The paper describes the experience of investigating multiple causes of perinatal mortality on the basis of a special "Perinatal Death Certificate" (registration form 246-PS) introduced in the USSR in 1974, using for coding the International statistical classification of diseases, traumas, and death causes of the IX revision which will be used in this country since 1981. This experience permits to formulate suggestions for the development of multiple causes of perinatal death within the framework of the national statistics.

This paper briefly describes physiologo-hygienic evaluations of space suits, data of the preflight training and extravehicular activities of the Salyut-6 crewmembers. It discusses changes in physiological parameters, energy expenditures, heat release and associated performance of the autonomic life support system. The paper also analyzes physiologo-hygienic aspects of the extravehicular activity of the Salyut-6 crewmembers.

The paper is concerned with the results of the use of the Electronika NMS 01900.1 microcomputer manufactured in the USSR for teaching clinical endocrinology. Owing to its small dimensions, simple maintenance and sufficiently vast computing potentialities it can be widely used for teaching. A program with broad functional possibilities was prepared permitting students to objectivize their knowledge in clinical endocrinology. Fast automated test control of knowledge raises the efficacy of teaching many times.

The paper is devoted to a search for and scientific substantiation of practical measures to enhance the quality of irradiation in radiotherapy of cancer patients aimed at the reduction of the frequency of tumor recurrences, radiation reactions and complications. Inaccuracies, errors and faults in irradiation of cancer patients were analyzed and classified with regard to topometric, dosimetric, technical, technological and other features.

This paper provides the results of the analysis of 3013 hospital admissions for bronchial asthma. The hospitalized incidence of bronchial asthma under conditions of big industrial cities is 5.5 per 10,000 adult population. Among measures of primary and secondary prevention of bronchial asthma in adult population-residents of big cities, priority should be given to the adequate treatment of pre-asthmatic conditions. The number of beds utilized for hospitalization of patients with bronchial asthma is 0.6 per 10,000 adult population per year.