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Introduction and purpose: Over the past two decades, the management of severe asthma shifted from high doses of inhaled and oral corticosteroids to targeted biologic agents. Adverse effects of treatment with monoclonal antibodies are not yet fully characterised. The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the adverse effects of the FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of moderate-to-severe asthma, including omalizumab, benralizumab, dupilumab, mepolizumab, reslizumab, tezepelumab. Material and methods of research: A thorough literature review was performed using PubMed Web of Science and Embase, employing key words related to monoclonal antibodies, asthma and adverse effects. Description of the state of knowledge: Omalizumab and mepolizumab have black box warning on the risk of anaphylaxis. Due to scarcity of data, no causal association between the use of monoclonal antibodies and risk of malignancy can be established. The most common adverse effects of biologic agents in severe asthma include upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis and asthma worsening. Conclusions: Overall, monoclonal antibodies have a favourable safety profile, with certain risk of side effects remains present, and is variable for the different molecules. More studies of asthmatic patients treated with monoclonal antibodies are needed to spot rare adverse events and those developing over longer time.

Migraine, a complex neurological disorder, affects a significant portion of the population and presents both medical and societal challenges. The aim of this paper is to provide a detailed review and analysis of available therapeutic methods for patients suffering from migraines, considering both pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. The approaches presented include acute treatment with triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), as well as preventive therapies, such as beta-blockers and antiepileptic drugs. The section on non-pharmacological therapies focuses on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), biofeedback, and lifestyle recommendations, including diet and sleep hygiene. A review of the literature indicates that integrating pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches can significantly improve treatment effectiveness and the quality of life for patients with migraines.

The purpose of this work is to show the formation process, his professional career, popularizing, teaching and organizational achievements in the field of physical culture and physical rehabilitation. Lucjan Lange was a respected physiotherapist, coach, athlete, academic teacher of Physical Education at the University of Poznań (he worked with Prof. Dr. Eugeniusz Piasecki, pioneer of the history of physical culture as a new scientific discipline, and Prof. Dr. Zdzislaw Grot, pioneer of the history of physical education in Poland), lecturer at the Medical Academy, the Higher School of Physical Education, the Agricultural Academy, the Medical Academy and Poznań high schools. He served as head of the Department of Therapeutic Physical Culture and as an instructor at the Department of Therapeutic Rehabilitation of the Orthopedic Medicine Clinic of the Poznan Medical Academy. He worked with the most prominent practitioners and theoreticians of Polish phys- iotherapy of the interwar period: Prof. Wiktor Dega, Prof. Kazimiera Milanowska and Doc. Janina Tomaszewska. He was among the forerunners of the application of new methods in therapeutic gymnastics; he organized and conducted staff training for rehabilitation departments. He served as secretary of the scientific journal “Physical Education” and was a member of district sports associations and clubs and national and international medical societies. While working at the University of Poznań’s Department of Physical Education, he taught classes in swimming, rowing, gymnastics, national dances, hand-to-hand combat, sports games, athletics and ice skating, among others. He presented methods for improving the compensation andadaptation of the musculoskeletal organ, muscle re-education and improvement after peripheral neuron damage. He has published dozens of popular science papers, the content of which he has presented at scientific conferences.

Introduction: Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a diverse group of tumors that arise from neuroendocrine cells and can synthesize and secrete neuropeptides or hormones. Although NETs usually originate from the gastrointestinal tract or bronchopulmonary tree, they can affect various organs, including the eye. The majority of ocular association with neuroendocrine tumors results from metastasis that affects the orbit, however, primary ocular tumors have been reported. Purpose of the study: The article reviews the presentation of ocular manifestations in neuroendocrine tumors including pheochromocytoma, ocular paraganglioma, gastrointestinal and bronchial NETs, Merkel cell carcinoma and neuroendocrine metastasis. Materials and methods: In order to summarize the current knowledge on the topic, a literature review of English language papers with a focus on the most current literature was performed. The review was conducted with the PubMed database with 43 works used, accessed before September 2024. Conclusions: Instances of neuroendocrine tumors leading to ocular manifestations have become increasingly prevalent. These nonspecific symptoms can make it challenging to diagnose ocular NETs. Ocular manifestations are not typically the primary symptom, but patients with tumors located in the eye may experience symptoms such as eye pain, blepharitis or exophthalmos. Ocular motility and vision may also be affected. It is crucial to study the association between those symptoms and NETs, in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the matter.

Diabetic retinopathy, also defined as diabetic eye disease is one of the main causes of eye complications and blindless in the world therefore leads to irreversible vision disorder and vision loss. A pregnant women as a patient is always a real challenge for doctors of various specialties. During this period, numerous systemic changes occur, such as increased blood pressure in the third trimester, increased blood volume insulin resistance with worsening glycemic control and excessive coagulation. The above complication may be reflected in the image of the fundus of the eye. Pregnancy may induce retinal disease such as diabetic retinopathy. This review article presents the incidence, pathogenesis and risk factors associated with diabetic retinopathy during pregnancy. More over in the following paper discussed management of diabetic retinopathy in pregnancy and guidelines are recommended based on the achievable evidence.

This paper presents the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges encountered in an older woman with advanced HIV infection. Upon admission, the patient exhibited severe symptoms of interstitial pneumonia and cachexia. During hospitalization, the patient was diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and a wide spectrum of opportunistic pulmonary infections, including Pneumocystis jiroveci, Candida krusei, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Another major diagnostic challenge posed the patient’s prolonged fever, which persisted despite comprehensive treatment. This report underscores the importance of considering new HIV infections in older patients presenting complex clinical pictures, its significant mortality risk in older individuals, and the need for timely initiation and adjustment of antiretroviral therapy.

Scars are a natural consequence of the wound healing process, but excessive scarring can lead to aesthetic and functional concerns. This paper aims to review current scar treatment methods, including modern techniques such as laser therapies, microneedling, corticosteroid injections, and silicone dressings. Special attention is given to the treatment of hypertrophic scars and keloids, which present significant challenges in contemporary medicine. An analysis of recent studies highlights the effectiveness of these methods in improving scar appearance and reducing discomfort associated with scars. Additionally, emerging experimental therapies, such as the use of stem cells and monoclonal antibody treatments, are discussed. The findings suggest that early intervention and individualized treatment approaches are crucial for achieving optimal aesthetic and functional outcomes.

Introduction and purpose: Obesity affects every age group and is associated with many negative health effects. Various diets are used to remove excess body weight. Recently, popular became two diets - intermittent fasting and ketogenic diet. Material and Method: This paper reviews various types of research documents published since 2018. Its main aim is to summarize the latest knowledge of ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting, including contraindications, side effects, impact on body weight and many diseases. It is also aimed to highlight the need for future research of the effects of both diets on various diseases and body weight reduction. Results: Both diets may be effective in weight loss and show other health benefits. Both ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting have proven to be effective in weight reduction. In the case of intermittent fasting the biggest impact on weight loss is calorie restriction. Ketogenic diet is effective as a result of calorie restriction, increased gluconeogenesis and loss of free water through increased diuresis. They can be used in the prevention and treatment of many diseases, including cardiovascular disorders, neurological disorders or potentially cancer. However, they cannot be administered by everyone and may cause dangerous side effects. Conclusion: Ketogenic diet and intermittent fasting are successful strategies for body weight reduction. Moreover, both of them may be used as an additional therapy for various diseases. However, patients should be under supervision.

Introduction Alveolar osteitis is the most common postoperative complication of tooth extraction. This medical condition has been recognized for decades, however its treatment approach is diverse with varying outcome. Aim of the study The purpose of this review is to examine and discuss contemporary methods of treating dry socket. Through a synthesis of available studies, the paper aims to identify the most beneficial methods to deal with this post-extraction complication. Materials and methods An analysis of scientific articles available in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The study used publications from 2017 to 2024. The search process included the use of the following keywords: “dry socket”, “alveolar osteitis”, “alveolitis sicca dolorosa”, “socket pain treatment”. Results Thirty-five articles were selected and reviewed carefully and independently by all authors. The agents used in the treatment of dry socket were classified as: remedies, drugs and medications, blood products, and technologies. Each group of agents is described with a discussion of their therapeutic efficacy. Summary Dry socket is a common dental problem. Currently, non-invasive methods of treating this complication are preferred. Modern solutions can provide quick and effective therapy. The treatment should relieve discomfort and promote tissue regeneration. Despite various methods, there is still no clear opinion on the best way to treat dry socket.

Introdution: Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, characterized by the cyclical onset and resolution of symptoms. It is a progressive disease that leads to intestinal damage and even disability. This disease can occur in any segment of the digestive system, from the mouth to the anus. The typical symptom is segmental inflammation in the small or large intestine, which is separated by healthy sections. The inflammation usually starts in the mucosa but, over time, spreads to the entire thickness of the intestinal wall, which can lead to intestinal damage, scarring, and the subsequent formation of fistulas and strictures. Inflammatory lesions most often occur in the last segment of the ileum, followed in order by the small and large intestines and the large intestine itself. Aim of the study: The purpose of this paper is to provide a general overview of Crohn's disease, focusing on oral symptoms. Materials and methods: An analysis of scientific articles available in Pubmed and Google Scholar databases was conducted. The study used publications from recent years that were most pertinent to the topic under discussion. The search process consisted of using the following keywords: “crohn's disease”, “oral manifestations”, “oral healh”, “Crohn's disease symptoms”. Results: In addition to the classic intestinal symptomatology, Crohn's disease can also manifest in the oral cavity. Symptoms that appear in the oral cavity may be early harbingers of Crohn's disease, occur concurrently with its onset, or manifest themselves several years after the onset of the condition. They most commonly involve the lips, buccal mucosa and gums. According to Malins and colleagues, these lesions can be divided into specific and non-specific ones. Conclusions: Crohn’s disease diagnoses are increasing, and early awareness of symptoms is crucial for timely diagnosis and prevention of complications.

Introduction and purpose Achalasia is the most prevalent primary esophageal motility disorder, marked by improper relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), increased resting pressure in the LES, and a lack of peristalsis in the esophagus. Symptoms include difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), regurgitation, chest pain, and weight loss. Due to the nonspecific nature of these symptoms, diagnosis can be delayed by several years. Since the underlying cause of achalasia is still unknown, treatment options focus on alleviating symptoms by targeting the lower esophageal sphincter. Materials and methods This paper is based on a literature review sourced from PubMed, using the following keywords: achalasia, POEM, laparoscopic cardiomyotomy, pneumatic dilation, and botulinum toxin injection. Results Various treatment options are available for achalasia, each offering unique features and results. The main approaches include Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM), Laparoscopic Myotomy (LM), Botulinum Toxin Injection, and Pneumatic Dilation (PD). Conclusion Each treatment differs in its level of invasiveness, duration of symptom relief, risk of complications, and the likelihood of requiring additional interventions. The selection of the most suitable option is influenced by individual patient factors, such as the type and severity of achalasia, overall health, and personal preference

Background: The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of body development and composition on the depression level, and to determine which of the morphological and body composition parameters have higher impact on the manifestation of depression in women aged 19 to 30 years.Methods: The study was conducted on the sample of 50 voluntarily selected test subjects. From 83 women presented at the fitness center “Fitnes Center Mall” in the city of Gjakova for the purposes of this study are voluntarily involved 50 women aged 19 to 30 years with an average age of 23.2 years. For the purpose of this paper were applied 11 body composition variables and one test for measuring depression levels.Results: The obtained results show that the multiple correlation coefficient between the predictor and the criterion system is quite high R = 0.962. This relation shows that the common variability between the two systems is 93% (R Square = 0.926). Predictive variables that has the influence in the manifestation of depression level are: Height of the body body (HEIG) t=2.784; pBody mass index (BMI) t=2.908; pConclusions: The research results show that Height of the body, Body weight, and Body mass index affect in the rate of depression level. Research shows that although mental and physical health are two separate concepts, yet they are still in a strong relationship, physical condition affects in mental state.

Sports is globally regarded as having the ability to foster friendship and peaceful coexistence among peoples across such different barriers as skin colours, country of origin, religion, gender as well as social strata. Sport is a strong source of harnessing diversities that may exist in a political system for sustainable socio-economic and political development. Sports have been used by different countries as justifiable mechanism for foreign policy and a veritable vehicle for peaceful co-existence. However, just as sport is capable of promoting friendship, it can also be used as an instrument of development in same way as it can foster national cohesion especially in plural and heterogeneous societies. To that extent, this paper sets to establish the extent to which sports can be used to engender development. It relied on the qualitative method of gauging information to establish its case. The study reveals that, indeed sports has the potentials of promoting national cohesion in a clime that is fragmented along many divisive lines such as ethnicity, religion, language and many other centrifugal forces; it further reveal that sports can also engender development in all facets such that is will enhance the standard of living of the people. The paper suggests among other things that, there is the need for the government to synergize with the private sector in order for the people and the society at large to reap the benefits that lays in sports and in the sport industry.

Introduction: Patients with maxillofacial and intraoral defects require orthognathic surgery to improve the appearance of the face and correct the occlusion. The number of orthognathic surgeries has been increasing in recent years. The motivation to undergo these surgeries is the possibility for patients to improve stomatognathic system functions i.e. chewing, swallowing and pronunciation, as well as aesthetic and psychosocial factors. Aim: The aim of the paper was to assess the occurrence of late postoperative complications and dysfunction of the stomatognathic system in patients after orthognathic surgeries such as Maxillary Lefort 1 Osteotomy and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BIMAX). Additionally, the paper emphasizes the necessity of quick activation of the stomatognathic system structures in patients after orthognathic surgeries in order to reduce the incidence of complications.Material and methods: The research was conducted with the help of the users of internet groups: "Progenia, mandibular prognathism, photos BEFORE and AFTER the operation :)" (in Polish: „Progenia, wysunięta szczęka, zdjęcia PRZED i PO operacji :)”) and "Suffering from progenia" („Progenicy”) as well as users of the Jawsurgeryforums.com online forum who have given their informed consent to participate in the survey. The analysis was carried out on a group of 92 people who underwent orthognathic surgery of Maxillary Lefort 1 Osteotomy and Bilateral Sagittal Split Osteotomy (BIMAX) type in the years 2004-2019. To assess the opinions of patients, a diagnostic questionnaire method was used, based on a proprietary electronic questionnaire, which consisted of three parts. The first part is metric, i.e.: age, gender and questions concerning the number of orthognathic surgeries performed, time of wearing intermaxillary traction wiring or splints, postoperative rehabilitation. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of 15 close-ended questions assessing the occurrence of symptoms of SS system disorders and functioning. The third part of the questionnaire consists of 20 questions concerning postoperative complications after 3 and 6 months from surgery and functioning of the dental system after surgery. The fourth part of the questionnaire consists of 5 close-ended questions concerning the evaluation of the overall impression after surgery and the most important effects of it. The test results were statistically analyzed using the correlation coefficient and Pearson's chi-squared test (p ≤ 0.05).Results: 92 people, of which 86 women (93.5%) and 6 men (6.5%), participated in the study. The most common ailments before the surgery—affecting more than half of the patients—were chewing impairment, speech defect, breathing problems and headaches. 3 months after the operation, facial neurosensory disturbances and facial swelling were the most frequent of the ailments reported by the patients (more than 70% of the respondents), limited jaw mobility, joint pains and chewing impairment were also frequent (more than 40%). 6 months after the surgery, the most frequent persisting ailments were facial neurosensory disturbances (> 60%), facial swelling and acoustic problems (> 30%), as well as pains of masticatory and mandibular muscles, headaches and limited joint mobility (> 20%). More than half of the patients (n=48) were satisfied with the surgery, the second largest group were patients delighted with the result (n=25). 4 people were dissatisfied and 3 very dissatisfied. 12 patients had difficulties in determining their satisfaction with the results of the surgery. 19 people (20.7%) did not report disturbances of somatosensory system in any of the facial areas, and among the patients experiencing ailments, 40 people (43.5%) reported problems in two areas, 27 people (29.3%) in one, 5 people (5.4%) in four and 1 person (1.1%) in three areas. In the 3rd month after the surgery it was observed that people who did not use physiotherapeutic treatment were 11.5% more likely to suffer from bone inflammation [X2(1)=4.359; p=0.037]. Two statistical tendencies were observed, suggesting that people using physiotherapy slightly less often showed limitations in mandibular mobility [by 17.6%; X2(1)=3.599; p=0.065] and by 4.7% less often experienced bone inflammation [X2(1)=1.238; p=0.076]. Conclusions: The most common postoperative complication is somatosensory system disturbance of the lower facial muscles. Orthognathic surgery contributes to the reduction of stomatognathic system ailments. Persons using physiotherapy suffer less frequently from bone inflammation and enjoy greater mobility of the temporomandibular joint.

Introduction and purpose: the Terminology Guidelines of the American Hippotherapy Association defines Equine Assisted Activities or Therapies (EAA/T) as a collection of different forms of contact between man and horse. EAA/T have become increasingly common interventions in the last decade, demonstrating therapeutic benefits in various areas of mental health. The aim of this report is to identify the forms and programmes of EAA/T that are used and to summarise and assess the latest available evidences of their clinical effectiveness in the treatment of symptoms of mental ilness and disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome or schizophrenia. In order to achieve the above mentioned objectives, a literature review has been conducted to summarise existing evidence relating to the subject matter of the study in a descriptive manner. Description of the state of knowledge: 13 findings were found in autism spectrum disorders (1 review paper and 5 research papers), post-traumatic stress syndrome (1 review paper and 4 research papers), schizophrenia (1 review paper), and children whose parents were addicted (1 research paper). Summary: the results of the research indicate that Equine Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAA/T), including horse riding, may be beneficial for people with mental illnesses and disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, post-traumatic stress syndrome, schizophrenia, and for people whose parents were addicted.

IntroductionThe nurse provides medical care for the patient, including nursing, administering medicines and performing injections. She assists the doctor in the process of diagnosis and treatment. The definition of this profession changes as a result of the development of science and increasing expectations of health care. The development of this profession is evidenced by developed models of nursing, which will focus on the practical application of the acquired knowledge.Aim The aim of this work was to present the tasks and competences of nursing and the role of this profession in improving the quality of patient care.Material and methodThe paper uses the method of literature analysis. The material used in the paper comes from publications published in a compact form and scientific articles.ResultsThe review of the collected scientific material showed that nurses have a significant impact on the quality of health care and the functioning of the entire facility. Healthcare institutions belong to organizations in which the quality of services translates into the patient's health and life. Care should therefore be a priority for the entire staff, especially for the nurses who first meet the patient and spend a lot of time with him. Patients expect medical knowledge from nurses first and foremost, but also safety, trust and proper communication.ConclusionsIn recent years, nursing has been constantly changing, which means that people in this profession have to take various actions for their development. Patient expectations are also changing. Their opinion and satisfaction is important for success. A satisfied patient will surely use the services of the facility again.

Athletic operates on the basis of a particular system of knowledge that has in its contentthe theoretical and methodological foundations of sport training (Rashiti N, Nika F, Bekolli L, Heta G.) 2017. Athletic is one of the types of sports, with complex and applicable character, consisting of large groups, which include different athletic types, with similar characteristics among them; our treatment is athletic decathlon.(Dibra F.)2006. The decathlon is a complexcombined event in athletic consisting of ten track and field events.Olympic men’s decathlons are divided into a two-day competition. The evaluation is done by points.Men’s decathlonconsists of:100m,Long jump,Shot put,High jump, 400m (Day 1); 110m hurdles,Discus throw,Pole vault,Javelin throw,1500m(Day 2).The main purpose of this paper was to verify that from the disciplines of the Decathlon:Long jump,Shot put,High jump, Discus throw,Pole vault,Javelin throw and1500m,as predictor (independent) variables will have an impact on the performance of specific motor tasks, respectively the execution of disciplines pertaining to short-distance running:100m, 110m hurdles and 400mas well as to determine the impact of these short-distance running to the final result of the decathlon knowing that these disciplines in athletics are largely genetically determined.(Misja B.) 2012The sample for the purposes of this paper will include 10 first contestants of decathlons World Championship: September 27 and October 6, 2019 in Doha, Qatar.In this research, after obtaining a statistically significant multiple correlation (R = 0.936) it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor variable (independent) in the dependent or criterion variable 400m.We can emphasize that the test (F-test) is always more valuable if the multiplex correlation is greater, in this case it is significant (Sig = 0.000), because the value of the F-test is 15,347.A statistically significant multiple correlation was obtained (R = 0.958); it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor (independent) variable in the dependent variable or criterion 110 m.In this research, after obtaining a statistically significant multiple correlation (R = 0.958), it is necessary to search for the coefficient in the (Beta) column as well as the (t-test) value indicating the influence of each predictor variable (independent) in the dependent or criterion variable) 100 m.

Introduction and aims of the study: The aim of this study is to present recent reports on the treatment and therapy of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (ChAD). The current treatment of patients affected by these diseases is difficult and unsatisfactory, therefore it is necessary to find new therapeutic options that will improve the effectiveness of treatment For the purpose of this study, scientific papers were reviewed using the Google Scholar search engine covering studies from 2016 to 2021. A dozen papers covering the scope of the publication were selected. Results: In the treatment of schizophrenia, the use of cannabinoids is of greatest interest due to the action of the preparations on the endocannabinoid system. In the treatment of ChaD, promising reports have been published on the therapy with aripiprazole and the need to improve its use in the treatment of both akathisia and agitation. Furthermore, from the fact that abnormalities of calcium signalling are considered a possible pathophysiological process in ChAD, it has been suggested that calcium channel L antagonists may be potential therapeutic agents in bipolar affective disorder. One study also demonstrated the potential use of vortioxetine in the treatment of patients with a depressive episode. Conclusions: The results of recent studies on the treatment of schizophrenia and ChAD cited in this paper offer the prospect of creating treatment regimens that are more effective and targeted in the aforementioned diseases. However, further randomised trials are needed to confirm the effective use of the cited drugs in the treatment of these diseases.

The physiotherapy process in children is specific and requires much more patience and understanding than in adults. Working with a child is not only related to the physiotherapy of a small patient, but also in a very good cooperation between the parent-physiotherapist. The paper presents selected issues of children's therapy in the light of research papers published in renowned scientific journals dealing with medical issues.

In the paper there are presented the basic principles of the organization of activities for the assurance ofthe sanitary- epidemiological welfare in the period ofpreparation and hosting of the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in the Resort City of Sochi. There are considered features of the organization ofepidemiological surveillance in the pre-Olympic period, the period of the games and the state of the morbidity rate in the region after the Olympics. There are presented data on certain directions of the work of organs and institutions of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare on the disease control of the event.

In the paper there are presented data concerning the experience of the implementation of educational programs for schoolchildren "Being healthy is fashionable ". The program has been tested in the territory of the Penza Region. The awareness of students about the factors affecting health was shown to increase by 15,8% over three years of the realization of the program. The number of students taking systematic participation in sports competitions has increased by 3.8%, going in for various sports and physical exercises in sports sections and circles has increased by 2.6%. The prevalence of regular smoking among schoolchildren decreased by 4.1%.

The paper generalizes the experience of formation of protection system against biological threats and ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare during preparation for the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games of 2014 in Sochi. The basic steps for creating this system, since 2007, participation and role of Rospotrebnadzor in this process are shown. The paper deals with such questions as the governmental and administrative structures with federal agencies interaction, development of a regulatory framework governing the safety system of the Olympic Games, development of algorithms of information exchange and management decisions, biological safety in developing infrastructure in Sochi.

Introduction and purpose of paper: The aim of this paper was to present diagnostic and therapeutic difficulties in management of sinonasal tumors, which are extremely rare. First symptoms are not specific, that is why patients usually present with advanced tumors at the moment of diagnosis. Optimal treatment depends upon extent or stage of disease. State of knowledge: Tumors of nose cavity and paranasal sinuses affecting less than 1 in 100 000 people per year. They are result of abnormal proliferation of variety of structures in the nose. Tumors in sinonasal region grow slowly and may invade local structures, for example the skull base, orbit, or brain. Symptoms of tumors of this region are not specific. This is reason why they are often misdiagnosed by the doctors. Proper detection and diagnostic examination require histopathology examination and imaging test such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. Due to type and stage of tumor, the treatment options are surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy, used separate or in combination. Summary: Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus tumors are rare, with a wide spectrum of histological differentiation. The accurate diagnosis of tumor plays a significant role influencing the therapeutic conduct and prognosis.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer occurring in the female population. Early diagnosis and appropriately implemented treatment results in high curability. The method of choice is surgery, depending on the extent of the changes, a radical method is used, consisting in complete removal of the mammary gland, or sparing. Additional, complementary methods of treatment are radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy. Surgery involves interference with tissue continuity and hence scarring. During the procedure, mechanical long pectoral nerve injury may also occur. The paper presents an example of a case study using kinesiotaping as a complementary method of rehabilitation of women after mastectomy with long pectoral nerve damage. The paper analyzes available literature and own experience

This paper tackles the issue of image, with an emphasis on personal image (personal PR). Image was selected as the focal point of this article as, according to the author, it is an indispensable element of media life and functioning in the society. There are numerous definitions of image in both Polish and foreign literature. In his or her definition, each author attempts to incorporate the aspects most important to the world of business and its actors. This paper is centered on distinguishing between such concepts as image, reputation and identity, as well as portrays the evolution of image in time and growing social awareness of the notion, and presents the methodology of building image. This study aims to determine the image of Renata Małgorzata Mauer-Różańsk as it is presented in the national press. The articles referencing the former Olympian analyzed herein were sourced from three nationwide dailies: Fakt, Gazeta Wyborcza and Super Express. The entire material collected and analyses allow to conclude that Renata Małgorzata Mauer-Różańska has a moderately positive image. On the one hand, she is viewed as an authority figure and a walking icon and, on the other, as a person who is withdrawn, afraid to step out of her comfort zone and avoids social media, as well as industry events.

Kinesiology taping, called in Poland more and more often dynamic plastering is a method with a very wide application. More and more often this method is noticed among patients. Currently, many studies have been conducted, in which the effectiveness of therapy with the use of tapes for kinesiology taping has been proven. What is more, no harmful effects of this form of therapy have been found. In addition, there is more and more research showing the effectiveness of cathodiology taping as a form of supporting the effects of the main therapy. The paper was written on the basis of review articles and research papers presented in reputable Polish magazines dealing with physiotherapy.

Breast cancer is a disease most often affecting women in the modern world and a huge challenge for modern medicine. "Breast cancer is not a sentence" - such statement is presented by one of the authors of the book position used in this paper. However, considering statistical data, every tenth woman asks herself whether this statement is true due to the highest percentage of cases of this disease among females. There may be many reasons for this situation, but one should also look at them in the lack of awareness of women about breast cancer prevention. Preventive actions are of considerable importance. They allow real recognition of the problem and implementation of activities aimed at reducing the risk of disease. Undoubtedly, some people are not aware of the seriousness of this situation, and the second part wonders what the reason for such a high percentage of cases is. The answer is simple - women do not perform self-examination of breasts, do not participate in preventive examinations and report to the doctor when the cancer process is already advanced. Aim of this paper The aim of this paper was to evaluate knowledge and activities for oncological prevention of women invited for mammography screening as part of the "Population program for early detection of breast cancer". Material and methods The study covered 105 randomly selected women in rural and urban areas of the Podkarpackie Voivodeship aged 50-69 covered by the "Population program for the early detection of breast cancer. The research was conducted in the period from 09/01/2017 to 10/31/2017. The author's questionnaire consisting of 32 questions was used for the research. The research was voluntary and anonymous.For the purpose of this work, the following tests were used for questions on nominal scales for verification of hypotheses: V Kramer (2x3 tables, 4x5 etc.), Phi (2x2 tables) - these are symmetric measures based on chi-square test informing about the strength of dependencies between variables in cross tables. For questions on ordinal scales, Tb - Kendall or Tc tests were used - the first for 2x2 tables, the second 2x3, 4x5 tables, etc. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS program and all relationships are statistically significant when p

Introduction and and purpose of paper: The aim of this paper was to present modern methods of treatment for endometriosis. Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory condition of women that is characterized by the implementation of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. It affects 7 to 15% of menstruating women, and 35 to 50% of women treated for infertility. State of knowledge: Diagnosis of endometriosis is made on the basis of well-collected gynecological history, clinical examinations and imaging techniques. The golden standard for diagnostics is laparoscopy with subsequent histological examination of the material collected during the procedure. Among the methods of treatment in women with endometriosis, pharmacological and surgical treatment is applied. The pharmacological agents most commonly used in endometriosis are: combined hormonal contraceptives, progestins and anti-progestins, GnRH agonists and antagonists, aromatase inhibitors, Danazol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Pharmacological treatment is only symptomatic, not cytoreductive, therefore, to remove endometriosis lesions, surgery should be performed. There are two ways to perform surgery: laparotomy and laparoscopy. Surgical treatment of endometriosis may be associated with local excision of lesions and sometimes even removal of the entire organ. Treatment should be conducted in consultation with the patient and her wishes. Conservative treatment is most commonly used among women of reproductive age. Summary: The pharmaceutical or surgical treatment require an individual approach and deliberated informed consent of patient. Pharmacological treatment is only symptomatic, not cytoreductive, therefore, to remove endometriosis lesions, surgery should be performed.

Physiotherapy section - physicotherapy successfully applies frequent cryotherapy treatments in many different diseases. The paper presents a review of the literature on the basis of review papers as well as research papers from reputable scientific journals, which have been published over the last few years.

Nowadays, there are more and more reports of child abuse. However, this is not due to an increase in violence against minors, but to an increase in public awareness. People have begun to report child abuse. Child Abuse Syndrome affects both physical and psychological violence. There are many risk factors. Correct diagnosis is difficult, especially for children who start walking, running and all kinds of injuries can be the result of their playing. Intelligence, accurate viewing of the child and physical examination has an important role. When discussing the child abuse syndrome, let’s not forget about Munchausen syndrome per procura. Then the child’s testimonies are invented, very often behind the story presented by the young patient there is a family member – mainlythe mother. Since September 2011, all health care workers are subject to the “Blue Card” procedure. [11,27] If child abuse has occurred in the family, or even if there is a suspicion of such abuse, an Interdisciplinary Team is established. The task of this team is to complete the Blue Card procedure and to ensure the safety of a victim of violence. A paramedic plays an important role in this procedure. In most cases it is the person who first comes into contact with a child who is a victim of abuse. The paramedic must ensure that the patient feels safe. Their task is to identify the problem, document the injuries occurring on the child’s body at the time of examination and fill in the appropriate documentation, which will be handed over to the Interdisciplinary Team. This paper presents materials explaining the epidemiology and clinical image of the child abuse syndrome. Social aspects and legal consequences of this issue are also discussed. The “Blue Card” procedure and the “Blue Bear” form are also presented. The paper explains the role of medical personnel in case of violence against children.

The paper addresses the problem of the lack of access to medical services and qualified medical staff in developing countries on the example of Kenya and Ghana. The paper presents possibilities of using telemedicine in Kenya and Ghana. It was proposed to appoint the function of a medical coordinator. The project of implementing telemedicine in Kenya was described and the possibility of implementing the system for Ghana was indicated. The benefits of using telemedicine for both medical personnel and the patient are presented.

Introduction: Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders, which can be classified as civilization diseases, constitute an important element of a comprehensive analysis of health condition of people aged over 19. A comprehensive analysis of this component should not overlook the spatial aspect, i.e. the question of spatial diversification. Aim of the paper: The purpose of the paper was presented in the article’s title. It is an analysis of spatial diversification of the musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorder incidence by voivodeships and districts (poviats). Materials and methods: In the paper, data from the following organisations were used: Centrum Systemów Informacyjnych Ochrony Zdrowia (CSIOZ) [Centre of Health Information Systems], Bank Danych Lokalnych Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego (BDL GUS) [Local Data Bank of Central Statistical Office], Centralny Ośrodek Dokumentacji Geodezyjnej i Kartograficznej (CODGiK) [National Surveying and Cartographic Documentation Centre] and from “Natural Earth. Free vector and raster map data”. Within the scope of the paper, the crude incidence rate was calculated and choropleth maps were developed constituting a cartographic visualization of the calculated rates. Results: The results of the carried out analysis were presented in the form of the cartographic visualisation and tables including change dynamics. It constituted the basis for identification of the areas of advantageous and disadvantageous epidemiological situation. Conclusions: In light of the obtained results, among other things, the following has to be stated: the areas of disadvantageous epidemiological situation include northern Poland and some of the former Russian partition voivodeships

The COVID-19 pandemic disease had a huge impact on professional football and led to the introduction of significant spectatorrestrictions. The most significant restriction was the banning of spectators from entering the stadium. This paper evaluates home advantage and the extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on home advantage in men’s professional football in the Czech top football league. The research findings can be useful in various decision-making areas, such as team game strategies or betting strategies. The research compares the results of matches played with spectators with the results of matches played without spectators or with spectator restrictions. The method chosen to quantify home advantage considers points and goals scored and uses a two-sample Mann-Whitney test. The COVID-19 pandemic had no statistically significant effect on homeadvantage. Home advantage persisted even without spectators, although to a lesser extent. The research concluded that home advantage may be reduced but not lost in the absence of spectators. However, more detailed analyses are needed in future studies to identify the main determinants of this phenomenon across football leagues and countries.

Introducion and purpose Millions of people use contact lenses every day. Their primary and most common use is correcting refractive errors. Despite their beneficial purpose, contact lens use has many complications. It is estimated that 5 to 50% of patients may develop at least a single complication. The state of knowledge Contact lens-related complications are multifactorial. One of the main reasons for contact lens discontinuation is contact lens discomfort. Patients most often report dryness, burning, and irritated eyes. Other disorders can be briefly divided into conjunctival and corneal complications. The most common conjunctival and allergic complication of contact lens use is giant papillary conjunctivitis. Other significant conditions involving the conjunctiva can also be superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis or allergic or toxic conjunctivitis. Corneal complications, on the other hand, seemed to be much more severe. These include superficial punctate keratitis, peripheral corneal ulceration, and contact lens-related keratitis. Also, abrasion can occur due to improper eye hygiene or mechanical damage during lens replacement. It should also be remembered that prolonged use of lenses can lead to hypoxia and corneal edema. Summary This paper briefly outlines the possible complications of contact lens use. It is important to remember that despite their appropriate use, sometimes significant complications can occur. Noteworthy, corneal, or conjunctival complications require discontinuation of the lenses and appropriate treatment.

Tourism is a fast-growing industry; creating a national brand can be part of an effective strategy for managing the national growth of tourism. Rajgir is a historical and religious city. There are many destinations related to Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religions, but the present-day government has developed many green tourism sites in Rajgir and the government branding Rajgir as a destination of green tourism. As the development of green tourism in Rajgir is in the early stage, this paper aims to investigate tourist perception of green tourism in Rajgir. A study utilizing a questionnaire survey with tourists identified and tested the components and characteristics of a green city brand. The study used quantitative methods by surveying a total of 332 visitors to know the perception of Rajgir as a green destination. The visitors have a favourable opinion of Rajgir’s green resources based on observations of the overall mean scores since they have relatively higher average scores across most of the examined factors. These findings also benefit destination marketers and brand managers whose cities have attractive green resources and qualities with a framework for developing green brands.

The main objectives of this article are: to discuss the problem of retirement among professional athletes and to develop recommendations for a pension system dedicated to athletes. The issue of retirement in sport is complex because of the specific nature of professional sports persons’ occupation and its multi-layer ramifications for life after the sports career. The retirement process differs for athletes versus other members of society because they have to finish careers when their bodies do not allow them to perform at the expected level, at a relatively young age in comparison to other occupations. As a result, they face multiple challenges, such as embarking on a new career path. The article includes a description of the athletic career, touching upon issues such as the necessity for early and narrow specialization. Subsequently, challenges connected with athletes’ retirement are presented in the light of both the sociological and psychological perspective. Institutional solutions designed to make a post-career transition are also discussed. This article is based on the existing literature from the field and review of programmes established to facilitate athletes’ retirement process. The paper may be considered a contribution to a discussion oneffective ways to facilitate athletes’ retirement process.

The purpose of the work is to study the system of tourism and recreation promotion in the Wilno region in the 1920s and 1930s. To fulfilthe intended purpose of the study, the author used scientific methodology of a historical type. For the first time, the article presents a systematic description of the main methods of tourism and recreation development in the Wilno Region in the 1920s and 1930s, when this region was incorporated into the Second Polish Republic. This study presents the promotion of tourism and recreation in the region through the publication of specialized literature and other printed materials. It shows the contribution of various national and regional organizations, associations and unions to the promotion and development of tourism and recreation in the region. Moreover, the paper comprises an analysis of the promotion of recreation and tourism through promotions and advertising campaigns, as well as through the provision ofdiscounts on railway tickets. In the future, the presented research may provide useful material for further research on the history of the Wilno region and the history of tourism and recreation in Poland, Lithuania and Belarus.

Background: Creatine, a naturally occurring compound plays a crucial role in cellular energy metabolism, particularly in tissues with high energy demands like muscles and the brain. Beyond its well-established role in physical performance enhancement, recent research has revealed its potential benefits for cognitive functions and mood regulation. This review paper aims to comprehensively analyze the existing literature on creatine supplementation's effects on cognitive functions and mood. State of Knowledge: Findings suggest that creatine supplementation enhances memory, attention, and executive functions, especially under conditions of stress or sleep deprivation. Moreover, it exhibits mood-stabilizing effects, potentially offering relief for symptoms of depression and fatigue. Creatine's ability to augment brain energy metabolism, alongside its neuroprotective properties, underlies its cognitive and mood-enhancing effects. While generally safe, caution is advised, particularly in populations with kidney diseases or those using medications affecting kidney function. Summary: Creatine emerges as a promising adjunct therapy for enhancing cognitive functions and promoting emotional well-being beyond its traditional role in physical performance.The review underscores the need for further research to elucidate the precise mechanisms of creatine's effects and explore its synergistic potential with other cognitive-enhancing supplements.

Background: Increasing problem of sexually transmitted diseases needs a well-organized effort allowing preserving and strengthening sexual health. Proper knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases (STD) allows not only to protect oneself against contagion but also others. Incorrect information in that field may give false sense of security and in consequence increase in STD rates. Appropriate sources of knowledge are inherent in awareness-raising and taking mature actions. Seeking effective methods of transferring knowledge and awareness-raising about STD is the subject of actions of many professionals. Objective: Analysis of chosen scientific work concerning the level of knowledge and the awareness of the threats of sexually transmitted diseases among Polish youth. Material & methods: The basis for this paper was the review of articles and scientific work in Polish magazines that were the results of studies of the awareness of the threats of STD among youth. Papers of high quality of presented studies and with interesting results were selected for analysis. Results: Analyzed studies were using questionnaires created by authors and containing questions dealing with knowledge about etiological factors, symptoms and risky behaviour leading to STD infection. The results of the studies confirmed significant yet in some aspects selective and limited knowledge of the subjects about threats and prevention of STD. The youth knew few diseases, did not realize STD were asymptomatic, and often did not notice the risk of infection caused by early sexual initiation and having many sexual partners. Women and residents of urban areas knew more about STD than men and residents of rural areas. Conclusion: Selective and not well-organized knowledge limits possibility of eliminating hazardous behaviour contributing to transferring STD. The lack of understanding of the threat and asymptomatic course of STD leads to unaware carriage of STD and, in consequence to spreading the diseases and their complications. Observed decrease of the age of sexual initiation requires to introduce effective prevention based on coordination of the actions of young man or woman, their surroundings and educational units. It is necessary to complement school educational programmes by regularly repeated information about etiology, clinical picture of reproductive system diseases, paying particular attention to early detection of cancer and STD prevention.

The aim of this paper is to present the level of knowledge of Tarnobrzeg Cardiology Clinic patients of the risk factors of coronary heart disease. The data required to support the paper’s statement was collected from 100 patients. Diagnostic survey was used as the method. A questionnaire with a set of 22 questions was used as the research tool. The obtained results show that the level of knowledge is not satisfactory and the patients require further education. It was found that gender is not a factor differentiating the level of knowledge. However, urban residents are better informed than rural residents. It was concluded that the older the patient is the lower level of knowledge of coronary heart disease risk factors he or she possesses. Also, patients with higher education are more knowledgeable. The research presented in the paper indicates there is an increased need of educating the population on coronary heart disease risk factors, promoting cardiovascular diseases prevention and engaging the medical community in spreading the knowledge.

Introduction Discopathy of the cervical spine is becoming an increasingly common problem among the entire population, assuming the status of a civilization disease. Aim of this paper The aim of the paper was to assess the functional efficiency and pain intensity among patients treated conservatively due to the degenerative disc disease of the cervical spine. Materials and methods The study included 100 patients treated conservatively in the neurosurgical outpatient clinic. A self-prepared questionnaire, the NRS (Numerical Rating Scale) pain scale and the NDI (Neck Disability Index) performance evaluation scale were used to conduct the research. Findings Differences in pain severity were found in the respective Neck Disability Index scale groups. There was no significant correlation between the type of work and the degree of disability on the Neck Disability Index scale and the relationship between the mode of work and the perceived pain. Conclusions On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that there was a significant relationship between cervical spine pain and the degree of disability defined in the Neck Disability Index. The type of work performed did not show any relationship with the degree of Neck Disability Index disability, and the mode in which the work is performed has no significant impact on pain.

Demographic estimates for Poland indicate that the average life expectancy of the population will increase further over the next decades. Weakness of memory is a physiological phenomenon affecting about 60% of people over 65, whereas the prevalence of dementia in the population is estimated at 10-11%. Identification of people at high risk of developing dementia is becoming a significant medical and social problem. Cognitive impairment is one of the first symptoms of dementia. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is a screening method that allows initial assessment of cognitive performance. Correct diagnosis of symptoms, determining the health needs of seniors in all dimensions sets its further paths and optimal medical treatment. Aim of the paper: The aim of this paper is to assess the efficiency of cognitive function of people over 65. Material and methods: The analysis included 135 questionnaires of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and respondents’ particulars. Additionally, the functional efficiency of the subjects was assessed using the Barthel scale. The research was conducted among people over 65 in the Podkarpackie Voivodeship in 2017. For the purpose of this work, especially for verification of hypotheses, the following tests were used for questions on nominal scales: V Kramer (2x3, 4x5 tables etc.), Phi (2x2 tables). Tb-Kendall or Tc tests were used for questions on ordinal scales. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SPSS program and all relationships were statistically significant when p

Introduction. Metabolic disorders, the coexistence of many diseases, lack of physical activity, bad nutrition and low economic status are factors which increase the risk of being overweight of obese. We are currently witnessing an increase in obesity along with age, which has been intensifying in recent years. Aim of the paper. The aim of the paper was to analyse the influence of overweight and obesity among the elderly on their life activity, level of self-esteem and satisfaction with life. Material and methods. The research was carried out on October 2017 in Opole Lubelskie (in Lubelskie Province). The study group consisted of 50 people aged over 65. The selection criteria for respondents were age (> 65) and BMI (>25). A specially prepared questionnaire was used for the research. The BMI of the respondents was calculated from measures of their height and body mass. Results. The BMI calculated confirmed class I obesity among 28.57% of women and 18.19% of men, class II obesity in 39.29% of women and 36.36% of men and class III obesity in 32.14% of women and 45.45% of men (Graph 1). 78% of respondents assessed their lifestyle as not very active. A whole 92% are not satisfied with their appearance. All those surveyed believe they are perceived badly by other people. Conclusions. Obesity has a major influence on the quality of life of people of advanced age. Excessive body mass has a detrimental effect on self-esteem and can lead to the elderly withdrawing from social life. Key words: obesity, elderly, self-esteem, life satisfaction

The management in sport is usually associated with a number of aspects and features of administration, adopted in national and international sports federations and organizations, but also in the past decades, sports management in most countries entirely absorbed the sphere of sports marketing. The development of sports business is associated with the marketing principle of customer-orientation, with an offer of expanded service package to the audience, with improving the quality of sports and entertainment services to viewers. Widespread use of sponsorship for the financing of sports and the application of marketing technologies for the organization of spectator flows suggests the formation of modern management concepts in the area of professional sport, which is based on a sports business (provision of recreational and sports entertainment services on a commercial basis). The paper concludes that sports business in professional sport and its elements in the sphere of amateur Olympic sports is formed by a combination of the two major levels or components - competition process of professional athletesand the organization of spectacular entertainment side of sports events. The paper distinguishes and describes seven key characteristics that reflect the actual combination of social and economic characteristics of sport management.

Disasters are very big challenge for health services around the world. The media almost daily inform mass accidents or disasters. In Poland, the issue of responding to events mass rests largely on the State Emergency Medical System. The paper presents the activities carried out by emergency medical services on health in emergency situations. The paper characterized conducting rescue operations and the problems and errors occurring during the conduct of rescue operations.

Increase of cardiovascular tension is a common thing for professional athletic training. Cardiovascular pathologies can be prevented by permanent physiological monitoring using, among others, the methods of cardiologic monitoring so far available in stationary diagnostic centers. On-line remote diagnostics during training is potent to enhance effectiveness and efficiency of sporting people's health management. In addition, RD will also enable extensive investigations of the bodily responses of individually determined training loads. The paper gives an overview of the current RM technologies.

Introduction: Neurodegenerative diseases pose a significant diagnostic challenge due to the increasing elderly population and the rising prevalence of these conditions. State of Knowledge: Differential diagnosis among these diseases is particularly challenging; thus, numerous clinical trials have been conducted to identify markers that could facilitate accurate disease diagnosis. Among various diagnostic approaches, imaging techniques play a crucial role, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which includes advanced modalities such as proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H-MRS). ¹H-MRS offers a non-invasive assessment of neurometabolite profiles, providing critical information that aids in precise diagnosis. Conclusions: With ongoing clinical trials, the importance of ¹H-MRS in diagnosing neurodegenerative diseases continues to grow. This paper reviews the results of recent and relevant clinical trials examining changes in ¹H-MRS in the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases.

Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is a challenge for the modern world due to the due to aging populations. Researchers are trying their best to understand the mechanisms of onset and find effective ways to treat and prevent this disease. The purpose of the following paper is to present the impact of physical activity in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Numerous studies confirm that regular workouts have a positive reflection in the form of slowing the aging of the brain and alleviation of neuropsychiatric symptoms in affected individuals. During muscle work irisin is produced, which plays an important role in the formation of neurons and exhibits an anti-inflammatory effects. This review also looks at the aspect of maintaining proper composition of the gut microbiota, whose imbalance can promote the process of neuronal inflammation and cognitive dysfunction. Attention is also given to issues of training intensity and the effect of of exercise on blood flow in the brain. All of these elements play an important role in preventing and slowing down neurodegeneration.

Infections with the human papillomavirus (HPV) are one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases and are the main cause of precancerous changes and cervical cancer development. However, mere infection does not guarantee the development of disease or carcinogenesis. For this to occur, high-risk types of HPV must integrate into the host cell genome, transitioning into a persistent form of infection. Following the discovery of risk factors for HPV infection and factors predisposing infection to a persistent form, the number of studies investigating the correlation between vaginal dysbiosis and infection has significantly increased. Numerous studies document a significant association between the state of vaginal bacterial flora and HPV infection, leading to the development of plentiful studies on infection pathogenesis, risk factors, prevention, and treatment methods using bacteria. In this paper, based on recently published studies and current state of science knowledge, we will outline the topic of vaginal microbiome, emphasize the importance of bacteria inhabiting the vagina for human health, and identify the problem of changes in vaginal microflora. We would like to contribute to the dissemination of knowledge about the vaginal microbiome and general knowledge about taking care of its health. We will also summarize available treatment methods based on bacterial environment and discuss those methods for which research is currently underway or should be initiated.

Introduction: Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a genetic X-linked recessive disorder. This condition is characterized by progressive loss of muscle tissue. Thus, it results in deterioration and inability to perform basic motor skills such as independent movement or breathing. Due to progressive muscle weakness, patients with advanced stages of DMD require mechanical ventilation, feeding, and rehabilitation. Furthermore, alterations in cardiac muscle lead to cardiomyopathy. Despite advanced supportive treatment, DMD is a fatal disease. Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present, using a case study description, the current standards of treatment for patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy as well as the current state of knowledge and new discoveries regarding this medical condition. Material and methods The patient's medical records were analyzed and available literature in PubMed was reviewed to write this article using the keywords: „Duchenne muscular dystrophy”; „cardiomyopathy”; „mechanical ventilation”; „gene therapy”; Conclusions Early detection of respiratory and circulatory insufficiency improves the patient's quality of life. Many patients with an advanced stage of Duchenne muscular dystrophy need specialized treatment, for example, in the intensive care unit. Therefore there is an urgent need for new treatment methods, such as gene therapies, which can slow down or break the course of the disease. New discoveries and the implementation of new treatment standards can enhance the quality of life for patients and extend their lifespans.