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The aim of this paper is to examine the attitude towards the implementation of swimming in the teaching of physical and health education of children. The introduction of swimming as a mandatory program content of physical education is one of the possible innovations of this type which was the subject of the research and analysis of this paper. On the basis of theoretical analysis, “The Questionnaire on Swimming in Physical Education,” containing 17 statements which are answered via five-point Likert-type assessment scales was constructed. A total sample of 104 subjects, coaches, teachers of physical education and sport, active senior swimmers, and parents with children between the ages of six and ten were interviewed. The data on the socio-demographic characteristics, swimming, and sports habits were collected. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis and the reliability analysis by Crombach’s Alpha method (α = 0.75) indicate good metric characteristics of the questionnaire. The results of the descriptive statistical analysis show an extremely positive attitude of parents when it comes to swimming in physical education (M = 4.52, SD = 0.29). The descriptive statistical analysis supports the assumption that health and recreational goals of swimming (M = 4.81) are significantly ahead of sports and competition (M = 2.33). When it comes to assessing the emotions associated with swimming, it can also be concluded that recreation (M = 4.85) and entertainment (M = 4.66) are more important than competition (M = 3.72), i.e., that they provoke more positive emotions among children. The results of the variance analysis show that there are no statistically significant differences in attitudes towards swimming in physical education in the subsamples formed according to socio-demographic variables. The obtained results are primarily a confirmation of the positive educational and developmental effects of swimming. Furthermore, many problems exist with the realization of the idea of introducing swimming in regular classes. For such actions, the most important aspects include organization and cooperation of schools, sports centers and the local community, while the financial resources that need to be invested are not so great if the development benefits for children are taken into account. The observed extremely positive attitude of the subjects speaks to their readiness to help and support the implementation of such programs.

This article focuses on the promotional aspects related to the tourist attractiveness of the neighboring countries-Poland and Slovakia. The purpose of the article is to analyze the issue in question and point out the importance of the search for ways to increase the effectiveness of management of the area of tourism promotion in both countries. The authors used an empirical research method with quantitative-statistical and qualitative studies on specific promotional campaigns. The Olympic Games have the greatest marketing potential among sporting events, as the most important sporting event in the world. The possibility of organizing such an event in Poland and Slovakia would certainly serve to improve the recognition rates of both countries. The authors will try to demonstrate this potential as part of the considerations in this article. Acknowledgement: This paper was supported by the project NP-KSV-ET-01-2023-12/ST - International cooperation in the field of development, management and law in tourism and sports between the Republic of Poland and Slovak Republic. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and should not be taken as reflecting the position of any authority, entity or institution. This article presents the legal status as of 25 March 2023.

The COVID-19 pandemic disease had a huge impact on professional football and led to the introduction of significant spectatorrestrictions. The most significant restriction was the banning of spectators from entering the stadium. This paper evaluates home advantage and the extent of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on home advantage in men’s professional football in the Czech top football league. The research findings can be useful in various decision-making areas, such as team game strategies or betting strategies. The research compares the results of matches played with spectators with the results of matches played without spectators or with spectator restrictions. The method chosen to quantify home advantage considers points and goals scored and uses a two-sample Mann-Whitney test. The COVID-19 pandemic had no statistically significant effect on homeadvantage. Home advantage persisted even without spectators, although to a lesser extent. The research concluded that home advantage may be reduced but not lost in the absence of spectators. However, more detailed analyses are needed in future studies to identify the main determinants of this phenomenon across football leagues and countries.

Mateusz Tomanek, Zdzisław Markuszewski. Możliwości wdrożeń koncepcji zarządzania przez jakość (TQM) w klubach sportowych = The ability to implement TQM in sport clubs. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):966-974. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.212376 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/769709 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Pola nd Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.09.2016. Revised 22.09.2016. Accepted: 30.09.2016. Streszczenie W artykule dokonano analizy możliwości wdrożenia TQM w klubach sportowych, oraz przedstawiono w jaki sposób można wykorzystać narzędzia stosowane w TQM w organizacjach sportowych. Słowa kluczowe: TQM, sport, klub sportowy, jakość, zarządzanie Abstract This paper provides an analysis of the ability to implement TQM in sport clubs, depicting the manner in which TQM tools can be used by said clubs. Keywords: TQM, sport, sport club, quality, management

The aim of the paper is to present the discipline of football in the provinces of Stanisławów and Ternopil in the years 1920-1939. The area of Stanisławów and Ternopil provinces was mainly inhabited by the Poles, Ukrainians and Jews. In the years 1920-1939, the number of clubs and sports associations that ran football sections among Polish, Jewish and Ukrainian citizens grew. Initially, those clubs and sports associations belonged to Lviv Regional Football Association (OZPN). In mid 20s and in the 30s of the 20th century, football organizational structures were created: sub-region of Stanisławów, sub-region of Ternopil and Stanisławów OZPN. The football players of Rewera Stanisławów, Pogoń Stryj and Strzelec Górka Stanisławów became successful all over Poland. In the years 1934-1939, the footballers from the province of Stanisławów – as representatives of Stanisławów OZPN – took part in playoffs to get promoted to the national league. Junior football players of Rewera Stanisławów and Strzelec Górka Stanisławów took part in final tournaments of Polish junior championships in the years 1936-1939.

Kosiński Michał, Kosiński Wojciech. Analiza różnic w ocenie stresu i lęku przedstartowego z wykorzystaniem testów SCAT i CSAI-2d = Analysis of differences in the evaluation of pre-competition stress and anxiety using SCAT and CSAI-2d tests. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):53-61. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.192192 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4029 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 02.12.2016. Analiza różnic w ocenie stresu i lęku przedstartowego z wykorzystaniem testów SCAT i CSAI-2d Analysis of differences in the evaluation of pre-competition stress and anxiety using SCAT and CSAI-2d tests Kosiński Michał1, Kosiński Wojciech2 MN/WF/6/2016, 1Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu im. Jędrzeja Śniadeckiego w Gdańsku / Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport 2Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny / Medical University of Gdańsk Słowa kluczowe: sport, aktywność fizyczna, psychologia Key worlds: sport, physical activity, psychology Streszczenie Głównym celem niniejszej pracy było porównanie wyniku badań lęku i stresu przedstartowego mierzonego za pomocą testów SCAT i CSAI-2d wśród pływaków i ratowników. Praca została napisana w oparciu o artykuł Competitive Anxiety in Lifesavers and Swimmers (Avramidou E., Avramidis S., Pollman R., 2007) zamieszczony w International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education z wykorzystania testu psychologicznego CSAI-2d oraz badania własne prowadzone przez autora z użyciem testu SCAT przeprowadzone w latach 2013-2015. Grupę docelową w obu badaniach stanowili zawodnicy rywalizujący w zawodach sportowych we wskazanych dyscyplinach. Ankiety SCAT były anonimowe. Ankietowani, w liczbie prawie 350, pochodzili z Polski, Czech, Niemiec i Belgii. Analiza wyników wykazała rozbieżności pomiędzy wynikami testu SCAT i testu CSAI-2d, co spowodowane mogło być małą liczebnością jednej z badanych grup (20 osób). W obu badaniach lęk przedstartowy został oceniony na podobnym poziomie. Summary The main aim of this paper was to compare whether the level of perceived anxiety and pre-competition stress tested with SCAT and CSAI-2d among the athletes representing swimming and water rescue sports. The paper was based on article Competitive Anxiety in lifesavers and Swimmers (Avramidou E., Avramidis, S., Pollman R., 2007) printed in the International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education from the use of psychological test CSAI-2d and own research conducted by the author with SCAT test (all the work was carried out in 2013-2015). The target group consisted of athletes competing in a specific discipline. SCAT Surveys were anonymous. The respondents in the number of nearly 350, came from the Poland, Czech Republic, Germany and Belgium. Analysis of the results showed a discrepancy between the results of the CSAI-2d test and the SCAT test, which could be due to the small sample size of respondents group (20 athletes). In both studies, however, the level of anxiety has been evaluated at a similar level.

Introduction and aim. The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, moderate-protein, and low-carbohydrate dietary regimen that induces a state of ketosis, shifting the body’s fuel source from glucose to ketone bodies produced from fatty acids. The aim of this paper is to analyze the influence of the KD on athletes’ performance, body composition and other aspects of body function. Materials and methods. A comprehensive literature search has been conducted through PubMed database using keywords such as “ketogenic diet sport” and “ketogenic diet athletes”, “ketogenic diet body”. Analysis of literature. Some studies suggest that a KD can be a viable method for reducing body fat without negatively affecting strength, power, or muscle mass in athletes. It has been found that KD can increase fat oxidation. However, KD may not be optimal for improving performance in high-intensity endurance events or activities that require quick bursts of energy fueled by carbohydrates. Additionally, KD may not have a significant effect on factors such as VO2max, HRmax, time to exhaustion, and perceived exertion in some athletes. Conclusion. More research is required to understand the effects of the ketogenic diet on athletes’ performance. It may aid in weight loss and fat oxidation, but questions remain regarding adaptation time, sport-specific benefits, and impact on various body parameters.

The article deals with the management of the 2023 European Games by the public administration in organizational terms. In the main, the formal and legal regulations constituting the framework for the management of a major sports event were analyzed. The paper uses the dogmatic-egalitarian research method, which required an analysis of the detailed legal regulations of this area. The research aspects contained within the article form a functional whole developed by the four co-authors. They can be summarized as a kind of commentary on selected aspects most relevant to the management of the 2023 European Games. It is important that in their creation, research methods familiar to management and quality sciences and legal sciences were used. In the main, the predominant method was dogmatic and exegetical, which required an in-depth analysis of organizational aspects in the context of the use of literature and views of doctrine, as well as analysis of the legal text.

Volunteer Fire Brigades (OSPs) are the most numerous and widespread category of rural non-governmental organisations in Poland. The emergency rescue focus of their activity is conducive to undertaking initiatives in the field of sports, i.e. projects aiming to improve the physical fitness and technical skills of volunteer firefighters. Firefighting sports competitions are the main form of sports rivalry among firefighters. Due to the fact of their long-time and regular organisation, team character, complying with a set of strict rules and rituals, and also the fact that this is rivalry between teams representing local communities that neighbour one another, they are a social and cultural phenomenon in which the problems of today’s rural Poland come into focus. Based on field research completed just before the COVID-19 pandemic and an overview of the literature, the author sets out to identify the functions of firefighting sports competitions in local systems. Considering the scale of the OSP organisation and the fact that it is permanently rooted in rural Poland, the paper may be considered a contribution to the discussion on effective ways of promoting physical culture outside urban centres.

Szwajdler Paweł. The Legal Aspects of Corruption in Sport = Prawne aspekty korupcji w sporcie. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(5):445-451. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.62001 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3852 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.05.2016. Revised 25.05.2016. Accepted: 25.05.2016. The Legal Aspects of Corruption in Sport Prawne aspekty korupcji w sporcie Paweł Szwajdler e-mail: pawel.szwajdler@onet.pl Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Abstrakt: W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono zarys obowiązujących oraz proponowanych rozwiązań jurydycznych, przeciwdziałających zjawisku korupcji w sporcie. Na początku rozważań poruszono zagadnienia o charakterze ogólnym, a mianowicie zdefiniowano pojęcie korupcji oraz pokazano jej oddziaływanie na funkcjonowanie społeczeństwa. Następnie omówiono wpływ zachowań korupcyjnych na życie sportowe. W głównej części pracy zaprezentowano wybrane rozwiązania skierowane przeciwko korupcji w sporcie oraz postulaty dotyczące przedmiotowego zagadnienia, wskazywane przez przedstawicieli doktryny prawa sportowego. Abstract: The author of this paper presents legal measures against corruption in sport. The overall issues such as the notion of corruption and influence of corruption on the society are discussed in the beginning of this article. Furthermore, it is showed the influence of corruptive behaviours on sport. In the main part of this paper, the author considers selected measures against corruption in sport and opinions of legal researchers about them. Key words: sport, corruption, law, anti- corruption measures, integrity of sport Słowa kluczowe: sport, korupcja, prawo, przeciwdziałanie korupcji, integralność sportu

Szwajdler Paweł. The Protection of Sports Trademarks in the Recent Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union = Ochrona sportowych znaków towarów w świetle najnowszego orzecznictwa TSUE. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):357-362. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.61991 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3851 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.08.2016. Revised 25.08.2016. Accepted: 06.09.2016. The Protection of Sports Trademarks in the Recent Case Law of the Court of Justice of the European Union Ochrona sportowych znaków towarów w świetle najnowszego orzecznictwa TSUE Paweł Szwajdler e-mail: pawel.szwajdler@onet.pl Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Abstract The main aim of this work is to give an answer to the question: are sports trademarks treated in EU in different way than other trademarks? The author of this article was inspired by two recent judgements of EU Court of Justice. First of them is related to sports shoes and second one to football club crest. Above- mentioned judgement are interesting, because both of them concern marks, which are similar to registered trademarks. Therefore, it is able to show boundaries of the protection of sports trademarks. This paper contains also overall considerations about trademarks, sports trademarks and their protection. Abstrakt Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest udzielenie odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy sportowe znaki towarowe podlegają w Unii Europejskiej szczególnej ochronie prawnej. Inspirację dla zarysowanych w zdaniu poprzednim rozważań stanowią dwa wyroki Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej. Pierwszy spośród nich dotyczy ochrony konturów herbu klubu piłkarskiego, natomiast drugi dotyka problemów związanych z charakterystycznym znakiem umieszczanym na produktach znanej marki butów sportowych. Omawiane w niniejszej pracy wyroki są wyjątkowo interesujące, ponieważ wiążą się z ochroną znaków li tylko przypominających zarejestrowane ZTUE. Artykuł zawiera również ogólne refleksje na temat znaków towarowych, sportowych znaków towarowych oraz przeciwdziałania ich naruszeniom. Słowa kluczowe: sport, znak towarowy, TSUE, prawo własności intelektualnej, sportowy znak towarowy Key word: sport, trademark, sports trademark, EU Court of Justice, intellectual property rights

Creatine is one of the most often used supplements nowadays. Its popularity can be attributed to a wide variety of clinical implications. The intent of this paper was to evaluate and review the latest publications about the usage and potential clinical effects on the human body of creatine supplementation and to bring attention to new findings in this subject. Authors explored PubMed, CrossRef and Google Scholar using keywords: creatine, supplements, ergogenic aids, neuroprotection, bioenergetics. Furthermore, the references of selected articles were manually investigated for additional relevant articles. The bibliography focused mainly on systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and case reports. The selection of individual articles was carried out in accordance with the determinants of general medicine readership. There is still a lot to learn about creatine supplementation and its potentially beneficial effects. Further evidence-based studies are required, as the amount of reliable data and information is still not sufficient and lots of them have yet to be examined.

The modern lifestyle contributes to the reduction of motor activity and muscle energy consumption in combination with neuropsychological overload. Based on this, the main purpose of the study was to identify the features of the modern students' internal motivation to engage in physical exercises. To achieve this purpose, the survey methods were used among 75 students of the Yancheng Institute of Technology, as well as the method of analysing the information received. The study identified the reasons for the lack of interest in sports on personal initiative, among which it is possible to highlight the lack of a clear example of parents, health problems, the programme of the training course, etc. It was determined that half of the surveyed students have a passive attitude to physical exercise and sports in general, since they attend physical education classes from time to time. Also, the work identified the indicators of motivation (depending on the year of studies). It was established that for the first-year students, the environment is of great importance (52% of respondents), and for the third-year students – a healthy lifestyle (54 % of respondents). Using the hierarchy analysis method, seven most significant motivational criteria were selected, which allowed determining that communication motives are the most important. This is due to the fact that adaptation in the team is of primary importance for junior students. The results of the experiment indicate that there is an indissoluble connection between internal and external factors of motivation in physical exercise. Only an integrated approach contributes to the inner interest of the younger generation. The results of the paper are of primary importance for university teachers during the preparation of curricula, which will contribute to the interest of students in the lesson

This paper is an attempt to add knowledge to scholarship in a field that has attracted less attention from researchers. It presents a study of graffiti found on a board located inside a gym in Madrid that was carried out in order to get a grasp of the functions of the graffiti and gain an insight into discursive practices in gyms. Data analysis focused on texts while overlooking the graffiti’s non-verbal features and was carried out following Fairclough’s (2004, 2013) approach, which emphasizes the study of language as a social practice and encourages a three-fold analysis of discourse that includes action, representation and identification. The study revealed that social agents attempted to act and interact directly or indirectly with fellow gym-goers through graffiti.

This article examines issues related to the protection of human rights in the context of the fight against the use of gene doping. The fact of using gene therapy in relation to a person already includes a significant range of potential ethical problems, including probable health risks, the degree of awareness of the patient’s consent to perform certain manipulations, as well as the long-term consequences for a person’s life, and, which is equally important, for future generations. At the same time, the problems of the use of gene doping in relation to athletes significantly aggravates and complicates the process of building regulatory approaches. The article notes the particular susceptibility of the athlete's right to health care in the context of the problem of gene doping. The paper studies the features of the implementation and protection of the human right to protect health and the right to privacy, including legislation aspect of biomedicine and bioethics, as well as taking into account the difficulties associated with the identification of the use of gene doping. Conclusions regarding possible areas for improving legal regulation in this area, among which, strengthening or detailing the legal regulation of the provision of high-tech medical care, properly informing athletes, coaches and other sports professionals about the possible risks of applying genetic engineering methods to humans, proper regulation of testing procedures, toughening criminal liability and expansion of the subject matter of such crimes are formulated.

Background. Sports activities set high demands on the personal qualities and abilities of athletes, which increases their emotional tension, and negatively affects their self-esteem, self-confidence and motivation. Studying manifestations of the personal emotional sphere of athletes allows choosing effective methods of psychological work to adjust their competitive states up to an optimal level. The Objective of the research is to learn the specific features of the personal emotional sphere as a regulator of the functional state in young athletes. Design. The paper analyzes the manifestations of personal emotional sphere of females aged 11-13 years involved in rhythmic gymnastics (N = 20). The results of the relationship and the ratio of the athletes’ personal parameters are presented. Research Results. A direct significant relationship (p = 0.01) of the anxiety level in athletes with neuroticism, irritability, suspiciousness and sensitivity is revealed. A positive significant relationship (p = 0.01) of guilt and aggressiveness expressed mainly indirectly is established. The obtained features of the relationship of the studied characteristics of young athletes are generally consistent with the results of similar studies performed by other specialists. Conclusion. The results can be viewed as manifestations of the adaptation mechanisms of young gymnasts in the tense conditions of sports activities, as well as fear of disapproval from a significant circle of people. The revealed emotional-personal characteristics of young sportswomen are probably due to psycho-physiological changes associated with adolescence and the specifics of sports activities. The results of the study generally raise additional questions and allow us to outline areas for further research on the problem under discussion. It is important to study the influence of the emotional state in athletes on the ability to fully recover from intensive physical burnout and follow sleep and rest schedule.

Professional functions of modern trainers have long expanded from a simple function of training athletes to compete to the performance of the numerous roles of leader, organizer, psychologist, which are based on the ability of a coach to improve their professional skills and personal qualities.With the increasing popularity of sports, the means and conditions of sports training, the requirements to the quality of work and mastery of the main subjects of sports are increasing. The demand for a coach as a key figure in the education of successful athletes rises. The paper analyzes the research of criteria and factors of sports coach efficiency; the features of reflexive processes as one of the most effective ways of coach’s professional development. The correlation analysis performed in the work showed a significant connection between professional success and the reflexivity of trainers, which in general is correspondent with the results of similar studies performed in a number of other research fields. In the work there was no confirmation of the regular viewpoint inpsychological studies of the relationship between the success of activity and the personality’s internality, which induced a number of new assumptions about the nature of the interaction of successful coaches with their pupils, leadership style, and personality traits. The results of the study as a whole cause additional questions about individual psychological characteristics of respondents and allow to identify further research.

Ameryk Monika, Świątkowski Maciej, Sikorski Piotr, Augustyniak Agnieszka, Szamocka Małgorzata. Impact of parents’ nutritional knowledge on the nutrition and frequency of consumption of selected products in children and adolescents practicing football in a football club in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(11):456-472. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.179146 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4020 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.11.2016. Revised 22.11.2016. Accepted: 28.11.2016. Impact of parents’ nutritional knowledge on the nutrition and frequency of consumption of selected products in children and adolescents practicing football in a football club in Bydgoszcz, Poland Monika Ameryk, Maciej Świątkowski, Piotr Sikorski, Agnieszka Augustyniak, Małgorzata Szamocka Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Disorders, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Correspondence: Monika Ameryk, Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition Disorders, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Ujejskiego 75, 85-168 Bydgoszcz, Poland, Tel: +48 692 222 855. E-mail: monika.ameryk@gmail.com Abstract Rational diet improves the ability for intensive effort and training. Nutrition in children and adolescents depends on the nutritional knowledge of their parents. The aim of the study was to assess the parents’ nutritional knowledge and its impact on the nutrition of their children practicing football. Study group consisted of 100 football players aged 11–16. The parents’ nutritional knowledge and the nutrition of the athletes were assessed using the modified KomPAN questionnaire. The correlation between the parents’ knowledge and the frequency of consumption of selected products was determined using a χ2 test in the Statistica 12.5 software. A correlation between the parents’ nutritional knowledge and the frequency of consumption of selected products by their children was observed. Parents with insufficient knowledge less frequently served dark bread and thick groats than those with good and sufficient knowledge. Parents with good and sufficient knowledge less frequently served instant soups, canned meat, energy and isotonic drinks. No impact of the parents’ knowledge was observed with reference to white cheese, vegetable oils and sweets. Nutritional education of the parents of young athletes is necessary regardless of their nutritional knowledge. Improving eating habits can positively affect children’s development and achievements in sports. Keywords: Nutrition; Knowledge; Sport; Young Athletes; Eating habits.

For maintenance of intellectual working capacity and maintaining health students can't cost without regular physical activity. It is confirmed by numerous researches. In this paper, such form of physical activity of students as self-sufficient physical training, which involves physical education and sports in free from study time and the goal of which is to maintain mental performance is represented. Physical training, carried out by the student independently, can include training in various sports: running, swimming, football, tennis, bicycle, skiing, hockey and many other sports.

The paper discusses the development of chess on the territory of the Częstochowa Voivodeship, which existed in the years 1975–1998. The content of the text relates primarily to activities of the Regional Chess Association in Częstochowa established in 1976, as well as to successes of chess players. Not only representatives of Częstochowa clubs were successful, but also those of clubs located in neighbouring communes and towns. These were successes at both all-Poland and international events.

The aim of our paper was to identify the effect of physical activities on the reduction of stress among the elderly who regularly participated in a physical activity program and point out the positive effects of these exercises. The research sample consisted of a total of 202 elderly people from 64 to 78 years of age. 102 of them regularly exercised within the framework of the Motion studio program for the elderly organised by the University of the Third Age at Brno University of Technology. Other 100 seniors did not study and none of them exercised regularly. The level of stress was measured with the Stress Test (Selye, 1993, Křivohlavý, 2001).We looked for differences in the level of stress among seniors who exercise on a regular basis and those who do not exercise. We compared age, retirement time and all physiological stress-related difficulties. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient and the factual evaluation for statistical evaluation of the obtained data. The obtained results, indicate that the seniors who came regularly to the Motion studio showed less stress than the rest of the tested elders. They showed lower level in the zone of moderate stress, on average 4.5 points (men exhibited slightly higher stress level – 5 points – than women – 4 points) compared to the average of 8.1 points among seniors without sports and regular exercise (again, men showed higher levels of stress – 8.3 points – than women – 7.9 points). We found that the time spent in retirement does not statistically significantly affect the level of stress among the elderly (0.05 % significance level). The results indicated that the main stressors in old age are primarily physiological factors, which determine the level of life quality and often cause protracted diseases, particularly those related to musculoskeletal system. The time spent in retirement does not statistically significantly affect the level of stress of the elderly. Seniors without sports and regular exercise who reported higher levels of stress complained more about their cardiovascular condition, loss of appetite and neurological problems. The research has shown that seniors who are regularly engaged in physical activities are less stressed than seniors without sports and regular exercise.

Proper nutrition is a decisive factor of growth and development of a young organism. It has also a major impact on athletic performance. The aim of this paper is to discuss the basic principles of nutrition in sports training and health training. The size, composition and times of meals may have a huge impact on sports performance. Good dietary practices allow athletes to train hard, regenerate quickly, adapt better, while reducing the risk of illness and injury. Athletes should use appropriate nutritional strategies before and after their performances, so as to achieve the best results. They should pay special attention to the amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals in their food:, as well as the amount of consumed fluids.

This paper provides a timeline of the 81-year history of the organization of the summer Polonia Sports Games in Poland in the years 1934–1991 and their continuation under a changed name as the World Polonia Games in the years 1997–2015. The World Polonia Games are closely related to communities of the Polish diaspora, called Polonia, located in several dozen countries around the world. These people, generally maintaining a sense of connection with the Motherland, formed various social, religious, educational, cultural and youth associations. Among the latter, sports organizations played an important part. The objectives of physical culture related Polonia associations usually emphasized the need for and the significance of their cooperation with the sports movement in the home country. It was established through central institutions representing the interests of the Polonia community. This cooperation was aimed at mutual support of both the Polonia sports and competitive sports in Poland. The aim of this work is to present a timeline of events related to the organization and the course of the Summer World Polonia Games (1934–2015). The concept adopted by the authors stems not only from the extensive chronology, but also from the vastness of the source material. Many athletes representing various Polish diaspora communities participated in the Polonia Sports Games, and later in the Summer World Polonia Games. The program of the Games underwent gradual changes. The initially determined sporting performance minimums, which were to determine who should qualify for the Games were lifted. Age categories were extended in order to enable young, middle-aged and older people to take part in the Games. The Polonia Games gave impetus to association of Polish athletes in Polonia sports organizations abroad and contributed largely to the consolidation of Polish national life in exile. Polonia activists together with sports activists in Poland decided to continue the World Polonia Games for the sake of the whole Polish diaspora and Poles living in Poland.

Streszczenie Głównym celem artykułu jest prezentacja indywidualnych, społecznych i organizacyjnych uwarunkowań uprawiania sportu przez osoby niepełnosprawne ujęta z perspektywy socjologicznej. W artykule staram się wyjaśnić, w jaki sposób sport wyczynowy może wpływać na życie osób niesprawnych fizycznie, co czynię z uwagi na socjologiczny charakter artykułu, koncentruję się na wielowymiarowym kontekście społeczno-kulturowym. Na tej podstawie, odwołując się do indywidualnych doświadczeń niepełnosprawnych sportowców oraz osób z ich najbliższego otoczenia, zrekonstruowany zostanie charakter oraz zakres wpływu aktywności fizycznej i uprawiania sportu na życie osoby niepełnosprawnej. Cały wywód opieram na syntezie trzech poziomów: ogólnospołecznego, lokalnego i indywidualnego, które można wydzielić na podstawie badań i analizy materiałów empirycznych. Prezentowane wnioski oparte zostały na danych jakościowych zdobytych za pomocą techniki wywiadu swobodnego mało ukierunkowanego oraz obserwacji. Analiza i interpretacja materiału badawczego prowadzona jest zgodnie z zasadami metodologii teorii ugruntowanej. Słowa kluczowe: niepełnosprawność, aktywność fizyczna, sport, jakość życia Abstract The main objective of the paper is to present the individual, social and organizational determinants of sport for people with disabilities from a sociological perspective. In the article I explained how professional sports can affect the lives of disabled physically people. I focused on the multi-dimensional socio-cultural context. Referring to the individual experience of disabled athletes and the people around them, I have reconstructed the character and scope of the impact of physical activity and sport in the life of disabled person. The article based on a synthesis of three levels: general social, local and individual, which can be distinguished on the basis of research and analysis of empirical material. The conclusions are based on qualitative data gained using unstructured interviews and observation techniques. Analysis and interpretation of the empirical material is carried out according to the methodology of grounded theory. Keywords: disability, physical activity, sport, the quality of life

Pałucka D., Tomanek M. Prawne i ekonomiczne aspekty zatrudniania zawodników spoza UE = The legal and economic aspects of hiring non-EU players. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):747-767. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.155096 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3871 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/749179 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 08.09.2016. Revised 13.09.2016. Accepted: 21.09.2016. Streszczenie Treść artykułu dotyczy sposobów zatrudniania w polskich klubach sportowych zawodników spoza UE. W pierwszym etapie (badania poznawcze), zaprezentowano aktualny zbiór aktów prawnych prawa polskiego, oraz rozstrzygnięcia Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej, które mogą posłużyć za temat dalszych rozważań w zakresie możliwości zatrudniania obcokrajowców – zarówno posiadających obywatelstwo jednego z państw członkowskich UE, jak i osób spoza Unii Europejskiej. Przedstawiono również regulacje wybranych polskich związków sportowych dotyczących tego zagadnienia. Drugą część artykułu stanowią wyniki badań dot. współpracy klubów sportowych z urzędami wojewódzkimi, która jest wymagana podczas składania wniosków o zezwolenie na pracę. Abstract The article describes how the employment of non-EU players in Polish sporting clubs look like. The first stage (cognitive research) consists of an updated collection of acts of the Legal Polish law and verdicts of the European Court of Justice, which can serve as the subject of further considerations in terms of possibilities on how to employ foreigners – both, having the nationality of one of the member states of the EU and as well as of those who don’t. The second part of the article consists of the research results concerning the cooperation between the sports clubs with the provincial department which is necessary while applying forms for work permits.

Wiśniewska Anna. Kompetencje społeczne instruktora pływania = The social competence of swimming instructor. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):36-43. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.155067 http://www.ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3832 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Pola nd Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.08.2016. Revised 25.08.2016. Accepted: 06.09.2016. QUALITY IN SPORT 1 (5) 2016, s. 30-38, e-ISSN 2450-3118 Praca wpłynęła do redakcji 12 II 2016, praca została przyjęta do druku 18 IV 2016 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.50284 PBN: https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/723887 Anna Wiśniewska[1] Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Kompetencje społeczne instruktora pływania The social competence of swimming instructor Streszczenie Wprowadzenie. Współczesny sport jest obecny w życiu coraz większej grupy społecznej, a ta aktywność realizowana jest w każdym wieku. Ważne jest, aby instruktor posiadał kompetencje, czyli dyspozycje osobowościowe, które warunkują skuteczność wykonywania określonych czynności. Cel pracy. Celem artykułu jest wskazanie roli kompetencji społecznych w pracy instruktora pływania. Metody i materiały. Praca opiera się na badaniach jakościowych wyjaśniających. Analizie poddane zostały pogląd i badania odnoszące się do problematyki objętej zakresem tego artykułu. Wyniki. Kompetencje społeczne stanowią grupę umiejętności niezbędnych do nawiązania relacji partnerstwa w sporcie. Wnioski. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że brak kompetencji społecznych instruktora pływania, jeśli nie uniemożliwia, to przynajmniej istotnie utrudnia osiągnięcie celu zajęć nauki pływania. Słowa kluczowe: sport, pływanie, rekreacja ruchowa, kompetencje społeczne, wychowanie Summary Introduction. Sport in our times is becoming part of the lifestyle in the growing number of people in different social groups and this activity is participated in every age. It is important that the instructor had the competence or personality dispositions that determine the effectiveness of the task in hand . Aim of the study. The aim of this article is identify the role of social skills in work as swimming instructor . Methods and materials. The studies is based on qualitative research inquiries. In the article analyzed views and studies relating to issues within the scope of this article. Results. Social competences are a group of skills necessary to establish a relationship of partnership in the sport. Conclusions. The lack of social competence, if not impossible, then at least significantly hinders the achievement of the activities of learning to swim. Keywords: sports, swimming, physical recreation, social skills, education [1] Anna Wiśniewska, e-mail: annawisniewska101@gmail.com

Grygierzec Ewa, Szczotka Małgorzata, Śmieciuch Ewa, Łosień Tomasz. Wpływ uprawiania sportu kajak polo na ruchomość stawu ramiennego. Badania pilotażowe = The influence of sport canoe polo on the mobility of the shoulder joint. The pilot studies. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):130-137. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.57295 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3667 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.05.2016. Revised 25.06.2016. Accepted: 28.06.2016. Wpływ uprawiania sportu kajak polo na ruchomość stawu ramiennego. Badania pilotażowe The influence of sport canoe polo on the mobility of the shoulder joint. The pilot studies Ewa Grygierzec, Małgorzata Szczotka, Ewa Śmieciuch, Tomasz Łosień Koło Naukowe Neurorehabilitacji przy Zakładzie Rehabilitacji Leczniczej Katedry Fizjoterapii Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach Streszczenie: Wstęp: Kajak polo jest to gra zespołowa na wodzie, w której biorą udział dwie pięcioosobowe drużyny. Zawodnicy starając się umieścić piłkę w bramce przeciwnika poruszają się krótkimi i zwrotnymi kajakami. Piłkę w kajak polo można rzucać rękami lub wiosłem. Woda, kajaki i reguły gry zespołowej dostarczają wiele emocji i wymagają od zawodnika pełnego zaangażowania fizycznego. Założono, że ze względu na duże obciążenia treningowe i specyfikę gry w kończynach górnych może dojść do przeciążeń tkanek miękkich w obrębie obręczy barkowej. Cel pracy: Celem pracy była ocena ruchomości w obrębie stawu ramiennego z uwzględnieniem długości trenowania. Postawiono następujące pytania badawcze: 1. Czy staż treningowy w dyscyplinie sportowej kajak polo wpływa na ruchomość stawu ramiennego? 2. Czy stały trening ogranicza ruchomość we wszystkich płaszczyznach w obrębie stawu ramiennego Materiały i metody: W badaniach wzięło udział 26 osób trenujących kajak polo: 8 kajakarek, 18 kajakarzy. Wiek (M ± SD) 15,57 ± 4.63; staż treningowy 5,35 ± 2,80. Ze względu na wiek i czas specjalistycznego trenowania dokonano podziału zebranego materiału badawczego na 2 grupy badawcze. W pierwszej grupie jest siedem osób (n=7); drugiej dziewiętnaście (n=19). Średnia wieku I grupy (n=7) wynosi (M ± SD) 12,71 ± 3,37; staż treningowy 1,43 ± 0,86. Średnia wieku II grupy (n= 19) wynosi 16,63 ± 4,58; staż treningowy 6,79 ± 1,64. Do badań wykorzystano przyrząd mierniczy goniometr a uzyskane wyniki zapisano w systemie SFTR. Uzyskane wyniki opracowano statystycznie obliczając średnie arytmetyczne zakresów ruchów obu grup oraz określenie istotności zmian. Wyniki Analiza wykazała, że ruchomość w stawie ramiennym zmienia się wraz z dłuższym stażem treningowym. Grupa I z krótszym stażem treningowym w porównaniu do grupy II z dłuższym stażem treningowym wykazuje większą mobilność stawu. U grupy II zauważono w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej ograniczenie ruchu zgięcia, natomiast wyprost względem grupy I zwiększył się. Przy ruchu odwiedzenia w płaszczyźnie czołowej u grupy II obserwuje się zmniejszenie ruchomości. W płaszczyźnie horyzontalnej (u trenujących powyżej 3 lat) ograniczony jest równocześnie ruch zgięcia i wyprostu horyzontalnego. Ruchomość stawu u grupy II przy rotacji zewnętrznej wzrosła, natomiast przy rotacji wewnętrznej zmniejszyła się. Wnioski 1. Staż treningowy w dyscyplinie sportowej kajak polo wpływa na ruchomość stawu ramiennego. 2. Stały trening ma różnorodne oddziaływanie, ogranicza ruchy w płaszczyźnie poprzecznej, zgięcia w płaszczyźnie strzałkowej oraz zgięcia w płaszczyźnie horyzontalnej. Słowa kluczowe: kajak polo, sport, ruchomość, staw ramienny, uraz. Abstract Introduction: Canoe polo is a team game on the water, which involves two five-team. Players trying to put the ball in the opponent's net, they are playing in short and moveable canoes. The canoe polo ball you can throw with your hands or paddle. Water, canoes and game rules provide a lot of excitement and require the full commitment of the physical player. It was assumed that due to the overloading training and specifics of the game, in the upper extremities can lead to overload the soft tissues around the shoulder girdle. The aim of the study: The aim of the study was to assess mobility within the shoulder joint, taking into account the length train. Presented the following research questions: 1. Is long-term training in sport canoe polo affects the mobility of the shoulder joint? 2. Is constant training limited mobility in all directions of the shoulder joint? Material and methods: The study involved 26 people practicing canoe polo: 8 female canoeists, 18 male canoeists. Age (M ± SD) 15,57 ± 4.63; apprenticeship training 5,35 ± 2,80. Due to the age and time specialist training division has been collected research material on 2 research groups. In the first group there are seven people (n=7), second nineteen (n=19). The average age group I is (M ± SD) 12,71 ± 3,37; apprenticeship training 1,43 ± 0,86. The averge age group II is 16,63 ± 4,58; apprenticeship training 6,79 ± 1,64. The study used goniometer measuring instrument and the results stored in the system SFTR. The results were statistically analyzed by calculating the arithmetic mean of range movement of the two groups and determine the significance of the changes. Results: The analysis showed that the mobility of the shoulder joint changes with longer training experience. Group I with a shorter training experience compared to the group II of the long training experience has greater mobility of the joint. In Group II noted in the sagittal plane flexion is limited, while extension in compare to the group I grew. In the motion of abduction in the frontal plane of group II have reduced mobility. In the horizontal plane the flexion and extension are simultaneously limited. Joint mobility in Group II of external rotation has increased, while at the internal rotation decreased. Conclusions: 1. The apprenticeship training in their sport canoe polo affects the mobility of the shoulder joint. 2. Constant training has various impacts on shoulder joint, restricts movements in the transverse plane, flexion in sagittal plane and flexion in horizontal plane. Keywords: canoe polo, sport, mobility, shoulder joint, trauma.

Lewandowska Aleksandra, Leźnicki Marcin. Doping w sporcie jako problem etyczno-społeczny = Doping in sport as a problem ethical and social. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):548-555. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.59006 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3719 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.07.2016. Revised 25.07.2016. Accepted: 28.07.2016. DOPING W SPORCIE JAKO PROBLEM ETYCZNO-SPOŁECZNY DOPING IN SPORT AS A PROBLEM ETHICAL AND SOCIAL Aleksandra Lewandowska Katedra Studiów Miejskich i Rozwoju Regionalnego, Wydział Nauk o Ziemi Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu lewandowska.aleksa@gmail.com Marcin Leźnicki Zakład Etyki, Wydział Humanistyczny Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu lemahr@umk.pl Streszczenie: Celem pracy jest omówienie zagadnienia dopingu stosowanego w sporcie w kontekście prawdopodobnych konsekwencji społecznych związanych z jego stosowaniem, jak również na płaszczyźnie biomedycznej związanej z dynamicznym rozwojem technologii biomedycznych w obszarze wzmocnień ludzkiego organizmu. Poza analizą zagadnienia jakości „zdopingowanego sportu” w perspektywie rozstrzygnięć bioetycznych w tekście przywołane zostały statystyki ukazujące zastosowanie dopingu w sporcie, w ujęciu tak czasowym, jak również przestrzennym. Słowa kluczowe: sport, doping, doping genetyczny, etyka w sporcie, jakość w sporcie. Abstract: The article presents the issues of doping in sport used in the context of possible social consequences associated with its use, as well as at the level of biomedical related to the rapid development of biomedical technologies in area of human body enhancement. In addition to the analysis of quality issues "sport enhancement" in the perspective of bioethical resolving, in the text refers to statistics showing the use of doping in sport, in terms both time as well as spatial. Key words: sports, doping, gene doping, ethics in sport, quality in sport.

The paper shows that exercise-induced bronchial asthma, even when induced directly by professional activity of an athlete, has in its basis the violation of the morphological, immunological and biochemical mechanisms, as well as has clear diagnostic criteria. The modern pedagogical, organizational and pharmacological methodologies are highlighted for prevention of bronchospasm, which determines the severity of athlete’s condition and makes impossible further physical activity. The potential for the use of various drugs was analyzed in view of the fact that many of them are today included in the World Anti-Doping Agency list of prohibited substances .

The essence of sport and fair play is predicated on the assumption that individuals must fall in with one of the preordained categories of female or male. To compete as an athlete, individuals must align themselves as female or male and join the corresponding team. This is not a difficult task for a cisgender person but a transgender one is inevitably going to face unique challenges posed by this binary or dualistic view of sex. This paper considers the precarious situation of transgender athletes and their extraordinary body self-narratives. I review sport policies and the enforcement of the woman’s and man’s category in sport. I present the barriers and facilitators of physical activity and sport participation among young, transitioning adults. Finally, I would like to muse over the ethis of inclusion of transgender and intersex athletes into a mainstream sport and I discuss whether and on which conditions should transwomen be permitted in female categories in sports.

Nowadays athletes in order to achieve high results and achievements should donate their own interests and private life because of spending much more time for countless flights, acclimatization, everyday workout and competition. So they are short of time to fully replenish their psychological and physiological resources, resulting in accumulation of negative human functional states. Without application of any external psychological interventions there is a high probability of occurrence and development of occupational deteriorations in athletes. The main objective of this theoretical research was to identify and analyze the specificity of occupational deteriorations which can develop in sport as a career. In the presented research paper we described the major occupational deteriorations such as burnout (Maslach et al, 2008), workaholism (Schaufeli et al., 2008), perfectionism (Xolmogorova, 2010), type A behaviour (Ryska et al., 1999) and procrastination (Milgram et al., 2000). Accumulation of negative human functional states can entail one or even more occupational deteriorations that will play important role in career termination from sport. Workaholism, burnout, perfectionism, type A Behaviour and procrastination has their own specific manifestations, which can also appear in postretirement from sport activity. The most popular approaches to occupational deteriorations, operationalization and specific features of their appearance and particular manifestations are emphasized, and also various consequences in athlete’s life are described. Thus, occupational deteriorations are one of the most topical and pressed forward issues, which need further development in the framework of conceptualization and inventory development in modern psychology.

The paper reports on the topic of describing the nominations of fans in the English sport discourse. The types of fans’s nomination and connotations of the described lexemes are analysed, the question of their gender identity is addressed.

Mrozkowiak M., Sokołowski M., Kaiser A. Wpływ wysiłku fizycznego wybranych dyscyplin sportowych na habitualną postawę ciała = The effect of physical exercise on selected sports on habitual posture. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(10):131-157. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.160499 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3930 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.09.2016. Revised 24.09.2016. Accepted: 12.10.2016. Wpływ wysiłku fizycznego wybranych dyscyplin sportowych na habitualną postawę ciała The effect of physical exercise on selected sports on habitual posture 1Mrozkowiak M., 2Sokołowski M., 3Kaiser A. 1Bioergonsport, Płock, Polska 2Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego, ul. Królowej Jadwigi 27/39, Poznań, Polska 3Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa w Poznaniu, Polska Słowa kluczowe: postawa habitualna, sport Streszczenie Wstęp. Wpływ ćwiczeń fizycznych na rozwój osobniczy są funkcją jego intensywności i długotrwałości. Celem podjętych badań jest wykazanie wpływu treningu sportowego właściwego danej dyscyplinie sportowej na habitualną postawę ciała sportowca Materiał, przedmiot metoda. Pomiarów 35 przestrzennych cech habitualnej postawy ciała dokonano wśród 151 zawodników judo, zapasów, piłki siatkowej, piłki nożnej i szermierki. metodą fotogrametryczną. Wyniki. Opisano postawę habitualną sportowca właściwą każdej dyscyplinie sportowej, określono istotność różnic z przyjętymi wielkościami cech postawy habitualnej osobników nie uprawiających sportu klasyfikowanego. Wnioski. (1) Stan zdrowia uprawiających sport kwalifikowany może zależeć od wiedzy, umiejętności i wrażliwości prowadzącego szkolenie sportowe. Istotnym kryterium oceny stosowanych obciążeń w sportach asymetrycznych może być diagnostyka postawy ciała, umożliwiająca korektę metod treningowych i stosowanych środków w jej ramach. Wskazane jest wprowadzenie wszechstronnego szkolenia zawodników i doskonalenia funkcjonalnej równowagi poszczególnych grup mięśniowych, szczególnie w dyscyplinach asymetrycznych, (2) Należy wprowadzić właściwą selekcje w naborze młodych adeptów klubów sportowych w oparciu o systematyczne badania lekarskie, (3) Zaburzenia statyki postawy ciała w wieku dojrzałego zawodnika mogą być konsekwencją nie stosowania zasad treningu holistycznego i błędów w początkowym etapie szkolenia, błędów w rozgrzewce i braku ćwiczeń kształtujących nawyk postawy prawidłowej w jej ramach, (4) Zrealizowane badania nie dają pełnego obrazu zmian w postawie ciała po wpływem pracy charakterystycznej dla danej dyscypliny sportowej. Keywords: habitual posture, sport Summary Admission. The impact of physical exercise on the development of the individual are a function of its intensity and duration. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the influence of sports training appropriate for their sport habitual posture athlete The material object of the method. Measurements 35 spatial characteristics of habitual posture made of 151 players judo, wrestling, volleyball, football and fencing. photogrammetric method. Results. Described the attitude of habitual athlete right every sports discipline, defined the significance of differences of values accepted traits of habitual attitudes of individuals not engaged in sport classified. Conclusions. (1) The health status of athletes qualified may depend on the knowledge, skills and sensitivity leading sports training. An important criterion for evaluating the load in sports may be asymmetric diagnostics of body posture, enabling correction of training methods and means used within it. It is the introduction of comprehensive training of players and improve functional balance of individual muscle groups, especially in the disciplines of asymmetric (2) Enter the correct selections in recruiting young students of sports clubs based on regular medical examinations, (3) disorders static posture in adulthood player may be the consequence of not applying the principles of training holistic and errors in the initial training phase, errors in the warm-up and lack of exercise forming the habit of correct posture within it, (4) Realized studies do not give a complete picture of changes in body posture the influence of labor characteristic of the sport.

Kotecka Klaudia, Cieślicka Mirosława, Zukow Walery. Motywacja jako czynnik uprawiania sportu wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy = Motivation as a factor in sports among the students of the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(8):467-488. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.60922 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3781 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/sedno-webapp/works/744750 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.08.2016. Revised 08.08.2016. Accepted: 19.08.2016. Motywacja jako czynnik uprawiania sportu wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Motivation as a factor in sports among the students of the Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz Klaudia Kotecka, Mirosława Cieślicka, Walery Zukow Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Streszczenie Ankieta przeprowadzona wśród studentów Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy była wiarygodnym źródłem odpowiedzi. W ankiecie wzięło udział 108 respondentów z czego 17,6% stanowiły kobiety a 82,4% mężczyźni. Przedział wiekowy odpowiadających to 19-27 lat. Analiza otrzymanych wyników wykazała, że zdecydowanie większa część ankietowanych studentów przykłada wagę do własnej sprawności fizycznej. Studenci, którzy wykonują ćwiczenia ruchowe trzy razy w tygodniu i więcej stanowili 36% wszystkich respondentów. Najczęściej studenci podejmują aktywność fizyczną na wolnym powietrzu. Badania wykazują, że ankietowani czują satysfakcję i radość po zakończeniu ćwiczeń. Innymi istotnymi czynnikami, które motywują studentów Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego są: poprawa ogólnej sprawności fizycznej, poprawa stanu psychicznego oraz samopoczucia. Dla wielu studentów motywacją jest poprawa stanu zdrowia czy odpoczynek od obowiązków. Niewielu studentów podejmuje aktywność fizyczną poprzez namowę znajomych czy chęć opóźnienia procesu starzenia. Słowa kluczowe: motywacja, aktywność fizyczna, sport, studenci. Abstract A survey of students at the Kazimierz Wielki University Bydgoszcz was a reliable source of answers. The survey was attended by 108 respondents of which 17.6% were women and 82.4% men. The age range corresponding to 19-27 years. Analysis of the results showed that by far the majority of the students surveyed pays attention to their own physical fitness. Students who perform physical exercises three times a week or more accounted for 36% of all respondents. Most often students take physical activity outdoors. Studies show that respondents feel the satisfaction and joy after exercise. Other important factors that motivate students Kazimierz Wielki University are to improve overall physical fitness, improving mental health and well-being. For many students the motivation is to improve the health of the rest of the duties. Few students take physical activity through the urging of friends or wanting to delay the aging process. Key words: motivation, physical activity, sport, students.

Figaj Dominika, Poczta Joanna. Motywy podejmowania aktywności fizycznej na przykładzie osób trenujących crossfit = Motives on physical activity participation - people training crossfit example. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(6):95-106. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.54711 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3541 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.05.2016. Revised 25.05.2016. Accepted: 25.05.2016. MOTYWY PODEJMOWANIA AKTYWNOŚCI FIZYCZNEJ NA PRZYKŁADZIE OSÓB TRENUJĄCYCH CROSSFIT MOTIVES ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION - PEOPLE TRAINING CROSSFIT EXAMPLE Dominika Figaj, Joanna Poczta Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. E. Piaseckiego w Poznaniu Zakład Kulturowych Podstaw Turystyki Wydział Turystyki i Rekreacji Streszczenie W artykule zaprezentowano zagadnienie aktywności fizycznej odnosząc je do obserwowanego wzrostu uczestnictwa Polaków w tej formie spędzania czasu wolnego. Okazuje się, że nie tylko wzrasta ilość osób systematycznie uprawiających sporty, ale również osób poszukujących nowych from aktywności. Przykładem jest CrossFit. Dlatego postanowiono przeprowadzić badania metodą sondazu diagnostycznego pośród członków poznanskiego klubu Reebok CrosFit Poznań w celu określenia motywów podejmowania tej formy aktywności fizycznej oraz określenia pozytywnych i negatywnych skutków wynikających z jej podejmowania. Okazuje się, że badani są osobami o wysokiej świadomości pozytywnego wpływu regularnie podejmowanej aktywności fizycznej na zdrowie, kondycję i dobre samopoczucie. Słowa kluczowe: motyw, motywacja, aktywność fizyczna, crossfit, sport Abstract The article presents the issue of physical activity by referring it to the observed increase in the Poles participation in this form of leisure. It turns out that not only increases the number of people training sports regularly, but also the number of people looking for new activities. An example is CrossFit. Therefore it was decided to conduct the research by diagnostic survey method among members of the Reebok CrosFit Poznań Club to determine the motives on this form of physical activity, and identify positive and negative impacts resulting from its making. It turns out that the researched group are people with high awareness of the positive impact of regular physical activity on health, fitness and well-being. Keywords: motive, motivation, physical activity, crossfit, sport

Urtnowska Katarzyna, Bułatowicz Irena, Ludwikowski Grzegorz, Zukow Walery. Bezpieczne formy aktywności fizycznej dla kobiet w ciąży = Secure forms of physical activity for pregnant women. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(5):291-297. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.51894 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3526 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.04.2016. Revised 10.05.2016. Accepted: 18.05.2016. Bezpieczne formy aktywności fizycznej dla kobiet w ciąży Secure forms of physical activity for pregnant women Katarzyna Urtnowska1, Irena Bułatowicz2, Grzegorz Ludwikowski3, Walery Zukow4 1Uczestnik studiów dokotranckich z zakresu Nauk o Zdrowiu; Zakład Medycyny Rozdrodu i Andrologii, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2Katedra Fizjoterapii - Zakład Fizjoterapii Klinicznej, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 3Zakład Medycyny Rozdrodu i Andrologii, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 4Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy mgr Katarzyna Urtnowska1, dr n. med. Irena Bułatowicz2, dr hab. n. med. Grzegorz Ludwikowski3, dr hab. Walery Zukow4 1Uczestnik studiów dokotranckich z zakresu Nauk o Zdrowiu; Zakład Medycyny Rozdrodu i Andrologii, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2Katedra Fizjoterapii - Zakład Fizjoterapii Klinicznej, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 3Zakład Medycyny Rozdrodu i Andrologii, Collegium Medicum im. L. Rydygiera w Bydgoszczy Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 4Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Słowa kluczowe: ciąża, aktywność fizyczna, sport. Keywords: pregnancy, physical activity, sport. Streszczenie Kobieta spodziewać się dziecka w dzisiejszych czasach ma wiele możliwości podjęcia bezpiecznej formy aktywności fizycznej. Z odrobiną racjonalnego podejścia może kontynuować uprawianie ulubionego sportu, lub uczestniczyć w zajęciach przygotowanych specjalnie dla ciężarnych. Aktywność fizyczna uprawiana regularnie w trakcie ciąży jest kluczowym czynnikiem wpływającym na zdrowie i samopoczucie matki. Ćwiczenia wpływają korzystnie na stan zdrowia poprzez zmniejszenie dolegliwości bólowych kręgosłupa, ogólną poprawę lub brak pogorszenia sprawności fizycznej, zapobieganie nadmiernemu przyrostowi masy ciała i poprawę samopoczucia ciężarnej. Dodatkowym, a zarazem najważniejszym efektem jest zwiększenie wydolności fizycznej niezbędnej do porodu siłami natury i skrócenie czasu jego przebiegu oraz czasu regeneracji organizmu w połogu, a co za tym idzie, szybszy powrót do formy sprzed ciąży. Abstract A women expect a child a child today has a lot of possibilities for secure forms of physical activity. With a bit of rational approach may continue playing your favorite sport, or participate in activities prepared especially for pregnant women. Physical activity practiced regularly during pregnancy is a key factor in the health and well-being of the mother. Exercise influence on health status by reducing the pain of the spine, improve general or no deterioration of physical fitness, prevention of excessive weight gain and improving well being pregnant. Extra and, at the same time, the most important effect is to increase the physical capacity required for the labor forces of nature and shorten its course and recovery time of the organism in the postpartum period, and hence a faster return to pre-pregnancy form.

Kałużny Krystian, Śpica Dorota, Drobik Przemysław, Michalska Anna, Kałużna Anna, Kochański Bartosz, Zukow Walery. Ocena oraz porównanie zachowań żywieniowych u osób uprawiających sport zawodowo i amatorsko = Evaluation and comparison of nutritional behavior of people practicing professional and amateur sport. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(2):301-310. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.46813 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3408 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/717687 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.01.2016. Revised 12.02.2016. Accepted: 27.02.2016. OCENA ORAZ PORÓWNANIE ZACHOWAŃ ŻYWIENIOWYCH U OSÓB UPRAWIAJĄCYCH SPORT ZAWODOWO I AMATORSKO EVALUATION AND COMPARISON OF NUTRITIONAL BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE PRACTICING PROFESSIONAL AND AMATEUR SPORT Krystian Kałużny1, Dorota Śpica2,3, Przemysław Drobik3, Anna Michalska3,4, Anna Kałużna1,5, Bartosz Kochański1, Walery Zukow6 1 Katedra i Klinika Rehabilitacji, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 2 Zakład Higieny i Epidemiologii, Katedra Higieny, Epidemiologii i Ergonomii, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 3 Bydgoska Szkoła Wyższa w Bydgoszczy 4 Zakład Nauk Społecznych, Katedra Marketingu i Rozwoju Regionalnego, Wydział Zarządzania, Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy im. Jana i Jędrzeja Śniadeckich w Bydgoszczy 5 Katedra Chorób Naczyń i Chorób Wewnętrznych, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu 6 Wydział Kultury Fizycznej, Zdrowia i Turystyki, Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Streszczenie Wstęp. Regularna aktywność fizyczna i liczne obciążenia, jakim poddawani są sportowcy przy nieodpowiednio dobranej diecie może powodować niedobory pokarmowe. Jakościowe i ilościowe nieprawidłowości żywienia i zachowań żywieniowych mogą wpływać na spadek zdolności motorycznych, obniżenie koncentracji, zaburzenie procesów regeneracyjnych oraz większą podatność na przemęczenie i przeciążenia organizmu sportowca. Cel pracy. Celem pracy jest ocena oraz porównanie zachowań żywieniowych u osób uprawiających sport zawodowo i amatorsko. Materiał i metody. Badania przeprowadzono na grupie 100 osób, w tym 50 osób uprawiających sport zawodowo (zrzeszonych i reprezentujących kluby sportowe) oraz 50 uprawiających sport amatorsko. Ocenę zachowań żywieniowych dokonano z wykorzystaniem autorskiej ankiety. Wyniki. Z analizy przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że znaczny odsetek osób uprawiających sport zawodowo i amatorsko nie przestrzega zaleceń dotyczących liczby i pory spożywania posiłków. W obu grupach występowały nieprawidłowości w nawadnianiu, zarówno w ciągu dnia, jak również przed, w trakcie i po treningu. Z badań wynika, że regularne spożywanie napojów energetycznych deklaruje 81% zawodowców oraz 75% amatorów. Spożywanie alkoholu kilka razy w tygodniu zaobserwowano u 35% zawodowców oraz 67% amatorów sportu. Grupa zawodowców istotnie statystycznie częściej spożywała posiłki najpóźniej do 2h przed snem, częściej uzupełniała płyny wodą mineralną oraz spożywała mniej alkoholu niż grupa amatorów. Wnioski. 1. Zachowania żywieniowe u osób uprawiających sport zawodowo i amatorsko są nieprawidłowe. 2. Częstość występowania prawidłowych zachowań żywieniowych wśród osób uprawiających sport zawodowo i amatorsko jest na zbliżonym poziomie. Abstract Introduction. Regular physical activity and frequent load in athletes with inappropriately chosen diet can cause nutritional deficiencies. Qualitative and quantitative irregularities of nutrition and nutritional behaviors could affect motor skills, decrease in concentration, impaired regenerative processes and greater susceptibility to fatigue and overload the athlete's body. Aim of the study. The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the nutritional behaviors of people practicing professional and amateur sport. Material and methods. The study was conducted on a group of 100 people, including 50 people practicing sport professionally (affiliated and representing sports clubs) and 50 amateur athletes. Assessment of nutritional behaviors were made using a proprietary questionnaire. Results. The analysis of the study shows that a significant percentage of people practicing sport professionally and amateur does not follow the recommendations concerning the number and timing of food ingestion. In both groups there were irregularities in the irrigation, both during the day as well as before, during and after exercise. Research shows that regular consumption of energy drinks declares 81% professionals and 75% amateurs. Consumption of alcohol several times a week was observed in 35% of professionals and 67% of amateur sport. Group professionals significantly more often ate meals no later than 2 hours before bedtime, often replenish fluids mineral water and consumed less alcohol than a group of amateurs. Conclusions. 1. Nutritional habits of people practicing sports professionals and amateurs are incorrect. 2. The incidence of normal nutritional behaviors among athletes professional and amateur is at a similar level. Słowa kluczowe: zachowania żywieniowe, sport. Keywords: dietary behaviours, sport.

Westfal Krzysztof M. Znaki towarowe w sporcie = Trademarks in sports. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):666-677. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44781 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A666-677 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/695075 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015 Westfal Krzysztof M. Znaki towarowe w sporcie Trademarks in sports. Quality in Sport 2015;1(4):63-71. eISSN 2450-3118. The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.12.2015. Revised 25.12.2015. Accepted: 29.12.2015. Krzysztof M. Westfal Katedra Prawa Cywilnego, Handlowego i Ubezpieczeniowego Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu Znaki towarowe w sporcie Trademarks in sports Streszczenie Przez uzyskanie prawa ochronnego na krajowy znak towarowy, rozumie się używanie znaku towarowego w sposób zarobkowy lub zawodowy na całym obszarze RP. Natomiast analogiczne uprawnienie wynikające z rejestracji wspólnotowego znaku towarowego, dotyczy stosowania znaku na terytorium całej Wspólnoty. Używanie znaku towarowego polega w szczególności na umieszczaniu tego znaku na towarach objętych prawem ochronnym lub ich opakowaniach, oferowaniu i wprowadzaniu tych towarów do obrotu, ich imporcie lub eksporcie, a także oferowaniu lub świadczeniu usług pod tym znakiem oraz posługiwaniu się takim znakiem w celu reklamy. W dobie wielkich pieniędzy, które bezsprzecznie rządzą dzisiejszym sportem, prawa ze znaków towarowych, obok praw do transmisji z wydarzeń sportowych, zyskują dla wszystkich sportowych jednostek organizacyjnych znaczenia kluczowego. Kluby, związki i federacje sportowe czerpią zyski z praw do znaków towarowych, głównie poprzez udzielanie przedsiębiorcom licencji na ich używanie. Proces ten najłatwiej zaobserwować przy okazji organizacji dużych wydarzeń sportowych. Jako cel badań niżej podpisany obrał wskazanie prawnych zasad zarządzania znakami towarowymi w sporcie, w obliczu ich ciągle rosnącego znaczenia. Publikacja obejmie prezentację sposób i zasady wykorzystywania zarejestrowanych już znaków sportowych przez sportowe jednostki organizacyjne, a także płynących stąd korzyści. Realizacja celu badawczego będzie dokonywana, przede wszystkim, przy zastosowaniu metody dogmatycznej. Analizie poddane zostaną akty prawa krajowego i unijnego. Podejmowana problematyka rodzi jednak konieczność uwzględnienia dorobku także innych nauk, zwłaszcza marketingu, biznesu i ekonomii. Wśród materiałów poddanych analizie, oprócz aktów prawa powszechnie wymienić należy także dane zgromadzonych w rejestrach znaków towarowych UP RP i OHIM. Za główny wniosek płynącym z niniejszego opracowania uznać należy konstatację, iż jakość w nowoczesnym sporcie przejawia się również, a w kwestii finansowej być może przede wszystkim, w jakości zarządzania znakami towarowymi. Abstract By getting the right protection for national trade mark, it is understood use of the mark for profit or for professional purposes throughout the territory of Poland. In contrast, a similar right conferred by a Community trade mark, concerns the application of the mark throughout the Community. Use of the mark is in particular the placement of the sign to the goods covered by the right of protection or their packaging, delivering and placing the goods on the market, import or export, as well as offering or providing services under that mark and the use of such a sign for advertising purposes. In the era of big money that undoubtedly govern the sport today, the law of trademarks, beside the rights to broadcast sporting events, gaining for all sporting significance of key organizational units. Clubs, associations and sports federations benefit from trademark rights, principally through the granting of licenses to entrepreneurs to use them. This process is most easily seen by the way the organization of major sporting events. As the aim of the research undersigned has chosen an indication of the legal rules governing trademarks in sports, in the face of ever increasing significance. The publication will include a presentation method and rules for the use of sports characters already registered by sports entities, as well as the benefits flowing from here. The implementation of the research will be carried out primarily by the method dogmatic. The analysis will be subject to national laws and EU. Taken the issue arises, however, need to take into account the achievements of other sciences, especially marketing, business and economics. Among the materials analyzed, in addition to the acts of commonly mention should also be stored in the data registers trademarks UP RP and OHIM. Behind the main conclusion flowing from this report should be regarded assertion that quality in modern sports, also manifests itself, and the financial aspects, perhaps above all, the quality of management of trademarks. Słowa kluczowe: OHIM, sport, prawo własności przemysłowej, Urząd Patentowy, znaki towarowe Keywords: OHIM, sport, industrial property rights, patent office, trademarks

Malinowski Łukasz. Zarządzanie talentami na przykładzie Wojskowych Zespołów Sportowych oraz Wojskowych Centrach Szkolenia Sportowego = The talent management based on the example of Military Sports Teams and Military Sports Training Centers. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):622-629. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44699 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A622-629 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/693737 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015. Malinowski Łukasz. Zarządzanie talentami na przykładzie Wojskowych Zespołów Sportowych oraz Wojskowych Centrach Szkolenia Sportowego = The talent management based on the example of Military Sports Teams and Military Sports Training Centers. Quality in Sport. 2015;1(4):18-27. eISSN 2450-3118. The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.12.2015. Revised 25.12.2015. Accepted: 29.12.2015. Łukasz Malinowski Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego i Sportu w Gdańsku Zarządzanie talentami na przykładzie Wojskowych Zespołów Sportowych oraz Wojskowych Centrach Szkolenia Sportowego The talent management based on the example of Military Sports Teams and Military Sports Training Centers Streszczenie Artykuł dotyczy problematyki pozyskiwania talentów dla Wojskowych Centrów Szkolenia Sportowego wraz z opisaniem wsparcia finansowego udzielanego przez Ministerstwo Sportu i Turystyki i ich działania oraz funkcjonowania w Polsce Wojskowych Zespołów Sportowych i ich osiągnięć. Słowa kluczowe: wojsko, sport, szkolenie, talent Abstract The article concerns the problems of sourcing talent for Military Sports Training Centers, describes the financial support provided by the Ministry of Sport and Tourism. It also describes the operation and achievements of Polish Military Sports Teams. Key words: army, military, sport, training, talent

Kamińska-Gwóźdź Ewelina, Lewicki Romuald, Studnicki Rafał, Szłapińska Joanna, Kubicki Jacek, Włoch Anna, Opuchlik Anna. Ocena wpływu obozu pierwszego stopnia Aktywnej Rehabilitacji na jakość życia osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego w zależności od poziomu uszkodzenia rdzenia kręgowego = The influence of the first degree camp of Active Rehabilitation on life quality experienced by the persons after the spinal cord damage - depending on the level of the spinal cord damage. The research report. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):149-159. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35259 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A149-159 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/678819 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.11.2015. Revised 25.11.2015. Accepted: 10.12.2015. Ocena wpływu obozu pierwszego stopnia Aktywnej Rehabilitacji na jakość życia osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego w zależności od poziomu uszkodzenia rdzenia kręgowego The influence of the first degree camp of Active Rehabilitation on life quality experienced by the persons after the spinal cord damage - depending on the level of the spinal cord damage Ewelina Kamińska-Gwóźdź Instytut Fizjoterapii, Wydział Lekarski i Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, Al. IX Wieków Kielc 19, Kielce Ewelina Kamińska-Gwóźdź Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce Romuald Lewicki Katedra Fizjoterapii, Wydział Wychowania Fizycznego i Turystyki, Wszechnica Świętokrzyska, ul. E. Orzeszkowej 15, Kielce Romuald Lewicki The Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Tourism, Swietokrzyska Academy, Kielce Rafał Studnicki Zakład Fizjoterapii, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu z Oddziałem Pielęgniarstwa i Instytutem Medycyny Morskiej i Tropikalnej, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A, Gdańsk Rafał Studnicki The Unit of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences Division of Nursing and the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk Joanna Szłapińska Zakład Kształcenia Ustawicznego i Doradztwa Zawodowego, Wydział Studiów Edukacyjnych, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, ul. Wieniawskiego 1, Poznań Joanna Szłapińska Department of Continuing Education and Vocational Guidance, Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Jacek Kubicki Gabinet Fizjoterapii i Pediatrii, ul. Edmunda Łopuskiego 19a, Kołobrzeg Jacek Kubicki Physiotherapy and Paediatrics Office, Kołobrzeg Anna Włoch Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii, Prawa i Nauk Medycznych, Wydział Nauk Medycznych,Jagiellońska 109a, Kielce Anna Włoch High School of Economy, Law and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences Kielce Anna Opuchlik Świętokrzyskie Centrum Onkologii, Zakład Rehabilitacji, ul. Artwińskiego 3, Kielce Anna Opuchlik Rehabilitation Institute, The Holycross Cancer Center in Kielce, Kielce Słowa kluczowe: uszkodzenie rdzenia kręgowego, Aktywna Rehabilitacja, sport, Fundacja Aktywnej Rehabilitacji, Indeks Jakości Życia Ferrans i Powers, Test PIL, Test SONG. Keywords: spinal cord injury, Active Rehabilitation, sports, Foundation for Active Rehabilitation, Quality of Life Index, PIL Test, SONG Test. Streszczenie Wstęp. Uszkodzenia rdzenia kręgowego są jednymi z cięższych rodzajów niepełnosprawności powodują obniżenie jakości życia wpływając na psychikę chorego. Cel pracy. Ocena wpływu poziomu uszkodzenia rdzenia kręgowego na jakość życia po uczestnictwie w obozie pierwszego stopnia Aktywnej Rehabilitacji. Materiał i metody. Badana została grupa 100 osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego, przed uczestnictwem w obozie pierwszego stopnia Aktywnej Rehabilitacji oraz 3 miesiące po odbytym obozie. Uczestnikami badań były osoby pełnoletnie. Badając wykorzystano: Indeks Jakości Życia Ferrans i Powers Wersja III Ogólna (Polska), Test PIL, oraz Test SONG. Wyniki. Niezależnie od poziomu uszkodzenia rdzenia kręgowego, stwierdzono istotną poprawę w zakresie globalnej wartości Indeksu Jakości Życia, w podskali zdrowie i funkcjonowanie oraz psychologiczno-duchowej. W każdym z badanych poziomów uszkodzenia rdzenia poprawił się wynik w kategorii sens życia testu SONG. Wśród osób z uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego w odcinku piersiowym i lędźwiowym istotne zmiany dotyczyły wartości globalnej testu PIL, oraz dwóch jego kategorii: afirmacja życia i ocena własnego życia. Zmiana charakterystyczna tylko dla osób z uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego w odcinku piersiowym dotyczy kategorii: cele życia, sens życia, ocena siebie testu PIL oraz wyniku globalnego testu SONG i jego kategorii: ocena własnych dążeń. Zmianą charakterystyczną tylko dla uszkodzenia w odcinku lędźwiowym jest twórczy niepokój testu SONG. Wnioski. Najwięcej istotnych zmian w zakresie IJŻ, testów PIL i SONG na skutek pobytu na obozie Fundacji Aktywnej Rehabilitacji, stwierdzono wśród osób z uszkodzeniem rdzenia w odcinku piersiowym. Poziom uszkodzenia rdzenia kręgowego różnicuje poczucie sensu życia i motywację do podejmowania działań na rzecz jego poszukiwań po uczestnictwie w obozie Aktywnej Rehabilitacji. Summary Introduction. Spinal cord damages reduce the life quality and affect the patients’ psychological condition. The aim of the research: to determine the influence of the level of the spinal cord damage upon life quality after participation in the camp of Active Rehabilitation. Material and methods. The research group consisted of 100 persons (at least 18 years old) after the spinal cord damage. They were examined before the participation in the camp and then 3 months afterwards. The Quality of Life Index Ferrans and Powers – The Third General Version (Polish), the PIL Test and the SONG Test were applied. Results. In all the cases there was an improvement in the global value of the Quality of Life Index as well as in the category “meaning of life” in the SONG Test. For the persons with both the thoracic and lumbar spine damage the PIL Test results were improved – in the fields of life affirmation and self-assessment. The persons only with the thoracic spine damage reported positive changes in many categories in the PIL Test and in the global results of the SONG Test. For the people affected only by the lumbar spine damage the typical change was found in the “creative anxiety” category of the SONG Test. Conclusions. The largest number of changes in the tests results were revealed among the persons with the thoracic spine damage. The level of the spinal cord damage differentiates the perception of meaning of life and the motivation to take actions to seek it.

The paper analyzes the data of modern scientific literature on the study of the problem of developing the foundations of physical fitness of students, the role of physical education and sports activities in the orientation of students on a physical fitness. One priority of physical education is to develop students' knowledge and skills of physical fitness, meaningful relationship to the preservation of his health. Physical fitness depends on value orientations of students, worldview, social and moral experience.

Kamińska-Gwóźdź Ewelina, Lewicki Romuald, Studnicki Rafał, Opuchlik Anna, Szłapińska Joanna, Kubicki Jacek, Włoch Anna. Wpływ obozów Fundacji Aktywnej Rehabilitacji na stan psychofizyczny osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego = The effect of foundation for active rehabilitation camps on psychophysical state following spinal cord injury. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):43-52. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.33231 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A43-52 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/666326 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.09.2015. Revised 05.10.2015. Accepted: 30.10.2015. Wpływ obozów Fundacji Aktywnej Rehabilitacji na stan psychofizyczny osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego The effect of foundation for active rehabilitation camps on psychophysical state following spinal cord injury Ewelina Kamińska-Gwóźdź Instytut Fizjoterapii, Wydział Lekarski i Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Jana Kochanowskiego, Al. IX Wieków Kielc 19, Kielce Ewelina Kamińska-Gwóźdź Institute of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce Romuald Lewicki Katedra Fizjoterapii, Wydział Wychowania Fizycznego i Turystyki, Wszechnica Świętokrzyska, ul. E. Orzeszkowej 15, Kielce Romuald Lewicki The Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Physical Education and Tourism, Swietokrzyska Academy, Kielce Rafał Studnicki Zakład Fizjoterapii, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu z Oddziałem Pielęgniarstwa i Instytutem Medycyny Morskiej i Tropikalnej, Gdański Uniwersytet Medyczny, ul. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 3A, Gdańsk Rafał Studnicki The Unit of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences Division of Nursing and the Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk Anna Opuchlik Świętokrzyskie Centrum Onkologii, Zakład Rehabilitacji, ul. Artwińskiego 3, Kielce Anna Opuchlik Rehabilitation Institute, The Holycross Cancer Center in Kielce, Kielce Joanna Szłapińska Zakład Kształcenia Ustawicznego i Doradztwa Zawodowego, Wydział Studiów Edukacyjnych, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza, ul. Wieniawskiego 1, Poznań Joanna Szłapińska Department of Continuing Education and Vocational Guidance, Faculty of Educational Studies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań Jacek Kubicki Gabinet Fizjoterapii i Pediatrii, ul. Edmunda Łopuskiego 19a, Kołobrzeg Jacek Kubicki Physiotherapy and Paediatrics Office, Kołobrzeg Anna Włoch Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomii Prawa i Nauk Medycznych, Jagiellońska 109a, Kielce Anna Włoch High School of Economy, Law and Medical Sciences, Kielce Słowa kluczowe: uszkodzenie rdzenia kręgowego, Aktywna Rehabilitacja, sport, Fundacja Aktywnej Rehabilitacji. Keywords: spinal cord injury, Active Rehabilitation, sports, Foundation for Active Rehabilitation. Streszczenie Wstęp. Uszkodzenia rdzenia kręgowego są jednymi z najpoważniejszych dysfunkcji narządu ruchu skutkujące z reguły nieprzemijalnym stanem niepełnosprawności. Jest to stan o charakterze przewlekłym, który ma niekorzystny wpływ na sferę somatyczną, psychiczną oraz społeczną człowieka. Cel. Celem pracy było określenie wpływu obozu pierwszego stopnia Fundacji Aktywnej Rehabilitacji na stan psychofizyczny u osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego. Materiał i metody. Badania trwały od marca 2009 roku do marca 2010. Badaniami została objęta grupa 100 osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego. W pierwszym etapie badanie przeprowadzono przed obozem pierwszego stopnia organizowanym przez Fundację Aktywnej Rehabilitacji. W drugim etapie zbadano te same osoby trzy miesiące po ukończeniu powyższego obozu. Uczestnicy badań mieli ukończony 18 rok życia. Wśród badanych było 86 mężczyzn i 14 kobiet, w tym 33 osoby z uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego w odcinku szyjnym, 57 osób z uszkodzeniem rdzenia w odcinku piersiowym, oraz 10 osób z uszkodzeniem rdzenia w odcinku lędźwiowym. Obozy odbywały się w Spale, w Zamościu oraz w Zielonej Górze. W badaniu wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety własnej konstrukcji dotyczący stanu psychofizycznego osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego. Wyniki. W wyniku uczestnictwa w obozie pierwszego stopnia u osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego nastąpiła poprawa stosunków międzyludzkich, wzrosła aktywność fizyczna, niezależność od innych osób, zwiększyła się ilość osób uprawiających sport oraz nastąpiła znaczna poprawa w czynnościach życia codziennego. Wnioski. Obóz pierwszego stopnia Fundacji Aktywnej Rehabilitacji wpłynął pozytywnie na stan psychofizyczny osób po uszkodzeniu rdzenia kręgowego. Dzięki działaniom Fundacji Aktywnej Rehabilitacji osoby z uszkodzeniem rdzenia kręgowego mają możliwość skorzystania z doświadczeń profesjonalnej kadry obozów, co przekłada się u badanych na postęp w zakresie zdolności motorycznych poprawiający nie tylko ich komfort życia, ale również ich stan psychiczny. Summary Introduction. Spinal cord injuries are among the most serious motor dysfunctions usually resulting in a permanent state of disability. It is a chronic condition with negative effect on the somatic, psychological and social state of humans. Purpose. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of participation in the introductory camps organized by the Foundation for Active Rehabilitation on psychophysical condition in individuals with spinal cord injury. Material and methods. Study was conducted between March 2009 and March 2010. It involved a group of 100 individuals suffering from spinal cord injury. In the first part of the study, research was conducted prior to the beginning of an introductory camp organized by the Foundation for Active Rehabilitation. The second part involved the same individuals three months after the camp. All study participants were 18 years of age or older and included 86 males and 14 females. Camps took place in Spala, in Zamość and in Zielona Góra. The study used custom-designed questionnaire concerning psychophysical status of individuals with spinal cord injury. Results. Improved relationships, increased physical activity, independence from other people, increased number of individuals practicing sports and a significant improvement in activities of daily life have been observed as a result of participation in the introductory camp for individuals with spinal cord injury. Conclusion. Foundation for Active Rehabilitation introductory camp had a positive effect on the psychophysical status of individuals with spinal cord injury. Through the effort of the Foundation for Active Rehabilitation, individuals with spinal cord injury can benefit from the experience of professional camp staff. Development of new motor skills further affects not only their comfort in life, but also their mental state.

Brdak Marek. Media image of sport volunteering during the UEFA Euro 2012™ and the motives for social work and its style of volunteers working in Poznan and in Poland. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):533-541. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35693 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A533-541 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/684759 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015. Brdak Marek. Media image of sport volunteering during the UEFA Euro 2012™ and the motives for social work and its style of volunteers working in Poznan and in Poland. Quality in Sport. 2015;1(1):21-28. eISSN 2450-3118. http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/QiS/article/view/QUALITY%20IN%20SPORT%201%20%281%29%202015%2C%20s.%2021-28 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.11.2015. Revised 20.11.2015. Accepted: 30.11.2015. Marek Brdak[1] University of Physical Education in Poznan Media image of sport volunteering during the UEFA Euro 2012™ and the motives for social work and its style of volunteers working in Poznan and in Poland Abstract Background: Volunteering in sport is the most popular and media form of pro-social work in Europe. In Poland, to such activity the conditions are still creating by the largest growth of numbers of institutions active in the public sector in the field of sport, recreation, tourism and hobbies. Interest in volunteering at sport events is increasing, especially among young people. The media image of sport volunteering is adopted by the organizer with chosen promotional strategy. The associated expectations of the participants, their motivation and style of behaving during participation in volunteer project as a consequence are also factors determining the media image of sport volunteering. Aim: The aim of the study is to compare the style of engaging in social work of their participants and motives of taking that kind of work by volunteers working in Poznan. Material and Method: The analysis included data available on the Internet regarding to organization of volunteer work during the UEFA Euro 2012™ in Poland and Ukraine as well as literature review regarding to the motivation to unpaid work in Poland. The motives of engaging in to volunteering as well as style of that work was compared between groups of participants of volunteering at UEFA Euro 2012™ in Poznan and Poland. Results: Volunteering at UEFA Euro 2012™ was separated on two areas, sports and urban and was coordinated by different organizers. The convergence between the motivational climate created by organizers of two independent volunteer projects at UEFA Euro 2012™ and motives for social work of its participants is visible. Encouraging volunteers to unpaid work in sport area of tournament by presenting it as a possibility to feel the sports atmosphere was similar to motives and significant more often reported by its volunteers than volunteers working in urban zone. Altruistic motives underlying in social activities significantly more often were reported by volunteers working in urban area of tournament where motivational climate was introduced as a possibility to feel the social dimension of tournament. Material profits of volunteering in both areas of tournament were significantly more often higher rated by volunteers working in the urban zone of tournament. Analysis of style of engaging in pro – social activity showed that volunteers working in sport zone of tournament significantly higher were involved in this type of work and significantly higher presents a regularity in this type of work. However experience in sport volunteering was the domain of volunteers working in urban zone. Conclusions: The implementation of the adopted strategy for creating the media image of the Official Volunteer Program at UEFA Euro 2012™ is related with motives for undertaking voluntary work of its participants. Motives for undertaking voluntary during UEFA Euro 2012™ as well as style of engaging in such work are different between volunteer working in different zones of tournament. Key words: motive, sport, volunteering, UEFA Euro 2012™. [1] mbrdak@awf.poznan.pl

Kalinowski Paweł, Judreczka Katarzyna. Elementy szkolenia w piłce nożnej. Różnice w szkoleniu klubu polskiego i niemieckiego = Training elements in football. Differences in the training system between polish club and german club. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):542-550. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35696 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A542-550 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/684760 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Original Text published © The Author (s) 2015. Kalinowski Paweł, Judreczka Katarzyna. Elementy szkolenia w piłce nożnej. Różnice w szkoleniu klubu polskiego i niemieckiego. Quality in Sport. 2015;1(3):20-27. eISSN 2450-3118. http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/QiS/article/view/QUALITY%20IN%20SPORT%201%20%283%29%202015%2C%20s.%2020-27 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland. Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.11.2015. Revised 20.11.2015. Accepted: 30.11.2015. Paweł Kalinowski, Katarzyna Judreczka Zakład Teorii Sportu Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu Elementy szkolenia w piłce nożnej. Różnice w szkoleniu klubu polskiego i niemieckiego Training elements in football. Differences in the training system between polish club and german club Streszczenie We współczesnej piłce nożnej, kontrola i monitorowanie treningu może zwiększyć efektywność nauczania jak również zapewnienie trenerom i sportowcom kompleksowych warunków treningowych. Uzyskiwane wyniki przez reprezentację Polski w piłce nożnej powodują chęć znalezienia przyczyny takich rezultatów. Celem artykułu jest próba pokazania różnic w treningu piłki nożnej pomiędzy polskim i niemieckim klubem. Przedmiotem obserwacji i analizy byli gracze reprezentujący kluby polskie i niemieckie. Metodą badawczą było użycie bezpośredniej obserwacji i analizy wyników zespołów młodzieżowych. Słowa kluczowe: piłka nożna, Niemcy, Polska, trening, sport. Abstract In modern football control and monitoring of training can increase the effectiveness of teaching. It’s going to provide coaches and athletes comprehensive training conditions. The results obtained by the athletes representing football in Poland tend to looking for reasons causing this state of affairs. The aim was to try to show the differences in training football between Polish and German club. The subject of observation and analysis were players representing Polish and German club. Footballers presented the highest levels of sports as evidenced by participation in the highest league in Poland and Germany. The research method was used direct observation and an analysis of the results of youth teams. Key words: football, German, Poland, training.

Mrozkowiak Mirosław, Mrozkowiak Magdalena, Mrozkowiak Marta. Koncepcja rozwoju Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Sportu i Rekreacji w Drzonkowie „Farma Zdrowia” = The Concept of Development of Voivodeship Sport and Recreation Centre in Drzonkow “Health Farm”. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):405-418. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34231 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A405-418 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/672056 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.09.2015. Revised 25.10.2015. Accepted: 24.11.2015. Koncepcja rozwoju Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Sportu i Rekreacji w Drzonkowie „Farma Zdrowia” The Concept of Development of Voivodeship Sport and Recreation Centre in Drzonkow “Health Farm” Mirosław Mrozkowiak, Magdalena Mrozkowiak, Marta Mrozkowiak Bioergonsport, Nowa Biała 8p, 09-411 Biała Słowa kluczowe: sport, rekreacja. Streszczenie Ośrodek w Drzonkowie zawsze przyciągał mieszkańców nie tylko Regionu Lubuskiego. Z jego bazy treningowej korzystają sportowcy polscy i zagraniczni. Niestety z biegiem lat wskutek stopniowej dekapitalizacji obiektów i licznych zmian organizacyjnych, funkcjonalność Wojewódzkiego Ośrodka Sportu i Rekreacji przestała odpowiadać współczesnym standardom. Struktura organizacyjna i niewydolne zarządzanie nie zahamowały tego procesu. Ośrodek musi być wielofunkcyjny i powszechnie dostępny. Powinien spełniać oczekiwania mieszkańców nie tylko regionu. Opracowanie szczegółowych założeń modernizacji WOSiR, w zakresie przyszłych funkcji i procesu inwestycyjnego będzie pierwszym krokiem w kierunku naprawy i rozwoju. Krok drugi, to inwestycje własne i wdrożenie partnerstwa społeczno - prywatnego, które pozwoli na szybkie i oszczędne sfinalizowanie zamierzeń. Wizja rozwoju ośrodka jest możliwa do realizowania dzięki dotychczas dokonanym przedsięwzięciom, których zrealizowanie było możliwe przy wsparciu finansowemu organu założycielskiego, środkom pozyskanym z funduszy pomocowych, sponsorów i działań własnych. Dyrekcja dobrze zaplanowała i wykorzystała środki pomocowe przekazane na modernizację bazy hotelowej i sportowej, jednak zmiany muszą być radykalne. Keywords: sport, recreation. Abstract The Voivodeship Sport and Recreation Centre (Wojewódzki Ośrodek Sportu i Rekreacji, WOSiR) in Drzonkow has always attracted inhabitant of both Lubusz Voivodeship and other regions of the country. Its sports facilities are used by Polish and foreign sportsmen. Unfortunately, in the course of time, as a result of gradual decapitalization of sports centres and numerous organizational transitions, functions of the Voivodeship Sport and Recreation Centre stopped meeting contemporary standards. Organizational structure and inefficient management did not prevent development of this process. The sport and recreation centres must meet the criteria of being multifunctional and readily available. It should meet expectations of both inhabitants and people from other regions. Development of detailed assumptions for modernization of WOSiR in terms of its future functionalities and investment process will become the first step towards improvement and development. Second step includes own investments and implementation of public and private partnership, which will allow for quick and economical realization of the objectives. Vision of development of the centre is possible to be realized with projects implemented so far, whose realization was possible using financial support from foundation body, funds obtained from aid funds, sponsoring and own initiatives. The management have properly planned and used aid resources allocated for modernization of hotel and sport facilities, however, the transitions have to be more radical.

Klimczyk Agata. Wybrane nadużycia w sporcie w świetle prawa karnego = Main sports malpractices in the view of criminal law. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(8):295-301. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.28774 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.28774 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%288%29%3A295-301 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/611153 POL-index https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/polindex/browse/article/article-278a75e8-caa1-4539-95bc-23ce54e2a1bd Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.07.2015. Revised 21.08.2015. Accepted: 21.08.2015. Wybrane nadużycia w sporcie w świetle prawa karnego Main sports malpractices in the view of criminal law Agata Klimczyk Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń Streszczenie Celem publikacji jest przedstawienie problemu korupcji w sporcie, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem odpowiedzialności karnej. W pracy dokonano analizy raportów Centrum Badania Opinii Społecznej, a także posiłkowano się przeglądem specjalistycznej literatury. Wykazano jak dużym problemem jest korupcja w sporcie, a także w jaki sposób należy jej przeciwdziałać. Stwierdzono, że bez odniesienia się do zasad fair play sport w pełnym tego słowa znaczeniu, nie ma racji bytu. Słowa kluczowe: sport, nadużycia, prawo karne. Abstract The main aim of this work is to show sports corruption with special regard to criminal responsibility. In this work was used following methods: analysing reports of polish Centre for Public Opinion Research and it was made review of special literature. The author shows, how great problem is sports corruption and how to deal with it. It was alleged that sport is completly at odds without fair play rules. Key words: sport, malpractices, criminal law.

Matuszak Emilia, Muszkieta Radosław, Napierała Marek, Cieślicka Mirosława, Zukow Walery, Karaskova Vlastimila, Iermakov Sergii, Bartik Pavol, Ziółkowski Andrzej. Marketing w sporcie na przykładzie polskiej piłki siatkowej mężczyzn = Marketing in sport on the example of the Polish volleyball team. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(5):312-334. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17797 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%285%29%3A312-334 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/561046 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17797 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.02.2015. Revised 27.04.2015. Accepted: 08.05.2015. Marketing w sporcie na przykładzie polskiej piłki siatkowej mężczyzn Marketing in sport on the example of the Polish volleyball team Emilia Matuszak, Radosław Muszkieta, Marek Napierała, Mirosława Cieślicka, Walery Zukow, Vlastimila Karaskova, Sergii Iermakov, Pavol Bartik, Andrzej Ziółkowski Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego w Bydgoszczy Słowa kluczowe: marketing, sport, piłka siatkowa, produkt, cena, promocja, dystrybucja, sponsoring, reklama. Keywords: marketing, sports, volleyball, product, price, promotion, distribution, sponsorship, advertising. Streszczenie Praca skupia się na marketingu w sporcie na przykładzie polskiej piłki siatkowej. Celem badań było określenie wiedzy na temat marketingu w polskiej piłce siatkowej, w jaki sposób oraz w jakim stopniu stosowany jest marketing. Badania zostały przeprowadzone internetowo przy pomocy kwestionariusza ankiety. Ankietowanymi były osoby korzystające z Internetu oraz interesujące się piłką siatkową. Wyniki wskazały, że cały czas rozwija się marketing w polskiej siatkówce oraz, że wiedza badanych na temat marketingu w piłce siatkowej jest duża. Ankietowani wiedzą jak powinna wyglądać promocja oraz w jaki sposób można lepiej promować piłkę siatkową w naszym kraju. Abstract Work focuses on marketing in sports on the example of the Polish volleyball. Aim of the study was to determine the knowledge of Polish volleyball marketing, how and to what extent is used for marketing. Tests have been carried out online with the help of a questionnaire survey. Survey on persons using the Internet and interesting like ball volleyball. The results indicated that all the time developing marketing in the retina and that knowledge test on marketing for men's volleyball is large. It know how should look like promotion and how you can better promote volleyball in our country.

From a sociological point of view, especially in situations when life pulls in all the narrow pontoon around which humanist should fight the "leading up to the knee," the idea that science in the field of sports should be applied for the humanitarian purposes gets more and more supporters. Highlighting this orientation has contributed to the knowledge and the fact that science has brought the situation to serve other unworthy greed, it turns into a tool against humanity and values that increasingly transform the level of training, uncritical obedience and institutional power. Compared to before, the traditional understanding of sport, it seems that it is necessary to say what is meant by the modern sport. It is a flexible label that says more about who is using it, than it does about the phenomenon in the question. Therefore, it should always distinguish what kind of sport it is about, what is meant by the sports and so on. Sociology in our analysis takes into account the specifics of trying to answer the question of why the sport is so popular. It is understood as a method of production of social life, sport products, winners and losers, and all that comes from playing, rivalry and competitive spirit. It takes a certain content, character, direction and values, depending on the specific historical conditions, the structure of society in whose framework it develops. Sports competitions in various ways, express the values and relationships that actually exist in society and mankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]