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The present research featured legal concepts and terms in legislative texts. The paper focuses on various approaches to legal concepts and terms, e.g. logical-hierarchical, definitional, structural-semantic, etc. The author proved that the concepts of legal term and legal concept are often synonymous. They have the same nominative function, verbal expression, modification procedure, and variability. In addition, both terms possess legislative definitions. As a result, a legislative text can be understood in broad and narrow sense. The study touched upon the following issues: (a) the institutional functions of legislative definitions (interpretative, differentiating, legal, system-forming); (b) the location of the definition within the legislative text; (c) the main methods for constructing a legislative definition (lists, descriptions, combinations) and defective legislative definitions. The paper describes reasons for the ambiguity of legal concepts (terms) and the variability of their legislative definitions. The research was based on the texts of Russian federal and regional laws, legal dictionaries, and judicial practice. The methods included discursive, categorical, and definitional approaches, as well as induction and deduction and contextual, component, comparative analyzes. The obtained results and conclusions may be used in legislative text studies, as well as by experts in legislative and judicial discourse.

The paper addresses the problem of psychological counseling provided to a woman trying to decide whether to keep her pregnancy or terminate it. The authors argue that in modern Russian psychological counseling practice dealing with abortion-related issues there are two main approaches: pre-abortion counseling (aimed at abortion prevention) and reproductive choice counseling (trying to make it possible for a woman to come to her own autonomic and responsible decision regarding her own future). The paper analyzes the strategies of psychological counseling on the issue of keeping or terminating the pregnancy. The data was obtained from open online consultations on a Russian professional psychological platform b17.ru. We analyzed 36 consultations that consisted of 1335 posts in general, including 295 posts from the professional counselors. Inductive content analysis and cluster analysis methods were applied. As a result, five strategies of psychological counseling were defined: transmitting negative attitudes to abortion, transmitting the acceptance of abortion, infantilizing of the client, rational analysis of the situation and regulating the client’s emotional state. The issues of assessing the consequences and the effectiveness of these strategies are discussed.

The present article introduces a new complex approach to the Russian rural settlements of the XVII – early XX centuries in the Middle Tom' Region basin. The approach unites historical, archaeological, and ethnographic researches for a detailed reconstruction of the process of Russian colonization in the region and its reflection in the local material culture. A thorough analysis of historical documentation made it possible to describe the development of the peasant population in the Middle Tom' Region valley. The four stages of this process are different in growth rates, as well as in the priority role of the southern and northern zones of the region. The XVII century saw the most active process of rural development in Sosnovsk area, while the settlements of Kuznetsk area appeared mostly in the first half of the XVIII century. The growth rate in the north and south areas began to level in the second half of the XVIII century – early XIX century. There were no changes in the total number of settlements registered after the middle of the XIX century. The paper also features a brief analysis of archaeological studies of the rural settlements in Western Siberia. The authors believe that the Middle Tom' Region basin still remain largely understudied. The paper contains a catalog of the local archaeological monuments of the Early Modern Period. The catalog is based on the coverage degree, historical identification, and their protection status. The research revealed a certain territorial disproportion in the number of registered archeological monuments. The authors propose some new directions for further studies of the history and culture of the Russian population in the Middle Tom' Region basin.

The paper features some aspects of Chinese colonization policy in the Mongolian North in the early XX century. There have been publications on the issue; however, they fail to provide a full coverage of the period, and no serious comprehensive study has ever been performed. In this regard, documents of the State Archive of the Russian Federation can contribute to the comprehensive study of the topic. The documents are mostly represented by trip reports to Manchuria in the first quarter of the XX century. The article describes a document about a little known event of the period in question: the trip made by the Chinese Minister of Colonies Prince Su to the territory of South-Eastern Mongolia (North-Eastern China). The author also analyzed the related conclusions made by the Actual State Councilor D. D. Pokotilov, the Extraordinary Envoy and Plenipotentiary Minister in Beijing. The paper also contains a revision of Chinese colonial policy in the Mongolian lands, made by Prince Su in his report to the Chinese authorities. The beginning of the XX century became the climax of the Chinese colonization on the territory in question. This period is also associated with the expansion of Russian influence on the territory of the Sino-Eastern railway right of way. Nevertheless, a complete picture of Chinese colonization requires further studies of archival sources.

The present research features project thinking in relation to the realities of the modern dynamic and non-predetermined world. The author specifies the need for a fundamentally new understanding of the essence of the processes that make up the substantial foundation of project thinking as the competence of a modern manager in the logic of project management. The paper describes various aspects of the application of project thinking in various, primarily humanitarian, areas of scientific knowledge. It introduces an attempt to specify the definition of project thinking with due account of the modern requirements for a company manager. The author describes the problems of studying project thinking in modern psychological science and points to the methodological inconsistency of the linear, eclectic conception of project thinking that does not take into account the system-synergetic features of this phenomenon. For instance, the inability of the old linear-eclectic model of project thinking to explain that a subject of project activity cannot create and effectively implement a project in an application area even if the subject of project activity has a high efficiency of separated components of project thinking. The paper gives an outline of the methodological abilities of the system approach and synergetic approach in relation to the study of project thinking, as well as delimited synergic and synergistic comprehension of complicated processes, including psychological processes in relation to project thinking. Finally, the author identifies the problems associated with the consideration of project thinking through the prism of the system and synergistic approaches and proposes some instrumental ways to overcome these difficulties.

The paper presents an analysis of opportunities of a team approach in support of primary school pupils with learning difficulties and maladjustment. It describes the possibilities of neuropsychological approach in conjunction with the team method of work. The authors introduced stages of the diagnostic and remedial process, taking into account the specific features of public primary school. The research objective was to analyze opportunities of team method in a primary school, based on the neuropsychological approach. The diagnostic and remedial process has four stages. For the diagnosis, the authors used age-adapted individual and group neuropsychological assessment of children using Luria's battery, with quantitative evaluation of data, as well as a modified method of "proof-reading test" and Gestalt test by Bender. The authors proposed a multi-stage diagnostic method, adapted to conditions of the public primary school. The results of diagnosis revealed the structure of cognitive disturbances in children. The paper focuses on the application possibilities of the team method, based on the neuropsychological approach in primary school, as well as on the opportunities for schools to support children "at risk".

The research featured the phenomenon of the so-called reading phobia, which is characterized by an irrational obsessive fear of reading that interferes with the normal psycho-emotional development of the child, thus affecting their entire life. The paper introduces a new method of pedagogical correction of reading phobia in children of primary school age. The experiment involved six first-graders (four boys and two girls). They received correctional 40-minute classes twice a week for 3–6 months, depending on the complexity of each particular case of reading phobia. The authors developed six consecutive teaching methods: teamwork of the teacher, the psychologist, and the parents in a friendly atmosphere; face-toface work with the child; use of specially selected texts and methods of involving the child in the reading process; individual approach to the duration of classes, etc. The paper focuses on the neurophysiological characteristics and etiology of reading phobia. Reading phobia is described as a fear of reading instilled by adults, which often affects primary schoolers. The article also contains a list of negative effects of mental development and socialization that children with reading phobia are bound to face if they receive no special therapy. The developed method can be used by primary school teachers and psychologists.

The paper features the interaction of archaeological science and textbooks on archeology. It successively examines the history of textbooks on archeology in Russia published for higher education institutions of history, from the XIX century to the present. The author stresses the importance of textbooks in the formation and development of archeology as one of the main subjects of university historical education. Archeology and its textbooks play a key role in the reconstruction of important historical events of the three million years of human history, especially in cases when archaeological materials are the only source. Archeology discovered civilizations of the Ancient East, e.g. China, India, Iran, as well as Archaic Greece and ancient Rome. The paper states the significance of the archaeological heritage of Russia. Since 1970s, only two universities in Russia, Lomonosov Moscow State University and Kemerovo State University (Department of Archeology), have been publishing university textbooks on archeology to be used in universities nationwide. The list involves nine publications prepared by Kemerovo State University. These textbooks are unique from the point of view of the content and methodology of the presentation. The article focuses on the interaction of archaeological science and university textbooks. This concerns the explanation of global historical events, e.g. the early colonization of Eurasia, ethnogenesis in the Middle Paleolithic Era, human migration to America in the Upper Paleolithic, the formation of cultural in the early Holocene, revolution of the producing economy in the Paleometallic Era, etc. The author describes the effect of archeological textbooks on the formation of the conceptual foundations of modern archeology as a historical science. The section "One History – Two Sciences" features the shortcomings of modern Russian historical science, in particular, the lack of alternative to the concept of formational explanation of history in school and university textbooks. History is currently being demonstrated exclusively as a social-class development process, which makes it impossible to understand the role of the fundamental foundations of historical development, as well as the role of discoveries, innovations, achievements in the field of material culture and productive economy. As a result, the human achievements of the past, which are indicated in archeology textbooks, do not find proper application in explaining the historical processes in Russia and Eurasia in modern history textbooks.

At present the problem of the integration between the higher education and the sphere of labor has become particularly urgent. It is noted that the attempts earlier made by a number of authors to solve the problem of the integration between the higher education and the labor sphere by combining educational and professional standards, as well as by harmonizing the requirements of the labor market for the qualifications of specialists and the competencies of graduates of higher education are facing significant difficulties. In this paper, we consider individual educational programs as one of the mechanisms of combining the higher education and labor. The analysis of the emerging differences between the higher education and the sphere of labor in the context of different educational models has been conducted. Thus, for example, within the framework of the professional model of the educational process organization, the possibilities of building individual educational programs are limited by the amount of labor intensity of the variable part of the educational program according to the field of study or subject specialism. At the same time, we are talking about professional individual educational programs, which are based on the processes of the formation of professional subjectivity of the student and the formation of his/her professional image. Such individual educational programs not only orient students on a certain type of work activity already at university, but also guarantee a well-grounded choice of the future profession. The paper focuses on the significant impact of the individualization of professional and professionalization of individual educational programs, as well as the multilevel structure of higher education on the nature of the integration of educational programs of higher education and the trajectories of professional development of young professionals. It is emphasized that the adaptation of students to the educational process, built on the principles of individualization of educational programs, is a key point of interdisciplinary psychological and pedagogical problems of the development of creative abilities of students and is accompanied by the mastery of new skills.

The paper focuses on the issue of advancing education research through research networking, and it directs our attention to one of the World Education Research Association program, which is called World Education Research Association-International Research Networks, WERA-IRNs. The program pro- motes and supports the development of high quality research, particularly with regard to creating the conditions for high-quality research through research networking in education. Reflecting on the aims of WERA-IRNs and its more than 10-year history (2010-2021), and what is already part of the WERA practice in sustaining and developing the WERA-IRNs program, it is visible that WERA-IRNs can serve as an important model for advancing education research through international research collaboration. For the purposes of the paper a historical analysis of source materials is used. The paper concludes with thoughts on future research on networks of research collaboration and science policy challenges in the era of collaborative turn in science. Research on scientific collaboration networks should be connected with the smart approach towards scientific collaboration policy and its challenges. It is necessary to take into account the horizontal nature of scientific collaboration policies, and the variety of levels at which science policies can be designed and implemented. Key words: geography of science, research network, scientific collaborative turn in science, scien-tific associations, research capacity building, World Education Research Association (WERA), World Education Research Association International Research Networks (WERA-IRNs).

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This manuscript presents a protocol designed for the comprehensive investigation of early life stress (ELS) outcomes and a feasibility study conducted with this protocol. ELS alters normal development by interfering at various levels: hormonal changes, brain cellular architecture, epigenome, and chromosomal structural elements. The protocol combines classic behavioral tests with advanced molecular techniques to obtain comprehensive data and thus uncover the underlying mechanisms of ELS. In this protocol, the main source of stress is maternal separation. Briefly, a group of C57Bl/6 mice undergoes maternal separation; then, mice perform the radial maze test and the resident-intruder test. As a control, another group of mice stays undisturbed and performs the same behavioral tests in the same timeframe. After the behavioral tests, biosamples are collected, including urine for corticosterone measurements, peripheral blood, hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex tissues for DNA isolation and its downstream analyses (DNA methylation profiling and telomere length measuring), and whole brains for immunohistochemistry analysis of the glucocorticoid receptor density. This protocol was successfully tested as a feasibility study for a large-scale investigation that addresses potential flaws to establish a robust methodology. This paper reports on a comprehensive approach to examining multiple aspects of development that interrogates a holistic analysis of multilayer and multidimensional data and may contribute valuable insights for both animal and human studies.

This paper describes the procedure of developing and standardizing the Russian-language online emotional intelligence (EI) test for adolescents aged 10-17 years (EIT-A) in two versions: for younger and older adolescents. The test was developed on the basis of the EI ability model by J. Mayer, P. Salovey, and D. Caruso. Psychometric testing of the test was carried out on 1491 adolescents, students of schools in Moscow and other cities of Russia: 735 respondents aged between 10 and 13 years old (341 boys, 394 girls), mean age - 12.2 years, and 756 respondents aged between 14 and 17 years old (271 boys, 485 girls), mean age - 15.6 years. The analysis showed high reliability of the EIT-A method. The confirmatory factor analysis results indicate the methodology's high structural validity. Its reliability-consistency (Cronbach's Alpha) for the version for the 10-13-year-olds was 0.93, and for the version for the 14-17-year-olds — 0.91. The theoretical validity of the EIT-A method was confirmed: it measures the same construct as the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test-Youth Research Version (MSCEIT-YRV), adapted to the Russian-language sample - a test by J. Mayer, P. Salovey, and D. Caruso to assess the EI of adolescents, which has a strong psychometric history. The data obtained provide a basis for using the Russian EIT-A test for research and applied purposes as a reliable methodological tool.

Objective. The study of socio-psychological predictors of the perceived age of adults aged 35 to 75 years.Background. The relevance of the work is determined by the interdisciplinary status of the phenomenon of perceived age (the phenomenon of social cognition and the result of the influence of numerous factors associated with predicting the risk of death) in modern science and the need to determine the influence of socio-psychological factors on the perceived age of a person at the stage of "maturity" and "old age". Study design. Photographs of perceptual objects previously tested using a block of techniques were shown to perceptual subjects ("evaluators") to assess their age, the arithmetic mean of the estimates corresponded to the perceived age of the study participants. Next, a list of possible predictors was compiled, to which multiple regression analysis (step-by-step method) was applied. Participants. 523 people (207 men and 316 women) aged 35 to 75 years took part in the study as objects of perception; 140 people acted as subjects of perception ("evaluators") in various rounds of presenting photographs to assess the age of objects of perception. The sample was divided into subgroups of "mature" (age 35-59 years, 368 people, 142 men and 226 women, M = 49 years) and "elderly" (age 60-75 years, 155 people, 65 men and 90 women, M = 65 years). Measurements. The procedure of "Photovideopresentation of appearance" by T.A. Vorontsova; the questionnaire "Self-assessment of age" by T.A. Vorontsova; a set of techniques developed by V.A. Labunskaya for the diagnosis of attitude to one's appearance. Results. The paper identifies socio-psychological predictors of a person's perceived age at the age stages of "maturity" and "old age": subjective age, the importance of appearance, integral assessment of appearance, assessment of appearance by the mother, the need to look younger than their years, economic status. Regression models were compiled separately on male/female subsamples, as well as adults aged 35-59 and 60-75 years. It was found that the regression model built on the data of elderly study participants (from 60 to 75 years old), which included a combination of predictors "significance of appearance", "satisfaction with appearance" and "planned life expectancy", has the greatest predictive value. It is also shown that the behavioral component of the attitude to one's appearance (the severity of appearance-perfectionism) does not affect the indicator of the difference between chronological and perceived age ("saved years").Conclusions. The combination of socio-psychological predictors of perceived age varies depending on gender and age stage of life. Universal and gender-specific predictors of perceived age have been identified. The universal predictor, regardless of gender and age stage of life, is the importance of appearance.

The content of the article consists of the results of the theoretical analysis of scientific research, the authors of which focus on the problem of identifying signs of the involvement of law enforcement officers in corruption crimes and the practices of interaction with former law enforcement officers convicted of corruption crimes. The paper identifies groups of causes of corrupt behavior, through the prism of which the specific features of the professional activities of law enforcement officers and, in more detail, employees of the penitentiary system, contributing to such unlawful behavior, are analyzed. It is also noted that there is a similarity of former employees (corrupt criminals) in terms of destructive deviations with former employees of the penitentiary system convicted of common crimes. The authors pay special attention to such a personal quality as empathy. The article substantiates the need to consider empathy in the context of other personality traits as one of the signs indicating the presence of risks of corrupt behavior.

Preserving the full life of an elderly person as the most vulnerable category of the population in times of armed conflict raises many methodological, theoretical, and practical issues for scholars. The article is an attempt at a problematic and reflective analysis of the heuristic nature of the concept of successful ageing for the study of ageing of elderly Ukrainians in the context of the war with Russia. The paper presents a problem-oriented review of contemporary Western literature on successful ageing. In addition to the basic empirical and theoretical works, a significant part of the theoretical analysis is based on the results of the most significant meta-analytical studies on this topic. The methodology of problem-oriented and integrative analysis was used to determine which problem areas of the concept of successful ageing can contribute to its study in wartime. The potential and limitations of the modern concept of successful ageing are considered. Eight problem areas of this concept are presented, which reveal certain contradictions, debatable issues, and gaps, which are simultaneously directions for the development of both the concept itself and its research in the context of war. Among them: vagueness of the criteria for successful ageing and its dilution with similar concepts; interaction of biomedical and psychosocial contexts of successful ageing; limits of responsibility for the success of ageing in the context of the “person – society” dichotomy; socio-structural inequalities between older people and the inability to age equally “successfully”; discrepancies between subjective and objective indicators of successful ageing; dominance of the Western model of successful ageing and levelling of its cultural specificity; integration of individual, social and scientific conceptualization of successful ageing. The author analyses the most promising theoretical and methodological concepts and theories of successful ageing that are most relevant to the problem of ageing in war. The literature review presented in the article will help to draw attention to the problem of improving and preserving the full life of an elderly person in the context of armed conflict. The results of the research will be useful to scholars and practitioners for the further development of programmes to protect the mental and physical health of older people in war

In the current paper authors discuss problems of marine and aerospace medicine and psychophysiology, which Georgii Zarakovskii (1925-2014), a prominent domestic experts in the field of military medicine, psychology and ergonomics, solved. Authors focused on methodological approaches and results of the study of psychophysiological characteristics and human capabilities took into account for design of tools and organization of flight crews, astronauts and military experts. Authors marked the contribution to the creation of a system integrating psychophysiological features and characteristics of the person neccessary for development, testing and maintenance of aerospace engineering and organization of its professional activities. The possibilities of using the methodology of psychophysiological activity analysis in order to improve the reliability of psychophysiological military specialists, are shown.

The requirement for parental consent for conducting abortion for minors has always been a highly debatable and controversial ethical issue. In terms of ethical debate, there are manifolded ‘pros’ and ‘cons’ of liberal legislation on abortion for the underage girls. Worldwide experience has revealed that the variations in the laws as well as the arguments for and against abortion for teenagers differ depending on geographical location, ethnicity, religion, and cultural peculiarities. This paper juxtaposes arguments in favor for and against parental consent, as well as neutral arguments neither for nor against, narrowing down the issue to the context of Kazakhstan. At the same time, the paper also uses ethical stances of virtuous and utilitarian aspects for argumentative purposes and touching upon the aspects of morality. In conclusion, the paper argues in favor for mitigating the access for underage girls in Kazakhstan on a legislative level and suggests that Kazakhstan should reconsider as well as readapt its regulation and laws on abortion in order to maintain health, happiness, utility, and reproductive abilities of future-to-be mothers. Thus, a law mitigating the access to abortion for youngsters could make a huge positive impact for both underage girls as well as the society to reach an agreeable consensus between the two. Key words: abortion, Kazakhstan, minors, parental consent, ethics.

The paper features the problems of traceological analysis of ancient artifacts made from animal bones. The exceptional importance of bone objects as an archaeological source cannot be overestimated. The authors studied Russian and foreign scientific literature and summarized their own experience of trace examination of bone artifacts from Bronze Age monuments of the forest-steppe Altai. The paper describes some methodological problems that arise during trace examination of archaeological bone collections. It studies the material, technological, functional, and taxonomic features of macro- and micro-surfaces of bone artifacts that make the examination different from analysis of stone artifacts and have to be taken into account. The leading factor is the raw material features of the bone. They cause an accelerated process of formation and destruction of traces on the surface of tools and products, the possibility of using bone material in various physical states, as well as the presence of deformations and traces of a natural (biological) nature. The authors challenge the thesis that the method applied to trace examination of stone objects can be transferred to bone tools and products. They declare that bone artifacts require specialized methods and techniques.

The paper features studies of ancient hillforts of the 1st millennium AD located in the forest-steppe of the Altai region. The research history can be divided into two stages. The first stage (late XIX – 1980s) focused on the accumulation and interpretation of materials. The second stage (1980s – to date) initiated a focused study of the monuments. Initially, the studies of the hillforts were connected with such local lore researchers as M. D. Kopytov and B. Kh. Kadikov, who were followed by archaeologists Y. F. Kiryushin, M. T. Abdulganeev, A. L. Kungurov, and A. A. Kazakov. An analysis of scientific literature revealed that 40 ancient settlements sites have been discovered and examined since the late XIX century. 11 of them were studied archaeologically. The obtained materials did not fit into the existing historical and cultural paradigm. The situation began to change in the 1980s whith the attempts to determine the relative chronology of the settlements and their cultural affiliation. As a result, two different cultural and chronological schemes were formed. The first one was based on funerary monuments and did not take into account their relationship with settlement complexes. The second approach included the materials on hillfort studies. The paper also focuses on the debatable question about the functional purpose of the ditch – shaft line. Further studies of the sites will make it possible to identify the economic and cultural characteristics of the population of the Altai forest-steppe in the 1st millennium AD.

The research features an analysis of the headlines of economic articles published in German periodicals after the global economic crisis. The paper gives a theoretical basis of the conceptual nature of headlines and characterizes the phenomenon as a textual linguacultural concept. The subject of the present research is verbal representations of the concept "economic headline" to be found in German economic media discourse. The paper focuses on the description of the process of headline cognition that the recipient performs by interpreting the foreknowledge inherent to a headline. The analysis revealed different cognitive strategies of text producers and the variation in the verbal content of headlines. All the headings of economic articles published in German periodicals actualize the concept of "economic heading". The frequent inclusion of headline complex elements into the process of text cognition is typical for modern economic headlines. Their multilevel structure allows keeping the maximum information content as it provides the recipient with the necessary foreknowledge concerning the subject area of the article. This method accelerates the headline cognition process and results from the fact that the recipient has no time to read the whole article. The established norms of headline construction in German journalism reflect the cognition of economic reality in German linguaculture.

The paper relates to the branch of cyberpsychology associated with risk factors during immersion in a virtual environment. Specialists in the development and operation of virtual reality systems know that immersion into this environment may be accompanied by symptoms similar to the “motion sickness” of transport vehicle passengers (ships, aircraft, cars). In the paper, these conditions are referred to as a cybersickness (or, cyberdisease). The three leading theories, proposed as an explanation of the causes of cybersickness, are discussed: the theory of sensory conflict, the theory of postural instability (the inability to maintain equilibrium), and the evolutionary (aka toxin) theory. A frequent occurrence of symptoms of cybersickness is a conflict between visual signals and signals from the vestibular system. It is shown that such conflicts can be stimulated in the framework of a specially organized experiment (e.g., the illusion of out-of-body experience) using virtual reality systems. When competing signals (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, tactile, etc.) reach the brain, the data gained with the use of virtual reality systems give a chance to hypothetically determine the localization of the specific area in the brain that ensures the integration of multisensory stimuli.

The paper describes the results of a phenomenological study of client experiences in the process of psychotherapy. We assumed that the experience changes during the course of psychotherapy, and the dynamics of the experience could be observed both within one session and between sessions. The sample consisted of 6 people aged 29 to 53, 5 women and 1 man. One woman attended 4 meetings with a psychotherapist, the man and other women — 3 meetings each. Conversations were recorded on a dictaphone and then transcribed. Two independent experts read and coded each transcript, and then codes were discussed. At the first stage of analysis, we noted unique semantic units. At the second stage, they were coded. We describe the dynamics of the experiences of each client separately from the beginning to the end of work with a psychotherapist. The results allow us to conclude that there are transformations of experiences in all clients; both in their experiences regarding the work process and also regarding the problem situations that were the reason for treatment. The results of further categorization, generalization, and interpretation will be described in the next paper.

The present research features the role of metaphorical term formation in the Anglo-American legal term system on the basis of a multi-aspect analysis of a lexicographic source. A thorough examination showed that metaphorization is a full-featured but not productive mechanism of terminology production in the sphere of jurisprudence. Metaphorical terms that function in major, specialized, and complex branches of law represent less than 1% of all terminological units recorded in the ABBYY Press legal dictionary. The paper focuses on mono-lexemic and poly-lexemic legal terms formed by metaphorization. Two- and three-component metaphorical terms were found most frequent. This fact can be explained both by the binary essence of the metaphorical process itself and by a high degree of specification of the legal concept. The position of the metaphorical component was taken into account when the terminological combinations were systematized. The paper contains some examples of various types of metaphoric shift in term formation: reframing according to (1) functional analogy, (2) identity of the produced impression, (3) size correspondence, (4) similarity of origin, (5) the presence of related properties, and (6) the same extension in space. The author singled out anthropomorphic, socio-morphic, artifactual, and nature-morphic metaphorical models of legal term formation. The predominant distribution of anthropomorphic legal metaphors reached almost 50% of the whole selection of examples. The paper describes and illustrates conceptual source spheres of all four categories of terminological metaphors in the legal field. As for some vague cases, the author specified the significative zone of the metaphor according to its figurative-semantic focus. In addition, the study differentiated universal and nationally-marked legal metaphorical terms. Particular attention in this classification was given to metaphorical terms that bear precedent phenomena which are part of the cognitive base of the English-speaking socio-cultural community and serve as a key to understanding its legal norms.

The research on the pragmatics of complimentary speech acts should be carried out with due account for such social dimensions as gender, status-marked, age-related, and regional constituent parts. The aim of the study at hand is to elaborate on complimentary speech acts in the light of what will be termed as 'regional identity' within the framework of this article. Notwithstanding many studies of regional identity [1], few have revealed evident account of the representation of the interlocutor's regional identity in the language. This investigation concentrates on the theory of regional identity. The aim of the study is to consider the impact of the place where people live in on the production of complimentary speech acts in the British and American linguacultures. This scientific paper analyzes the significant features of compliments produced by people of urban-related identity and rural-related identity. Therefore, the paper focuses on answering the following research questions: What is the definition of complimentary speech act? What does regional identity mean? How is regional identity reflected in the compliments paid by the British and the Americans? Following the critical analysis of current works [1] on the theory of regional identity, this paper presents complimentary speech acts collected from English and American fiction of the XX and XXI centuries: Fowles J., Jardine Q., Salinger, Smith Z., Stockett K., Yates R., in the prospect of investigation the reflection of regional identity in language.

The paper features some discrepancies in various publications on the Tuvan stone statues. The statues were first discovered by A. V. Adrianov in 1881 on the territory of modern Barun-Khemchik, Dzun-Khemchik and Ulug-Khem districts. Five statues represent anthropomorphic beings holding a vessel in both hands. According to L. R. Kyzlasov, this posture is peculiar to the sculptures of the Uighur period. After A.V. Adrianov, these statues were rediscovered or re-documented by other scientists. When comparing the works of A. V. Andrianov, O. H. Appelgren-Kivalo (I. R. Aspelin’s materials), C. R. Mintslov, L. A. Evtukhova, M. P. Gryaznov, and E. R. Schneider, the author revealed some discrepancies in the indication of the locations of the same statues, and the differences in their graphic representation. The author compared graphic documentation of different quality and location data to identifythe statues in the publications of these researchers. The paper introduces information on the current location of four of the five sculptures discovered by A. V. Adrianov. The article states the need for redocumentation of stone statues of Tuva by modern methods and technical means.

Background. Providing emergency psychological assistance to the population affected by emergency situations (ES) today is an integral part of emergency response measures. The required psychological work with the victims and their relatives is carried out by psychologists of the Ministry of Emergency Situations (EMERCOM), Russia. Children are a particular group of victims, so it is important to study how to help them in emergency situations. The Objective of this paper is to summarize and analyze the experience of the EMERCOM psychological service, Russia, in organizing and providing emergency psychological assistance to children, parents and teachers of secondary schools. Design. In the past few years, the experts of the EMERCOM psychological service, Russia, have gained experience in providing emergency psychological assistance to children after incidents in educational institutions. The paper describes the experience of psychologists in connection with the incident that occurred in January, 2018 in secondary school 127 in the city of Perm, Russia, where the teenagers attacked younger students and their class teacher. The authors describe the organization and areas of psychological in this situation. The contents and objectives of the psychological work at the emergency site, the process of expert advice in organizing mass events to inform parents and teachers, and examples describing the methods of providing emergency psychological assistance are described. Results. The authors highlighted the recommended areas of special attention, and also articulated the features that the psychologist should take into account when providing psychological assistance to victims of emergency situations and incidents that occurred on the territory of educational institutions. Conclusion. The category of those who need psychological assistance in the acute period is wider the category of those who are harmed and who witnessed the event. The public stir results in embracing those who did not participate in the event but was emotionally involved. It is safe to say that such situations affect more people, which induces the necessity of psychological support and implementation of an integrated approach in order to preserve the mental health of both children and adults, which requires involvement of experts of various profiles.

Background. The paper focuses upon L.F. Obukhova’s ideas about creativity in children, the search for objective mechanisms for the development of child thinking in solving creative problems. The paper is prepared in connection with the conference “Scientific Readings in Memory of L.F. Obukhova (1938-2016), Professor of Moscow State Lomonosov University” on the occasion of her 80th birthday. The Objective of the analytical and theoretical research is rethinking the basic ideas of L.F. Obukhova in the study of key aspects of child creativity and systematic study of thinking based on ‘open-end’ type problems that allow multiple solutions. Design. The psychological characteristics of creativity in children and its relationship with other mental processes are consistently considered. The mental processes are perception, emotions, intelligence, imagination; age peaks and declines in the development of creativity of preschoolers. The paper presents a critical analysis of measuring creativity, the impact of learning on the development of children on the basis of popular programs and trainings of creative thinking. The paper highlights the prospects of Obukhova’s scientific approach to the vital issues in understanding mental development of the child, the ‘intersection of ideas’ of representatives of cultural-historical and natural-scientific paradigms. Results. The heuristic possibilities of the analysis of the general and divergences of representatives of two main scientific paradigms in modern psychology are shown. According to L.F. Obukhova, the Torrence’s Picture Construction Test shows the convergent strategies of solution, which contradicts Guilford’s understanding of the phenomena of creativity. The cultural-historical paradigm highlights the artificial approach to the process of thinking though the prism of multiple factors. Findings. The analysis showed that underestimating the role of adults in the teaching creativity brings about a partial solution to the problem articulated by E.P. Torrence: «Can we Teach Children To Think Creatively?» Building a comprehensive view of the mechanisms that induce creative processes brings closer to a deeper understanding of the issues of development and learning.

Background. The paper contains a revised text of Lev Vygotsky’s review of Andrei Bely’s novel “Petersburg”. In addition to Vygotsky’s review the paper presents the author’s comment. The review is of particular importance for understanding the biography facts of Lev Vygotsky, the greatest psychologist of the twentieth century. The Objective is to provide the modern reader with a semantic understanding of both the text of the peer-reviewed novel and a special stage of personal, national and religious self-determination of Lev Vygotsky, the outstanding psychologist of the twentieth century. Design. When working on the comment, traditional historical and philological methods of text analysis and reading techniques were used to identify the hidden and implicit citations contained in Vygotsky’s review from a number of interpretation angles. One of them concerns the artistic features of the novel associated with the distinctive aesthetics of symbolism. Another perspective is connected with the religious and philosophical issues that determine the ideological position of Andrey Bely. The third one concerns a wide range of issues related to anti-Semitism issues. Results. We sought to give the reader an opportunity to feel the urgency of the political situation and ideology in the Russian intelligentsia of the period when the novel was created and the review was written. We tried to devote particular attention to the aspects of a psychological phenomena (e.g. consciousness, semantic understanding) and those methodological principles that Vygotsky would later use in his own psychological research. Findings. The analysis of Vygotsky’s review carried out in the paper will help clarify the authenticity of the cultural-historical approach of Vygotsky as psychologist.

This paper discusses the role of the discipline “Medical and Biological Physics” in the area of medical education as a component of educational work upon the negative impact of smoking on human health. Some Ukrainian legislative acts for regulation of tobacco smoking are emphasized. Statistical data of tobacco smoking in Ukraine are shown. The problem of smoking, the use of electronic cigarettes and their effects on human health are intensively studied in the research of Ukrainian and foreign authors, but the description of negative smoking impact is not presented from the point of view of physical processes. Therefore, it became necessary to illustrate the most important problems from the point of view of medical physics The latest medical data allows including in the educational process on the discipline “medical and biological physics” some information about the negative effects of smoking on processes and phenomena in the human body, interpreting them from a physical point of view. The medical and biological orientation of the discipline is shown. The paper illustrates examples from this topic with the description of physical phenomena and physical regularities which explain the results of tobacco smoking. They are applied in educational process of the Biological Physics and Medical Informatics Department at the Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine “Bukovinian State Medical University”. The most important examples in studying tobacco influence on human health are discussed in the lessons on: “Ultrasound, its application in treatment and diagnostics”, “Fluid mechanics. Viscosity of liquids”, “Liquids surface tension”, “Thermal radiation of biological objects”, “Radioactivity. Dosimetry” The relationship between clinical subjects and medical and biological physics is shown.

Introduction. This paper focuses on the conditions for using digital resources characterized by a nonlinear presentation of information in the cognitive process with a view of modelling personal educational environments as the basis for the map of opportunities in getting specialties of the future. The authors offer tools for the use of cognitive technologies for the construction of individuals’ worldviews which should create additional factors for the development of their theoretical and creative thinking and influence their cognitive development. Methods. The study used the personality-oriented and the activity-based and system approaches to analyze and interpret the findings. The Rapid Foresight technique and the observation, experiment, and analysis methods were employed in the study. Results. The authors justify the use of new cognitive technologies that allow individuals to model the process of cognition and help them create worldviews adequate to the demands of society and the trends of specialties of the future. The example of modelling a personal trajectory of the development in digital environments characterized by a nonlinear presentation of information describes the factors of the development of thinking and information searching skills. In accordance with corresponding cognitive processes individuals construct the following three types of knowledge: (a) knowledge acquired through perceiving and processing information; (b) knowledge acquired through experiment; and (c) meta-knowledge (reflexive and orientation knowledge). This paper presents an experiment confirming the effectiveness of new cognitive technologies in modeling a non-linear trajectory of individual development and cognition. Discussion. On the basis of the generalization of the results of cognitive activity during modelling the process of cognition in digital environments the authors described the types of knowledge and offered the types of work considered to be the most effective in terms of intellectual development. The presented types of cognitive activity help to create additional conditions for new applications of cognitive technologies when constructing worldviews. A general algorithm of the map of opportunities implies a correlation between psychological characteristics and demands of specialties of the future.

The paper presents a gradual model of etymological analysis of the Chinese hieroglyph. The research was based on the game approach logic expressed in the combination of Russian and Chinese linguistic analysis of Chinese characters. The established rules include verification of the graphic paradigm according to the stages of Chinese writing development. In addition, the rules involve grammatological, structural, semantic, and ideosemantic analyses. Individual research strategy included selection of linguistic, historical, and cultural sources for verification of the graphic-semantic characteristics of the Chinese character. The author applied a combination and sequence of research approaches and introduced an authentic analysis terminology. The authentic terminology was supported by analogies from Russian linguistics, as well as by the experience of etymologization of the character in Chinese philological science. The paper features a model of etymological analysis of the Chinese character. It consists of several stages/types of etymological reconstructions: formal-graphic,grammatical or structural, and semantic (including ideosemantic).The created etymological model was tested on the example of etymologization of the Chinese hieroglyph "cart" 車 che / ju. Its paradigm was verified according to its graphic variants, which belonged to the early stages of ancient Chinese writing, namely jinwen, jiaguwen, and zhuanti. The author determined the graphic-semantic core of the character. Its graphic sensemaking form was systematically analyzed on the basis of verification of its graphic and semantic characteristics. Finally, the author conducted a semantic and ideosemantic analysis of the character, which included historical and archeological data on Chinese material culture. As a result, the study helped to define the etymological meaning of the character.

The paper describes a bronze plaque, made in Perm animal style by method of one-side casting. It depicts a rampant winged bear with its paws on the shoulders of a standing man. Being an accidental finding, the plaque comes from the northern regions of the Altai Territory (the village of Vysokaya Griva, Pankrushikhinskiy District). The paper features its composition and plot, which has a complex semantic content. Following other researchers, the authors consider such products a metal reflection of the three-part world structure, characteristic for the peoples at a certain level of social development, and a myth about the origin of the people. A comparative analysis with both neighboring and quite remote areas made it possible to assume that there were different totem animals, ancestors of the major ethnic groups of different Finno-Ugrian peoples. Thus, a bird of prey was the most typical totem animal for the western territories representing a Finnish-speaking population that lived in the European part of Russia. The bird was both the ancestor and the guardian spirit of the ethnic group. A bear was the totem for the eastern territories of the Finno-Ugrian peoples living in Siberia, in the Asian Russia, that represented the Ugrian-Samoyedic population. It is evidenced by the absence of bears on the plaques with encoded myths about the origin of the kindred in Western European regions, and on the contrary, a practically complete absence of birds on similar plaques in the Asian regions. The finding is published for the first time.

The research features modern domestic and foreign fundamental approaches to self-destructive behavior and suicidal risk. The author adduces the data on the structure of suicidal risk, its affective, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics. The paper also describes the concept of increasing potential risk factors and predicates presented by M. D. Rudd, as well as an analysis of the theory of suicidal barometer developed by K. M. Harris, J. J. Syu, O. D. Lello, Y. L. Chew, C. H. Willcox, and R. H. Ho. It also features situational and personal factors of suicidal risk, both potential and actual. The paper focuses on predictors of the genesis and development of predisposition to auto-destructive behavior in adolescents.The research objective was to study the characteristics of risk factors of autodestructive behavior in adolescents. The sample group included 116 participants, 14–16-year-old students of 9–10 grades. The author described situational and personal risk factors of auto-destructive behavior in adolescents. They revealed a correlation between personal relations with inner circle and neighborhood society, as well as affective, cognitive, and behavioral personality factors of autodestructive risk.

The article continues a series of studies devoted to the actual problem of increasing sports effectiveness and the growth of professional longevity of highly qualified athletes – members of Russian national sports teams. Not contradicting the methodological foundations of research of sports activities, the authors propose a solution to the problem of psychological and pedagogical support of professional success in sports of higher achievements. The research is based on the systemic anthropological psychology and the theory of human self-realization. The subject of this study is the peculiarities of the stability of the lifeworld in athletes with various levels of professional success. The paper features a comparative analysis, the results of which clearly illustrate the specific features of the manifestation of the lifeworld stability in athletes with various levels of professional success. It was empirically proved that the high degree of life-world stability and the constructive nature of its manifestation are the psychological conditions for the optimal combination of processes of achieving high athletic results and maintaining a high level of mental adaptation. It determines the sustainability of the lifeworld as a systemic psychological characteristic responsible for the effective professionalization in the sport of higher achievements. This allows the authors to conclude that the program of psychological and pedagogical support introduced in this paper will probably improve sports effectiveness and mental adaptation of athletes, contributing to the growth of their professional longevity.

The research paper presents the results of the analysis of scientific sources on theoretical, methodological and applied aspects of the range of problems. The essence and specifics of professional communicative activities of pharmacists are determined, their professional communicative qualities and abilities, as well as psychological characteristics of a person, which form the communicative competence of the pharmacist are described. Theoretical and experimental approaches to the determination of the problem have been clarified. It is emphasized that the communicative competence of a pharmacist is a professionally significant quality, since his professional activities involves communication: with patients, their relatives, doctors. It is noted that the professional communicative qualities of pharmacists constitute a psychological portrait of future pharmacists. The content and structure of communicative competence is determined. It is noted that the components of professional communicative competence of future pharmacists are the motivational, cognitive and professional communicative components that play the role of criteria for its development. The basic conditions for the formation of the communicative competence of the future pharmaceutical worker are determined. It is stated that among professionally significant psychological characteristics of the personality of a pharmaceutical worker, we can single out the ability to communicate, establish and develop relationships with other people, emotional stability, balance in the absence of impulsivity, excessive emotional expressiveness, the ability to «read» non-verbal language and use it in professional activities, communicative tolerance, sensitivity to deviation (neglect). The parameters of paralinguistic communication that are professionally important for a pharmaceutical worker and the peculiarities of using the means of non-verbal communication in their professional activities are outlined in the research paper

Background. One of theoretical approaches towards developmental tasks in adolescence is the study of personal autonomy. The modern fast-paced world expects adolescents to be independent and proactive. The Objective is to study the overall state of the issue and to highlight the mostly discussed theoretical approaches to personal autonomy, to provide the reader with the detailed review of the approaches to personal autonomy from the view-point of autonomy conflict resolution. Design. The analysis of various approaches to personal autonomy identified developmental sources of autonomy within intra- and in interpersonal ways. The paper discusses theoretical approaches to adolescent’s personal autonomy that considers conflict as a mechanism of development. The paper presents a model of psychological readiness to resolve autonomy conflicts that may disclose how conflicts are triggered and how they could be resolved within intra- and in interpersonal way. Results. An analysis of classical and modern research has shown that personal autonomy is appropriated by adolescents through their resolution of conflicts in various areas of the psychological space. Based on the provisions of a number of theoretical approaches, it has been revealed that the core matter of conflicts is the contradiction “external control vs one’s own will” and the contradiction “dependence vs independence”. The author proposes studying personal autonomy by drawing insights form psychological readiness of autonomy conflicts resolution using locus of control scale and also through the measurement of actual conflicts of autonomy and assertion as conflict resolution style using existential experience. The author’s vision of the personal autonomy of adolescents is based on the study of psychological readiness to resolve autonomy conflicts at the dispositional level. Conflict as a mechanism of development is a developmental crisis stage where contradictions could be removed. Diversity of classical and modern studies show that the autonomy is developed in adolescents through the resolution of conflicts in different spheres of psychological space. The social cognitive domain theory of J.G.Smetana and the theory of psychological sovereignty (S.K.Nartova-Bochaver) are discussed in detail. According to the theories under consideration, personal autonomy reveals in adolescents to a different degree and at different levels. In some domains, they are more independent, while they do not manifest independence in other psychological domains. Conclusion. The approach to adolescents’ personal autonomy as autonomy conflict resolution in different psychological domains is described. Autonomy conflict resolution can be controlled or prohibited by close relatives, e.g. parents. The model of psychological readiness of autonomy conflict resolution may disclose how autonomy conflicts are triggered by and be resolved within intra- and in interpersonal way. The contradictions may be removed through autonomy conflict resolution.

Background The issue of antisocial behaviour and adolescent aggressiveness are usually studied from the perspective of family psychological well-being. Social and economic inequality of contemporary families are important factors of cultural and historical context of the of modern adolescents’ developmental situation. Objective The paper provides an attempt of articulating the theoretical basis of adolescents’ aggression, i.e. family SES analysis. The paper is also dedicated to the research of differences in adolescents’ aggression indicators within gender- and family SES- groups spectrum. Design The research was conducted as an online survey in the public schools of Russian Federation. The present sample consisted of 883 respondents (59% were females, 41% were males). The average age was 16 years. Adolescents’ aggression was assessed by the short version of Buss-Durkey Inventory. Statistical analysis methods included Kruskall-Wallis test, T-test, Mann-Whitney test and factor analysis (maximum likelihood). Results. The study revealed that differences in aggression indicators are mainly reflected in the subjective aspects of aggression (resentment and guilt), and also a general indicator of aggression depending on the socio-economic status of the family. Different levels of preparedness for physical aggression are shown by respondents from families in which only the father or only the mother works. Both females and males are prone to various manifestations of aggressiveness. Differences in indicators of aggression in the context of cultural capital and the socio-economic status of the family are reflected mainly in the subjective aspects of aggression. Conclusion. Statistically speaking, the differences obtained are quite significant, but from an absolute point of view they are extremely small. The indicators of socioeconomic well-being of a family are related to adolescent aggression indirectly, with psychological characteristics being the key point. Specific features of the relationship between parents and the child, features of educational practices preferred by parents, features of family organization, etc. Economic well-being appear only a condition that facilitates or, conversely, complicates the implementation of educational practices adopted in the family. The major role belongs to the activity of both parents and children. A further research is required to verify the latter.

Background. The paper focuses on manipulating the mass consciousness of the audience. Traditionally, this issue has been considered as an attempt to present the advertising of a TV product as information, but within the digital age, there is a desire to present promotion of TV content as a game. However, the “non-gaming” goals of the institutions that stand behind video games and games in alternate reality may be hidden from the players and serve commercial goals. Objective. The study focuses on identifying and describing the advantages and disadvantages of using gamification in the TV promo-discourse. The author examines examples of using games in alternative reality and also multiplayer online games in real time in order to attract the attention of films and TV series viewers, analyzes the causes of success and failure of similar projects in related fields, and also in science and business. Design. The study is valuable for interdisciplinary approach. Analyzing the use of gamification techniques in the TV promo-discourse the author raises topical issues of media psychology, perception psychology, philosophy of video games, ethics, communicative stylistics and media stylistics. The paper highlights philological methods designed according to the tasks of the research: communicative discursive analysis, synchronic descriptive and synchronic comparative methods. The description of the provisions and forms of persuasive communication as applied to TV promotions includes elements of logical meaning-specific analysis (i.e. argumentative analysis), and also intentional, ethical and psychological analysis. This approach helps to give an adequate description of gamification effects in TV promodiscourse. Results. The author comes to the conclusion that the ability of game mechanics to motivate mass recepients of the TV promo discourse to watch television programs is enormous, but the viewers of the TV channels need to be critical of gamification projects: they have to understand the purposes they are framed to, and take part in projects whose non-gamer goals are merely civil without implying exploitation of the gamer. Framed to the ethical norms gamification in the TV promotion can be both an effective tool for promoting TV content, and also a way to change the social order for the better. Conclusion. Theoretical conclusions of the study of the mass consciousness manipulation through using gamification in TV promotions can be widely used in teaching medialinguistics, speech culture, TV, philosophy of video games, humanitarian researche of video game, etc. The results of this study seem to be useful to media professionals.

The paper deals with the main provisions of the theory of thinking A.V. Brushlinsky, its development in modern psychology. Thinking in this theory is presented as a continuous process of human interaction with the object. Psychological content of thinking includes eight levels — from structural to subject. The cognitive plan of thinking is significantly expanded due to the allocation of not only forms (studied mainly by formal logic, epistemology), mental actions (operations), but also mental processes. The introduction of process components have been theoretically and experimentally substantiated. The paper presents experimental studies of changes in personal parameters (in particular, cognitive style) in the course of the thought process, the dynamics of intellectual conscious and unconscious components in solving problems by the subject, the influence of thinking on the intellect, the effects of critical thinking, etc. The main provisions of the «process» theory of thinking and the action of thought processes are included in the system of various contexts: the functioning of cognitive styles, the use of “subsensory” tips by the subject, the work of the individual with training programs in virtual reality ... It is shown that mental processes (thinking as a process) are interconnected and, as a rule, determine the functioning of mental operations (mental actions), lead to micro-changes in the personality plan of thinking, functioning components of intelligence, provide formation of new elements of thinking in the course of solving problems. The structure of psychological content of thinking from the perspective of subject-activity and systemic approaches in psychology, including 8 levels. It is shown that the theory of thinking as process of A.V. Brushlinsky provides reflection of the differentiated content of mental activity in which cognitive plan along with formal (level of forms) and operational (level of operations) it is expedient to allocate process components.

Human language based on symbolization or sign-referent equivalence relations. The paper focuses on methods of studying the process of developing of sign-referent equivalence. Subject is trained in Matching-To-Sample task: for example, reinforcing of stimulus B if the sample was A, and stimulus D if the sample was C. Following test allows to reveal if new relations (for example, symmetry, if subject chooses stimulus A if the sample was B) appeared spontaneously. Human subjects usually pass this test successfully. This result may be explained by repeated demonstration of sign-referent symmetry during language learning and using. Our paper is dedicated to methods features which can be used to study sign-reference developing in human and animals. We discuss factors that leads to appearance of this crucial property of stimulus equivalence.

The paper offers an analysis of the child-adult relationship problems in the context of the phenomenological psychology and pedagogy of M. Merleau-Ponty. The authors first outline Merleau- Ponty’s key philosophical standpoint on which he builds his views on psychological and pedagogical problems. The paper focuses on the problem of understanding a child’s world and the possibility of communication between children and adults, as well as on the problem of children’s perception of the world around them. The authors also look at Merleau-Ponty’s criticism of Piaget’s views on the abovementioned problems.

Introduction. This paper considers identity crisis from the viewpoint of stability and variability of its main components. To that end, an exploratory study has examined a relatively unexplored issue of stability of certain components of identity in schoolchildren and university students when they represent their past and future in self-descriptions. Methods. The study used the following techniques: (a) the Twenty Statements Test by Kuhn and McPartland, (b) Your Lifeline by Kronik, and (c) the Test of Kelly Personal Constructs (a modified version). Results. The study discovered that schoolchildren use educational component of identity in their self-descriptions more often than personal and existential ones. In student respondents, the increase in the level of family identity is typically accompanied by the reduced level of identity related to membership in informal groups and activity component. Gender, educational-professional, family, and personal identity components are prevalent in both schoolchildren and students’ subjective representations of their lives. However, schoolchildren demonstrate a greater dynamics of subjective representations of the past. Self-descriptions related to personal identity are the most stable in students, whereas in schoolchildren the most stable are self-descriptions related to the social component. Events related to education, family, and membership in informal groups are stable components of the subjective image of the past and future in schoolchildren and students. Finally, the findings suggest that students have stable constructs related to personality traits, family status, interpersonal relationships, and educational and professional activities. Discussion. The authors compare their findings with the works of Mazilova, Miklyaeva, Rumyantseva, Crocetti, Meeus, and Abdukeram. The paper analyzes and discusses the difference in findings of studies that exercised different conceptual approaches to the identity issue (e.g., a heavy reliance on a three-component model in the western researcher tradition) and were based on different samples with diverse cultural backgrounds.

Introduction. This paper discusses the role of self-relevant information in individuals’ representations of the self. Self-relevant information is defined here as a type of social information that contains such data about an individual as other people’s opinions, judgements, and attitudes about that person. Critical assessment of the existing knowledge on the relationship between self-relevant information and individuals’ representations of the self shows its insufficiency, especially concerning Russian samples. This paper: (a) considers various concepts of individuals’ perception of self-relevant information, (b) focuses on the known properties of self-relevant information, and (c) describes the procedure and results of an empirical study of the relationship between self-relevant information and individuals’ representations of the self. Methods. The authors undertook a socio-psychological experiment that employed standardized self-reports and interviews as the means for data collection. Content analysis and repeated measures ANOVA were the data processing methods. The sample consisted of 129 individual participants with a mean age of 19.3 years, 49 % of whom were men. Results. The respondents perceived social information as self-relevant if it contained a) direct or indirect reference to them; b) information important for their actions and meeting their needs; and c) references to social objects associated with them. The study showed that self-relevant information affects individuals’ self-appraisal and the accuracy of their representations of the self. Negative self-relevant information encourages individuals to seek new social information and to verify it by social comparison. Discussion. This study, carried out on the Russian sample, enriches our knowledge of individuals’ perception of self-relevant information and our understanding of how self-relevant information may lead to distorting individuals’ representations of the self. The findings offer some criteria for distinguishing self-relevant information from the irrelevant one. The results can be used to further study social identity transformations among participants of Internet communities and to assess threats of online communications in different age groups.

Introduction. This paper provides an overview of the information retrieval strategy employed for two meta-analyses, conducted by a systematic review team at Concordia University (Montreal, QC, Canada). Both papers draw on standards first articulated by H.M. Cooper and further developed by the Campbell Collaboration, which promote a comprehensive approach to systematically searching an extensive array of resources (bibliographic databases, print resources, citation indices, etc.) in order to locate both published and unpublished research. The goal is to verify if searching comprehensively through multiple resources retrieves studies that are unique, and hence, improve the overall representativeness of a diverse body of literature. We also analyze the sensitivity and specificity of the results by data source. Methods. In order to determine the source sensitivity, we consider percentage of results from each source retrieved for full-text review. In order to determine the source specificity, we derive a percentage from the total number of studies included in the final meta-analysis compared against the overall number of initial results found. Results. Results demonstrate the need to search beyond the subject-specific databases of a particular discipline as unique results can be found in many places. Databases for related disciplines provided 129 unique includes to each meta-analysis, and multidisciplinary databases provided 44 and 99 unique includes for the two meta-analyses in question respectively. Manual search techniques were much more sensitive and specific than electronic searches of databases and yield a higher percentage of final includes. Discussion. The results demonstrate the utility of a comprehensive information retrieval methodology like that proposed by the Campbell Collaboration, which goes beyond the main subject databases to locate the full range of information sources, including grey literature.

The article considers the use of teaching methods in research methodology class for Master students doing the course in English. The author aims at defining the role and significance of the course in teaching Master students at Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) and sets the following objectives: to identify conceptual barriers in perceiving research methodology, work out the algorithm of work aimed at building research skills of Master students; analyze the results of pilot teaching. The research methods used in working at the paper are as follows: questionnaire and analysis (in analyzing the results of pilot teaching and content analysis of the methodological part of several Master and PhD open access theses). The author uses activity and competence based approach in the combination with the didactic principles of visualization, systematization, consistency and accessibility. The paper analyzes the requirements of State Federal Education Standards in part of developing the research component of professionally relevant competences. The author identifies cognitive difficulties of perceiving theoretical and methodological material; builds the algorithm of work with conceptual apparatus offering a number of exercises aimed at forming research competence and creating simulation research discourse.

To present Russian science at the international level scientists should possess certain specific skills. However, research works in an integrative nature of academic writing recognize the skills that are common for various research fields and specific for academic context. Some works are currently investigating methods to develop academic skills, while a few papers are devoted to the problem of assessing the outcomes. Traditionally the quality of an academic text is measured by the requirements to text organization, context and language proficiency. However, this model does not form a unity until a new idea is introduced into the process of teaching and assessment. The possible solution is to focus on the quality of students’ texts authenticity. Academic text authenticity indicates to what extent the initial norms of authentic academic writing - in organization, context and language use - are modified by students belonging to a different writing culture. The paper defines the category “authenticity” for academic texts and presents examples of assessing the text quality with a set of descriptors. The results could be implemented in professional language studies and in the postgraduate training of students aimed at publishing the results of their research work.

The paper presents the review of literature devoted to research of toys. The authors’ focus is on the main function or special characteristics of a toy, that make it a toy. A toy is understood as a specifically playing object which means that it possesses the main characteristic of a play – the discrepancy between real and semantic field, i.e. it possesses conditionality. Conditionality of a play object provokes a person to attribute some meanings to the object i.e. it stimulates him to create imaginary situations. Imagination or creation of an imaginary situation is connected with the inner world, with the personal experience of a player, which a toy can only discover, but not produce. This paper presents research data that show that a toy does not develop a child by itself. For example, it cannot be a source of aggressive behavior or early sexualization, just like it cannot teach kindness and mutual assistance.

The present research considers crowdsourcing as a method of linguistic experiment. The paper features an experiment with the following algorithm: 1) problem statement, 2) development, 3) and questionnaire testing. The paper includes recommendations on crowdsourcing project organization, as well as some issues of respondents’ motivation, questionnaire design, choice of crowdsourcing platform, data export, etc. The linguistic experiment made it possible to obtain data on the potential of the phonosemantic analysis in solving naming problems in marketing. The associations of the brand name designer matched those of the majority of the Internet pannellists. The experiment showed that crowdsourcing proves to be an available method within the network society. It gives an opportunity to receive objective data and demonstrates high research capabilities. The described procedure of the crowdsourcing project can be used in various linguistic experiments.

The article deals with Russian historical researches of XX–XXI centuries that illustrated children’s everyday life behind the lines during World War II. There has recently been a surge of interest to the events of 1941–1945 among Russian historians and the general public, hence the significant amount of papers devoted to everyday life in wartime. Studies in wartime childhood are of great interest due to the fact that childhood of millions of children coincided with the war time. They worked as hard as adults to compensate for the lack of human resources in all spheres of national economy. As a result, most of the analyzed papers were devoted to various aspects of child labour issues. Other topics included school life, living conditions, and leisure time of young Siberians.