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Quarantine restrictions have increased the relevance of distance learning, and the level of information and communication technology development has made it possible for the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to switch to online mode, this being the optimal solution amid the pandemic. The object of this paper is to analyse the practical aspects of distance learning under quarantine and to identify the key factors affecting its efficiency. The assessment of the distant technologies use during the educational process and its efficiency was carried out by means of anonymous online questionnaire survey of the students from 4 higher education institutions: University of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, National Transport University, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and Separated structural subdivision of the Kyiv College of Municipal Economy of The V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University. The research has revealed the level of technical provision for distance learning; the level and practical experience of using distance technologies by the participants of the educational process was determined; the behavioural factors (students' attendance and teachers' adherence to the class schedule and thematic outlines) were examined; motivational factors of students' learning online were analysed; the most significant benefits of distance learning were examined; the higher education students' attitude to the blended and distance forms of learning was determined. It has been substantiated that distance learning organisation in the institution based on a single shared platform is a prerequisite for ensuring a highly effective online learning process. The practical value of the paper lies in the application of the survey results to enhance and increase the distance learning efficiency at the higher education institution level

The relevance of this study is determined by the importance of issues of interrelation of the emotional component of activity with the final results obtained in the course of creative research in different areas, as well as the practical significance of studying the problems of the influence of a wide range of emotional experiences on the overall effectiveness of the creative process. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the emotional component of creativity influences the effectiveness of the creative process, regardless of the field of activity. The leading approach in this study was a combination of theoretical study of various aspects of creative activity in general, with a structural analysis of the features of the influence of the emotional component on the overall effectiveness of the creative process in various areas of activity. The results obtained in the course of this study demonstrate the wide range of possibilities for the rational use of personal emotional displays on the specific issues of applying creative activity in general and in terms of assessing the effectiveness of the creative process in particular. The results and conclusions of this paper have significant practical value for representatives of creative professions, researchers of psycho-emotional manifestations of personality in the conduct of creative activity, and will be useful for the next generations of researchers of various aspects of the influence of emotional experiences on the effectiveness of the creative process. The results will be useful as a scientific basis for the author to conduct further full-fledged research into the wide range of issues presented in this paper, thereby contributing to further objective and qualitative coverage of the subject matter

The present research featured the cultural and chronological context of the Oglakhty-Tom petroglyphs found in the lower valley of the Tom river. The author compiled a complete list of geometric petroglyphs of South Siberia, as well as a series of representational parallels that can help to date geometric zoomorph characters carved by the Bronze Age peoples of West Siberia. The author also illustrated some representational parallels for geometric petroglyphs from the early Andronian period found in the Vasyugan complex and the Lugavskoye burial mound in the Middle Yenisei. The paper introduces some results of carbon dating for these petroglyphs. The author detected some new archaeologic and petroglyphic complexes in the Lower Tom that go back to the epoch between Early Andronian time and the Bronze Age. He established the connection between the geometric petroglyphs and the Early Andronian complex in the Lower Tom, while the Minor Tuva-Altai petroglyphs proved to be as old as the Early Seyma-Turbino period. The paper contains palimpsests and ritual assemblages that prove that Oglakhty-Tom and Late Angara petroglyphs once co-existed. The author believes that the geometric petroglyphs and the realistic Late Angara petroglyphs date back to the same Early Andronian communities. The research also traces back various sources of these art traditions.

The paper is an attempt to give an inner outline of F.T. Mikhailov’s logic in the study of the human Self. The principles of analysis and the meaningful path of becoming the Self are analyzed, from the problem of the emergence of the mind to the developed, creative and free personality. Reflection of logical categories and their formal and substantive connection with the problems and methods of theoretical research in psychology is carried out. The paper shows the dialectic of the concept of the Self — both in the objective reality and in the self-consciousness of the individual. The subjectness of the Self is presented as an expression of the social whole and the internal logic of its development. This logic of the whole is the potential basis of the creative ability of the Self. The creativity arises in the contradiction between the universal and the specific, the distinction of which is, according to F.T. Mikhailov, the most difficult problem. But it is precisely in the solution of this problem that the solution to the phenomenon of the Self lies. And thus of freedom as the objective self-determination of man in being and in thinking. The reproduction of the logic of thought of F.T. Mikhailov is carried out by the author in his own synthesis of problems that highlight the main line in understanding the problem of the Self.

Background. In many countries frontline emergency workers of different specialties face the need to inform people of their relatives’ death and to support them during the acute period following the message. The need for psychological training in this area is evident. However, the research in this area is not only complicated in terms of logistics, but also hindered by a number of ethical difficulties. The analysis presented in this paper has significant practical value and draws on the unique professional perspective of the EMERCOM emergency psychologists who provide psychological support to people experiencing loss in an acute period — relatives and loved ones of those who died in emergencies. Objective. To give an outline of approaches to psychological support in cases of loss, of the factors influencing adaptation to a loss, and of the opportunities for early psychological interventions. Design. The theoretical overview presents the analysis of foreign experience and main approaches to announcing the death of a relative. The following section describes and analyses the main approaches and practical experience of the EMERCOM psychologists. The conclusion outlines the possibilities of a systematic approach to providing emergency psychological aid in cases of loss. Results. The study presents a list of characteristics of support providers, recipients and situations that need to be taken into account when choosing a strategy of work with people experiencing a recent loss. Conclusion. The study allows to single out three main thematic blocks, the consideration of which is necessary when choosing a strategy for dealing with loss in an acute period. First, features of the situation; second, characteristics of the person experiencing loss; third, the characteristic of the support provider. The process of psychological support, as described in the paper, includes assessment and consideration of the objective characteristics of the situation, the recipient’s characteristics and response, and the characteristics of the specialist himself. The interpretation of relationship between these factors and their influence on the condition of the person who experiences a loss allows the psychologist to choose the most effective strategy for providing psychological support.

Introduction. The sphere of the unconscious includes many phenomena that have a strong influence on human behaviour and cognitive activity. Although the importance of taking into account the unconscious is evident to most psychotherapists, its role is visibly underestimated in neuropsychology. In this regard, the present state of research on brain organization of unconscious processes is of interest. Objective. The review aims to describe the current state of research on brain mechanisms of the unconscious. Procedure. The present paper describes a variety of unconscious phenomena. It also outlines widespread points of view on the correlation between consciousness and unconscious and discusses the freewill problem. The question posed is whether the research programme of neuropsychology allows studying the unconscious phenomena. The study analyses the subject matter of neuropsychology and discusses the historical change of A.R. Luria’s views on psychology of the unconscious. The paper describes the studies of brain mechanisms underlying a variety of unconscious manifestations that have been conducted within different psychological schools. The aim is to consider the essential principles of neuropsychological research of the unconscious. Conclusion. In foreign neuroscience there are numerous studies in the field of brain mechanisms of unconscious processes. Up to now, the leading positions in the sphere are taken by neuropsychoanalysis and cognitive neuroscience. In Russian neuropsychology the unconscious is barely investigated because it does not comply with the traditional research object, that is, the higher mental functions. However, in the current conditions, the research programme of neuropsychology allows studying the unconscious. The paper highlights the advantages of investigating the unconscious phenomena from the neuropsychological standpoint considering its evolutionary purpose.

Radicalism and extremism have extremely serious consequences for human life and threaten the existence of humanity. The problem of deradicalisation is in the focus of our attention in this paper. The theory of uncertainty-identity describes the psychological mechanism by which the transformation of uncertainty into extremism occurs, by which a person experiencing a feeling of uncertainty, especially if this feeling is acute in its severity and is experienced for a long time, then the person tends not only to highly entitative, but to extremist groups. If this theory does not describe the mechanism of deradicalisation, then the conditions under which an individual, experiencing a feeling of uncertainty, still does not seek to become a member of groups with extremist and radical beliefs. This paper focuses on the analysis of these obstacles in the way towards extremism and radicalism. In addition, the potential of the social identity model of recovery formulated on the example of the social identity of addicts is discussed.

Background. The relevance of the article is due to the tasks of digitalization of education and the focus on the development of all types of digital activities of a university teacher and is determined by the state policy of the Russian Federation in the field of digital transformation of society in general and digital transformation of education in particular. The article examines the conditions of education that are changing in connection with digitalization, and defines digital competence. The purpose of the article is to determine the level of digital competence of a modern university foreign language teacher and take this competence into account in the educational process. Materials and methods. The material of the work was the scientific works of domestic and foreign authors on the topic of research, legislative acts, electronic resources, materials of web conferences, etc. The research methods were interviewing, methods of description, observation and analysis. As a result of the conducted research, the levels of digital competence of foreign language teachers (basic, high, advanced) were identified and the level of digital competence of foreign language teachers in scientific and educational activities of Samara State University of Economics (SGEU) was determined; the skills and abilities of the selected levels were described; possible digital services for use in writing scientific papers, textbooks were highlighted and content creation, as well as for classroom work and distance learning; pedagogical options for using digital technologies both in education and in scientific research of a modern teacher are proposed.

Background. As inclusive education and social participatory parity continue to develop, more and more professional-trained people with disabilities are seeking opportunities for integration into the workplace. However, they face various of challenges in the current work environment. From the perspective of the cultural model of disability, employees with disabilities vary from their able-bodied colleagues in terms of cognition or behavioral patterns. As a result, newer concept such as the disability cultural competence has emerged. In order to adapt and function well in diverse and inclusive work teams, the cultural intelligence of employees with disabilities has become vital yet to be deeply explored in Russia. Purpose. This paper attempts to reveal the cultural intelligence level of Russian employees with disabilities and to compare cultural intelligence between employees with disabilities from Russia and China. Materials and methods. Cultural intelligence has been measured through the Russia and Chinese adaptation Cultural Intelligence Scale among 25 Russian and 23 Chinese employees with disabilities. Then, SPSS 26.0 was used to carry out the descriptive analysis, normality test and mean comparison analysis. Results. Both Russian and Chinese employees' cultural intelligence are at average level. And Russian employees with disabilities have higher cultural intelligence level than the Chinese ones. Besides, this study underlined that there is no significant difference in cultural intelligence by ethnic, gender or type of disability while there is significant difference in cultural intelligence depending on the participants' age.

Background. The paper focuses on the urgent problem of foreign language vocational training of prospective specialists and its significance in students’ research activities. Nowadays, the current concept of teaching foreign languages at non-linguistic university training emphasizes the teaching system combining vocational training and language acquisition. In other words, it is crucial to consider the competencies for prospective occupation and the ability of students to use their professional language skills in a dynamically changing environment. Based on the modern standards of higher education, with an emphasis on project and research activities, the programs of teaching foreign languages consider the student’s research activities one of the most important motivation tools for mastering a foreign language. These activities allow students to creatively apply the achievements of scientific and technological progress in practice. Purpose. The aim of the research is to present a description of the structure of the electronic educational environment of the university and to identify the specifics of foreign language teaching for research activities of students. Materials and methods. The competence approach, in particular foreign-language professional-oriented competence, is considered as the methodological basis of the study. Achievement of the set research goal was carried out on the basis of theoretical and methodological analysis, systematisation and generalisation of scientific literature on the given problem. Quantitative indicators were used as an element of describing the dynamics of changes in the educational environment of the university. Using the given methods, the students should obtain foreign language competencies, including the extensive application of electronic educational resources and research skills. We described the approaches to organizing the teaching process, focusing on the concept of a computer-based environment, including electronic educational resources. Results. The experience of Sevastopol State University (Sevastopol, Russia) serves as an example of the positive experience of the electronic educational environment, which underlines the scientific novelty of the study. Practice shows that using an electronic educational environment is essential in engaging students in research activities. Such an environment promotes the formation of creative skills among students and increases the level of their vocational training.

Background. The process of intellectual ontogenetic development and the ways for its evaluation have been studied by many prominent psychologists Piaget (1973), Wallon (1942), Zaporozhets (1986), Galperin (1998). However, there are few works which consider the zone of proximate development (Vygotsky, 1983) during evaluation of intellectual development in children. Objective. The present study is an attempt of elaboration and application of such procedure to children who live in different social and economic conditions. Sampling. The study took place in Mexico. 1120 school children of both sexes from different levels of living (rural, suburban, lower urban and higher urban) were selected. The age of children was from 6 to 12 years. Each socio-economic group consisted of 280 children: 20 children from each school grade (10 girls and 10 boys). The school grades comprehend the last grade of kinder garden and 6 grades of elementary school according to educational system in Mexico. Methods. The Scheme of Evaluation of Intellectual Development was elaborated and applied to all children. The Scheme represents the evaluation of the zone of proximate development as the plan of fulfilment of the experimental task (verbal, images or actions) after presentation of orientation base of action (Galperin, 1976; Talyzina, 1984; Karpov, 1983; Talyzina, Karpov, 1987). The Scheme consists of two intellectual tasks, which are presented in different plans of intellectual development: verbal, images or actions. Results. At first, the possibility of initial execution without helping has been verified. The results showed impossibility of execution of the initial task: 82% in rural group; 74.64% in suburban group; 64.64% in lower urban group and 71. 42% in higher urban group for the first task and 65.35% in rural group; 62.50% for suburban group; 52.85% for lower urban and 46.42% for higher urban group. The analyses of variance pointed out significant difference between the groups. However, that, after the orientation base of action has been provided, the majority of children who had failed in the initial task was able to realize it on different levels. The execution on verbal level was very high: 62.17 % in rural group; 61.27% in suburban group; 75.30% in lower urban group and 77.95% in higher urban group for the first task and 48.00% in rural group; 56.80% for suburban group; 59.58% for lower urban group and 66.14% in higher urban group for the second task. Significant difference was found only for levels of helping during presentation of orientation base of action. Conclusions. These results show the ability of children from all groups to work in the zone of proximate development and realize the intellectual task after previous orientation. According to our study children are able to achieve verbal level which indicates the existence of broad zone of proximate development. The discussion is based on the paper of the zone of proximate development (Vygotsky, 1991) and of the orientation base of action given by adult (Galperin, 1996; Talizina, 2000) in the formation of intellectual activity in pre-scholars and scholars from different social and economic groups.

BACKGOUND: Inflammatory hematological ratios (IHRs), such as neutrophil to lymphocyte, monocyte to lymphocyte, and platelet to lymphocyte ratios, are associated with mental disorders, symptoms severity, and the disease phase. Evidence from the studies in adult patients has been summarized in systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The results of the studies in adolescents remain poorly systematized. AIM: To summarize the findings from the studies that investigated the relationship of IHRs with mental disorders in adolescent patients. METHODS: This scoping review included studies of IHRs in patients aged 10–19 years with mental disorders (other than anorexia nervosa), published in English by December 31, 2023. The search for relevant papers was performed in MEDLINE. The studies were categorized into two groups: studies with external controls (healthy adolescents) and studies with internal controls (patients in different phases of mental disorder, with or without self-harm/suicidal behaviors). RESULTS: A total of 11 studies were included in the review (all cross-sectional ones). The results of these studies demonstrate that 1) adolescents with mental disorders (major depressive disorder, psychotic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, substance use disorders) have higher IHR values than individuals of the same age without corresponding disorders (5 studies); 2) IHR values are positively correlated with the severity of psychopathological symptoms (1 study); 3) higher IHR values are associated with the phase of the mental disorder — manic episode in bipolar disorder (1 study) and exacerbation of psychosis in psychotic disorders (1 study); and 4) higher IHR values are associated with self-harm/suicidal behaviors — suicide attempts (1 study) and non-suicidal self-injury (1 study). CONCLUSION: IHRs are associated with mental disorders in adolescents, and higher IHR values are associated with a more severe/acute clinical presentation (severity of symptoms, mania, acute psychosis, self-harm/suicidal behaviors). Further studies of higher methodological quality are needed to evaluate the diagnostic and prognostic value of IHRs as biomarkers of mental disorders in adolescence.

BACKGROUND: Delirious mania (DM) is a severe psychiatric condition having rapid onset of delirium, mania, and psychosis. It is an emergency condition as it has acute onset and is characterized by extreme hyperactivity. Catatonic signs may also be present. Very few cases have been reported from India, hence making it imperative to study its clinical characteristics and possible treatment, which can help in providing care to such patients in emergency settings. CLINICAL CASES DESCRIPTION: This paper describes four cases with a diagnosis of DM — demography, clinical features, investigations, treatment. All the patients had an acute onset and rapid progression of symptoms, with clinical symptoms of talkativeness, increased psychomotor activity, decreased need for sleep, aggressive and violent behavior, increased libido, increased appetite with delusion of grandiosity, disorientation to time/place/person, impaired memory of recent events, impaired attention with fluctuating course, negativism, echolalia, and echopraxia. CONCLUSION: There is a high likelihood of misdiagnosing DM in the absence of diagnostic guidelines. There should be an active search for the underlying aetiology in all cases of DM. Atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers may be used to treat less severe forms of DM. Modified electric convulsive treatment and intravenous benzodiazepines elicit a good response.

Bilingualism has been claimed to enhance executive functions, as evidenced by studies comparing bilinguals and monolinguals across various executive function tasks. Despite this assertion, recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses reveal contradictory findings, challenging the existence of the “bilingual advantage” phenomenon. The variability in results is attributed not to the data obtained but rather to the diverse methodological paradigms utilized across studies. This article analyzes the operationalization of bilingualism and executive functions in contemporary research alongside a critical examination of the theoretical underpinnings linking bilingualism and executive functions. The paper concludes by outlining avenues for future research, emphasizing the necessity for researchers to account for individual bilingualism-related factors and specifics of the executive function tasks. Furthermore, it advocates for the development of new falsifiable theories that suggest testable hypotheses, thus advancing the field's understanding of bilinguals’ executive functioning.

This paper presents a systematical review of facilitation techniques for creativity in general and insight solutions in particular. The facilitation techniques are fairly diverse, therefore we grouped them into nine categories: rest, attention management, impact of emotions, adding new context, physical activity, interactivity, future-thought priming, metacognitive training, and unusual techniques for increasing creativity. Each category is provided by a brief description and a set of studies that demonstrate possibilities and limitations of the techniques as well as an analysis and comparison of the techniques with each other. At the conclusion, we present a model of levels of creative solution facilitation based on four classical psychological levels. According to this model, influence on the solution can be carried out (1) through conscious strategies for managing the solution through metacognition; due to changes occurring in (2) cognitive and (3) emotional-motivational processes; (4) indirectly, due to changes in the external environment. We made a general conclusion about the variety of techniques that influence the creativity process, and most of them combine several possible facilitation mechanisms, making each technique more effective and applicable to various types of creative tasks.

The paper presents the results of the initial adaptation and validation of the «The Process of Retirement Planning Scale» questionnaire, developed by a team of New Zealand scientists. Verification of the reliability and discriminativeness of the questionnaire subscales, gender differences and the model of retirement preparation were performed on a sample of 337 respondents (43 to 65 years old). Convergent validity was checked on a sample of 202 respondents (45 to 63 years old). Results showed that questionnaire has good psychometric measures and preserve 4-component model of retirement preparedness on a sample of Russian pre-retirees. Final version of questionnaire includes 35 items divided into 4 subscales and has a high degree of reliability-consistency: «Retirement representations» (Cronbach's alpha = 0,933), «Retirement goals» (Cronbach's alpha = 0.862), «The decision to prepare for retirement» (Cronbach's alpha = 0.855), «Preparing for retirement» (Cronbach's alpha = 0.854). «The Process of Retirement Planning Scale» is a reliable instrument measuring the stages of the process under study and can be used in psychological studies of pre-retirement planning.

In the digital age, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in supervisory practices in psychotherapy presents new opportunities for enhancing service quality and accessibility, especially in regions with limited supervisory resources. This paper examines the application of AI tools, such as text-based neural networks in supporting mental health professionals by assisting in case analysis, generating metaphors, and developing therapeutic techniques, thus facilitating more comprehensive and accessible supervision. The rresults indicated great convenience and positive effectiveness of AI in supervision. The findings suggest that AI can significantly enhance the supervisory experience by providing dynamic, context-aware support, though perceptions of effectiveness vary. The implications for future research include the need for further development of AI functionalities, ethical considerations, and integration of diverse psychotherapeutic approaches to meet the evolving professional needs of psychotherapists.

The article analyzes theoretical and methodological approaches of mediation competence development in education of non-linguistic students in higher education system. The development of mediative competence seems to be an effective way of forming the university student’s language profile. The novelty of the study is justified by an attempt to apply a mediative approach in developing assignments and exercises in a foreign language for students of higher professional education historical faculties. The paper presents the results of current needs survey and the identification of non-linguistic specialty students language profile. The analysis confirmed the relevance of mediative techniques usage as a pedagogical form of educational process organization. Methods of developing mediative competence through the use of special tasks and exercises in the university educational process are described. It was concluded on the presented techniques implementation effectiveness in order to improve non-linguistic specialties students’ language profile. Purpose. The article is devoted to the problem of the mediative competence development in the context of higher education modern pedagogical didactics. The subject of the analysis is the mediative approach practical application in the organizing the educational process when teaching a foreign language to students of historical faculties in universities. The author aims to characterize the mediative approach principles aimed at improving the language profile of higher education students. Methodology. The basis of the study are theoretical and general scientific methods, sociological methods (questioning). Results. The results of the study are to identify four components of the mediative competence formation among university students (communicative; pluricultural; socio-psychological; professional), which form the language profile basis of higher education students. Also, the work attempted to develop techniques and principles for introducing a mediative approach to teaching English as a foreign language for students of historical specialties. Practical implications. The results can be applied in the educational process of higher education as part of the non-linguistic specialties in foreign languages teaching.

Background. The shift in standards in Russian education has led to certain changes on the tertiary level of higher education. Most notably the consequences have concerned the aspect of teaching a foreign language to postgraduate students. In particular Samara State University of Economics now does not have language entrance exams anymore and foreign language class time has been rather limited. Nonetheless the level of final exam requirements is yet quite high. The article is relevant due to the need to find a possible remedy to overcome a problem of a fairly low level of previous language training among a certain category of postgraduate students. Purpose. The research purpose was to determine the effectiveness of a flipped classroom strategy as a way to compensate insufficient level of English mastering among the students of postgraduate courses. Materials and methods. Flipped classroom acts as a well-proven approach that could solve the problem. The results of summative assessment are presented in this paper. The methodology adopted in this study is based on the needs analysis, mathematical statistics and content inspection of students' interviews. The range of students, whose needs to improve their language level were determined at the first stage of the experiment then took part took part in a flipped classroom project. At the final stage of the experiment the students were examined for their language performance. Results. The results of the experiment prove the effectiveness of the proposed format for teaching a foreign language for postgraduate students in a non-linguistic university as it increases the efficiency of mastering the skills for the successful exam pass. This study suggests that flipped classroom approach could be an effective remedy to overcome the challenges that teachers and students at postgraduate level are facing today.

Background. The paper describes ways of diagnosing social and psychological resources of children with special needs. The authors propose to study the diagnostic capabilities of socialization of children with special needs as a unique integrative tool in the work of specialists getting in touch with children with special needs (inclusive education, special education). Two aspects of diagnostics of socialization of preschool children with special needs in Bulgaria and Russia who are provided with inclusive education according to official procedures are considered. The research hypothesis is the assumption of inclusion of multiple characteristics of socialization of preschool children, which can serve as resources for successful social adaptation of children with special needs. The purpose of the study is to structure the review based on the grouping of parameters related to the characteristics of adaptive socialization resources in the context of meeting special needs. Methodology. The study was carried out in accordance with the theoretical and methodological principles of psychology and pedagogy and the special methodology of psychological science (the principle of personal approach), the following methods were used (analysis; synthesis; abstraction and specification; comparison and generalization; method of induction and deduction, method of analogies; modeling). The results are based on introductory studies of official recommendations for research on socialization of children with special needs in earlier studies conducted in both countries. It is shown that most of the target socialization scales are the same and are reflected in the predictive research procedure. In addition, it has been proven that in Bulgaria the scales are more substantive about the child's conditions and developmental situation, while in Russia they refer to the child's personal and socio-psychological indicators. In Bulgaria, there is no tendency to emphasize the functions of socialization areas, while in Russia, a number of diagnostic tests emphasize the socialization areas of the preschool child with special needs. Practical implications. This Russian peculiarity allows us to refer to the method of prediction level measurement as an integral and unique tool which includes socialization parameters through refraction of personal characteristics of a child with special needs in various spheres of his/her relations (parents, adults, peers) and ways of organization of activity (organized and free), i.e. conditions of social development. In conclusion, in both countries it is necessary to redirect diagnostic methods to more integrative methods of work. In Bulgaria, more attention needs to be paid to comprehensiveness, and in Russia, the specificity of developmental disorders must be monitored.

The study explores the establishment of communicative tolerance (CT) as a crucial pedagogical and psychological factor in shaping the communicative competence of prospective professionals. It draws on the examination of various studies conducted by scholars from both domestic and international backgrounds. Objective of the research. The primary goal of this paper is to elucidate the concept of "communicative tolerance" and to devise, validate and apply a pedagogical approach to cultivate CT among future psychologists in EFL university classes. The authors' research introduces a new aspect by defining the core principle of "communicative tolerance" and outlining its structural elements, as well as devising a method for cultivating CT. The experimental study identified three fundamental levels of CT at both the outset and conclusion of the project. The research introduces a novel concept of "communicative tolerance" and provides a clear definition of its structural components, along with the development of a technology for fostering CT. The study identified three levels of CT at both the initial and final stages of the experimental work. Materials and methods utilized in the research included theoretical approaches such as analysis, systematization and generalization of scientific literature, as well as a review of federal documents. Empirical methods like observation and testing, sociological methods such as surveys and questioning, and mathematical and statistical techniques for both quantitative and qualitative data processing were employed. The methodology was based on the General Communicative Tolerance questionnaire by V.V. Boyko, complemented by a series of psychological diagnostic tests. Research results. The study at Sevastopol State University included 35 fourth-year students. By applying educational methods, it was demonstrated that CT levels among students can rise by 14%. This research confirms the importance of continuously enhancing students' critical thinking in a university environment. The practical applications of these findings extend to enhancing the professional skills of educators through additional vocational training, job placement, and on-the-job training programs.

Background. The teacher is the key to the quality of education, as well as the key element in its development. The world is undergoing ever accelerating changes; accordingly, the function of the education system, which is to prepare students for life and work in the future world, is changing. Thus, the importance of the teacher’s role as an organizer and motivator of the learning process is increasing. This paper examines the figure of a teacher who is ready for changes and implements them. Students of teacher training programmes need to be prepared for this role. Changes in teacher training are equally necessary in the teacher training system both in the Russian Federation and in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Objectives. The article formulates the foundations of the modern education systems for future school mathematics teachers. These foundations meet the new goals and objectives of mathematics education, associated with the changes in mathematics itself over the last century, changes in its role in the modern digital world, and changes in the world itself. The most important issue in the training of mathematics teachers is its continuity. It is necessary to teach the future teachers not only the main volume of teaching content, but also prepare them for the activities that will be taught to the student. Results. It is necessary to organize training in such a way that from the very beginning of their training, future teachers would come to school and work with schoolchildren. At the same time, the solution of “do not know how” problems becomes the core of education. Digital technologies play a significant role in modern mathematics teaching. Conclusions. Today, in any education system, the teacher’s attitude towards change as well as the readiness to accept, support and initiate it, is important. The duty of the modern teacher training system, both in Russia and in Kazakhstan, is to be ready for changes and to cultivate such readiness in students.

Background. The need for reconstruction (and not modification, as it was previously done) of school mathematics education, due to the intensive development of information technology, requires the restoration of the foundations on which it is built. Discussions about what topic to include or exclude from a mathematics course based on arguments like “It is impossible to be an educated person without knowing...” on the one hand, or “Children cannot understand anything about...” on the other, clearly have no chance in obtaining productive solutions. Objectives. This paper introduces a system of concepts and distinctions that provides the basis for solving the problem of constructing foundations for designing a school mathematics course. Methods. The study involves problematization (transition from a problem situation to a problem formulation), methodological analysis of the problem, introduction of conceptual distinctions, construction of a system of relations between concepts. Results. A distinction has been introduced between the content and contents of mathematical education — both as a process and as a result. It is shown that functionally (substantively) mathematics exists in culture as a system of mental means necessary to represent the relationships between conceivable entities in a particular science or field of activity. Accordingly, the content of the process of mathematical education is the mastery of these mental means and methods of applying them, and the content of mathematical education as a result is the possession of these mental means and methods for representing the relationships between entities of a particular nature. Conclusions. It is shown that mathematics functionally acts as a system of mental means and therefore the design of school mathematical education should be carried out precisely in the logic of mastering mental means, and not “topics”, “objects”, “tasks”, “skills”, “knowledge”, etc. In the second part of the article, a developed system of ideas will be used to specify, on the one hand, the tempo-rhythmic structure of the educational process, and on the other, to provide a logical justification for the initial part of mathematical education (arithmetic) as a process of mastering mathematical thinking tools.

The purpose of the article is to determine psychological factors and compare the predictor structure of legal awareness among students of historical and medical education profiles. The article is devoted to the analysis of psychological aspects of the formation of legal awareness among students who study in the medical and historical profiles of education. The paper examines the key factors affecting the development of legal awareness among young people who are preparing for professional activities in medicine and historical education. The emphasis is placed on the students’ psychological characteristics which shape their attitude to legal norms and historical context, and it is also studied how the educational process affects their legal awareness. The article includes an analysis of scientific literature on psychology, history and medicine. The results of empirical research conducted among students of higher educational institutions are revealed. The study emphasizes that the main criteria for the development of legal awareness of students of medical and historical education profiles are the legal knowledge, level of legal education, attitude to legal norms, stability of legal beliefs, value orientations, formation of legal attitudes and compliance or non-compliance with legal norms revealed in the behavior. It is noted that in order to assess the degree of formation of legal awareness of students of medical and historical education profiles, one can use the levels of development of each of its components: substantive, motivational-value, reflexive-evaluative, and personal-content. The results of the study highlight the need to integrate psychological knowledge into the educational process of future specialists in the fields of history and medicine. Based on the analysis of the results of a diagnostic study conducted among the students of medical and historical profiles, it can be concluded that the factors of formation of legal awareness in different groups of respondents have certain differences depending on the direction of their education. The students of medical profile demonstrated strong internal socially significant motives, which may expose their desire to contribute to society and help others. At the same time, they showed high self-motivation and orientation towards their own development, which is important for successful mastering of the medical subject. The article will be useful for teaching medical and historical subjects, students of these specialties, as well as everyone who is interested in the issue of psychological features of the formation of legal awareness. The problem of legal awareness of young people in modern conditions of the development of Ukrainian society is the most relevant task. At the same time, the study of legal awareness among students of the historical education profile is in a certain way predictable and has a fairly good track record in science, which cannot be said about the students of the medical profile. And this occurs despite the fact that the legal factor is key to their professional training, as the formed legal awareness not only contributes to the understanding of legal norms and ethical standards, important for protecting the rights of patients and avoiding legal errors, but also forms the professional responsibility and ethical behavior of a medical student, emphasizing not only the rights, but also the responsibilities of medical specialists to the patients, colleagues and society as a whole. Taking into account the rapid development of the medical industry and the updating of legislation, the constant clarification of legal issues provides medical specialists with upto-date knowledge necessary for high-quality patient care and adherence to the professional standards. The peculiarity of the formation of legal awareness among students of historical and medical profiles lies in different approaches to the learning process. Whereas for future historians it is critically important to understand the course of the historical development of law and analyze the influence of historical processes on the formation of legal institutions, for the future medical workers the issue of legal awareness affects their general worldview and the process of positioning themselves as specialists in the Ukrainian medical system. The relevance of this topic is determined by modern challenges, in particular, the need for general legal education of young people (not only those of profile specialties) to ensure compliance with human rights, development of democratic institutions, prevention of corruption and strengthening of the rule of law, which is especially relevant in wartime conditions. However, the issue of the predictor structure of psychological components that influence the process of forming legal awareness of modern youth remains insufficiently studied, which creates a demand for research on this topic precisely in the psychological plane. Conclusion. In general, the study revealed that both groups of students have a high level of selfrespect and a positive attitude towards themselves, which is the basis for their professional and personal development. These features can be considered as key factors in the formation of legal awareness of young people who are open to learning and observing social norms and legal principles, which is an integral part of their academic and future professional life. The obtained data can be used to enhance the efficiency of the educational process, create motivation programs and a favorable environment for the development of legal awareness and professional growth of students.

The aim of the article is to investigate and theoretically substantiate the role of project-based technologies as a means of developing multicultural communicative competence in future tourism professionals within the context of blended learning. The effectiveness of tourism and hotel business depends on a set of factors. Among them is the professional competence of employees which reflects the ability and willingness of specialists to use their knowledge and practical skills in practice, and thus forming the model of a practitioner capable of solving problems in the chosen field of activity and demonstrating their high efficiency. In addition to professional competence, a future specialist in the field of tourism must have intercultural communication competence which reveals itself through the specific way of carrying out productive activity, and is formed during the period of training at higher education institution as a part of the process of project activity. It is assumed that project activity is treated as the goal and method of learning which creates conditions for the development of skills underlying the competence. Among the skills are: creative thinking, reflection, goal setting, forecasting, choosing effective solutions, creating working teams, achieving results and evaluation of their effectiveness. The article considers the project technology as a means of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is stated that expedient and properly organized work on the project during the study of language material will help to form and improve specific language skills, which will lead to the development of multicultural communicative competence. The article focuses on the implementation of principles of project technology into the process of teaching foreign languages to students of speciality 242 “Tourism and Recreation”. The paper presents the analysis of the main features of project-based learning as well as the stages of work project. It also reflects the experience of application of project method in the process of the formation of multicultural communicative competence of future specialists in the field of tourism. It is proved that the use of project method in foreign language classes in the sphere of professional communication contributes to the development of students’ competencies as a set of knowledge, skills and abilities that ensure their readiness to solve specific problems in a multicultural environment. The main advantages of implementation of project technology were defined based on the conceptual analysis of pedagogical literature, own pedagogical experience, systematization of theoretical approaches and methods existing in the educational environment of higher school. It is noted that properly organized work on the project at classes on professionally oriented foreign language not only forms multicultural communicative competence, but also allows forming professional, social competences in parallel. As a result, one more goal of training in higher education institution is achieved, namely the formation of students’ project competence. It has been concluded that project-based activities not only enable students to learn the language, thereby developing multicultural communicative competence, but also contribute to the acquisition of academic skills and the formation of integrative project-based experience in the process of studying a range of academic disciplines.

Background. Project activities in kindergarten are an urgent area that meets modern educational standards and contributes to the comprehensive development of children. This type of activity is aimed at developing creative abilities, critical thinking, the ability to analyze information and interact with peers. Project activities in kindergarten opens up broad opportunities for the development of a child’s personality, helps children become more independent, self-confident and ready to solve complex problems. Objective. To develop and integrate into the educational process a series of cultural heritage events aimed at the development of children of early and preschool age. Sampling. The Golden Pedagogical Ring project, which lasted for 19 months, involved 386 children aged 2 to 7 years fr om 24 early and preschool age groups of kindergartens of Autonomous Non-Commercial Organization Preschool Educational Organization “MIR DETSTVA”. The working group conducted observations before the start of the project and during its implementation. More than 400 protocols of observations and analysis of activities conducted with children and teachers were compiled and analyzed. Methods. The main research method was the observation of children and teachers, which were carried out according to the methods of N.A. Korotkova, P.G. Nezhnova, L.S. Vakulenko, A.K. Zolotova, E.V. Shakirova, Yu.A. Afonkina, etc. For the analysis of classes and other events, the developments of N.N. Gladysheva, A.A. Boyko, N.S. Astafieva and others were used. SWOT analysis, Pareto analysis, Key Performance Indicators (KPI), “Cause and Effect Tree“ were also used. Results. More than 150 author’s classes and other methods, visual and didactic material (50 manuals) were developed. A card index of literature was also formed, including more than 50 titles. More than 200 events have been organized and conducted for children in 7 preschool institutions. As part of the work with children, exhibitions of creativity were organized in each branch, wh ere drawings, crafts, sculptures, creative paper panels and other creative fantasies of children were presented. In total, more than 20 such exhibitions were held. There are also more than 25 events organized with the parents of the pupils. 7 interesting programs have been developed for the mini-museum. Conclusions. The unique network project “Golden Pedagogical Ring” is a significant initiative that promotes the development of children and awakens their interest in the cultural heritage of the peoples of Russia. The methodological material can be used in Russian preschool educational organizations and is easily adapted to the main educational program of the institution.

Present paper describes that adaptation of a questionnaire on the sociotropy or own assumptions and goals. Paper presents the results of the psychometric validity of the Russian adaptation of the Questionnaire for middle and older adults. Participants were adults aged 35-75 (N=358; M= 49,27; SD = 11,08; 75,5 % — females). Our adaptation was based on a New Zealand version of the “Socitropy/ Autonomy scale” by A. Beck. To check the criterial validity we used “Differential questionnaire of loneliness experiences”, “Social and emotional loneliness scales for middle and older adults”, “Psychological well-being scale by C. Ryff”. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory analysis identified four subscales: “Social non-confidence”, “Dependence on other’s opinion”, “Affiliation” and “Independence”. Psychometric tests proved that all identified scales had internal consistency, and form a general factor. Final confirmatory analysis showed that four scales are comparatively independent. Analysis of the results in age and sex groups showed that the questionnaire maintained its consistency in age groups (middle adulthood, later adulthood, aging) as well as for males and females. Thus, our results revealed that our adaptation could be used on adults and older adults in Russia.

The paper explores an option to expand the model of mechanisms of insight problem solving proposed by S. Ohlsson. The proposed mechanisms of insight problem solving — chunk decomposition and constraint relaxation — considered within the framework of high-level and low-level processes. Chunk decomposition described as low-level mechanism and constraint relaxation as high-level mechanism. We assume that difficulty of the different insight problems can be explained by high level chunk decomposition and low-level constraint relaxation. The paper describes two experiments dedicated to verify the assumption. The first experiment examines process of solving anagrams (with word) as high-level chunk decomposition. The main results of the experiment show the prospect of distinguishing the semantic chunk decomposition as insight problem solving mechanism. The second experiment use nine-dot insight problem to examine its solution process as relaxation of low-level (perceptual) constraints. Based on the results of the experiments, it can be considered possible to conclude that the expansion of S. Ohlsson’s model of mechanisms of insight problem solving allows to deem the solutions of various problems in a unified system.

Background. At present, self-objectification of females is a very common phenomenon, reflecting the desire of women to meet the standards accepted in the society and manifested in excessive (even pathological) care of achieving the “ideal” appearance. This phenomenon was under study in various foreign psychological concepts and approaches, and especially in the theory of B. Fredrickson and T.E. Roberts. However, despite similar research in Russian psychology, the phenomenon has not been disclosed within Russian psychological methodology. In this regard, it is very important to analyze foreign publications for the subsequent development of an integrative approach to the study of self-objectification in females in the context of Russian psychology. Looking into this phenomenon from the standpoint of Russian psychological methodology would be useful for developing methods of assessment, intervention, and psychotherapeutic assistance for Russian girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to negative self-objectification. The Objective is to conduct a theoretical analysis of the phenomenon of women’s self-objectification in line with the national cultural-historical and activity methodology. Design. The paper provides a review of the publications on self-objectification in females which is analytical in its nature. In the paper, the basic approaches to the study of the phenomenon of self-objectification in females in foreign psychology are determined, and also the ways to understand the phenomenon in the context of the Russian psychological tradition proposed in the works of L.S. Vygotsky, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein developed by their students and the followers are shown. Results. The phenomenon of self-objectification in females is considered within the context of fundamental issues of psychology — the relationship of ‘outer’ and ‘inner’ contents, and particularly, within the framework of the subject-activity approach of S.L. Rubinstein and the activity theory of A.N. Leontiev. The role of the “social situation of the development” (L.S. Vygotsky) in the development self-objectification in females is shown. The mechanism of interiorization as a female’s adoption of the social ideas and attitudes is described. The process of interiorization is considered through three facets: individualization, intimization, and production of consciousness. The phenomenon of self-objectification was interpreted through the lenses of L.S. Vygotsky ideas about the intertwining of two domains of mental development in ontogenesis, i.e. the biological maturation of a person and the processes of mastering culture, and also within the notions of cultural-historical defectology. Conclusion. The research results contribute to expanding the scientific theoretical views of psychologists working within the national methodology to shape the phenomenon of self-objectification in females, which could facilitate further understanding of this theoretical construct and increase the number of empirical works in the research area. Female self-objectification through the prism of the Russian research methodology will contribute to the methodological status of this issue, enriching the idea of female self-objectification primarily at the philosophical (worldview) level and at the general scientific level of methodology (E.G. Yudin). All these will increase the interpretative capabilities of the concept. The materials of the paper can contribute to developing an integrative approach for understanding female self-objectification. The findings can be sufficient for creating methods of psychodiagnostics and psychotherapy for girls and women experiencing psychological problems due to the negative impact of self-objectification.

Introduction. Value orientation of today’s youth is a key problematic aspect of socio-cultural cognition. This paper concentrates on characteristics of value orientations of today’s young people, and how they impact prosocial behavior in this age group. Theoretical Basis. There is a lack of conceptual and systematic understanding of value orientations and their association with young people’s value and meaning sphere. This study represents a first attempt to determine ontogenetic changes in each component of the psychological construct and social development of today’s generation of young people. Results and Discussion. An analytical literary overview provides a background for the main value orientations of youth and their development trends. The fact that traditional values, including family, health, and love still remain main social trends for female youths, represents a gender characteristic of values of young generation. Meanwhile, male youths strive for self-realization. A high level of remuneration remains the main work motivation among young people; they are also interested in the compliance of work with their interests. This paper generalizes and systematizes the results of current studies on age-related characteristics of associations among prosociality and other intrapsychic systems, including volitional regulation, intelligence indicators, and social responsibility. The factors of youth deprivation (egoistic motivation and distortions in the attributive system of trust in the world) influence the age genesis of prosociality. Initiative and intelligence determine prosocial tendencies in adolescence, late adolescence, and early adulthood. The programs for stimulating prosociality should be focused on a mature prosociality. This idea provides conceptual frameworks for objective criteria for the expediency of prosocial forms of behavior, reflexive subjectivity, and personal pleasure from actions for the benefit of another person.

This study conducted bibliometric analysis of 214 national and 1847 foreign research papers in the Machiavellianism field, presenting the research status, evolution process and main research themes in a visual form to clarify the overall knowledge structure of Machiavellianism research. The results of the study showed that between 2013 and 2019 there was a significant increase of interest among scholars the world around in issues related to the concept of Machiavellianism. The number of published research papers over the recent six years are roughly equal in the number of papers released between 1970 and 2012. Also, the dark triad, behavior and traits covered the largest number of keywords. In recent years, some new trends have emerged in Machiavellianism research. The interest of the world scientific community has mainly focused on the “dark” side of Machiavellianism. The dark dozen, sadism, moral disunity, cyberbullying, and depression reflect the current hot themes associated with Machiavellianism research. It has also become obvious that despite significant efforts to develop the study of Machiavellianism, the current research is not sufficient. In general, the results of the study contribute to understanding of the relationship between the concept of Machiavellianism and other concepts of psychology, expand knowledge about the evolution process of the Machiavellianism field and possible directions for future trends.

The paper fits into the area of research over educational contexts of popular culture, which is a voice in a discussion focused on possible ways of “using” rock lyrics in formal education, on critical education through rock narratives, on a category of co(being). This paper is intended to familiarize with research on educational contexts brought by rock narratives also about involving a Recipient in the discussion on the presented issues.

The paper analyzes modern pedagogical approaches to foreign language teaching via Moodle learning platform. The approaches studied ensure the effectiveness of foreign language education in the context of new models and forms of pedagogical interaction in the system of higher education. The aim of the study is to examine the implementation and beta-testing of an eLearning course based on LMS Moodle. The course has been designed in compliance with modern didactic approaches to foreign language teaching in an online learning environment of the university. The approaches ensure the effectiveness of modern foreign language education in the context of new models and forms of pedagogical interaction. The authors analyze the didactic approaches used in foreign language teaching via LMS Moodle: personality-oriented, system and activity-based, facilitative, integrated and environmental approaches. Also, the study focuses on the characteristics of the structure and content of the eLearning course for “Foreign Language” discipline, designed on the Moodle platform of Sevastopol State University incorporating the didactic approaches under review. The students learning activities and the forms of pedagogical interaction within the course structure are examined in the article. The theoretical methods of research include conducting comprehensive analysis of scientific, methodological pedagogical literature sources as well as considering pedagogical experience, synthesis and concretization of the concepts. Results: the article also presents the experience of the design and beta-testing of an eLearning course “English” for students of the Bachelor’s degree program, which was created by the lecturers of Foreign Languages Department of the Institute of Social Sciences and International Relations of Sevastopol State University based on LMS Moodle according to the approaches considered. The characteristics of various course tools and elements reflecting the approaches are given in the paper. Practical implications: the research is useful for educators interested in methodological issues of designing “Foreign language” eLearning courses based on LMS Moodle.

Commentary on the COVID-19 pandemic must necessarily consider the medical issues in social and political context. This paper discusses one important dimension of the context, the long-term history of human activity as intrinsically technological in its nature. The pandemic has accelerated the use of technology to mediate relations between people at a distance. This involves not only a change in the skills people have (though acquiring these skills has become the central project of work for many people), but changes the sort of person they are. Our notions of closeness and distance, or of touching and being touched, and so on, refer simultaneously to states that are spatial and emotional, factual and evaluative. Inquiry into the differences in human relations where there is physical presence and where there is not raises very significant questions. What are the differences and why are they thought, and felt, to matter? What are the differences when the relationship is supposed to be a therapeutic one? What are the financial and political interests at work in enforcing relations at a distance by new media, i.e., mediated relations? How is a persons agency affected by a lack of freedom to move or a lack of face-to-face contact? What happens to all those human relations for which physical presence was previously the norm, relations such as those performed in the rituals of birth, marriage and death, or in activities like sport and the arts? Can it be said that new technologies involve a loss of soul? The present paper seeks to provide a reflective and open-ended framework for asking such questions.

Environmental problems in Kazakhstan are serious issues to be dealt with, as it ranges from problems of water shortages to nationwide land degradation issues. Within that, one particular problem sticks out that has yet not been significantly scholarly studied. The problem of environmental awareness issue has been known to play a crucial role in sustainable development and pro-ecological programs and policies, as for more than five decades’ various Western researcher works have outlined the positive effects of raising the level of environmental awareness among different groups of population. However, this spe- cific research area has not been thoroughly studied in the context of a Central Asian region, particularly that of Kazakhstan. In light of these problems, this research paper aims to provide a critical literature review on environ- mental awareness studies in the context of Kazakhstan by examining prominent local and international scholarly works on this subject matter. Hence, the objectives of this paper is to provide a foundation of knowledge on the topic; identify research gaps to prevent research inconsistencies; uncover previous research findings and research methodologies used; and compare and contrast the research findings in order to answer unresolved open questions. For that, a total of 82 studies were analyzed. Key words: Kazakhstan, environmental awareness, literature review, content analysis.

The paper examines central psychoanalytic perspectives on dreams, the poetic work and language as forms of self-expression, self-knowledge and transcending. The creative process is seen as a means to transform knowledge about the self, as emotional and intellectual self-revealing, but also as form of transcending in view of the archetypes explicated in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The base for every treatment is hope. To understand the concept of a patient about the future and to stimulate a process of widening the horizon proverbs about hope can be used. As a help for a therapist to use this tool a paper seized DIN A 4 was created which offers a collection of international proverbs. Some practical hints are given how to use the paper. Also, the paper can be used by the patient afterwards to transmute the role within the family from a source of trouble into a source of encouragement

The paper deals with modern aspects of terminology in film industry. The paper aims at the study of the linguistic and extralinguistic levels of film terminology in the professional dialect of filmmakers and general strata of the language. The broader context of the film discourse viewed as a complex communicative issue requires simplified understanding among professionals, as well as during interaction between filmmakers and cinephiles. The author believes that there are two sources of film neologisms, connected with the appearance of new artifacts and adaptation of cinema terms in the interpretative discourse. The method of continuous sampling from modern cinema magazines provided a copious terminological material, which was afterwards studied by means of stylistic, word-building, and axiological analysis. The material demonstrated that modern film industry uses several ways of terminologisation, thus diminishing the distance to the general spoken language. They include simplification, abbreviation, imagery, string terms, holophrasis, blending, and rhymed terminological units. The new means of terminological innovation revealed a trend to conserve the term’s meaning while rendering the term with the additional meaningful or image element, which would facilitate its comprehension in intense communication. The means of terminological innovation were aimed at increasing simplicity, aesthetism, beautification, and irony, as well as invigorating dead imagery, expressing a new concept, and creating euphemisation. The determinologisation of the semantic sphere of cinema was supported by multiple examples and revealed great public and scientific interest to this sphere, indicating continuous productive innovational processes in cinema terminology.

The aim of the article is to analyze the problem of women's radicalization. Based on a review of the literature, it seems possible to say that this problem is often ignored, terrorism is considered as the men’s activity, it is mistakenly believed that women are hardly capable of aggressive behavior, in case of involvement in terrorist activities, they are in a minor capacity. For terrorist organizations, it is a strategic step to use women because women are assigned the tasks where men can attract attention and be caught. In the activities of a terrorist organization, women perform a number of different roles: informants, specialists in developing propaganda strategies, recruiters, managers, qualified specialists, interpreters, objects of sexual bait, fighters. Information distributed by women is perceived differently from that distributed by men, it takes on a different meaning. The paper discusses the specific features of the reasons why men and women become radicalized, noting that the mechanisms of radicalization themselves hardly differ in the case of men and women. The paper is focused on the applicability and potential of theoretical schemes to explain the radicalization of women. Special attention is paid to the theory of uncertainty-identity, and empirical data obtained within the framework of this theory are discussed.

This paper reviews the key research of the automatic engagement detection in education. Automatic engagement detection is necessary in enhancing educational process, there is a lack of out-of-the-box technical solutions. Engagement can be detected while tracing learning-centered affects: interest, confusion, frustration, delight, anger, boredom, and their facial and bodily expressions. Most of the researchers reveal these emotions on video using Facial Action Coding System (FACS). But there doesn’t exist a set of ready-made criteria to detect engagement and many scientists use additional techniques like self-reports, audio-data, physiological indicators and others. In this paper we present a review of most recent researches in the field of automatic affect and engagement detection and present our theoretical model of engagement in educational process based on the learning-centered affects’s detection. Engagement is understood as an affective and cognitive state, accompanying learning process. While reaching optimal engagement students experience various affects, where highly positive and negative feelings mean that a student is close to be engaged in the learning process.

Introduction. This paper provides an overview of current research in individual differences in structural brain characteristics. The impact of individual differences in structural brain characteristics on individual differences in psychological characteristics is considered within the concept of endophenotypes, which represent an intermediate link between the gene and the complex phenotypic characteristic. Theoretical Basis. This paper analyzes the impact of genetic and environmental factors on individual differences in structural brain characteristics measured by magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging. The review presents the results of twin studies, genome-wide association studies, and candidate genes studies. Results and Discussion. In general, genetically informative studies of structural brain characteristics indicate that a small number of structures (i.e., corticospinal pathways or the volume of the lateral ventricles) have moderate heritability estimates varying from 20 to 50 %. In contrast, the heritability estimates are over 50 % for the majority of structural characteristics. The contribution of genetic factors to individual differences in structural brain characteristics changes during ontogenesis. A general genetic contribution to individual differences in structural brain characteristics and behavioral phenotypes is examined using multivariate analysis methods. The review (a) presents the results of new types of molecular genetic studies, primarily using the genome-wide association analysis, which examines hundreds of thousands of DNA markers simultaneously, (b) discusses studies of such genetic factors as copy number variations as well as whole-genome studies, and (c) shows that the current transition process to the format of multicenter consortia and the associated growth of the studied samples provides new opportunities for studying the contribution of genetic factors to individual differences in structural brain characteristics.

Background. 75 years passed after the Second World War finished. What do we remember about these years? What are the sources of our memories? What do we know about the life and activity of our teacher in psychology? The Objective of the paper is to analyze the professional activity of the famous psychologists, future professors of the Moscow State University Psychology Department during the Second World War. Design. The paper describes the professional activity of famous Russian psychologists (A.R. Luria, A.N. Leontiev, P.Ya. Halperin, A.V. Zaporozhets, B.V. Zeigarnik and others) aimed to rehabilitation of brain damaged Russian soldiers. The value of this work for the development of the psychological science and for the mentality of psychologists all over the world is underlined. The work of the remarkable scientists in the rear evacuation recovery hospitals is described: in a hospital organized by A.R. Luria at the sanatorium in the village of Kisegach near the city of Chelyabinsk in the Southern Urals, as well as in the hospital in the village of Kourovka near Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg), whose supervisor was A.N. Leontiev. It is shown how in Kisegach they solved the problems of cognitive impairment in wounded soldiers, and in Kourovka they were engaged in the restoration of motor functions. It is emphasized that, along with enormous practical activity, psychologists conducted significant theoretical work, in which the results of practice were generalized and analyzed. The paper informs the reader about today’s psychologists around the world and how they appreciate the contribution of Russian psychologists who worked during the World War II and honour their memory. The V International Congress in memory of A.R. Luria, dedicated to the 115th anniversary of the birth and 40th anniversary of the death of Alexander Romanovich Luria. Conclusion. The knots of memory do not only unite the generations but also become a fulcrum for all of us in understanding the personal sense and value of the Psychological Activity. Based on the study of rehabilitation processes, Leontyev’s theory of activity and psychological practice proved that the analysis of mental functioning disorders is impossible without a systematic approach to the facts revealed.

Background. Virtual reality (VR) is becoming more and more widespread in various spheres of human life – in science, education, industry, and leisure. In particular, children are increasingly using VR. However, there is an insignificant number of methodological studies on the effects of virtual reality on children. The Objective of this paper is to consider virtual reality technologies as a tool of developing a modern child. In accordance with the goal, the tasks were set to analyze the results of the application, the possibilities and limitations of using VR as a tool that mediates the process of mental development. Design. The paper considers the qualitative features of Virtual Reality technologies in contrast to other digital technologies. The analysis of the VR impact on children of different ages in terms of finding the limits of VR applicability is given. It is noted that immersion in virtual environments of children of different age groups occurs with varying degrees of intensity, which is first of all determined by cognitive functions development in these age groups. The positive effects of VR application as an educational tool in the digital environment are highlighted. As a result, it was shown that successful immersion of a child in the virtual world and effective immersion means requires the development of adaptation skills to the new form of the surrounding world, where successfulness is possible only when shaping relevant operations and actions. Results. The analysis of the existing results of the VR research as a means of developing a modern child has revealed a number of significant facts that determine further methodological research in this area. These include a shift in emphasis in the VR studies from consideration of risks and negative consequences towards qualitative positive effects from their application in order to overcome the limitations of using digital technologies that are considered classical. Conclusion. VR has significant prospects both as a research tool and as a developing tool relevant to the evolving digital space.

Introduction. This paper (a) discusses the theoretical and methodological evidence for the equivalence of computerized and conventional versions of psychological tests, (b) analyzes the studies investigating psychometric parameters of computerized versions of conventional tests, and (c) examines contradictions in approaches to assessing the equivalence of the two test forms. This paper represents a first effort in structuring the main problems in establishing the equivalence of paper-and-pencil and computer-based testing, as well as in finding ways and means to overcome them. Much attention is devoted to minimal and sufficient mathematical and statistical tools for assessing the equivalence of the two test forms. Theoretical Basis. The main problems associated with assessing the equivalence of computerized and conventional tests include the following: (a) the level of cultural and informational competence of respondents, (b) anxiety, (c) social environment, (d) motivation for testing, (e) difficulties in creating the same conditions for paper-and-pencil and computer-based testing (L. N. Babanin, Y. P. Chua, M. Russell, P. Květon et al.). Researchers most often choose the following procedures for assessing the equivalence of the two versions of psychological tests: (a) comparison of the main statistical parameters (mean values, variances, etc.) and (b) assessment of construct validity and reliability of the computer-based versions of psychological tests. Results and Discussion. The analysis of research methodology for assessing the equivalence of computerized and conventional versions of psychological tests focuses on a variety of approaches to (a) the use of mathematical and statistical methods for assessing psychometric parameters of computer-based versions of conventional tests, (b) the choice of research design, (c) considering specific characteristics of the situation of computer-based testing. It is necessary to formulate specific and structured requirements for the procedure for assessing the equivalence of computerized and conventional versions of psychological tests. The author suggests recommendations for the main sections of such requirements related to (a) the procedure for conducting empirical research, (b) mathematical and statistical methods, and (c) control of the factors specific to computer-based testing that may have impact on the results of equivalence assessment.

Introduction. The present review aims to examine computer programs used in psycho-correctional practice for cognitive rehabilitation of cardiac patients. Currently, there is a high prevalence of cognitive disorders among the elderly population in Russia. The disease has an impact on cognitive functioning of cardiac patients, which leads to difficulties in social adjustment and reduces their quality of life. In this regard, assessing the performance of existing computer programs for cognitive rehabilitation of cardiac patients is important. Theoretical Basis. This paper presents an overview of the main criteria for choosing cognitive rehabilitation programs for patients suffering from cardiac diseases, as well as characteristics of cognitive rehabilitation. The analysis of previous studies enabled the authors to develop a number of recommendations and restrictions for using cognitive rehabilitation programs. Results and Discussion. The authors (a) provide a description of the structure of cognitive impairment in cardiac patients, (b) describe specific patterns of cognitive impairment in cardiac patients, and (c) concentrate on impairments of frontal lobe functions, including goal choice, concentration, and attention switching. The following platforms are currently used for cognitive rehabilitation: Constant Therapy, Cognifit, Brain +, My Aphasia Coach, Lingraphica, Prologue2go, Tactus therapy, Soch Genie, Lumosity, Neuro Nation, Memorado, Wikium, Brain Apps, and B-trainika. When choosing a correctional computer program, it is important to take into account the presence of a flexible system of settings and modular architecture, as well as the possibility of changing the complexity of tasks in accordance with the degree of cognitive impairment in patients. Conclusion. This paper may be of interest to physicians, medical psychologists, defectologists, and programmers when choosing or developing the programs for cognitive rehabilitation of cardiac patients.

Background. The subject matter of developmental psychology has almost never been subject to critical analysis, but it is obvious there are problems in this field. In particular, it is hard to shape the major issue of analysis in developmental psychology: personality development, psyche, age characteristics, or all of the above mentioned issues. For the further research of developmental psychology as a science, it is very important to identify the main fundamentally different areas and subject matter of research that are somehow studied, however spasmodically, often within other branches of psychology or even in other sciences. The Objective of this paper is to clarify the subject matter of developmental psychology as a science, to verify that developmental psychology dwells on several fundamentally different areas and subject matters of research, in accordance with which it is necessary to shape the research of this science. Design. The paper identifies fundamentally different areas of developmental psychology considered as separate subject matters of research. It is recognized that the structure of modern developmental psychology does not correspond to the subject matter of research. As a result, some areas of personality development are not identified as separate subdisciplines or sections of developmental psychology (e.g. variational personality development, development of personality substructures) lack research and are not presented in textbooks developmental psychology. Conclusion. Developmental psychology can identify the following types of research subject matters: normative and variational human development, the development of psychological substructures of personality and psychological characteristics of age groups. It is necessary to restructure the developmental psychology based on the subjects of research highlighting the following subdisciplines: regular mental development, variable personality development, mental development (development of psychological substructures of personality), age-based studies (age groups psychology).

The present research deals with methodical and methodological issues of the study of post-Medieval archaeological sites. The paper focuses on the features of related field and research lab work. The author believes that archeology plays an accessory role in Modern-Time studies, which was a period of radical changes in the demographic and a political situation of Siberia. These conditions triggered the development of new socio-territorial groups, which became involved in the globalization process. Therefore, regional historical problems can be resolved only taking into account a broad historical background. The postMedieval archeology can significantly expand the range of sources for historians and ethnographers. However, the approach requires interdisciplinary interaction. Post-Medieval archeology can be successful only if it solves the tasks formulated by historians. The author proposes a comprehensive program for the accumulation and analysis of archaeological materials. The paper features the case of Modern-Time sites of the Tom River basin, namely the transformation of cultural complexes of the indigenous inhabitants of the Tom River basin in the XVII–XVIII centuries. This process was affected by various groups of Russian settlers and some Sayan-Altai ethnic groups. Therefore, the area of interest of archeology of the Modern Time is wider than "the Russian archeology" that developed in the recent years. As a result, post-Medieval archeology programs require a new methodical and methodological apparatus for scientific research and personnel training.

The present paper introduces the readers to the Hoffman report — an independent attorney report on American Psychological Association (APA) officials’ participation in institutionalizing and developing torture techniques that were used to interrogate the prisoners of the secret Department of Defense prisons (Guantanamo, Abu Ghraib, etc.). People in charge of the APA were shown to have changed the ethical standards and APA regulations in such a way as to enable psychologists to participate in the so-called enhanced interrogations. We present the context of the report and the key findings and conclusions. We discuss the reaction of the psychological community and cite a number of papers that analyze the report from the theoretical and empirical standpoint, and reflect on the causes of the events. This situation can be viewed as a precaution for Russian psychologists likewise in making ethical decisions. Conclusion: Ethical codes do not constitute ethics per se nor do they protect from possible ethical violations, partly because abusers often are not just those who know the codes, but also those who write them.

The research substantiates the role of clinical psychologists in the system of comprehensive rehabilitation within the conditions of bio-psychosocial model of rehabilitation. Practical experience and the analysis of scientific literature made it possible to describe peculiarities of modern complex rehabilitation and the problems experienced by clinical psychologists. The authors determined difficulties and characteristics of professional work of rehabilitation psychologist within modern legal terrain. One problem is the lack of professional standard for the profession of clinical psychologist. The other problem is the inconsistency in the use of terms denoting professional specifics. Тhe paper focuses on the specificity of psychodiagnostic and rehabilitative work of a psychologist in the light of changing theoretical basis of rehabilitation and the transition from the International Classification of Disability Disorders and Social Insufficiency to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. The authors showed the discrepancy between the theoretical approaches of domestic and foreign psychology to the assessment of mental disorders. New professional tasks of the psychologist are defined taking into account multidisciplinary orientation of rehabilitation process. The paper describes the problems of professional training of clinical psychologists and specifies new educational tasks are specified proceeding from the modern approach to rehabilitation. Positive dynamics in the solution of the declared problem can be found in new legislative initiatives, development of General clinical recommendations for rehabilitation psychologists, scientific publications on psychological rehabilitation, update of educational programs for training clinical psychologists.

The research featured the implementation of state ideology and legal policy during the World War II. The present paper describes the case of the Altai Territory, where the local militia forces had to struggle against anti-Soviet propaganda and provocative rumors in 1941–1942. The study helped to identify the main reasons that led to such manifestations: the critical situation at the front during the early period of the war; lack of media information about the real state of affairs; distorted information that the disoriented evacuees shared with the local people. Archival materials helped to shed light on the basic forms and methods which the local militia used to combat the rumors. The paper focuses on the means of identification of sources of anti-Soviet propaganda, as well as the peculiarities of criminal prosecution in such cases. During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), the militia used various forms and methods to identify sources of anti-Soviet propaganda and provocative rumors. The analysis showed that the militia thoroughly investigated each case, revealing the initial source of anonymous information.