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Background. The problem of mineral deficiency is solved by introducing the main types of fertilizers into the soil: nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. But at present, it is firmly established that sulfur is another most demanded macronutrient - an important element of plant nutrition, which improves the absorption of nitrogen compounds by agricultural crops and ensures its high quality. The article presents the results of pre-sowing and foliar treatment with sulfur nanoparticles on the yield and grain quality of soft spring wheat at various stages of growth. Purpose. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of presowing and foliar treatment with sulfur nanoparticles on the yield and grain quality of soft spring wheat of the Ekada variety at various stages of growth. Materials and methods. As a source of sulfur nanoparticles, a preparation based on calcium polysulfide was used, which, diluted to a concentration of 2%, leads to obtaining sulfur hydrosol. The sulfur particle sizes were determined using a laser particle size analyzer and a probe microscope, and the X-ray phase analysis was carried out on a diffractometer. We used soft spring wheat "Ekada 70", the characteristics of which were determined using laboratory and field experiments, which were carried out according to a completely randomized block scheme with three repetitions. Results. It was found that the treatment of wheat with sulfur nanoparticles at all stages of growth led to an improvement in the main indicators of wheat, including a higher yield and an increase in the protein content in wheat grain. Conclusion. Laboratory and field tests have shown that the treatment of soft wheat with a calcium polysulfide preparation has a positive effect on all key characteristics, from germination and number of productive stems to yield and protein content. The drug can be recommended for use as an environmentally friendly product that stimulates plant growth and increases the yield and quality of wheat.

On the basis of long-term meteorological data and research results in a long-term stationary experiment of 1971-2020 a retrospective analysis of changes in air temperature and precipitation in the eastern region of the central climatic zone of the Kirov region was carried out and the influence of these characteristics on the dynamics of the yield of spring cereals was estimated. It has been established that the average annual air temperature during the research period was 2.4±1.0 °C. At the same time, its stable positive trend was observed at the rate of 0.39 °С /10 years. Two decades from 2001 to 2020 were recorded as the warmest for 50 years, when the temperature was 0.7...2.6 °C above climate normal. Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient (0.7...2.1) testifies to the contrasting conditions of humidification of the vegetation periods during the research years – from drought to excessively humidified. In a long-term experiment, the yield of spring cereals increased in the row wheat – barley – oats: 2.17±0.86, 3.04±0.61, 3.39±0.65 t/ha, respectively. Strong correlations were marked between the average yield (spring wheat) and weather conditions in June: reverse with air temperature (rр = -0.735) and direct with the amount of precipitation (rр = 0.686). It has been established that the use of phosphorus fertilizers (and their aftereffect) in combination with nitrogen-potassium fertilizers weakened the influence of weather conditions on the productivity of spring wheat: the determination coefficients (R2), which reflect the portion of variability due to weather conditions, were 0.59-0.73 for the variant without fertilizers and decreased to 0.50-0.56 when applying NP3K.

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Abstract. The results on the productivity and grain quality of winter wheat of intensive and semi-intensive ecotypes which were created in the Research Institute of Field Crops “Selectia”, Balti (Republic of Moldova) are presented in this paper. The data were obtained during 2014-2016 years contrasting by their hydrothermal characteristics. It was established that the productivity level and quality indicators as sedimentation, thousand-seed weight, flour strength and protein quantity in the analyzed ecotypes directly depend on precipitation amount per year, as well as in the critical periods of vegetation. An inverse dependence was found between the hydrothermal regime and the content of gluten, its quality according to GDI (gluten deformation index) and total baking score. A higher productivity and better quality was obtained by homologated and perspective varieties as: Phenix, Rod, Accord, Capriana, Lautar, Vestitor, Savant, Meleag.

The article presents an analysis of productivity of the present varieties of durum spring wheat in the steppe part of Orenburg Pre-Urals during 2005-2014. The peculiarities of effect of moisture conditions on the change of productivity and technological properties of wheat have been estimated. In the dry years there was a decrease of grain mass, content of protein and gluten quality. The varieties of Samara breeding showed the largest decrease of test weight, and the varieties of Orenburg breeding showed the smallest decrease. The varieties of Samara breeding showed the smallest decrease of protein contents in grain. The varieties of Ukraine breeding showed the most negative effect of dry conditions on their properties. In the dry years in comparison with the wet years there is an increase of the total vitreousness. The varieties of Ukraine and Samara breeding showed the largest increase of it. It is necessary to use the varieties which were found less depressive to dry conditions for more efficient grain production. If the studied varieties are cultivated under limited conditions of GOST in the steppe of Orenburg Pre-Urals, the grain production of 1-3 class can be obtained.

Unfavourable phyto sanitary situation in the republic of Buryatia, connected with a growth of infected grain crops, including rots, needs study of seed disinfectors. Eight varieties of spring wheat zoned in Buryatia have been studied. According to the laboratory experiments the share of infected sprout on the control variants was above admissible harmfulness (from 17 to 36%). After disinfection with ‘Tebu-60’, ME and ‘Skarlet’, ME the level of seed infection with phyto pathogens decreased to 2-8%. However, the treatment with the disinfectors suppressed the development of coleoptile and roots. The experiments showed the difference of physiological response of spring wheat varieties on drugs. The article has presented the study results of the influence of disinfection with ‘Tebu-60’ and ‘Skarlet’ on the seed infection, germination and development of germinal organs of five varieties of barley. The seed infection significantly decreased after disinfection, especially after the use of ‘Tebu-60’. The disinfector ‘Tebu-60’ showed the strongest phyto toxic property and ‘Skarlet’ showed the weakest one. Biologic productivity of the spring wheat variety ‘Buryatskaya ostistaya’ was 2.42 t/ha without the application of disinfectors. The productivity of the grain crop after disinfection with ‘Tebu-60’, ME was the similar to the control. The drug ‘Skarlet’, ME increased wheat productivity on 0.41 t/ha. The wheat variety ‘Lyutestsens 937’ and the barley variety ‘Krasnoyarsky 80’ are the most resistant to phyto toxic effect of the disinfectors.

The use of spring varieties in the breeding of winter durum wheat The breeding works can be of great success due to presence and diversity of the initial material used in the hybridization process. The limited and insufficient diversity of the initial material makes the development of winter durum wheat really difficult. The research center ‘Donskoy’ applies the varieties of spring durum wheat in the hybridization with winter durum wheat for the development of its own initial material. On the example of the variety ‘Oniks’ obtained in the hybridization of highly productive drought tolerant variety of spring durum wheat ‘Novodanskaya’ with the productive half-dwarf variety of winter durum wheat ‘Aysberg odessky’ we have shown the technology of development and growing of hybrids and features of the breeding work with them. The article considers the study results of economic-biological traits and properties of the variety ‘Oniks’ introduced into the State List of Breeding Achievements in the North-Caucasus and Nizhne-Volzhsky regions. The variety successfully combines high quality of grain, heat tolerance, resistance to lodging inherited from spring durum wheat, short stem, good tillering, high potential of productivity inherited from winter durum wheat. The average yields through the studied years ranged from 7.03 t/ha to 8.31 t/ha with the least 5.97 t/ha. The average increase of productivity to the standard variety ‘Donchanka’ was 0.95 t/ha.

Due to a great change of climatic conditions in the Sverdlov region in the last decades, wheat breeding deals mainly with the development of middle early varieties. The assessment of breeding material is carried out on the crop rotation fields, which belong to the principal share of lands in the Sverdlov region and Perm Area. The breeding resulted in the growing of a new middle early variety ‘Ekaterina’ by the method of intraspecific hybridization between an early maturing mother form ‘Iren’ and a middle maturing variety ‘Krasnoufimskaya 100’. Since 2013 the variety ‘Ekaterina’ has been in the State Varity Testing, since 2015 in the State Register of breeding achievements in Volga-Vyatka and West-Siberia regions. The average productivity of the variety in the competitive trial (2009-2014) was 4.5 t/ha that exceeded the standard (‘Gornouralskaya’) on 0.57 t/ha. Under favourable humidity the maximum productivity of the variety was 6.87 t/ha or on 1.13 t/ha more than of the standard variety. ‘Ekaterina’ is more advantageous than ‘Gornouralskaya’ in such traits as ‘1000-seed weight’, productivity of a head, protein amount per hectare and its energetic value, energetic efficiency of cultivation, gross increase of productivity a day per hectare during the periods ‘sprouting-wax maturity’ and ‘earing-wax maturity’, parameters of adaptive ability (general adaptive ability and breeding value of a genotype). In the Krasnoufimsk Breeding Center ‘Ekaterina’ exceeded the varieties ‘Gornouralskaya’. ‘Iren’, ‘Irgina’, ‘Novosibirskaya 15’ and ‘Svecha’ on 0.33-1.08 t/ha on the variety test plots of the Sverdlov region and Perm Area. In 2014 during the trial in SPK “Kolkhoz named after Sverdlov” (the Sverdlov region) a new variety produced 3.30 t/ha on 60 ha and exceeded the variety ‘Simbirtsit’ on 0.36 t/ha (12.2%). In OOO “Agrofirma Manchazhskaya” (14 ha) the variety exceeded ‘Iren’ on 0.40 t/ha (25.0%). In the same year in KFK “Pchela” (the Tyumen region) ‘Ekaterina’ produced 4.40 t/ha (on 10 ha), that exceeded ‘Iren’ on 0.30 t/ha (7.3%). The variety is practically stable to loose smut and it is more stable to root rot than the standard variety. Due to the general baking assessment the variety ‘Ekaterina’ slightly gives way to the variety ‘Gornouralskaya’.

The article gives the information about highly productive variety of durum winter wheat ‘Lazurit’, the method of its selection, initial parent components, which have been taken for hybridization, about morphological traits of its head. The variety has been approved for use in the North-Caucasus region since 2014. Тhe characteristic of principal economic-biological traits and properties of the variety has been given. It’s the variety of new generation which ideally combines high productivity, grain quality, coarse grain, immunity to main diseases of the Rostov region, tolerance to abiotic stressors of the environment. During the years of trials the average productivity of the variety ‘Lazurit’ was 7,40 t/ha (2008-2015), during the last 5 years (2011-2015) it was 7,37 t/ha with a maximum productivity of 8,80 t/ha and a minimum one of 6,00 t/ha. The average increase of productivity to the standard variety ‘Donchanka’ was 1,40 and 1,26 t/ha respectively. The high productivity of the variety is provided with higher productive tillering, coarse grain and a harvesting index. The characteristic of principal economic-biological traits and properties of the variety has been given. It’s the variety of new generation which ideally combines high productivity, grain quality, coarse grain, immunity to main diseases of the Rostov region, tolerance to abiotic stressors of the environment. During the years of trials the average productivity of the variety ‘Lazurit’ was 7,40 t/ha (2008-2015), during the last 5 years (2011-2015) it was 7,37 t/ha with a maximum productivity of 8,80 t/ha and a minimum one of 6,00 t/ha. The average increase of productivity to the standard variety ‘Donchanka’ was 1,40 and 1,26 t/ha respectively. The high productivity of the variety is provided with higher productive tillering, coarse grain and a harvesting index. Grain quality matches GOST classification demands Р-52554–2006 for durum wheat. They are 89% of grain vitreousness, 790 g/l of test weight (nature), 15,25% of protein in grain, 28,4% of gluten of the second group of quality, 35 ml of SDS-sedimentation, 431 sec. of falling number.The principle technological elements of variety cultivation which allow realizing its genetic potential of productivity and quality have been listed.

The results of three-year use of fungicides in laboratory and in the field have been considered. The substantiation of their biological and economic efficiency against harmful diseases in Tambov region has been given. The application of fungicides, possessing a wide spectrum of activity, reduced pathogen infection on seeds and plants. During the years of study diseases of aerogenic origin prevailed, among them septoriosis (Septoria spp.) with 11,8-35,7% and wheat leaf rust (Puccinia triticina) with 27,6-72,5%. The influence of drought and heat upon spring winter seeds has been considered. As a result, the seeds received under these conditions possessed satisfactory literal and primary roots, purpose of which is to form element of productivity and preservation of future yields, their penetrating into subsoil layers and supplying plants with water and nutrients. The peculiarity of spring wheat cultivation is that it possesses weaker root system than winter wheat. Air temperature increase to 22-36°С in a vegetation period reduces all stages of growth, violates photosynthesis and decreases yield. Fungus р. Alternaria spp is a dominant component of pathogens on spring wheat seeds, that accounts 60-83% under total infection of seeds during last years. Complex protection of the crop influenced positively on productivity and elements of its structure. Superiority of fungicides over a control variant was noted in a number of productive stems, number of seeds per spikelet, 1000 grain weight. Infection of spring wheat plants and seeds with pathogens depended upon application of fungicides and on climatic feature of crop growing.

Winter wheat is an important food crop. On the gross grain harvest and areas under crops it ranks first in global agriculture. In 2015 more than 2,2 ml ha of the sowing areas were cultivated in the Rostov region. The increase of it is going to be up to 2,4 ml ha to 2020. Nowadays grain branch of Russia is greatly influenced with several global factors, among which global climate warming, fertility decrease and new phyto pathogens effect. Development of winter wheat varieties adapted to definite climatic conditions with a guaranteed of productivity increase is a solution to the problem of grain production stabilization. The article considers economic-biological characteristics of soft winter wheat variety of intensive type ‘Rostovchanka 7’. The tested traits of the variety show, that fertilizing is the main agro technology which determines the amount of harvest of the variety. The variety of intensive type ‘Rostovchanka 7’ was introduced in the State Register of breeding achievements of RF from 2011. It’s middle early, highly productive variety. Its grain productivity if 9,5 t/ha. It possesses a high resistance to common leaf and stem diseases of wheat. The flour and baking properties are excellent. The variety is included in the list of the most valuable wheat of Russia. The most valuable traits of the variety are its frost and drought resistance.

The use of the indexes of relative and absolute content of protein in winter wheat grain selected on quality Winter wheat is the main food crop, which occupies a significant proportion in the structure of the grain area of Russia. The crop uses bioclimatic potential of the regions of cultivation better than spring wheat and supplies stable grain production. Winter wheat on Don supplies up to 50% of gross grain, and sometimes up to 70%. The article presents the study results of the accumulation of relative and absolute protein content in grain depending upon 1000-kernel weight on average during the years of 2014-2016. The obtained data indicate that absolute protein content in grain does not depend on the productivity. This index is really stable. Such indexes as 1000-kernel weight, relative protein content in grain, gross yield of protein per hectare, winter wheat productivity are significantly changeable. Protein content in grain is slightly affected by weather conditions. There is an inverse relation between 1000-absolutely dry kernel weight and relative protein content in grain. The more 1000-absolutely dry kernel weight is, the less protein content in grain is and vice versa. But there are significant differences of the trait among the varieties. The varieties “Rostovchanka 5” and “Rostovchanka 7” with less 1000-kernel weight than the varieties “Tanais”, “Aksiniya” and “Nakhodka”, have formed less protein content through all the years. The varieties “Tanais”, “Aksiniya” and “Nakhodka” with 1000-kernel weight of 41.1-43.7 g produced the largest amount of protein (14.7%, 14.4% and 14.2% respectively).

Copyright of Plant & Soil Science is the property of National University of Life & Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Varieties of winter wheat of world selection were studied in the conditions of South Ural. The conducted researches showed that in conditions of a steppe zone of South Ural possibly receiving more than 5,0 t of grain of winter wheat. For a steppe zone of South Ural four effective grades of winter wheat are defined: Kolos 47, Nika, KNIISH 756, Mironovskaya 64.