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Introduction and purpose: Diabetes has emerged as a global lifestyle disease, with an alarming rise in cases, particularly of type 2 diabetes. In Poland, over 3 million people are diagnosed, and an estimated 4 million cases are expected by 2030. Effective treatment involves a multifaceted approach, including dietary intervention, physical activity, and pharmacological options. Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), play a pivotal role in carbohydrate metabolism regulation, and GLP-1 analogs have become essential in managing type 2 diabetes. This paper explores the development and mechanisms of GLP-1 analogs, detailing their impact on insulin secretion, gastric emptying, and weight reduction. Description of the state knowledge: Various GLP-1 receptor agonists, including exenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, semaglutide, and the novel tirzepatide, are discussed. These drugs exhibit diverse pharmacokinetics, modes of administration, and effects on glucose metabolism and weight. Despite their efficacy, there is a concerning trend of off-label use, particularly for obesity treatment, leading to shortages for patients with valid prescriptions. This misuse is fueled by para-advertising on social media platforms, contributing to a surge in prescriptions and reimbursement costs. To address this, guidelines for GLP-1 analog use in obesity treatment are proposed, emphasizing the need for a stable drug supply and normalizing drug availability. Summary: In 2023, concerns intensified with reports of counterfeit GLP-1 analogs, prompting regulatory interventions. The paper concludes by underscoring the critical role GLP-1 analogs play in diabetes and obesity treatment, while emphasizing the importance of responsible prescription practices, guidelines adherence, and regulatory vigilance to ensure patient safety and mitigate the risks associated with misuse and counterfeit drugs.

Introduction and purpose: Currently, as the frequency of obesity is alarming, the role of many factors that could contribute in preventing and treating this condition are being researched, among them the certain food with beneficial health profiles - one of them is soybeans, specifically the isoflavones it contains. Populations that consume soy are known for lower risk of various disorders - among them obesity. The aim of this paper is to summarize the existing paper about the role of these bioactive components in the treatment of this condition. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Obesity is one of the leading challenges in today’s healthcare as it leads to various chronic diseases that are fraught in consequences. Current knowledge is pointing into the association between composition of the soy isoflavones and the lower risk of obesity. Results of the studies indicate that patients affected with obesity could benefit from introducing soy isoflavones into their diet along with other necessary modifications. Conclusions: Soy isoflavones are potential agents in the holistic obesity treatment. Consumption of isoflavones merits further recognition as foregoing results of conducted studies are pointing to its possibly meaningful role. It is worth mentioning that consumption of soy isoflavones is not only an anti-obese factor, but also presents various other health benefits and when consumed rationally poses no risk to human’s well being. We conclude that further studies would enable us to fully reveal the potential of those polyphenols.

Introduction: In the last few years, obesity has become a central issue with more than 2.6 billion people worldwide being overweight or obese. While the risks associated with this condition and its rising significance are widely known, the effect of this attention on screening and treatment remains unsatisfying. This paper explores multiple treatment strategies and evaluates their effectiveness in preventing obesity-related complications. Review methods: We conducted our study as a literature review, with data being gathered via PubMed and Embase. The state of knowledge: Physical activity, behavioral therapy, and proper nutrition remain the foundation for obesity therapy. However, in many cases these approaches are insufficient. Recently, there has been a dynamic development of bariatric surgery, which in comparison to lifestyle modification, results in better long-term effects and improved quality of life. New surgery procedures, such as sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding, have shown to be one of the most effective, but they carry a risk of complications. Conclusions: Growing treatment options allow doctors to choose more targeted strategies, based on the patient’s risk factors, overall health status, and compliance. Improvements in surgery, especially laparoscopic techniques have opened new possibilities for patients with morbid obesity.

Introduction and purpose: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disease in the female reproductive age. As treatment guidelines include lifestyle changes, various diet types are being evaluated in terms of efficacy among them ketogenic diet (KD) which was also assessed in terms of its influence on another ovarian related disease - ovarian cancer. The aim of this paper is an analysis of the available scientific data in respect of the role of the KD as a part of the therapy of ovarian related disorders. The search was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholarship databases. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Ketogenic diet demonstrates favorable effects in the hormonal profile of PCOS-affected women. It was also noticed that its administration results in the reduction of BMI and the improvement in glycemic parameters. Most of the research was conducted by linking the ketogenic diet with the caloric restriction. In the matter of ovarian cancer the results are unclear; some of the research states the improvement of the quality of life of the participants, but there is some alarming data of the possible role of KD in enhancing the tumor growth. Conclusions: Ketogenic diet merits further research as a possible factor in the treatment of PCOS as foregoing results are pointing to its efficacy. Nevertheless, still more data is needed to determine its role as studies were conducted within a short period of time with relatively small research groups. There are also other limitations such as the lack of comparison with other dietary patterns with the caloric deficit which makes it difficult to deduce the main profitable factor. When it comes to ovarian cancer the results of the current data are also unclear and unambiguous with the possible negative effects.

Introduction: This review paper aims to discuss the effects of insulin resistance, and its association with various metabolic diseases. Insulin resistance (IR), characterized by diminished tissue responsiveness to physiological insulin levels, is a key component in various metabolic diseases, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). State of knowledge The consequences of IR are profound; in type 2 diabetes, it hinders glucose utilization by muscle cells, leading to hyperglycemia, muscle damage, and loss of mass and strength. IR also plays a central role in NAFLD, promoting lipid accumulation, hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death. Materials and methods: A review of chosen literature in the PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted, using the following key words: „Insulin resistane”, „Insulin resistance in obesity”, „Obesity”, „Insulin resistance NAFLD”, „Diebetes”, „Insulin resistance CVD” Summary: The consequences of insulin resistance are far-reaching. In the context of type 2 diabetes, it impedes glucose utilization by muscle cells, resulting in hyperglycemia and subsequent muscle cell damage, contributing to loss of mass and strength. Insulin resistance is also a central player in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), fostering lipid accumulation, hepatic inflammation, and, ultimately, fibrosis and cell death. Conclusions: In conclusion, understanding insulin resistance is paramount in addressing the rising prevalence of metabolic diseases globally Controlling insulin resistance emerges as a crucial aspect of managing these metabolic disorders and their complications. Further research into the mechanisms of IR formation and effective intervention strategies is imperative for improving public health outcomes.

Introduction Obesity is one of the major health problems of today’s population and is defined as a body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2. It is known that obesity may cause many complications such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, osteoarthritis, obstructive sleep, apnoea, and several cancers. The only effective treatment of obesity can be pharmacological or surgical, especially when a years-long attempt to change habits has had no effects. Aim of the study This review aims to present the current state of knowledge about non-pharmacological and pharmacological obesity treatment methods. Materials and methods The paper was created based on the Pubmed database. The literature was reviewed using the keywords: ”obesity”, ”obesity treatment”, “ obesity lifestyle changes”, “obesity medications” and ”obesity surgery”. The current state of knowledge The treatment of obesity requires a multimodal approach to treatment, including the addition of anti-obesity medications or bariatric surgery, or both, to assist people in reaching and sustaining sufficient weight loss to meet treatment goals. The 3 principal components of a comprehensive lifestyle intervention are diet, physical activity, and behavioral therapy. Among available anti-obesity medications include orlistat, phentermine, topiramate, naltrexone, bupropion, liraglutide, and semaglutide. Summary The key challenge in the treatment of obesity is to maintain the effects obtained with multimodal therapy. Without proper motivation of patients and changes in eating and behavioral habits, it is impossible to achieve optimal results, therefore, in addition to medical interventions, more and more attention should be paid to psychological interventions.

Introduction and Purpose: Human health is influenced by a variety of factors, such as genetics, environment, lifestyle, and accessibility to healthcare. While some of these factors are beyond the control of the patient, lifestyle, which is considered the primary determinant of a healthy life, strongly relies on individual choices. In this paper, we aim to demonstrate the benefits of adopting a vegetarian diet as a cornerstone for maintaining good health and as a supplementary approach to treating common diseases.State of Knowledge: The vegetarian diet is primarily based on plants and includes products from animals, such as eggs and dairy. However, it excludes all types of meat and any products that require the death of animals. This diet is adopted for various reasons, including religious, socio-economic, or ethical considerations. It is recognized globally and has become a subject of scientific research for numerous scholars. Many studies investigate its influence on human health, and the results are generally positive. The diet is frequently used as a treatment, often in combination with specific pharmaceutical drugs. This approach leads to weight reduction, decreases the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and can have positive therapeutic effects on conditions like gout or chronic kidney disease. Given that some of these diseases have become increasingly problematic for public health systems, a vegetarian diet can help decrease the number of people affected by them.Conclusion: Given that cardiovascular diseases and incidents are the leading causes of death worldwide, adopting a vegetarian diet can assist patients in avoiding them by reducing their LDL levels and decreasing blood pressure. This diet demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect on patients dealing with chronic kidney disease and gout. It aids in weight reduction and helps prevent the development of metabolic syndrome, which has a variety of beneficial effects.

Introduction. Metabolic disorders, the coexistence of many diseases, lack of physical activity, bad nutrition and low economic status are factors which increase the risk of being overweight of obese. We are currently witnessing an increase in obesity along with age, which has been intensifying in recent years. Aim of the paper. The aim of the paper was to analyse the influence of overweight and obesity among the elderly on their life activity, level of self-esteem and satisfaction with life. Material and methods. The research was carried out on October 2017 in Opole Lubelskie (in Lubelskie Province). The study group consisted of 50 people aged over 65. The selection criteria for respondents were age (> 65) and BMI (>25). A specially prepared questionnaire was used for the research. The BMI of the respondents was calculated from measures of their height and body mass. Results. The BMI calculated confirmed class I obesity among 28.57% of women and 18.19% of men, class II obesity in 39.29% of women and 36.36% of men and class III obesity in 32.14% of women and 45.45% of men (Graph 1). 78% of respondents assessed their lifestyle as not very active. A whole 92% are not satisfied with their appearance. All those surveyed believe they are perceived badly by other people. Conclusions. Obesity has a major influence on the quality of life of people of advanced age. Excessive body mass has a detrimental effect on self-esteem and can lead to the elderly withdrawing from social life. Key words: obesity, elderly, self-esteem, life satisfaction

All over the world there are more vegetarians than in previous years due to many reasons. One of them is positive influence on health what is shown in the latest research. The aim of the article is to review the influence of vegetarian diet on frequent diseases such as: hypertension, obesity,osteoporosis.An analysis of scientific papers from Pubmed and Google Scholar was performed, which most accurately described the issue of impact vegetarian diet on human health. The following keywords have been used in the search:Vegetarian, hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis:vegetarian, hypertension, obesity, osteoporosis.The researchers shown than vegetarians have lover systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure by 10 and 5 mmHg, they also lower overall mortality by 10-15%, risk of heart failure and by ~40%, stroke by~35% and coronary events by 20%. Vegetarians also have statistically lower body mass index. What’s more in this diet is more energy efficient thanks too low food energy density and helps keeping leptin on adequate level. Research has shown than vegetarians have lower mineral bone density than non-vegetarian, although some studies has shown that risk of fractures in vegetarians and non-vegetarians was not affected by diet alternation. Based on the results of the studies above vegetarian diet contributes to lower blood pressure and preventing from cardiovascular diseases. It helps to avoid obesity and to get rid of weights also doesn’t have negative impact on osteoporosis.

Type 2 diabetes in more than 70% of cases is caused by overweight and obesity. In many cases, a proper diet and increased physical activity are effective in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and pre-diabetes, which usually prevents the development of the disease. However, the recommendations for physical activity in type 2 diabetics differ from those for healthy people. The paper presents an analysis of recommendations concerning physical activity in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Type 2 diabetes in more than 70% of cases is caused by overweight and obesity. In many cases, a proper diet and increased physical activity are effective in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance and pre-diabetes, which usually prevents the development of the disease. However, the recommendations for physical activity in type 2 diabetics differ from those for healthy people. The paper presents an analysis of recommendations concerning physical activity in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Introduction. A bad diet and lack of physical activity are the most commonly reported causes of overweight and cellulite. Unfortunately, problems with slimming and "orange peel" may not only result from dietary mistakes but also hormonal imbalance. Aim of the paper. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of hypothyroidism on overweight, the degree of obesity and the prevalence of cellulite in patients with hypothyroidism in the course of Hashimoto's disease. Material and methods. The study was carried out in March 2018 in Opole Lubelskie. The study group consisted of 35 women over 18 years of age. The research tool was the standardised Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson and Gray) and the author's questionnaire. Results. The calculated BMI values of the subjects showed the presence of overweight in every fifth woman, class I obesity in 11.43%, class II obesity in 28.57% and class III obesity in 40% of the respondents. According to 94.28% of the respondents, physical activity affects the appearance of the body, but only 5.72% of the study subjects do sports. Among the respondents, over half (68.57%) indicated the presence of third-degree cellulite. Conclusions. Cellulite is most common in overweight and obese women. The occurrence of overweight and obesity may be associated with a poor diet and low physical activity, but also with hormonal disorders resulting from thyroid dysfunction.

Szymańska Aneta, Dobrowolska Beata, Pilewska-Kozak Anna Bogusława, Pawłowska-Muc Agnieszka Konstancja. Wybrane elementy stylu życia rodziny a problem nadwagi i otyłości u dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Doniesienie z badań = Selected elements of family lifestyle and the problem of overweight and obesity among young school children. The research report. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):137-148. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.35214 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A137-148 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/678478 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.11.2015. Revised 25.11.2015. Accepted: 10.12.2015. Wybrane elementy stylu życia rodziny a problem nadwagi i otyłości u dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Doniesienie z badań Selected elements of family lifestyle and the problem of overweight and obesity among young school children. The research report Aneta Szymańska1, Beata Dobrowolska2, Anna Bogusława Pilewska-Kozak3, Agnieszka Konstancja Pawłowska-Muc4 1 Szpital Neuropsychiatryczny im. prof. M. Kaczyńskiego, Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej, Zakład Opiekuńczo-Leczniczy Lublin 2 Katedra Rozwoju Pielęgniarstwa, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 3 Katedra i Klinika Ginekologii i Endokrynologii Ginekologicznej, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 4 Ośrodek Kształcenia Podyplomowego Pielęgniarek i Położnych Radomski Szpital Specjalistyczny im. dr Tytusa Chałubińskiego w Radomiu Autor do korespondencji: Mgr Aneta Szymańska Szpital Neuropsychiatryczny im. prof. M. Kaczyńskiego Samodzielny Publiczny Zakład Opieki Zdrowotnej, Zakład Opiekuńczo-Leczniczy, ul. Abramowicka 2 20-442 Lublin Email: anetaszymanska3@wp.pl Słowa kluczowe: styl życia rodziny, nadwaga, otyłość, dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Keywords: family lifestyle, overweight, obesity, young school children. Streszczenie Wstęp. Nadwaga i otyłość dzieci stanowi współcześnie jeden z poważniejszych problemów zdrowotnych, co powinno stanowić wezwanie do wielosektorowych działań m.in. z zakresu promocji zdrowia i edukacji zdrowotnej obejmujących rodziny dzieci i ukierunkowanych na zmianę stylu życia. Cel. Poznanie i analiza wybranych elementów stylu życia rodzin dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością w wieku wczesnoszkolnym. Materiał i Metoda. Badania przeprowadzono w 2015 roku wśród 75 rodziców (100%) dzieci w wieku wczesnoszkolnym z nadwagą lub otyłością, uczęszczających do klas 1-3 szkół podstawowych na terenie dwóch województw: lubelskiego i świętokrzyskiego. Wykorzystano autorski kwestionariusz ankiety. Wyniki. Na podstawie danych zebranych od rodziców, 12% dzieci miało otyłość I stopnia zaś 88% dzieci miało nadwagę. W opinii ponad połowy rodziców - 54,7% (n=41) ich dziecko waży lekko ponad normę. Posiłkiem, który rodzice bardzo często spożywali wraz z dzieckiem była kolacja – 85,3% oraz obiad – 40%. Produkty deklarowane przez rodziców jako obecne w diecie ich rodziny codziennie to najczęściej jasne pieczywo (48%) i wędliny (44%), a spośród napojów herbata (88%). Raz w tygodniu (24%) lub rzadziej (38,7%) pojawiało się w diecie ciemne pieczywo, podobnie kasze – raz w tygodniu (53,3%) i rzadziej (30,7%). Produkty typu Fast-food pojawiają się w diecie rodzin ankietowanych raz w tygodniu (37,3%) lub rzadziej (42,7%). Blisko co trzeci badany (32%, n=24) wskazał, że raczej nie prowadzi rozmowy na temat zdrowego odżywiania ze swoim dzieckiem. Co do form spędzania wolnego czasu wskazywano odpoczynek w domu przed telewizorem lub czytanie książek (60%), zabawa z dzieckiem i pomoc w lekcjach - 62,7% oraz chodzenie na spacery z dzieckiem - 60%. Połowa badanych rodziców zadeklarowała, że zawsze przygotowuje posiłki samodzielnie w domu (50,7%). Wnioski. Ankietowani rodzice dzieci z nadwagą i otyłością nie dostrzegają problemu nadmiernej masy ciała swoich dzieci. Nawyki żywieniowe oraz dotyczące aktywności fizycznej rodzin wymagają korekty. Abstract Introduction. The overweight and obesity among children is today one of the most serious health problems, which should be a call for an action, as e.g. multisectoral programs of health promotion and health education of the family directed to the change of the lifestyle. Aim. To understand and analyse selected elements of the lifestyle of the family with the young school children with the problem of overweight and obesity. Material and Methods. The study was conducted in 2015 among 75 parents (100%) of the young school children with the overweight and obesity in two Polish voivodships: Lubelskie and Świętorzyskie. Self-constructed questionnaire was applied in the study. Results. Based on the data collected from parents, 12% of children had obesity and 88% were overweight. In the opinion of more than half of parents - 54.7%, their child weighs slightly over the norm. The supper (85.3%) and the dinner (40%) were the most often mentioned meals which parents eat with their child. The most often indicated products declared by the parents as present in the diet of their families every day is the white bread (48%) and meat (44%), and tea among drinks (88%). Dark bread appears in the families diet once a week (24%) or less frequently (38.7%), similarly grits - once a week (53.3%) and less frequently (30.7%). Fast-food appear in the diet of families surveyed once a week (37.3%) or less frequently (42.7%). Nearly one third of respondents (32%) do not talk about healthy eating with their child. As for leisure activities, rest at home watching TV or reading books (60%), playing with the child and help with their homework - 62.7%, going for walks with their child - 60% were the most often mentioned. Half of the surveyed parents declared that always preparing meals by their own at home (50.7%). Conclusions. The surveyed parents of children who are overweight and obese do not see the problem of excessive weight of their child. The eating habits and physical activity of families require correction.

Introduction. A bad diet and lack of physical activity are the most commonly reported causes of overweight and cellulite. Unfortunately, problems with slimming and "orange peel" may not only result from dietary mistakes but also hormonal imbalance. Aim of the paper. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of hypothyroidism on overweight, the degree of obesity and the prevalence of cellulite in patients with hypothyroidism in the course of Hashimoto's disease. Material and methods. The study was carried out in March 2018 in Opole Lubelskie. The study group consisted of 35 women over 18 years of age. The research tool was the standardised Contour Drawing Rating Scale (Thompson and Gray) and the author's questionnaire. Results. The calculated BMI values of the subjects showed the presence of overweight in every fifth woman, class I obesity in 11.43%, class II obesity in 28.57% and class III obesity in 40% of the respondents. According to 94.28% of the respondents, physical activity affects the appearance of the body, but only 5.72% of the study subjects do sports. Among the respondents, over half (68.57%) indicated the presence of third-degree cellulite. Conclusions. Cellulite is most common in overweight and obese women. The occurrence of overweight and obesity may be associated with a poor diet and low physical activity, but also with hormonal disorders resulting from thyroid dysfunction.

Obara-Gołębiowska Małgorzata. Analiza psychologicznych aspektów samoregulacji odżywiania się oraz poczucia skuteczności w przestrzeganiu diety w grupie młodych kobiet w wieku 19-22 lata = Analysis of the psychological aspects of eating self-regulation and dieting self-efficacy among young women aged 19-22 years. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):543-551. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.213788 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4084 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016). 754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.12.2016. Revised 12.12.2016. Accepted: 20.12.2016. Analiza psychologicznych aspektów samoregulacji odżywiania się oraz poczucia skuteczności w przestrzeganiu diety w grupie młodych kobiet w wieku 19-22 lata Analysis of the psychological aspects of eating self-regulation and dieting self-efficacy among young women aged 19-22 years Małgorzata Obara-Gołębiowska Katedra Psychologii Rozwoju i Edukacji, Wydział Nauk Społecznych Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie Department of Psychology of Developement and Education, Social Science Faculty University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Słowa kluczowe: otyłość, poczucie własnej skuteczności w przestrzeganiu diety, samoregulacja odżywienia się, The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Key words: obesity, dieting self-efficacy, eating self-regulation, The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. Streszczenie: Wprowadzenie i cel pracy: Otyłość oraz zaburzenia odżywiania przed ciążą oraz w trakcie ciąży mogą istotnie wpłynąć na pogorszenie zdrowia przyszłych matek oraz ich potomstwa. Celem pracy było zbadanie poziomu oraz wzajemnych powiązań pomiędzy emocjonalnym jedzeniem, utratą kontroli nad jedzeniem, restrykcjami dietetycznymi a poczuciem własnej skuteczności w przestrzeganiu diety wśród młodych kobiet w wieku prokreacyjnym. Materiał i metoda: W badaniu wzięło udział 169 kobiet w wieku od 19 do 22 lat. Do pomiaru zachowań związanych z jedzeniem tj emocjonalnego jedzenia, utraty kontroli nad jedzeniem, restrykcji dietetycznych zastosowano kwestionariusz The Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-18 (TFEQ-18). Do pomiaru poczucia skuteczności w przestrzeganiu diety zastosowano The Diet Self-Efficacy Scale (DIET-SE). Wyniki: Uśrednione wyniki w zakresie poszczególnych podskali kwestionariusza TFEQ-18 oraz w zakresie skali mierzącej poczucie skuteczności w przestrzeganiu diety DIET-SE i poszczególnych jej podskali były na poziomie umiarkowanym. Uzyskano istotne korelacje p

Kałużny Krystian, Kałużna Anna, Budzyński Jacek, Hagner Wojciech, Kochański Bartosz, Żukow Walery, Bronisz Agata, Hagner‑Derengowska Magdalena. Effect of a ten-week Nordic Walking exercise program on serum electrolyte concentration and plasma acid-base balance in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(12):353-364. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.201929 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/4065 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 754 (09.12.2016). 754 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 01.12.2016. Revised 12.12.2016. Accepted: 14.12.2016. Effect of a ten-week Nordic Walking exercise program on serum electrolyte concentration and plasma acid-base balance in postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity Krystian Kałużny1, Anna Kałużna1,2, Jacek Budzyński2, Wojciech Hagner1, Bartosz Kochański1, Walery Żukow3, Agata Bronisz4, Magdalena Hagner‑Derengowska5 1 Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz 2 Chair of Vascular and Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz 3 Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz 4 Chair of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Clinic of Metabolic Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz 5 Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz Krystian Kałużny and Anna Kałużna contributed equally to the present work. Source of financial support: This study was supported by a grant from The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University, for the statutory research activity of the Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation. Conflict of interest: None declared. Financial disclosures: None of the authors has any financial disclosures. Address for correspondence: Krystian Kałużny, PT, MD Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 9 Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland e-mail: krystian.kaluzny@cm.umk.pl ABSTRACT Introduction: The effect of exercise program on serum electrolyte concentration and gas partial pressure has not previously been reported. Aim: The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of a 10-week Nordic Walking exercise program on these parameters. Patients and methods: The subjects were 32 postmenopausal women with overweight or obesity were studied. Before the start of the exercise program and directly after it had finished, blood samples were taken to determine sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, and capillary gasometry parameters. Results: After the 10-week exercise program, a significant decrease in serum concentrations of sodium, magnesium, calcium, capillary potential of hydrogen (pH), capillary partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3), and base excess (BE), as well as an increase in potassium, chloride, capillary partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), and hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) levels was found. The proportional change in sodium serum concentrations correlated significantly with delta BMI, and potassium and calcium proportional alterations after the exercise program had finished correlated with proportional changes in albumin concentration. Conclusions: A 10-week Nordic Walking exercise program resulted in statistically significant changes in almost all serum electrolyte concentration, but only to a small extent and probably without clinical importance. The improvement in oxygen partial pressure in capillary blood after the exercise program shows a potentially complex, favorable effect of a prolonged exercise program and requires further study. Keywords: Nordic Walking, exercise physiology, physical activity, obesity, aging.

Mylytsya К. M., Lavryk А. S., Lavryk О. А. SIMULTANEOUS DEBULKING OF GREAT OMENTUM LIKE A PALLIATIVE STAGE OF METABOLIC SYNDROM AND OBESITY TREATMENT = СИМУЛЬТАННИЙ ДЕБАЛКІНГ ЧЕПЦЯ ЯК ПАЛІАТИВНИЙ ЕТАП ЛІКУВАННЯ МЕТАБОЛІЧНОГО СИНДРОМУ І ОЖИРІННЯ. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(9):691-698. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.159095 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3896 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 02.09.2016. Revised 24.09.2016. Accepted: 24.09.2016. SIMULTANEOUS DEBULKING OF GREAT OMENTUM LIKE A PALLIATIVE STAGE OF METABOLIC SYNDROM AND OBESITY TREATMENT К. M. Mylytsya1, А. S. Lavryk2, О. А. Lavryk2 1State Institution “Zaporizhia Medical Academy of Post-Graduate Education Ministry of Health of Ukraine” 2Shalimov National Institute of Surgery and Transplantology of NAMS of Ukraine Summary The article discusses the possibility and expediency of simultaneous visceral fat debulking (omentectomy) in patients with metabolic syndrome and obesity. The investigation of the level index HOMA in the pre- and postoperative period in 50 patients with metabolic syndrome and obesity. Of these various 25 performed abdominal surgery, the rest of the 25 performed similar operations with simultaneous omentectomy. Results indicate that the greater omentum debulking affect carbohydrate metabolism by reducing the severity of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Key words: debulking, greater omentum, metabolic syndrome, obesity, simultaneous surgery. СИМУЛЬТАННЫЙ ДЕБАЛКИНГ БОЛЬШОГО САЛЬНИКА КАК ПАЛЛИАТИВНЫЙ ЭТАП ЛЕЧЕНИЯ МЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОГО СИНДРОМА И ОЖИРЕНИЯ К. Н. Милица1, А. С. Лаврик2, О. А. Лаврик2 1 ГУ «Запорожская медицинская академия последипломного образования МЗ Украины», 2Национальный институт хирургии и трансплантологии имени А.А. Шалимова НАМН Украины, Киев Резюме В статье обсуждаются вопросы возможности и целесообразности применения симультанного дебалкинга висцеральной жировой ткани в виде оментэктомии у пациентов с метаболическим синдромом и ожирением. Проведено исследование уровня индекса HOMA в до- и послеоперационном периоде у 50 пациентов с метаболическим синдромом и ожирением. У 25 пациентов выполнены различные абдоминальные операции, у остальных − подобные операции с симультанной оментэктомией. Результаты указывают на то, что дебалкинг большого сальника влияет на углеводный обмен за счет снижения выраженности гиперинсулинемии и инсулинорезистентности. Ключевые слова: дебалкинг, большой сальник, метаболический синдром, ожирение, симультанная хирургия. СИМУЛЬТАННИЙ ДЕБАЛКІНГ ЧЕПЦЯ ЯК ПАЛІАТИВНИЙ ЕТАП ЛІКУВАННЯ МЕТАБОЛІЧНОГО СИНДРОМУ І ОЖИРІННЯ К. М. Милиця1, А. С. Лаврик2, О. А. Лаврик2 1 ДЗ «Запорізька медична академія післядипломної освіти МОЗ України», 2 Національний інститут хірургії та трансплантологiї імені О. О. Шалімова НАМН України, Київ Резюме У статті обговорюються питання можливості і доцільності застосування симультанного дебалкінга вісцеральної жирової тканини у вигляді оментектомії у пацієнтів з метаболічним синдромом та ожирінням. Проведено дослідження рівня індексу HOMA в до- і післяопераційному періоді у 50 пацієнтів з метаболічним синдромом та ожирінням. У 25 пацієнтів виконані різні абдомінальні операції, у інших – подібні операції з симультанною оментектомією. Результати вказують на те, що дебалкінг великого чепця впливає на вуглеводний обмін за рахунок зниження вираженості гіперінсулінемії і інсулінорезистентності. Ключові слова: дебалкінг, великий чепець, метаболічний синдром, ожиріння, симультанна хірургія.

Szwajkosz Katarzyna, Zwolak Agnieszka, Dudzińska Marta, Świrska Joanna, Oszywa-Chabros Anna, Wawryniuk Agnieszka, Łuczyk Robert, Daniluk Jadwiga. Nadwaga i otyłość a niedoczynność tarczycy = Overweight and obesity in hypothyroidism. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(7):419-428. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.58447 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3707 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 15.06.2016. Revised 09.07.2016. Accepted: 21.07.2016. Nadwaga i otyłość a niedoczynność tarczycy Overweight and obesity in hypothyroidism Katarzyna Szwajkosz1, Agnieszka Zwolak1,2, Marta Dudzińska1, Joanna Świrska1,2, Anna Oszywa-Chabros1, Agnieszka Wawryniuk1, Robert Łuczyk1, Jadwiga Daniluk1,3 1Katedra Interny z Zakładem Pielęgniarstwa Internistycznego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 1Department of Internal Medicine with the Department of Internal Nursing, Faculty of Sciences Health, Medical University of Lublin 2Katedra i Klinika Endokrynologii, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 2Department of Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin 3Katedra Zdrowia, Państwowa Szkoła Wyższa im. Papieża Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej 3Department of Health, the National School of the name of Pope John Paul II of Biala Podlaska Korespondencja: Katarzyna Szwajkosz Katedra Interny z Zakładem Pielęgniarstwa Internistycznego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin tel. 81 742 58 25 kszwajkosz@wp.pl Streszczenie Wstęp. Niedoczynność tarczycy, najczęściej będąca skutkiem przewlekłego autoimmunologicznego zapalenia, jest jedną z najczęstszych patologii gruczołu tarczowego i dotyczy około 2% populacji. Niedobór hormonów tarczycy manifestuje się zwykle zmniejszeniem napędu życiowego, stanami depresyjnymi, pogorszeniem sprawności intelektualnej, nietolerancją niższych temperatur. Patologia ta wiąże się ze zwiększonym ryzykiem nadwagi lub otyłości, wtórnie do zwolnionego metabolizmu, a także jest czynnikiem sprzyjającym hiperlipidemii, co wiąże się ze wzrostem ryzyka sercowo-naczyniowego. Celem pracy była ocena występowania nadwagi i otyłości w grupie pacjentów z niedoczynnością tarczycy. Materiał i metody. W badaniu wzięło udział 101 pacjentów (77K, 24M, w wieku średnio 43 lat) z rozpoznaną niedoczynnością tarczycy. W toku badań zastosowano metodę sondażu diagnostycznego z wykorzystaniem autorskiego kwestionariusza ankiety oraz metodę pomiaru parametrów antropometrycznych, w tym BMI, obwodu talii i bioder. Wyniki. Wśród badanych pacjentów nadwagę (BMI 25-29,9) miało 39,6% badanych, otyłość I stopnia (BMI 30-34,9) 26,7% pacjentów, otyłość II stopnia (BMI 35-29,9)- 10,9%. Wartości BMI≥40 cechujące otyłość III stopnia stwierdzono u 2% badanych. Średnia wartość BMI wyniosła 28,9, przy czym pacjenci w wieku 18-25 lat istotnie częściej cechowali się prawidłową masą ciała niż badani w grupie wiekowej ≥65 lat (p=0,0003), podobnie pacjenci wieku 26-40 lat w porównaniu z badanymi ≥65 lat (p=0,001). Wnioski. Nadwaga i otyłość dotyczą większości pacjentów z niedoczynnością tarczycy, a ryzyko to rośnie wraz z wiekiem. Wartym rozważenia jest aktywna diagnostyka w kierunku chorób tarczycy wśród pacjentów z nadwagą i otyłością, także w warunkach podstawowej opieki zdrowotnej. Podjęcie prób aktywnego edukowania pacjentów z już zdiagnozowaną niedoczynnością tarczycy z towarzysząca nadwagą i otyłością do zmiany zachowań behawioralnych stanowi wyraz profilaktyki chorób sercowo-naczyniowych. Słowa kluczowe: otyłość, nadwaga, niedoczynność tarczycy, ryzyko sercowo-naczyniowe. Summary Introduction: Hypothyroidism is usually caused by chronic autoimmune inflammation of the thyroid gland. It is one of the most common disorders of the thyroid concerning approximately 2% of the adult population. This disorder is related to higher risk of overweight and obesity due to decreased total body metabolism. Furthermore, it predisposes to dyslipidaemia thus increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of overweight and obesity in patients with hypothyroidism. Material and methods: 101 patients (77F, 24M, with an average age 43years) with diagnosed hypothyroidism were enrolled into the study. A method of proprietary questionnaire was used with measurement of anthropometric parameters. Results: In the examined group of patients, 39,6% were overweight (BMI 25,0-29,9), first degree obesity (BMI: 30,0-34,9) was present in 26,7%; 10,9% of the patients had 2 nd degree obesity. 2% of the examined patients had third degree obesity with BMI ≥40 kg/m2. Mean BMI value was 28,9, whereas patients aged 18-25 years and patients aged 26-40 years had significantly more often normal body mass than patients aged 65 years and older (p=0,0003 and p

Sykut Anna, Ślusarska Barbara. Otyłość a zaburzenia snu, zaburzenia wzorca żywienia oraz kontrola czynników związanych ze zdrowiem = Obesity and sleep disorders, feeding pattern disorders and control of factors related to health. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(5):266-275. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3382984 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3524 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.04.2016. Revised 25.04.2016. Accepted: 17.05.2016. Otyłość a zaburzenia snu, zaburzenia wzorca żywienia oraz kontrola czynników związanych ze zdrowiem Obesity and sleep disorders, feeding pattern disorders and control of factors related to health Anna Sykut1, Barbara Ślusarska2 1Klinika Chirurgii Plastycznej Linea Corporis w Warszawie 2Zakład Medycyny Rodzinnej i Pielęgniarstwa Środowiskowego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu, Uniwersytet Medyczny w Lublinie 1Linea Corporis Plastic Surgery Clinic in Warsaw 2Department of Family Medicine and Community Nursing), Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin Słowa kluczowe: otyłość, zburzenia snu, zmiany wzorca żywienia, dorośli. Key words: obesity, sleep disorders, alterations in feeding pattern, adults. Streszczenie Wprowadzenie: Współcześnie występowanie otyłości określa się mianem globalnej epidemii. Prozdrowotna modyfikacja stylu życia jest istotnym wyzwaniem, mającym wpływ na wykluczenie niektórych chorób cywilizacyjnych. Cel pracy: Celem pracy był przegląd piśmiennictwa i jego analiza pod kątem wybranych czynników związanych z otyłością u osób dorosłych. Przedstawiono związek między otyłością a zaburzeniami snu, zaburzeniami odżywiania oraz kontrolą czynników związanych ze zdrowiem. Zastosowano metodę analizy piśmiennictwa. Przeglądu literatury dokonano na podstawie danych zawartych w bazie Google Scholar oraz informacji dostępnych na stronach internetowych. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy: Osoby z wyższym BMI śpią dłużej, a jednocześnie im większa masa ciała, tym jakość snu oceniana jest jako niższa. Udowodniono, że coraz więcej osób podjada w porze nocnej oraz że apetyt zwiększa się w sytuacjach stresowych. Kluczową rolą w zmniejszeniu ryzyka powstania otyłości jest kontrola stanu zdrowia oraz odpowiednie odżywianie. Podsumowanie: Coraz liczniejsze dowody potwierdzają zależność między otyłością, a zaburzeniami snu, zmienionym wzorcem żywienia oraz zmniejszoną kontrolą stanu zdrowia. Abstract Introduction: Today, obesity is defined as a global epidemic. A pro-health lifestyle modification is a major challenge affecting the exclusion of certain diseases of civilization. Aim of the study: The aim of this study was to review and analyze the literature with respect to the selected factors associated with obesity in adults. The relationship between obesity and sleep disorders, feeding disorders as well as control of factors related to health were presented. The method of literature analysis was applied. The literature review was based on data contained in the Google Scholar database and information available on websites. Brief description of knowledge: People with the higher BMI sleep longer, while the greater the weight, the quality of sleep is judged to be lower. It has been proven that more and more people snack late at night and that the appetite increases in stressful situations. A key role in reducing the risk of obesity is health control and adequate nutrition. Summary: Mounting evidence validates the relationship between obesity and sleep disorders, an altered feeding pattern as well as reduced health control.

Nalepa, Dorota, Weber, Dorota, Rogala, Renata, Charzyńska-Gula, Marianna. Wpływ ilości spożywanych posiłków na wartość wskaźnika BMI = Influence amount of food meals for BMI. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2016;6(3):48-61. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.47438 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/3400 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/719646 The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport eISSN 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2016; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.01.2016. Revised 12.02.2016. Accepted: 27.02.2016. WPŁYW ILOŚCI SPOŻYWANYCH POSIŁKÓW NA WARTOŚĆ WSKAŹNIKA BMI INFLUENCE AMOUNT OF FOOD MEALS FOR BMI Dorota Nalepa1, Dorota Weber2, Renata Rogala3, Marianna Charzyńska-Gula4 1Oddział Neurologii Wojewódzkiego Szpitala Specjalistycznego im. Stefana Kardynała Wyszyńskiego w Lublinie, doktorantka Katedry Nefrologii Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie, email: nalepad1@wp.pl, Tel. 668748836 2Absolwentka Kierunku Pielęgniarstwo Warszawski Uniwersytet Medyczny 3Doktorantka studiów doktoranckich w Zakładzie Kwalifikowanej Pomocy Medycznej z Pracownią Ratownictwa Medycznego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Lublinie 4Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa im. prof. Stanisława Tarnowskiego w Tarnobrzegu Streszczenie. Celem badań była ocena wpływu ilości spożywanych posiłków w ciągu dnia na wskaźnik BMI. Metody i materiał. Badania przeprowadzono w okresie styczeń – luty 2015 roku w jednej z lubelskiej przychodni. Do badań zakwalifikowano 148 respondentów. Zastosowaną metodą w badaniach był sondaż diagnostyczny, a wykorzystaną techniką kwestionariusz wywiadu przeprowadzony wśród respondentów, w którym wykorzystano: metryczkę, wywiad i badanie antropometryczne obejmujące pomiar wysokości i masy ciała, na podstawie których określono wskaźnik masy ciała BMI (ang. Body Mass Index). Wyniki. Ilość dziennie spożywanych posiłków przez respondentów jest różna. Biorąc pod uwagę wiek respondentów, który traktowany jest jako przynależność do jednej z grup, uczących się lub pracujących zauważono że osoby uczące się najczęściej spożywają 4-5 posiłki zadeklarowało tak 40 badanych (58,8%), 3 posiłki spożywa 21 osób (30,9%). Od 6- do 8 posiłków dziennie spożywa 5 osób (7,4%) w tej grupie zaś 2osoby zjadają tylko 2 posiłki (2,9%). Wnioski. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań własnych sformułowano następujące wnioski: - na regularność spożywania posiłków nie mają wpływu wiek i płeć respondentów, istnieje natomiast istotny związek między miejscem zamieszkania a ilością spożywanych posiłków. - na wartość wskaźnika BMI ma wpływ wiek i płeć respondentów. Osoby uczące się oraz kobiety przywiązują uwagę do swojej wagi i BMI częściej osiąga granice wskazujące na prawidłową masę ciała. - pierwsze śniadania są spożywane przez większość respondentów i nie mają na to wpływu czynniki społeczno - demograficzne takie jak wiek, płeć i miejsce zamieszkania. Słowa kluczowe: otyłość, wskaźnik BMI. Summary The aim of the investigation is to assess the influence of the number of consumed meals upon the BMI. Methods and materials The research was conducted from January to February 2015 in a medical clinic in Lublin. 148 respondents were qualified for the research. The applied method was a diagnostic survey carried out among the respondents, which used: the birth certificate, interview as well as anthropometric measurements, covering the body height and body mass. In this way, the Body Mass Index was determined. Findings The number of meals, consumed daily, varied. Taking into account the age of the respondents, which served to divide the persons into different groups – studying or working ones, it was observed that students usually consume four to five meals, as declared by 40 examined persons (58.8%). 21 persons consumed three meals (30.9%), 5 persons ate between six and eight meals per day (7.4%), and only two persons consumed two meals (2.9%). Conclusions - On the basis of the conducted research, the author was able to draw the following conclusions: - the age or gender of the respondents does not influence the regularity of consumed meals; there is a significant link, however, between the place of living and the number of the consumed meals. - the age or gender of the respondents exerts an impact upon the BMI. Studying persons, women treat their weight as important. In this case, BMI comes close to proper Body Mass values. - the first meal (breakfast) is consumed by the majority of the respondents and is not affected by such social-demographic factors as age, gender or place of living. Key words: obesity, BMI (Body Mass Index).

Hagner-Derengowska Magdalena, Kałużny Krystian, Budzyński Jacek. Effects of Nordic Walking and Pilates training programs on aminotransferase activity in overweight and obese elderly women. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(12):563-580. eISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.44249 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2812%29%3A563-580 http://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/687148 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive The journal has had 7 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. Part B item 755 (23.12.2015). 755 Journal of Education, Health and Sport (null) 2391-8306 7 © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 10.12.2015. Revised 15.12.2015. Accepted: 29.12.2015. Effects of Nordic Walking and Pilates training programs on aminotransferase activity in overweight and obese elderly women Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska1, Krystian Kałużny2, Jacek Budzyński3 1 Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland 2 Chair and Clinic of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland 3 Chair of Vascular and Internal Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland Corresponding author: Magdalena Hagner-Derengowska, PT, PhD Chair of Clinical Neuropsychology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 9 Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland E-mail address: m_hagner-derengowska@wp.pl ABSTRACT Background & Aims: Elevation of alanine (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities may appear as liver injury due to fat storage and other enzyme sources, such as rhabdomyolysis. Elevated ALT is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in an elderly population. The aims of this study was to determine the effect of a 10-weeks training program on the serum activity of these enzymes in postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity. Methods: The study comprised 81 postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity: 34 (42%) of whom completed a 10-weeks Nordic Walking (NW) rehabilitation program, 27 (33%) of whom completed a Pilates rehabilitation program, and 20 (25%) of whom were the control group. Blood for testing for ALT, AST, and other parameters of metabolic syndrome was collected before the program commenced and after it finished. Results: Elevated (> 34 U/l) ALT and AST activities presented in 9 (11%) and 7 (9%) of the patients, respectively. A reduction in ALT and AST activities was observed in 43 (53%) of the subjects, and in 61%, 59% and 40%, and 47%, 63% and 50% of the individuals who completed the NW and Pilates programs and were in the control group, respectively. Conclusions: The outcome of the training programs on aminotransferase serum activities in postmenopausal women with overweight and obesity was individually different and not related to exercise type. Keywords: alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, obesity, Nordic Walking, Pilates.

Тokarchuk N. I., Pugach M. М., Chekotun Т. V., Starinetz L. S., Savicka T. V., Lagoda V. V. Клініко-лабораторна характеристика вітамін D-дефіцитного рахіту у дітей раннього віку при ожирінні = Clinical-laboratory characteristics of vitamin D-deficient rickets in infants with obesity. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(11):111-116. ISSN 2391-8306. DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.33536 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%2811%29%3A111-116 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/667735 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011–2014http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 05.09.2015. Revised 05.10.2015. Accepted: 30.10.2015. КЛІНІКО-ЛАБОРАТОРНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ВІТАМІН D-ДЕФІЦИТНОГО РАХІТУ У ДІТЕЙ РАННЬОГО ВІКУ ПРИ ОЖИРІННІ CLINICAL-LABORATORY CHARACTERISTICS OF VITAMIN D-DEFICIENT RICKETS IN INFANTS WITH OBESITY Н.І. Токарчук¹, М.М. Пугач¹, Т.В. Чекотун¹, Л.С. Старинець², Т.В. Савицька², В.В. Лагода² N. I. Тokarchuk¹, M. М. Pugach¹, Т. V. Chekotun¹, L. S. Starinetz², T. V. Savicka², V. V. Lagoda² ¹Вінницький національний медичний університет ім. М. І. Пирогова, Україна ²Вінницька обласна дитяча клінічна лікарня, Україна ¹N.I. Pirogov Vinnitsa National Medical University, Ukraine ²Regional Children's Hospital Vinnitsa, Ukraine Abstract The study involved 120 infants suffering from vitamin D-deficient rickets which were divided into subgroups based on physical development indicators. We conducted a clinical examination of children anamnesis, and determined serum concentrations of 25 (OH) D. While studying in what way vitamin D-deficient rickets severity in infants depends of physical development indicators, we found increase in severity of rachitic process according to increasing values of body weight. Thus, the largest proportion of medium severity cases of vitamin D-deficient rickets was determined in children who were obese. In infants with rickets, the lowest vitamin D status was registered against the background of obesity. This aspect is possibly predetermined by the influence of endogenous pathogenic factors in the state of obesity due to the deposit of vitamin D in adipose tissue. Key words: vitamin D-deficient rickets, obesity, infants, hydroxyvitamin D. Резюме У дослідженні прийняли участь 120 дітей першого року життя, хворі на вітамін D-дефіцитний рахіт, і були розподілені на підгрупи залежно від показників фізичного розвитку. Нами проведено клініко-анамнестичне обстеження дітей та визначення в сироватці крові концентрації 25(OH)D. При вивченні залежності ступеня тяжкості вітамін D-дефіцитного рахіту у дітей першого року життя від показників фізичного розвитку, нами виявлено зростання тяжкості рахітичного процесу відповідно до збільшення значень маси тіла. Так, найбільша питома вага випадків середнього ступеня важкості вітамін D-дефіцитного рахіту констатована у дітей, які мали ожиріння. У дітей першого року життя, хворих на рахіт, найнижчий статус вітаміну D було зареєстровано на тлі ожиріння. Даний аспект, можливо, обумовлений впливом патогенетичних ендогенних факторів при ожирінні за рахунок депонування вітаміну D в жировій тканині. Ключові слова: вітамін D-дефіцитний рахіт, ожиріння, діти раннього віку, гідроксивітамін D.

Pluta Agnieszka, Jaczek-Kierzenkowska Jolanta, Faleńczyk Kamila, Budnik‑Szymoniuk Maria, Basińska-Drozd Halina. Związek między zachowaniami żywieniowymi a występowaniem otyłości u młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy. Zachowania żywieniowe i otyłość u młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej = The relationship between dietary behavior and obesity at the high school youth team Chemical Schools in Bydgoszcz. Eating behavior and obesity in high school youth. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(5):435-444. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.18060 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%285%29%3A435-444 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/562263 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18060 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.03.2015. Revised 18.04.2015. Accepted: 24.05.2015. Związek między zachowaniami żywieniowymi a występowaniem otyłości u młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy. Zachowania żywieniowe i otyłość u młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej The relationship between dietary behavior and obesity at the high school youth team Chemical Schools in Bydgoszcz. Eating behavior and obesity in high school youth Agnieszka Pluta1, Jolanta Jaczek-Kierzenkowska2, Kamila Faleńczyk1, Maria Budnik‑Szymoniuk1, Halina Basińska-Drozd1 1Zakład Pielęgniarstwa Społecznego, Wydział Nauk o Zdrowiu Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy 2WOZ "GRYF-MED" w Bydgoszczy Adres do korespondencji / Address for correspondence dr n. o zdrowiu Agnieszka Pluta Zakład Pielęgniarstwa Społecznego, Collegium Medicum w Bydgoszczy, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu ul. Łukasiewicza 1, Bydgoszcz 85-801 e-mail: agnieszkapluta@poczta.onet.pl Streszczenie Wprowadzenie. Pozytywne zachowania żywieniowe warunkują zdrowy styl życia dzieci i młodzieży. Nieprawidłowe zachowania żywieniowe są przyczyną wielu zaburzeń i chorób zarówno w wieku szkolnym jak i dorosłym. Wśród najczęściej występujących zaburzeń jest otyłość, która warunkuje szereg innych schorzeń jak na przykład cukrzyca, choroby układu sercowo-naczyniowego, osteoporoza czy wady postawy. Dzieciństwo jest okresem najwłaściwszym na ukształtowanie pozytywnych zachowań. Materiał i metoda. Badaniami objęto liczbę 100 uczniów klas maturalnych Zespołu Szkół Chemicznych w Bydgoszczy. W pracy jako narzędzie badawcze wykorzystano kwestionariusz ankiety własnego autorstwa oraz analizę formularzy sprawozdawczych z przeprowadzonych badań przesiewowych i profilaktycznych badań lekarskich. Cel. Celem niniejszej pracy była analiza zachowań żywieniowych i ich wpływ na występowanie otyłości u młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej. Wyniki. Młodzież płci męskiej stanowiła większość w badanej grupie – 54 osoby (54,0%). Większość uczniów, to osoby o wartości prawidłowej wskaźnika BMI – 51,0%. Poniżej tej wartości odnotowano 9,0% uczniów, powyżej 40,0% uczniów, z czego większość to osoby z nadwagą – 35,0%. Średnia wartość wskaźnika BMI u mężczyzn była istotnie statystycznie wyższa niż u kobiet 24,80±3,49 vs 22,82±3,88; p

Nadashkevych O. N., Kit Z. M., Zukow W. The role of the obesity in the primary hypertension course among men and women. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2015;5(2):218-224. ISSN 2391-8306. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.16094 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2015%3B5%282%29%3A218-224 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/546171 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.16094 Formerly Journal of Health Sciences. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. Archives 2011 – 2014 http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/issue/archive Deklaracja. Specyfika i zawartość merytoryczna czasopisma nie ulega zmianie. Zgodnie z informacją MNiSW z dnia 2 czerwca 2014 r., że w roku 2014 nie będzie przeprowadzana ocena czasopism naukowych; czasopismo o zmienionym tytule otrzymuje tyle samo punktów co na wykazie czasopism naukowych z dnia 31 grudnia 2014 r. The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1089. (31.12.2014). © The Author (s) 2015; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Poland and Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 20.10.2014. Revised 18.01.2015. Accepted: 25.02.2015. UDC:616.12-008.331.1-056.52-036-055.1/.2 The role of the obesity in the primary hypertension course among men and women Nadashkevych O. N.1, Kit Z. M.1, Zukow W.2 1Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine 2Faculty of Physical Education, Health and Tourism, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Abstract. With the objective to study peculiarities of AH with obesity into the research included 60 patients, among them 45 women and 15 men, among all of them examined features of vasodilatation group, measured leptin and endothelin-1(ЕТh-1) levels. Detected AH accompanied by obesity peculiarities of course of in dependence from the gender. Among men leptin and ЕТh-1 levels were more favorable for blood pressure correction. Among women increasing leptin and ЕТh-1 levels accompanied by decreasing of nitric oxide levels is a negative process, what is necessary to take into consideration when prescribing antihypertensive therapy what needs additional new drugs for correction of endothelial dysfunction. Key words: arterial hypertension, obesity, leptin.