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In the paper there is presented the rationale for differentiated sanitary protective zones in the present conditions both of the increase of volumes of production and introduction of various technological solutions on the example of battery recycling enterprise. It is established that the in acting regulations the classification of enterprises recycling of non-ferrous metals, fails to take into account such the hazard risks criteria of the enterprise, as volume of emissions of priority substances, the height of their arrival in the atmosphere, etc., and also does not take into account increased significantly in the current time processing volumes. The results of the performed research allowed to offer new positions in the classification of production of secondary lead from used batteries (I to IV class), depending on the volume of production (from 20 000 to 160 000 tons per year), the amount of emissions of lead (0.2 to 1, 6 tons per year) and release height (15 to 60 m).

This paper provides the description of Land Use Regression (LUR) modeling and the result of its application in the study of nitrogen dioxide air pollution in Ekaterinburg. The paper describes the difficulties of the modeling for air pollution caused by motor vehicles exhaust, and the ways to address these challenges. To create LUR model of the NO2 air pollution in Ekaterinburg, concentrations of NO2 were measured, data on factors affecting air pollution were collected, a statistical analysis of the data were held. A statistical model of NO2 air pollution (coefficient of determination R2 = 0.70) and a map of pollution were created.

This paper describes the unique environmental conditions of the Kavkazskie Mineralnye Vody (Caucasian Mineral Waters) health resort region with special reference to its paramount importance for the national interests of Russia. It is emphasized, however, that the environmental conditions in the region under consideration are far from being satisfactory. In connection with this, the authors point out to the necessity of expanding areas of protective forest stands and prohibition of the implementation of new building projects in the frontal mountain sanitary zones; they draw special attention to the potential danger of degradation of mineral water springs under the influence of changes in the distribution of vertical hydraulic gradients in the upper part of the lithosphere leading to the deterioration of their composition and the contamination of ground and surface waters with municipal and domestic effluents. Special attention is given to the harm and impermissibility of illegal extraction of mineral waters from producing wells. An original method for water quality control and estimation of the optimal production rate is proposed. The authors hypothesize the possible causes behind the discontinuation of mud formation at the Tambukan deposits and substantiate the necessity of using the resource-saving technologies for processing raw materials and urgent measures to eliminate the factors responsible for desalination and pollution of this mineral mud lake. It is concluded that strict state control should be exercised in the region by means of the introduction of the multilevel automated information system for round-the-clock environmental monitoring. The authors believe that only joint efforts of scientists, legislative and executive authorities can preserve Kavkazskie Mineralnye Vody health resort region for the future generations.

The paper comparatively characterizes the content of Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in the hair of children aged 1 to 3 years, who reside in Yaroslavl and Kotlas, as well as rural communities of the Yaroslavl Region and the Republic of Komi. Differences have been found in the trace element status of children living in areas with various anthropogenic load and under climatic and geographic conditions.

The paper presents the results of passportization of carcinogenic dangerous undertakings in 1999-2007. It gives a detailed analysis of passportization records in 8 regions of the Russian Federation. The proportion of workers occupationally exposed to carcinogens in the passportized undertakings averages 11%. Among the people exposed, women are about 30%. The common drawback to passportization is that the enterprises to be passported are underestimated. The records of passportization suggest that there is inadequate monitoring of the working air level of carcinogenic substances; the workers lack adequate personal protection means; an oncologist is outside a group of specialists making preventive medical examinations at the carcinogenic dangerous enterprises. The employers' awareness of possible carcinogenic hazards at the enterprises should be increased.

Environmental pollution by lead and its effects on human health continue to remain one of the most urgent problems of environmental hygiene. The paper gives the results of basic environmental and epidemiological studies conducted in different regions of the country, which prove elevated lead levels in the blood of examined children. The role of the influence of household factors on the elevation of blood lead levels in a child is shown, by using a town that has no large sources of lead emission as an example. Evidence is provided that a program should be elaborated to reduce a risk for human lead poisoning, which involves the introduction of methods for the biomonitoring and treatment of children having elevated blood lead levels.

The paper estimates the epidemic value of indicators for microbial contamination of waters from their main supply sources (waters from the Tsimlyansk Reservoir and the Nizhni Don River and drinking waters from the towns of Azov and Tsimlyansk) in the Rostov Region. The Tsimlyansk Reservoir water met the SanPiN 2.1.5.980-00 requirements for the normalizable indices of total coliform bacteria (TCB) and thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TtCB) in 54% of the samples; glucose-positive coliform bacteria (GPCB) and Salmonella were isolated in 100 and 60%, respectively. The Azov drinking water that met the SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 requirements for TCB and TtCB) was found to contain GPCB, Klebsiella, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 5.7, 4.8, and 3% of the samples, respectively Direct detection of pathogenic and potentially pathogenic microorganisms and the integral GPCB index are of the greatest prognostic value in assessing a microbial risk for waterborne enteric infections.

The paper discusses whether air quality can be hygienically and ecologically tested from respiratory disease mortality rates in children.

The paper presents the general principles and procedure of the development and implementation of measures to decrease and prevent environmental pollution with persistent toxic substances (PTS) in the Russian Arctic and, accordingly, to reduce a risk of the deleterious effects of PTS on human health. Based on the results of a study of PTS in the Russian Arctic (from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotka), the authors first systematized the basic lines and actions and formulated specific measures to reduce the North population's exposure to PTSs, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organic chlorine pesticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, etc.), and heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium). A package of measures is aimed at maximally reducing the presence of PTS-containing objects and materials in the north (via detection, collection, and extermination), at neutralizing the soils in settlement lands, at setting up safe water consumption systems, at organizing effective control over the safe use of chemicals and the levels of PTS in raw food materials and foodstuffs, and at working out recommendations on safe procedures for food purchase, storage, and cooking.

The paper gives data on the nature of snow cover pollution in the urbanized areas in relation to the remoteness from the basic sources of ambient air pollution. The total snow content of carcinogens has been estimated.

The paper presents the results of studying the spectrum of influenza A and B viruses to rimantadine, arbidol, and oseltamivir and describes the methods used for these purposes for epidemiological surveillance. Different sensitivities to rimantadine were found among influenza A viruses. During the 2007-2008 season, the vast majority of influenza A(H3N2) virus strains were resistant to rimantadine (77%) while all influenza A(H1N1) virus strains preserved their resistance to this drug. The fact that the epidemic influenza A(H1N1) virus strains that carry the mutation responsible for resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir (Tamiflu) circulated in the Russian Federation was first established. At the same time all the study influenza A(H1N1) virus strains preserved their susceptibility to rimantadine. The sensitivity of the epidemic strains to arbidol has been confirmed.

The paper considers the unsolved problems of the safe use of constant magnetic fields. Whether the geomagnetic field attenuation factor is substantiated for different population groups is discussed.

The paper analyzes the results of monitoring the number and species composition of arthropods, which are of epidemiological and sanitary important, in the city of Voronezh in 1998 to 2007. Many years' periodical observations have revealed the main places of breeding for blood sucking insects and ticks, their ecological features, including these under antropogenic stress. There is evidence for the changes in the species composition and the influence of some species on the recent epidemiological situation, which permits the approaches to and tactics of preventive measures to be corrected at the present budgetary stage oriented to outcome, with emphasis on the most significant sections of work.

The paper describes different guidelines used to develop a procedure for gas chromatographic determination of N,N-asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (NDMH) in various environmental objects in the area of a missile-dismantling base. The authors showed that the use of a capillary column with a 5-microm liquid phase layer on a Kristall-5000 chromatograph with a nitrogenous phosphoric detector (Russia) allowed development of a unified gas chromatographic procedure for determining NDMH in air, water, soil, biological material (urine), and plant cover (moss, couch-grass). The procedures differ in the way how to prepare samples and the analysis itself is based on conversion of NDMH to N,N-dimethylhydrazone-4-nitrobenzaldehyde, its liquid extraction from water, concentration of the extract via evaporation and assay by the internal standard test.

The paper considers the basic approaches to regulating the economic activity of radioactive waste-recycling enterprises. The purposes, principles, forms, and methods for economic regulation are defined. Two ways of solving this problem are given: 1) state regulation of tariffs for basic kinds of work (operations associated with RW recycling); 2) setting standards for the basic expenditures arising in specialized organizations during RW recycling. Elaboration of a federal law on economic regulation of RW recycling is the basis of the economic regulation system.

The paper presents the results of examining the snow cover polluted with heavy metals in the large industrial town of Ufa. The level of man-caused burden on the snow cover of the conventional parts of the town was estimated and compared upon exposure to a wide range of snow cover pollutants. The priority snow cover pollutants were identified among the test heavy metals.

The paper summarizes the results of implementation of the sociohygienic monitoring system in the Sverdlovsk Region, the stages of the populational and individual diagnosis, by using a risk-assessing methodology and current environmental and epidemiological studies. Sociohygienic monitoring allowed the priorities to be determined in health maintenance and promotion in the population of this region. The accumulated experience illustrated by some examples that have been earlier published in detail supports the need for a relationship of the above guidelines within the sociohygienic monitoring system, for the development of mechanisms responsible for risk management and further improvement of surveillance of the sanitary and epidemiological situation.

The authors consider the organization of a system for monitoring of ambient air pollution by suspended matter (by fractions of less than 10 microm and less than 2.5 microm) as one of the most urgent tasks in the harmonization of the Russian and western methods for assessing the quality of the environment. The frame plan for organization of ambient air suspended matter monitoring in the countries of Eastern Europe, Caucasia, and Central Asia, proposed by the WHO European Regional Office provides basic guidelines for this system and may be adapted to Russian conditions, as evidenced by the author's experience. The paper summarizes the basic results of the studies that have established the association of respiratory disease in junior schoolchildren with exposure to PM10 and PM2.5.

The paper describes a case of contamination of sewage samples by a wild poliovirus type 1 strain (Mahoney) in one of the virological laboratories of the Russian Federation. It discusses the possible sources and the mechanism of contamination, as well as the problems in the implementation of the program for safe laboratory containments of wild-type polioviruses.

The paper analyzes the results of isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains from 336 swaps of 31 wild bird species collected in the 2001 summer in the Volga estuary (Astrakhan Region). Twenty-seven NDV strains were isolated from little terns (Sterna albifrons) (n=11; infection rate, 24.4%), great cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo) (n=6; 11.1%), coots (Fulica atra) (n=8; 6.5%), sandwich terns (Sterna sandvicensis) (n=1; 100%), and common redshanks (Tringa totanus) (n=1; 50.0%). Four strains were sequenced by the 374 n. a. residue fragment from the beginning of the F gene, one of them was by the full F gene, and another (Stemal/Astrakhan/2755/2001) was by the full genome. Nucleotide sequences have allowed the authors to classify corresponding NDV strains as 5b genotype and the analysis of the amino acid sequence of the F-protein cleavage site has shown them to belong to a non-pathogenic group.

The paper deals with the evaluation of current trends in the application of pesticides and in the detection of their residues in the environmental objects of the Kursk Region. A reduction in the rate of use of pesticides and changes in their structure and range has been established. The amount of organic chlorides and organic phosphates has been decreased while the use of carbamates, heterocyclic compounds, pyrethroids, the derivatives of azoles, avermectins, meonicotinoids, and the derivatives of aryloxyphenoxypropionic acids increased. The degree of environmental danger of the applied pesticides to human health has decreased by 11.2 times in the past 18 years.

The paper considers unfavorable consequences of the use of biotesting to define the conditions of effluent discharge into water objects. Evaluation of discharge hazard by the index "no toxicity" in the biological tests has been shown to allow both safe 100-1000-fold excesses of hygienic MAC in water; routine short-term experiments on biotest objects are not informative as to the substances that have carcinogenic and other long-term and specific effects; biotesting cannot replace the existing state system of sanitary standards and regulations which remain the basis of the population's health care in the field of water hygiene and sanitary protection of water reservoirs.

Infection is the main cause of severe complications and death in oncologic patients. The paper presents the results of a 3-year (2002-2004) local (regional) microbiological monitoring of hospital infections that complicated the main disease in patients of a regional oncologic hospital (Moscow region). The 3-year monitoring revealed the leading microorganisms being the etiological agents of the hospital infections. The dynamics of the resistance of the main hospital microflora to the antibiotics used in the hospital within the above mentioned period was studied. The results served as the basis for recommendations on optimization of the antibacterial therapy of oncologic patients with infectious complications under conditions of a regional oncologic hospital.

The paper presents the results of a sanitary-and-parasitological assessment of non-centralized water supply sources (shaft and pipe wells, spring cappings) for the population. It has been shown that the water of the wells contains helminthic eggs, the proportion of positive tests varies and depends on the improvement of a water source, on the presence of a sanitary zone, etc. The water on non-centralized water supply presents a risk for infection with intestinal parasitic diseases.

The paper presents new methodological approaches to gaseous mercury monitoring whose key link is to record the territorial background level of air pollution, which is calculated by using the frequency distribution diagrams of single measurements for uniform objects within an area by comparing them with logarithmically normal random distribution. The methodological approach has been used during surveys of schools and preschool children establishments in Moscow, Kaluga, and the Kaluga Region.

The paper provides a comprehensive hygienic assessment of the levels of the essential and toxic trace elements chosen in terms of regional features in drinking water and foodstuffs of locally manufactured products. Priority pollutants of drinking water and foodstuffs are defined in the eastern, western, and central lands of the Orenburg Region. A significant imbalance of essential trace elements was revealed. Daily oral intake of priority and toxic trace elements were calculated in foodstuffs and drinking water.

The paper analyzes the parameters of epidemiological surveillance of nosocomial pyoseptic infections (NPSI) at surgical hospitals. It considers its basic concepts and presents the authors own findings. Particular emphasis is laid on guidelines for detecting NPSI cases and on epidemiological surveillance. A method of a follow-up is proposed to solve problems in the informational and analytical support of surveillance.

The paper deals with control of the population's environment and health. It shows the leading role of public health services in this activity. A standard approach to controlling environmental quality is presented. The first stage of this process is to determine the population's health status. To estimate the hazard of adverse environmental factors to human health may be a token of success in implementing health-promoting programmes.

The paper considers the problems of measurement of air ions for settle the tasks of medical and environmental monitoring the habitat of various objects. It discusses the metrological assessment of the physical characteristics of the environment and the reasons for the insufficient use of aeroionometry in public health. The paper also compares the characteristics and specific features of the use of devices intended for study of air ion spectra. It shows it necessary to design the devices that measure air ions, which satisfy with the requirements that they measure accurately, are easy-to-use, rapidly operate.

The paper deals with a pressing problem: activities of centers of sanitary and epidemiological survey under new economic conditions. The authors discuss problems of centralization and adaptation of sanitary epidemiological service under present-day economic conditions. They analyze the opinions of heads of sanitary epidemiological institutions from various regions of Russia on the present-day status of organization and management of the service. Assessment of the sources of additional financing of the institutions, of new forms of labor organization of departments and specialists, of distribution of additional allotments at sanitary epidemiological institutions is presented. Suggestions on improvement of the activities of institutions engaged in sanitary epidemiological survey under conditions of reformation of sanitary epidemiological service are offered.

The paper presents the results of studies on the effect of wastes of the Cherepovets iron-and-steel works containing phenol, naphthaline and oil products on fish parasites of the Sheksna part of the Rybinsk water reservoir (the Volga river system). It has been shown that the number of highly sensitive ectoparasites of Abramis brama (Protozoa, Dactylogyrus monogeneans, Ergasilus sieboldi crustaceans and Caspiobdella fadejewi leeches) considerably decreases in the zone of pollution. It has been first suggested to use Diplozoon paradoxum and Caryophyllaeus laticeps, parasites of bream highly resistant to toxic effect, the number of which considerably increases in the zone of pollution, as indicators of anthropogenic pollution and ecological state of a water body. Among diplozoons there have been first discovered individuals having structural anomalies (reduction of the attachment organs, violation in the symmetry of arrangement and number of valves) that serves as evidence of mutagenic effect of toxic substances of polluted waters on morphogenesis of the parasite.

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