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In this paper there are described the variants of the models of the regression analysis (linear exponential, exponential and hyperbolic) for the detection of relationships between the lung cancer rate in the male population and anthropogenic emissions in the Kemerovo region. After analyzing of the each model there was chosen the one seemed to be the most adequate to describe the dependence of cancer incidence from pollutant emissions into the atmosphere. At a later stage this model has served for the calculation of the medium-term forecasting of lung cancer rate in males in the dependence on the actual number of man-made emissions in previous years.

In the paper the results of a comparative evaluation of the Russian and the standard, recommended by US EPA, factors of population exposure in seven areas of different federal districts of Russia are presented. Concerning the adult population differences reach 3.5 times, for children (1-6 years) - 4.2 times. An example of the effect of regional differences and standard factors on levels of exposure and risk is considered. Promising areas for further research on regional factors to improve the accuracy and reliability of the forecast assessments of the risks to public health have been identified.

The paper characterizes clinical, hormonal, and immunological parameters in 443 female patients residing under anthropogenic loading. The high prevalence of thyroid diseases was ascertained in infertile women living in an industrial center. Non-pregnant patients were found to have more pronounced hormonal changes than pregnant ones. The immunity status data may be suggestive of cell-mediated and humoral immunity derangements that are typical of secondary immunodeficiency.

The paper gives data on the positive and negative effects of human exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). It provides the hygienic characteristics of solaria used to produce an artificial tan. This device has been found to present a high health risk to its users. There are considerable problems in the hygienic assessment of this type of exposure. The ways of solving the arising problems in developing the metrological monitoring of UVR and compiling a document regulating the sanitary-and-epidemiological surveillance of solaria are defined.

The paper presents the results of a hygienic study to identify the leading regional risk factors for noninfectious diseases of the digestive tract (DT) in the Primorye Territory. Data on 55 environmental factors and registered deaths by 5 groups of noninfectious DT diseases over 15 years were collected for the study. The authors used an original scheme for identifying risk factors for DT diseases, by concurrently applying a correlation and regression analysis. The chemical composition of portable water from the water supply system, soil contamination by trace elements, and socioeconomic factors showed 5.6-23.2% responsibility for the geographical distribution of the bulk of DT diseases. At the same time, many years' rises in morbidity rates among children and adolescents by 5.6-18.2% and adults by as high as 50% are attributable to altered daily diets and socioeconomic factors and to reduced access to medical care. The nature of the found risk factors allows one to direct the main ways to prevent non-infectious DT diseases among the region's population.

The paper presents the results of an ecological and hygienic assessment of the prevalence of circulatory system diseases in the adults and adolescents of the Primorye Territory. In the past 3 years, circulatory system diseases have first held the lead in the structure of total morbidity and accounted for 43-4996. The spread of circulatory diseases among the adult and adolescent population in the region depends on the bioclimatic zone, environmental tension, and environmental factors.

The paper provides the results of experimental risk assessment of exposure to a biological factor combined with a chemical factor, which present with the protein-bearing dust and sulfur dioxide. The regularities and specific features of the functioning of the body's physiological systems have been revealed in the development of responses to combined exposure to biological and chemical factors, which show that the response may take three basic paths: sensitization, allergopathy, and toxic allergopathy. The essentials of the methodology evaluating and predicting the nature of the biological effects of a response in the experimental study of combined exposure to biological and chemical factors of the nature have been developed.

The paper presents the general principles and procedure of the development and implementation of measures to decrease and prevent environmental pollution with persistent toxic substances (PTS) in the Russian Arctic and, accordingly, to reduce a risk of the deleterious effects of PTS on human health. Based on the results of a study of PTS in the Russian Arctic (from the Kola Peninsula to Chukotka), the authors first systematized the basic lines and actions and formulated specific measures to reduce the North population's exposure to PTSs, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, organic chlorine pesticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene, etc.), and heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium). A package of measures is aimed at maximally reducing the presence of PTS-containing objects and materials in the north (via detection, collection, and extermination), at neutralizing the soils in settlement lands, at setting up safe water consumption systems, at organizing effective control over the safe use of chemicals and the levels of PTS in raw food materials and foodstuffs, and at working out recommendations on safe procedures for food purchase, storage, and cooking.

The paper describes the ecological and hygienic significance of the physical factors of the urban dwelling environment: the macroclimate of a residential area, the microclimate within the residential and public buildings, the ionic ozone regimen of premises, an electromagnetic load on the population, the problems associated with noise and light exposure. It also gives an integrated assessment of the current air-conditioning systems, household electric appliances, and building engineering systems. A system of measures is proposed to optimize the quality of the urban dwelling environment.

The paper considers the unsolved problems of the safe use of constant magnetic fields. Whether the geomagnetic field attenuation factor is substantiated for different population groups is discussed.

The paper considers the problem in the comparative assessment of a carcinogenic risk and harm from ionizing irradiation and some chemical ambient air pollutants (formaldehyde, suspended matter) to the population's health in the Kolsky peninsula. The findings suggest that a chemical risk factor has a much greater impact on human health than a radiation risk factor, which should be taken into account while developing a nature-conservation policy in the region.

The occurring climate changes have a considerable impact on human health. The higher frequency of different natural disasters, including flood and typhoons, deteriorates the epidemiological situation. Evidence is provided for the importance of climate warming as a risk factor for a number of communicable diseases, including West Nile fever in the Astrakhan and Volgograd Regions. The paper presents the results of analytical epidemiological surveys, by using the time-series analysis, in Tver and Moscow, which indicate an increase in the number of fatal outcomes particularly among the elderly during temperature heat and cold waves. The specific features of the impact of climate warming on human health in the northern and southern regions of the country are considered. The need for developing the National Plan of Actions to prevent the population's health from climate changes is warranted.

The paper presents the results of long-term monitoring of the content and interenvironmental distribution of the chemical elements Ni, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn over 1993-2007 in the environmental objects. The studies were made in the urbanized and rural areas of the Orenburg and Orsk-Troitsk industrial centers. General regularities were found in the quantitative distribution and priority relationships of the elements in the drinking water, in the atmosphere of residential areas (snow cover), in soil, foodstuffs, and children's biomedia.

The paper gives the data of studies establishing the regularities of formation of the composition, levels, and space-time features of pollution of ambient air, soil, and drinking water in the risk of their influence of the health status of the children residing in the urbanized and rural areas. The studies have ascertained that the magnitude of a complex anthropogenic load of the environment on the pediatric population living in the urbanized area is 4.9 times higher than that in the rural area. The priority chemical pollutants are different in the urbanized and rural areas. The urbanized area has been found to be most unfavorable as to the risk of development of non-carcinogenic effects with the calculated hazard indices being kept in mind. The same trend is shown for the calculated population risk indices.

This paper is devoted to a topical problem of rehabilitative therapy of children with ecological disadaptation syndrome under the conditions of a health resort. Original approaches to the improvement of efficiency of treatment are described with reference to different therapeutic modalities. The study demonstrated advantages of modulation peloidotherapy targeting adaptive and reflectory responsiveness of the patients over traditional methods of mud application.

The paper presents data on morbidity in the population living in the suburban area of an industrial center (the city of Ryazan), by taking into account gross ambient emission from the stationary sources, ambient pollution levels, and a sanitary assessment of the quality of life. Differences were found only in the extent of specific emission (per km2 and per capita). The studies in the 1991-2006 changes in the health status of the children living in the suburban areas indicated that the average many years' morbidity rates were significantly less than those in the city (other than diseases of blood and blood organs), but these were at the level of the average regional rates. The comparison of childhood morbidity in the suburban areas versus a control area revealed a significant rise in morbidity with the diagnosis first established as a whole and by individual classes of diseases. Morbidity and correlation analysis in the rural areas adjacent to the industrial center suggest that ambient emission of chemicals from the stationary sources has a great impact on these parameters.

The paper presents the results of an ecological and hygienic assessment of the prevalence of thyroid diseases in the Primorye Territory. The analysis has indicated that the morbidity rates from different nosological entities depend on the bioclimatic zone, environmental and geochemical situation. Varying correlations were established between the soil concentrations of chemical elements (nickel, zinc, arsenic, silver, cobalt, and lead) and the degree of thyroid abnormalities in adults, adolescents, and children. The occurrence of thyroid abnormalities in adolescents and adults does not depend unambiguously on the content of iodine in the environmental objects. Arsenic, lead, and cobalt having a significant toxicity affect high morbidity among these population groups.

The paper describes different guidelines used to develop a procedure for gas chromatographic determination of N,N-asymmetric dimethylhydrazine (NDMH) in various environmental objects in the area of a missile-dismantling base. The authors showed that the use of a capillary column with a 5-microm liquid phase layer on a Kristall-5000 chromatograph with a nitrogenous phosphoric detector (Russia) allowed development of a unified gas chromatographic procedure for determining NDMH in air, water, soil, biological material (urine), and plant cover (moss, couch-grass). The procedures differ in the way how to prepare samples and the analysis itself is based on conversion of NDMH to N,N-dimethylhydrazone-4-nitrobenzaldehyde, its liquid extraction from water, concentration of the extract via evaporation and assay by the internal standard test.

The paper considers the results of evaluating the functional capacities of the cardiovascular and autonomic nervous systems in students before studying at a higher educational establishment under poor conditions of the Middle Ob Region. Among the first-year students, there was a preponderance of persons with impaired adaptive mechanisms (64% of the examinees), which was attended by a varying increase in the activity of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system. In young males, poor adaptations were 1.6 times more common than those in girls. In female students, the detected tension of regulatory systems was less marked than in male students. The findings make it necessary to monitor long the health status of students and to implement prophylactic measures during education.

The paper presents guidelines for assessing regional exposure factors (EFs) according to the results of a questionnaire survey of about two thousand persons, including urban workers and/or adult students of the Central Federal District (CFD) and Siberian Federal District (SFD) of Russia. It has been ascertained that in CFD, annual exposure (324 days/year) is less than the standard value defaulted in Guidelines P 2.1.10.1920-04 (350 days/year), which causes a reduction in the chronic average daily dose. Town-dwellers spend the bulk of a day indoors (86 and 87% in CFD and SFD, respectively); 8 and 3% of a day on transport in CFD and SFD, and 7 and 10% indoors in these districts. The findings are in agreement with the data obtained by Russian and foreign investigators and suggest that the daily distribution of a microenvironmental load should be taken into account when health exposures and risks are estimated. The average daily tap water consumption in CFD (2.2 l/day) and SFD (1.7 l/day) is close to 90% percentile of the values recommended by the U.S. EPA (2.4 l/day) and the WHO or less than the value used in the calculation of the Russian maximum permissible concentrations for water (3.0 l/day). The time spent on water procedures by town-dwellers is 36.4 min/day in CFD and 37.6 min/day in SFD (while 29.2 min/day in rural dwellers in SFD) with the standard value of 30 min/day. The findings suggest that the use of the regional values of water-associated EFs increases the chronic average daily dose and therefore a risk upon oral, dermal, and inhalational exposure. The regional features of FEs have been kept in mind on assessing the risk upon multienvironmental exposures to the characteristic components of emission caused by aluminum works in CFD.

The paper presents the results of a 50-year study on the state of hemopoiesis in the Techa riverside residents chronically exposed to radiation in the range from low to intermediate doses. The highest bone marrow doses were attributable to intakes of osteotropic 9OSr with drinking water and local food products. During the period of maximum radiation exposures (1951-1953) exposed residents were manifesting decreased counts of peripheral blood leukocytes (neutrophils and lymphocytes) and thrombocytes. Normal counts of erythrocytes were maintained owing to the effect of sufficient compensatory mechanisms, including accelerated rates of erythrocaryocyte proliferation and maturation. The development of peripheral blood granulocytopenia was influenced by the delay in the differentiation of neutrophilic bone-marrow granulocytes at the myelocyte phase, a marked increase in the frequency of lethal abnormalities in bone-marrow neutrophils, and pathological mitoses. The period of normalization of the blood cell composition was significantly variable for different blood cell series, and was noted to depend on exposure dose rate, extent of the primary hemopoiesis inhibition and specific physiological characteristics of exposed individuals.

The paper estimates the prevalence of respiratory diseases in different bioclimatic zones of the Primorye Territory. The prevalence of environment-induced respiratory diseases in the dwellers of different areas of the Primorye Teritory was found to depend on the specific features of bioclimatic zones and the combinations of environment parameters forming these zones, which should be taken into account when medical and preventive measures are implemented.

The paper analyzes of the currently available guidelines for assessing damages (in kind and value terms) caused by environmental factors to the population's health. The contributions of various diseases, the quality of the environment, bad habits, and other internal and external factors to the mortality structure in Russia are compared. The authors show it important to study the comparative role of the quality of life and its style, environmental pollution, the population's subjective perception of risks in the formation of health damages.

The paper describes possible conditions for forming the natural and artificial geochemical provinces available on the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as the impact of localities' soil pollution with chemicals on human health, by using specific areas as an example. Emphasis is laid on the fact that it is urgent to substantiate priorities to organize and manage a section of sociohygienic monitoring of localities' soil.

The authors analyzed the biological diversity of sanitary indicative microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus in man and environmental objects in an area adjacent to a gas industrial enterprise. The species diversity of staphylococci was found to increase upon technogenic chemical exposure, which was recorded in both ambient air and bacterial carriers. The rise in the biological diversity was shown to occur with the increased number of rare species which adequate assessment required the use of the Shennon index. Whether the index of biological species diversity of staphylococci during microbiological monitoring of natural ecological systems is discussed in the paper.

The paper deals with the comparative characterization of the prevalence of goiter transformation in children with bronchial asthma (BA) in relation to the level of a technogenic load and natural iodine deficiency in case of the Perm Region. There was a wide distribution of goiter transformation in children, which did not correspond to natural iodine supply in the Perm Region, suggesting the contribution of anthropogenic strumogenic factors to the formation of goiter endemia. There was a high prevalence of thyromegaly in children with BA as compared with those with another disease and its high the incidence as man-made pollution increased particularly in the areas exposed to a combination of natural and technogenic factors as compared in relatively pure areas. The findings suggest that goiter transformation is a marker of ecological ill-being and an additional serious risk factor of the development and prolonged course of BA in predisposed children.

The paper gives the ecological and hygienic characteristics of the Primorye Territory. It describes bioclimatic zones and ecological tension areas. The results of studies of the prevalence of thyroid diseases (diffuse endemic goiter, multinodular endemic goiter, subclinical hypothyroidism) associated with iodine deficiency in relation to the bioclimatic zone and the ecological situation are shown. The findings permit the planning and implementation of therapeutic-and-prophylactic measures for prevention iodine deficiency among the population of the Primorye Territory.

The paper presents the results of a study of the influence of 43 exogenous and 14 endogenous factors on the occurrence of urolithiasis in children with regional features of the Primorye Territory being kept in mind. Multidimensional mathematical analysis was used to reveal continuous and intermittent risk factors of this disease. The authors show it necessary to take into account the findings in substantiating measures for primary prevention of urolithiasis among the children of the Primorye Territory.

The present paper deals with the sanitary evaluation of goiter endemia and with a rationale for principles in its prevention in areas exposed to natural and industrial chemical factors (in case of the Perm Region). The findings suggest that the elevated levels of some toxic metals and organic compounds in the body and zinc deficiency are strumogenic factors that maintain and aggravate the severity of goiter endemia in the presence of iodine deficiency. Comprehensive programs for prevention and correction of goiter endemia should be worked out differentially, by taking into account a combined influence of natural and industrial chemical factors on the population.

The entry of complexes of organic compounds, the components of the emissions from petrochemical and oil-refining plants into the environment leads to its quality and can have an adverse impact on the health status of the population in the area adjacent to the petrochemical plant. This paper deals with the formation of an evidence base for evaluating the etiopathogenetic role of the chemical components of emissions from a petrochemical plant in the development of diseases in the population under environmental conditions. The files of data accumulated in the period of 1994-2001 were analytically generalized in the electron database in accordance with the content of the priority chemical components of emissions in the body of 250 children living in the industrial area where the study plant is situated. The estimation of the level and time course of changes in toxicants in the blood of children identified health indicators to optimize monitoring and to evaluate the efficiency of environment-protective and therapeutic-and-prophylactic programs. The findings suggest that the elevated level of some organic compounds that exert a polytropic toxic effect on the vital organs and systems is a risk factor for diseases and requires a systemic monitoring.

The paper presents the results of an analysis of the efficiency of sanitary and environment-protective measures relating the ambient atmosphere in the oil-producing areas of the Republic of Tatarstan. It characterizes the environment-protective activity of the PJSC "Tatneft", gives a sanitary evaluation of the quality of the ambient air in the oil-producing areas. It has been ascertained that the improvement of manufacturing technology and the construction of gas and dust catching units on the oil-producing facilities reduce atmospheric pollutant emissions. The levels of hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, and hydrogen sulfide have been substantially decreased. At present, the influence of oil-producing facilities on the quality of the ambient air is 17-19%; the main source of atmospheric pollution is motor transport (its influence on atmospheric pollution is 40-56%). At present versus 1989-1995, the degree of pollution and the mutagenic potential of the ambient air are reduced, which suggests the efficiency of sanitary and environment-protective measures implemented by the PJSC "Tatneft".

The paper presents the results of a study of the gravimetric and counting concentrations of respirable asbestos fibers while working with sand-and-crushed stone mixtures, obtained from the concentration of chrysotile asbestos, at distances of 25, 50, and 100 m from the working place, as well as in a car saloon when the electric train passes along the area of these operations following an hour, a day, and a year after the completion of work, in warm and colds seasons of a year. It is concluded that the use of asbestos-containing sand-and-crushed stone mixtures on the railway leads to a higher anthropogenic asbestos load on the population living in the railway right-of-way, on railway workers and passengers. In this connection, it is necessary to evaluate risk factors of asbestos-induced diseases among the above contingents. The authors consider that due to the fact that asbestos-containing sand-and-crushed stone mixtures are well wetted with water, followed by the formation of a firm surface crust that prevents dust formation, as well as the short duration and rare frequency of operations relating their change, it is necessary to irrigate the repair areas with water or surfactant liquids after work termination.

The paper characterizes diffuse ambient air pollution (P index) in accordance with the data of Kazan stationary stations in 1996-2000. The incidence of childhood respiratory diseases is studied for the same period. A correlation between morbidity and ambient air pollution is analyzed. There is a direct significance correlation between Kazan's ambient air pollution and morbidity rates in children aged 0-14 years, which is as follows rxy +/- m = 0.626 +/- 0.104. The regression coefficient has been established, which is Ry/x = 0.183 when the atmospheric contamination is changed by one unit.

Nizhnekamsk is marked not only high by levels of ambient air pollution, but also by the deteriorated qualitative composition of portable water. The present paper gives the results of assessment of the mutagenic activity of tap water. A test system of biological evaluation of portable water is proposed.

The paper deals with modes of detection of soil cadmium, with the effects of its pollution and with toxicity on man, microorganisms and soil biocenoses. It shows why cadmium migrates and translocates into plants. The problem of development of hygienic specifications of the metal is analyzed in relation to the protective properties of soil and the data obtained from the monitoring of a region.

The paper gives hygienic characteristics of ambient air pollution and examines human health in the town of Nizhnekamsk. There are worse demographic indices. In the structure of morbidity, respiratory diseases make up the largest proportion (44.4%), injuries and poisoning rank next (16.9%), skin and skin fate occupy the third place (5.4%). There are the highest morbidity rates in the polluted areas of the town. In these areas, respiratory allergoses (preasthma and bronchial asthma) occur more frequently than in the controls.

The paper presents the results of determination of the levels of radon in the air of living spaces in the town of Lermontov, Stavropol Territory. Radon was determined by integral determination. Living space radon concentrations were found to be related to the season. The highest levels of air radon pollution were observed in the individual houses.

The paper presents the data on cytogenetic studies of 663 children inhabited radionuclide contaminated territories of Bryansk Province. Statistically significant difference with control was observed only for the territory with the highest radioactive contamination level of 137Cs (1000 kBq/m2). For two other territories with lesser contamination (100 and 700 kBq/m2) the rate of chromosome aberrations is nearly the same and does not differ significantly from control one. No difference in the level of cytogenetic damage was discovered for children affected by radiation pre- or postnatally.

The paper describes results of comparative analysis of the incidence of senile cataract in the siliceous and control subregions of the Chuvash ASSR biosphere. Primary morbidity per 10,000 population according to addresses, the number of cataract extractions per 10,000 population, the detection of cataract in active examination of rural population, the incidence of cataract among primary pathology of the eye were used as criteria for the assessment. Besides this, some indices of metabolic processes were studied in practically healthy persons inhabiting these subregions. It was found that the incidence of cataract is twice higher in the siliceous than in the control subregion. The character of lens opacification in the subjects with initial cataract from the siliceous subregion is characterized by predominance of cortical changes, while from the control subregion--by nucleic changes. Among the population of the siliceous subregion, changes in the state of biochemical processes in the body are recorded.