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The paper concerns modeling of an uneven flow and electromagnetic field parameters in the combustion chamber of the liquid rocket engine with a near-wall layer available.The research objective was to evaluate quantitatively influence of changing model chamber mode of the liquid rocket engine on the electro-physical characteristics of the hydrocarbon fuel combustion by-products.The main method of research was based on development of a final element model of the flowing path of the rocket engine chamber and its adaptation to the boundary conditions.The paper presents a developed two-dimensional non-stationary mathematical model of electro-physical processes in the liquid rocket engine chamber using hydrocarbon fuel. The model takes into consideration the features of a gas-dynamic contour of the engine chamber and property of thermo-gas-dynamic characteristics of the ionized products of combustion of hydrocarbonic fuel. Distributions of magnetic field intensity and electric conductivity received and analyzed taking into account a low-temperature near-wall layer. Special attention is paid to comparison of obtained calculation values of the electric current, which is taken out from intrachamber space of the engine with earlier published data of other authors.

The paper emphasizes the importance of software usability as a key quality characteristic of software during its use. At the beginning of the pa per, a retrospective of formal definitions of usability is given in order to show the evolution of views on usability for more than three decades. To ensure the required quality in use, it is necessary to measure and evaluate many characteristics that affect the usability of software. The paper gives a brief chronology of attempts to identify different dimensions of usability based on its definitions. Since it is not easy to determine the characteristics that contribute most to the quality in use, two methods are applied in identifying the key attributes that affect usability, and they are to be given special consideration when building a model of usability.

Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) terrorism is a serious problem, and its threat and use lead to a new era of terrorism: the epoch much more dangerous than any of the previous periods and the terrorism no one yet knows how to cope with. The disturbing fact is that terrorists can come into possession of weapons of mass destruction. The refore, the goal of the paper is to analyze the probability of CBRN terrorist actions which have highlighted the growing concerns and increasing signs of convergence between terrorism and CBRN unconventional weapons for terrorist purposes. Terrorism today includes technologies available to anyone and anywhere and deployed through innovative solutions where it is also necessary to understand a complex interaction between the dynamic behavior of terrorist groups and the decisions regarding old and new technologies. The prospect of the use of CBRN terrorism has been confirmed by many countries as an acute security challenge that requires an efficient and quick response and reaction. The paper will also explain the importance of understanding the relationship between terrorist groups and non-conventional weapons, as well as difficulties in identifying factors that may cause the escalation. Since the end of 1990s and since the tragedy of September 11, 2001 in particular, government officials of many countries have pointed out the possibility that terrorist organizations eventually can come into the possession of unconventional materials and develop the possibilities of their use against some countries.

The article considers the features to form a structure and properties of Fe-C-Cr-V system coverings provided by the plasma and powder coating (build-up) on the low carbon steel.It is shown that it is possible to restore a rod of hydraulic cylinders of small diameter by the plasma and powder coating. Thus, to avoid buckling and provide the built-up metal structure with the best wear resistance it is necessary to find a reasonable approach to a choice of the operation conditions to provide coating.The paper offers a way for efficient control of heat input at coating and a superheat value of the welding bath. It is noted that the coverings, which have been built up at the smallest heat input in a substrate, possess the best wear resistance, with a fusion zone formed with an austenitic crystallization interlayer.The paper defines consistent patterns to form a structure of coverings under various operation conditions of a plasma and powder coating. It shows the influence of the cooling speed after built-up metal crystallization on the formation of covering structure components.The paper formulates requirements for operation conditions of plasma and powder coating to provide coverings to be subjected to shock and abrasive wear, and shows the influence of additional heat treatment on formation of structure and properties of the built-up metal.The article under review meets available lacks in studying high-carbon chrome-vanadium coverings and is useful for scientists, graduates, and students investigating the wear resistance coating materials and effective methods for their deposition.

The paper evaluates the possibility to use a tank with cryogenic refueling as a part of the autonomous complex employing the liquefied natural gas. A cryogenic refueling tank-based installation to utilize a low-grade heat has been designed. During its use extra electric power is generated. To assess a performance capability, the proposed installation calculations have been made for different end pressures in cryogenic refueling tank. In all embodiments, the mass of cryogenic refilled is 866 kg. Depending on the pressure an amount of extra electric power is produced owing to utilizing a low temperature potential of LNG. New values, such as the specific amount of extra energy are introduced. These values allow objective assessment of the potential for extra energy when using the cryogenic products with their subsequent regasification in cryogenic refueling tank taking into consideration the operational constraints and the working fluid flow.A cold energy power plant has been also designed to refuel vehicles with the natural gas. In this paper the turbines with desirable expansion ratio to generate the maximum possible amount of power were selected in an optimal way. The optimum degree of expansion for the first turbine in the first loop will be т = 8.8; for the second turbine in the first loop т = 10; turbines for the second loop т = 3.9. The total amount of generated electric power will be 3725.22 kW•h for 225 min. The action time of cold energy power plant, including the time of methane gasification in cryogenic refueling tank, time of refueling vehicles, and time of electricity generation will be 24 hours. The economic assessment of cold energy power plant has shown that the payback period is 3.4 years.Thus, the performance evaluation by the temperature and pressure levels eliminates the possibility for forming the hydrates.So the calculations have shown that research in the development of power plants looks promising as well as allow you to save the energy potential by using the LNG and other cryogenic liquids.

One of the main tasks in developing a technical process to manufacture castings is to organize risering at the stage of solidification, which ensures the set level on shrinkable porosity and shrinkage cavities. As known, generally, the risering zone consists of a feeder zone and a feeding butt end zone. In references the terms of final (end) effect action or an effective area of the casting edge is possible to encounter rather than the term of feeding butt end zone.The values of feeding butt end zone are used to calculate a directional solidification in the casting mould. The design procedure of a directional solidification of castings is follows. The first design section is advised to settle down at the distance equal to the zone of feeding butt end. The subsequent design sections are advisable to settle down at distances a little bit less, than the zone of feeding butt end. The padding (lap) value ought to be selected to provide the later solidification of the upper sections of casting with respect to the sections lying below.A series of special experiments on castings of the simple configuration (slabs and bars) defines a value of the feeding zone of a butt end and makes it out as the regressional dependences of the feeding butt end zone on the characteristic sizes of this or that casting. Thus, considerable material and time expenditures are demanded to define the value of the feeding butt end zone to be used further, including calculation of directional solidification of castings.The paper offers a design procedure to calculate a zone of the feeding butt end via computing simulation of solidification in a casting mould thereby sharply reducing expenditures for searching the desirable values. To reveal spaces in the casting, staggered with shrinkable porosity, the new criteria of porosity developed in BMSTU are used.The paper shows a possibility to use the effective size as a characteristic parameter of casting for dependence of the feeding butt end zone thus providing this dependence universality and a possibility to use it for making any shaped casting, but not just the castings of a simple configuration.

In performing calculations to evaluate passive safety of car seats by computer modelling methods it is desirable to use the final element models (FEM) thereby providing the greatest accuracy of calculation results. Besides, it is expedient to use FEM, which can be calculated by computer for a small period of time to give preliminary results for short terms.The paper describes the features to evaluate a passive safety, which is ensured by the developed KEM of seats with passive head restraints according to requirements of the EURO NCAP.Besides, accuracy of calculated results that is provided by the developed KEM was evaluated. Accuracy evaluation was accomplished in relation to the results obtained the by specialists of the organization conducting similar researches (LSTC).This work was performed within the framework of a technique, which allows us to develop effectively the car seat designs both with passive, and active head restraints, meeting requirements for passive safety.By results of made calculations and experiments it was found that when evaluating by the EURO NCAP technique the "rough" KEM (the 1st and 2nd levels) can be considered as rational ones (in terms of labour costs for its creation and problem solving as well as by result errors) and it is expedient to use them for preliminary and multivariate calculations. Detailed models (the 3rd level) provide the greatest accuracy (the greatest accuracy is reached with the evaluated impact of 16km/h speed under the loading conditions "moderate impact". A relative error of full head acceleration is of 12%).In evaluation by EURO NCAP using NIC criterion a conclusion can be drawn that the seat models of the 2nd level (467 936 KE) and the 3rd level (1 255 358 KE) meet the passive safety requirements according to EURO NCAP requirements under "light", "moderate", and "heavy" impacts.In evaluation by EURO NCAP for preliminary and multivariate calculations a model of the middle level (consisting of 467 936 KE) can be used. The relative error (loading according to figure 6, "moderate" impact) of the full head acceleration makes 22%. By the values of labour costs for its creation and task solution and by errors of results such models can be considered to be rational.The materials presented in paper are used to teach students at the Department of Wheel Vehicles of the Scientific and Educational Complex "Special Mechanical Engineering" at Bauman Moscow State Technical University.

The paper reviews applied techniques, methods, and structure of the control and measuring means to conduct experimental and scientific researches of cutting processes. Existing research methods in cutting the metals are divided by features, such as essence of methods, the number of records of physical indicators, the number of studied factors, duration of tests. The groups of methods are briefly characterized.The chair "Tool Engineering and Technologies" of BMSTU developed and made a diagnostic stand of control and measurements for conducting research activities in the field of materials processing technology by cutting to define rational technological decisions, when machining, and carry out an analysis of efficiency and economic feasibility of made decisions. The diagnostic stand contains modern the electronic equipment. Record of measuring parameters is made in real time with a possibility for visual representation of read results and mathematical and statistical processing of measurement results. The stand can be used in research laboratories of machine-building enterprises, laboratories of higher education institutions, and other scientific divisions.The paper presents a justification that the stand is reasonable to use for the following: completion and choice of rational cutting modes, workability assessment of new constructional materials, technical and operational characteristics of the processed surfaces, and operational properties of the cutting tools of various producers, choice of optimum geometrical parameters of the cutting tools and brands of the lubricant cooling technological means, as well as the energy consumption for the chosen machining process. The stand allows us to make an assessment of wear resistance and tribology-technical characteristics of tool materials, as well as an accuracy, rigidity, vibration stability of machines, both new and being in operation.

Subject of Study. The paper presents the results of an investigation of cross-platform mobile applications. This paper focuses on a cross-platform app data investigation in purpose of creating a database that helps to make decisions from data privacy viewpoint. These decisions refer to knowledge about mobile apps that are available to the public, especially on how consumer data is protected while it is stored locally or transferred via network as well as what type of data may leak. Methods. This paper proposes a forensics methodology as a cornerstone of an app data investigation process. The object of research is an application data protection under different security control types among modern mobile OS. The subject of research is a modification of forensics approach and behavioral analysis to examine application data privacy in order to find data that are not properly handled by applications which lead to data leakages, defining protection control type without forensics limits. In addition, this paper relies on using the simplest tools, proposing a limit to examine locally stored data and transmitted over the network to cover all data, excluding memory and code analysis unless it is valuable (behavioral analysis). The research methods of the tasks set in the paper include digital forensics approach methods depending on data conception (at-rest, in-use/memory, in-transit) with behavioral analysis of application, and static and dynamic application code analysis. Main Results. The research was carried out for the scope of that thesis, and the following scientific results were obtained. First, the methods used to investigate the privacy of application data allow considering application features and protection code design and flaws in the context of incomplete user awareness about the privacy state due to external activity of the developer. Second, the knowledge set about facts of application data protection that allows making a knowledge database to implement the missing privacy and security protection control and provide the privacy requirements (keeping the users informed about possibility to avoid untrusted usage cases). Practical Relevance. Practical relevance of the received results is the following: first, the set of knowledge facts about each examined application to privacy score per application, per application category (IM, travel, etc.), per OS, etc; second, the developed method under the forensics approach can be used to carry out analysis of the application data privacy in relation to the specified requirements including audit, reconfiguring EMM application policies and reasons for their commissioning.

В работе были определены ключевые понятия, сформулирована цель и задачи работы, выявлена проблема в машиностроении, связанная с использованием шарниров при ударных нагрузках. Был произведен обзор литературы, посвященной использованию шарниров, влиянию ударных нагрузок в шарнирных соединениях. Был проведен анализ конструкции существующей установки с целью ознакомления с принципами действия, выявления недостатков для последующей модернизации. В рамках разделов работы были разработаны кинематическая и математическая модели установки, что позволило определить и выбрать оптимальные параметры элементов испытательного оборудования. В заключительной части работы представлены результаты графического и аналитического моделирования, описан принцип эксплуатации установки., The work has identified the key concepts. The objective and tasks of the work have been formulated. The problem in engineering related to the use of hinges under shock loads has been discovered. There has been performed review of the literature, dedicated to the use of hinges and to the impact shock in the joints. The analysis of the structure of the existing test unit has been carried out in order to familiarize with the principles of action, identifying gaps for future upgrades. In the paper sections kinematic and mathematical models of the test unit have been developed, allowing identifying and selecting the optimum parameters of the elements of the test equipment. The final part of the paper presents the results of the graphical and analytical modeling, describes the principle of operation of the test unit.

Войтович Николай Иванович, д-р техн. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой конструирования и производства радиоаппаратуры, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск; voytovichni@mail.ru. Ершов Алексей Валентинович, канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры конструирования и производства радиоаппаратуры, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск; eav@list.ru. N.I. Voytovich, voytovichni@mail.ru, A.V. Ershov, eav@list.ru South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation The dipole antenna providing 13 % bandwidth relative to the middle frequency with VSWR lower than 1.15 is presented. Based on the Lorentz's lemma the electrodynamic solution of the boundary problem is found in the paper. Also the principles of developing mathematical and numerical models of the antenna are discussed. The behavior of the rear and imaginary parts of the antenna input impedance and of the standing wave ratio (VSWR) in the feeder in the frequency range, as well as particular qualities of antenna pattern is presented in the paper. The good agreement between the experimental data and the calculated data obtained using a numerical model is shown. It is noted that the antenna is characterized by compactness, mechanical durability and low resistance to airflow. The antenna can be constructed as a tube or as a microstrip implementation.The possibility to provide the antenna matching with the feeder of the predefined impedance of 50 ohms, 75 ohms or another is discussed. Представлена оригинальная вибраторная антенна с КСВ ниже 1,15 в полосе частот, составляющей 13 % относительно средней частоты. В статье найдено на основе леммы Лоренца решение краевой электродинамической задачи, представлены принципы построения математической и численной моделей антенны. Приведены закономерности поведения активной и реактивной частей входного сопротивления антенны и коэффициента стоячей волны (КСВ) в фидере в диапазоне частот, особенности диаграммы направленности антенны. Показано хорошее совпадение экспериментальных данных с расчётными данными, полученными с использованием численной модели. Указано, что антенна характеризуется компактностью, механической прочностью, малым сопротивлением воздушному потоку. Антенна может быть выполнена как в трубчатом, так и в микрополосковом исполнении, при этом возможно обеспечение согласования антенны с фидером с заданным волновым сопротивлением: 50 Ом, 75 Ом или другим.

This paper addresses the problem of technogenic pollution which is a dramatic stress-factor for plants effectively acting as a green filter for cleaning air, water, and soil. It results in their growth rate changes, seasonal development speed deviations and plant appearance variations. Green belt to consume industrial emissions and to create the esthetic look seems to be an urgent matter to deal with technogenic pollution. Lime tree decorative characteristics depend significantly on the state of their reproductive organs (flower, inflorescence and fruit). On the other hand, biometric indices of woody plant reproductive organs are sensitive parameters characterizing the plant response to pollutants. The study discusses complex environmental pollution impact caused by sulfur (IV) and nitrogen (IV) oxides as well as heavy metals on physiological and cytogenetic characteristics of reproductive organs of Tіlia L. genus representatives in conditions of steppe Prydniprovye. The research objectives were T . amurensis L. аnd T . cordаta Mill. Samples were collected in May and June 2014 on two sample areas. The research area borders with both heavy traffic road and Interpipe NTRP CJSC, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine, that features such pollutants as SO 2 , NO 2 , iron, manganese, zinc, mercury, chrome. The control area is located in the Botanical garden of Oles Honchar Dnipropetrovsk National University. The research proved that biometric and cytogenetic parameters of generic organo of Tilia genus representatives were dramatically sensitive to the impact of pollutants. Moreover, T. cordаta was the most sensitive among species under study to multicomponent environmental pollution when assessed by criteria of suppression of woody plant reproductive capacity formation. The other benefit of this study consisted in monitoring of the blossom rate of both species that appeared to scale down substantially in the technogenic environment. Man-induced stress factors caused lower rates of a range of lime generic parameters, for example, petal length and number of a model flowers. Besides, T. cordаta model flower had also the shorter stamen. The results obtained proved that technogenic environment undermined fertile ability of pollen grains of both research objects, though the most affected species was T. cordаta . The paper offers practical applications to complete environment phyto-indication and monitoring of condition of Tіlia genus plants with the help of the suggested test parameters (blossom rate and pollen-grain fertility (test object T. cordаta ) under conditions of constant influence of SO 2 , NO 2 and heavy metals.

В статье рассмотрены многоуровневая система моделирующая цены на жилье. Цена на жилье широко изучалась во многих различных областях, таких как экономика, география, городское планирование, транспорт и т. д. Добавляя в гедонистическую модель различные переменные, такие как доход семьи, масштаб города, стоимость транспорта, школы и другие городские объекты, точность моделирования может быть повышена. Среди всех детерминант цен на жилье основополагающими факторами всегда были структурные характеристики, такие как площадь пола, период строительства, возраст дома, количество комнат и ванных комнат и т. д., The article discusses the main stages of BIM architectural design. Large construction projects, regardless of the construction site, be it a bridge, a road or a high-rise building, are based on such elements as hundreds of pieces of equipment, hiring contractors, as well as tens of thousands of megabytes of information. Through the use of BIM technology, a productive management of the indicated data is carried out, which allows the construction organization to significantly reduce time and financial costs in the design process. BIM - technologies have made a real revolution in the construction and digital world, replacing two-dimensional models represented by plans, drawings and paper documentation., Экономика и предпринимательство, Выпуск 3 (152) 2023, Pages 1440-1443

Three dimensional (3D) VLSI integration based on through-Silicon-Via (TSV) is an emerging technology. It provides heterogeneous integration, higher performance, bandwidth, and lower power consumption. However, 3D-IC suffers from several challenges. The objective of this paper is to design the test access mechanism (TAM) architecture and test scheduling of different modules of an system-on-chip (SOC) such that the overall test time of that SOC gets reduced. In this paper we have used a session based heuristic approach to solve this problem. Experimental results have been tested on different ITC'02 benchmark SOCs that shows promising results for different TAM width allocation.

This paper considers the history of systematization of legislation in Russia by way of code of laws. The author refers to the consecutive stages in the systematization history and describes in details the particular solutions and the work done. The earliest systematization attempts date back to 15th 16th centuries. The paper contains the research in the codification elements in the Law Books of that time, 1649 Sobornoye Ulozheniye (Council Code), works of Prince N.I. Odoyevsky commission. The second stage is constituted by the systematization of Peter I aimed at collecting the supplements to 1649 Sobornoye Ulozheniye. In the author’s opinion, this systematization attempt was not successful. Another significant event in the national systematization periods was the efforts of M.M. Speransky. The paper analyses the outcome of this work, which was the Complete Collection of Laws and the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire. The final stage of systematization concerned herein contains the works of the Soviet Russia and then of the Russian Federation. The author comes to the conclusion of necessity to continue the systematization activities, so far as the law-making process in the last twenty years has been undergoing the intense development stage.

The modern vector of development of the national economy and its focus on programme-targeted organisation makes us consider the principles of organisation in public administration in a new way. Modern conditions and principles of public administration require the adaptation of fundamentally new methodological guidelines that can not only manage existing systems, but also stimulate the emergence of fundamentally new economic and social realities. Currently, financing of state programme takes about 70 % of the federal budget, however, the actual implementation of the laid down plans of state programme is far behind the planned targets.Within the international practice of economies with a related organisational structure focused on the implementation of large programme projects, the focus on project management begins to occupy a dominant position in the practice of public management, especially in the field of strategic development.The article studies the special aspects of the project management formation and its scaling at the national level. The paper analyses the experience of implementing the principles of project management in public administration. At the same time, the authors highlight the main fundamental provisions of the successful implementation of projects and determine the key directions for improving the efficiency of project management.

Experiments on measuring the rate of evaporation of liquid sessile droplets into air show that the rate of evaporation increases in the presence of forced convection flows. However, data on the effect of convection on evaporation are often contradictory and should be clarified. The paper presents a numerical analysis of evaporation from the surface of a water droplet subjected to forced convection in the gas phase. The drop is located on a smooth horizontal isothermal substrate; the mode with constant contact angle is considered. The shape of the drop has axial symmetry, the same for the velocities and pressure. Forced convection compatible with the symmetry conditions are represented by flows directed downward along the axis of the system and diverging along the sides near the drop and the substrate. The mathematical model is constructed for evaporation controlled by diffusion in the gas phase and takes into account surface tension, gravity, and viscosity in both media, buoyancy and Marangoni convection. The results indicate the existence of the mutual influence of liquid and gaseous media. Thus, a drop vibrates under the influence of movements in the atmosphere, which generates a density wave in the gas: the drop «sounds». The magnitude of the velocity in a liquid is 50 times less than the characteristic velocity in air. It is found that the evaporation rate does not change in the presence of forced convection flows, which contradicts most of the experimental works. The reason for the discrepancies is supposed to be the appearance of nonequilibrium conditions at the boundary of the condensed phase: under these conditions, the evaporation regime ceases to be diffusional.

The current paper has presented the study results on the effect of biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ on productivity of the maize hybrid ‘Zernogradsky 354MV’ carried out in laboratory for cultivation technologies of row crops (FSBSI “ARC “Donskoy”) in 2019–2020. The soil in the experimental plot was favorable for the cultivation of corn, containing 3.36% of humus in the arable layer, 24.4 mg of mobile phosphorus, and 360 mg of exchangeable potassium per 1 kg of soil. The soil pH was 7.0. The study was carried out to estimate the effect of the use of biological products for seed treatment and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ for plant treatment on productivity and economic efficiency of maize cultivation. There was low moisture content of sowings during the period of the trial. There was established an uneven distribution of precipitation, the value of the hydrothermal coefficient was less than 1 (0.64 in 2019 and 0.65 in 2020), which indicated the dryness of the vegetation period. The studied biological products and microelement fertilizers influenced the yield structure elements. The applied biological products and microelement fertilizers ‘Organomix’ improved survival rate of plants before harvesting (the plant density was 4.39–4.54 pcs/m2). There was increase of grain productivity indicators, namely cob weight ranged from 112.9 to 125.7 g, grain weight per ear varied from 94.4 to 104.8 g and 1000-grain weight was 221.2–231.4 g. The improvement of the yield structure elements increased grain productivity on 0.25–0.77 t/ha. Economic efficiency showed that the use of biological products and microelement fertilizers raised the conditional net income to the level of 28 061–34 821 rubles/ha, profitability up to 167.6–201.8% and reduced production costs to 4640–5231 rubles/t.

Objectives. This study described the 4-circle goniometer Syntex P1N and its possible applications in X-ray and neutron structure analysis of single crystals.Methods. The 4-circle goniometer Syntex P1N, due to its high-precision mechanical characteristics and individual components from domestic equipment (sets of DRON type X-ray diffractometers), formed the basis for developing an instrument complex for X-ray and neutron-structure studies.Results. The neutron diffractometer was upgraded based on the Syntex P1N goniometer. Therefore, the 10BF3-based end neutron counter, included in the diffractometer kit, was replaced by the 3He-based domestic side counter, SNM-16. Such a significant reduction in the linear dimensions of the detector allowed us to expand the range of measured angles of 2θ from 90° to 140° and increase the accuracy of the measured interplanar distances accordingly. The goniometer was adjusted relative to the primary neutron beam by placing it on a specially designed plate. Highly accurate measured parameters of the unit cell and the intensity of the reflexes were achieved by optimizing the installation geometry and the protection of the goniometer and detector. Based on the Syntex P1N goniometer, an instrument complex for X-ray diffraction studies has also been developed. Both the developed X-ray and the upgraded neutronography facilities were used to perform experiments to measure the unit cell parameters, the coordinates of atoms, and the parameters of their thermal vibrations on several crystals of domestic synthetic samples: diamond C, silicon Si, halite, or rock salt NaCl, and corundum α-Al2O3. An excellent correlation was achieved by comparing the data obtained with the corresponding chemical crystals’ parameters and reference samples recommended by the International Union of Crystallographers.Conclusions. This paper described a neutron installation and a Syntex P1N neutron diffractometer for the study of single crystals. Based on the latter, an instrument complex for X-ray diffraction studies has also been developed. Experiments on standard samples have shown a high level of accuracy in measuring the lattice parameters, the coordinates of atoms, and the parameters of their thermal vibrations on both the X-ray and neutron diffractometers.

In the process of performing a complex of works on refueling of civil aviation aircraft, one of the key issues is to ensure flight safety by controlling the quality of aviation fuel directly during refueling operations. Currently, to ensure the purity of the refueled jet fuel, water separators with filter elements of a normalized degree of purification are installed on the aircraft refueling facilities, the operation of which in the working area provides normalized indicators of cleaning jet fuel from water and mechanical impurities. As practice shows, in the process of refueling aircraft, for various objective and subjective reasons, sometimes there are stochastic situations in which quality indicators go beyond the limits established by regulatory documentation and are not deterministic, and the subsequent state of such a system is described by values that characterize an extremely low level of jet fuel purification with negative consequences for flight safety. This paper presents a mathematical description of the functioning of water separator filters in the working area, where standardized indicators of the quality of aviation fuel are provided during the refueling of aircraft. The article deals with the issue of blocking the refueling of aircraft in the event of the appearance of non-normalized technical documentation indicators of the quality of aviation fuel, which arise due to a number of different factors that lead to negative cause-and-effect relationships for flight safety. Based on the mathematical description, an approach to creating a system for protecting and blocking the refueling process under the working name "Barrier" is proposed. Of the greatest interest for the study are typical water separator filters installed on refueling vehicles as terminal technical devices for fuel purification during refueling of aircraft.

The course of modernization and innovative development proclaimed by the country's leadership stimulates the innovation process at enterprises. However, being engaged in the development and implementation of innovative projects in the activities of the enterprise, management of enterprises is faced with some barriers caused by the specific features of such projects. The article analyses the current state of affairs in the management of innovative development of the agro-industrial complex of the Penza region. The paper determines the existing problems and prospects in the management system of innovative projects in the specified area. The study carries out an assessment of the innovative potential of agricultural organizations of the Penza region. The authors propose a model for managing innovative projects based on a systematic approach, substantiate the application of the differential method in determining the strategy of innovative development, describe operating models for each type of strategy.

The current paper has presented the results of the estimation of productivity of the winter wheat varieties ‘Krasa Dona’, ‘Polina’ and ‘Yubiley Dona’ when using liquid complex fertilizers ‘Strada N + Mono Sulfur (S)’, ‘Strada P + Mono Sulfur (S)’ and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The treatment of winter wheat plants was carried out in the form of foliar top-dressings in the stages of tillering and stem extension. The study was carried out on the basis of the FSBSI “Agri- cultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2019-2020. The trials were laid in the crop rotation of the laboratory for primary seed production and seed study. The purpose was to study the effect of liquid complex fertilizers on the productivity of the studied winter wheat varieties. When using fertilizers for all varieties, there was a tendency to an increase in the density of the productive stand on 18-61 pcs/m2 in comparison with the control. The variety ‘Krasa Dona’ showed the best indicators of the traits ‘number of grains per head’, ‘grain weight per head’ and ‘1000 grain weight’ being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (43 pcs., 2.19 g and 45.7 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (46 pcs., 2.30 g and 46.5 g). The variety ‘Polina’ showed good results after being treated with ‘Strada P + S’ (48 pcs., 2.30 g and 42.1 g) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (51 pcs., 2.43 g and 42.4 g). The variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ showed the greatest increase of the trait ‘number of grains’ with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The trait ‘1000 grains weight’ had an increase of 2.3 g, and ‘grain weight per head’ was 0.29 g. The treatment with fertilizers did not affect the trait ‘plant height’. The highest productivity of the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ was obtained when being fertilized with ‘Strada N + S’ (9.4 t / ha) and ‘Diforma Silicon-potassium’ (9.5 t/ha); the productivity of the variety ‘Polina’ increased after ‘Strada P + S’ (8.8 t/ha) and ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (9.1 t/ha), and the productivity of the variety ‘Yubiley Dona’ increased after ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’ (8.9 t/ha). The maximum economic effect (19080 rubles/ha) with 9.5 t/ha of productivity was obtained from the variety ‘Krasa Dona’ after the treatment with the fertilizer ‘Diform Silicon-potassium’. The experimental results have shown that the use of complex fertilizers has a positive effect on the productivity of winter wheat plants.

Introduction. Arc surfacing through feeding an additional filler wire heated by an additional arc burning between the filler wire and the electrode wire is considered. Under the conditions of such surfacing, the minimization of the input of the remelted substrate metal into the weld metal is studied. The research objectives are to examine the conditions providing self-regulation of this advanced arc surfacing process, and to evaluate control capabilities of the heat impact power on the metal and on the weld metal flow. Materials and Methods. In solving a wide range of welding and surfacing tasks, it is advisable to use engineering analysis methods based on physicomathematical modeling of processes and phenomena. These include: self-regulation of the arc process under joint melting of the electrode and the filler wires; assessment of the possibilities to control the heat impact power on the metal and on the weld metal flow during the formation of the weld The features of the arc surfacing of anticorrosive chromium-nickel steels on low-alloy steel are considered in the paper. Results. New mathematical dependences are proposed that describe physical phenomena under surfacing with an arc interaction between the electrode and filler wire. A physicomathematical model of the joint melting of the electrode and filler wire is developed. It provides determining the values of the control parameters. In addition, you can find out how much heat affects the substrate from: heat release in the main arc, droplet flows of the weld electrode and filler metal, arc plasma Discussion and Conclusions. It is established how the current and the lengths of the main and additional arcs are affected by the supply voltages. The feed rate of the electrode and filler wire with a diameter of 1.6 mm and 1.2 mm made of Inconel 625 alloy is determined. It is shown what thermal effect the substrate undergoes in this case. It is noted that due to the larger value of the main arc current, the diameter of the electrode wire should be larger than that of the filler wire. The heat flow in the substrate is created mainly by the flow of the weld metal droplets.

The paper presents a study of the effect of adding Mo and MoS2 on the microstructure and properties of a powder coating based on austenitic steels. The coatings have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a Vickers hardness tester, and abrasion wear resistance has been determined by the Pin on disk method. The results show that a coating that does not contain Mo and MoS2 consists of the phases g(Fe), M7(C, B)3 and (Fe, Cr)2B. The addition of Mo and MoS2 leads to the formation of phases M23(C, B)6, Mo2(B, C) and Fe3Mo3(C, B), where M = Fe, Cr, Mo. The main goal of these studies was to study characteristics of Mo and MoS2 distribution and the effect of their addition on the microstructure, hardness, and abrasion wear resistance of an alloy coating based on austenitic steels. Composite materials based on austenitic steels obtained by diffusion alloying (Aus0Mo), which has a nearly spherical shape with a diameter of 50–100 μm, have been used for deposition. 3–7 wt. % of Mo powder and 1.0–1.5 wt. % of MoS2 powder with a diameter less than 50 μm have been added in the powder of the composite material based on austenitic steels (Aus3Mo, Aus5Mo, Aus7Mo). Surfacing methods, including gas arc welding with a tungsten electrode, arc welding in shielding gas, plasma surfacing (PTA) and laser surfacing are widely used in industry to increase wear resistance of surfaces. The most important differences between these methods are deposition rate, applicability of materials, substrate dilution, microstructure and hardness stability after exposure to high temperatures, as well as manufacturing cost. Among the methods described above, plasma spraying followed by fusion is a good alternative to other surfacing processes. The coating should not be overheated until it is completely melted, since in this case the primary crystals of chromium carbides and borides pass into a liquid solution and upon subsequent crystallization, form a coarser structure, worsening the quality of the coating. This is precisely what does not occur during plasma spraying followed by reflow; in addition, the method is cheap, coatings are of high quality, competitive wear resistance and high stability of properties at high temperature.

Introduction. Meat-containing semi-finished minced products demonstrate a wide variety of properties, as they contain both plant and meat components. This heterogeneity makes it difficult to plan the freezing process. In view of the current environmental situation, packaging films used for cold storage should be biodegradable. The effect of low-temperature freezing and storage on biodegradable polymers remains understudied. The research objective was to find the optimal modes for minced-meat semi-finished products frozen in a biopolymer package. Study objects and methods. The study featured zrazy, or meat balls, with vegetable filling and a biopolymer film based on corn starch. It involved a laboratory combination freezing and storage cabinet and an XLW(M) tension tester to establish the physical properties of the film. Results and discussion. The meat-containing semi-finished minced products were vacuum-packaged in biopolymer material and subjected to convection, contact, and combined freezing. The experiments resulted in a new combined method of freezing for biopolymer-packaged semi-finished meat-containing products. The research also tested the strength properties of the CornBag biopolymer film during freezing and cold storage. The paper introduces a graphoanalytic method of calculation of freezing time. Conclusion. The new combined freezing method involved vacuum packaging, air-blast subfreezing, and further freezing on a refrigerated plate. The biopolymer film proved suitable for freezing and cold storage of food products. It keeps the product from drying, reduces vitamin losses, and preserves sensory properties. The optimal storage mode was –18°C, the maximum storage time – 6 months. The improved freezing technology combined freezing method with convective air-blasting and contact freezing on a refrigerated plate for products pre-packaging in a biopolymer vacuum bag. The optimal freezing parameters: temperature = –40°С, time = 85 min, rate = 1.33 cm/h.

Amid the turbulence in the external environment, the issue of finding adaptive strategies is becoming increasingly relevant. This problem is especially acute in industrial markets. One of the most common strategies is differentiation. Numerous modern theories of differentiation rest on the distinctive features of consumer demand and often do not take into account the factors of product supply. These factors, however, serve as the basis for determining the generic development strategy of an industrial enterprise. The paper explores production differentiation and justifies the factors of supply affecting it. The theory of industrial organization, the theory of strategic management and the microeconomic approach constitute the methodological framework of the present article. General scientific methods of logic-structural analysis were used. The empirical base includes data from nine industrial markets for mechanical engineering in the Russian Federation. Having analyzed the theoretical approaches to substantiating the existence of production differentiation, we managed to identify its fundamental factors: specialization and the presence (absence) of economies of scale. To assess these factors, we propose using two indicators: the industry specialization coefficient and the indicator of absolute cost advantage. Matrixing industrial markets for mechanical engineering by the parameters “the level of industry specialization” and “economies of scale” allowed pinpointing three types of production differentiation and their corresponding generic strategies. In the presence of economies of scale and a narrow specialization, an enterprise should choose the strategy of “capturing a niche”; in the presence of economies of scale and a broad specialization, it should follow the strategy of wide differentiation. In the absence of economies of scale for broad and narrow industry differentiation, the generic strategy of a machine-building enterprise is competitive marketing. The author’s methodological approach to choosing the type of production differentiation is versatile and can be used to substantiate generic strategies of industrial enterprises.

Introduction. The paper considers an actual issue of the development and application of a non-destructive method for controlling the quality of surfaces of steel products (Kelvin probe method). The work objective is to establish the magnitude of the contact potential difference (CPD) of steel 107WCR5 after heat treatment. Materials and Methods. The object of study is alloy tool steel 107WCR5. The chemical composition of the samples was refined through the optical emission analysis method. To carry out the statistical processing, there were three samples in three series. We chose different heat treatment modes for each series, i.e., quenching with low tempering, strengthening and normalization. The end surfaces of the samples were polished and then one of them was treated with a solution of nitric acid. Further, the measurement of the contact potential difference and statistical data processing were carried out. Results. The data obtained show that the CPD value of steel 107WCR5 samples changes after heat treatment. With an increase in tempering temperature, the contact potential difference of the polished surface and the hardness, decrease almost linearly. Exposure to acid causes a significant decrease and equalization of the contact potential difference for all structures. The contact potential difference of steels 107WCR5 and CT105 is compared. Alloying steel by the elements with the work function values of the electron higher than that of iron causes a decrease in the CPD between the standard and the sample. The CPD behavior under a change in the composition of the steel depends strongly on the presence of alloying elements. The dependence of CPD on the dispersion of the structure is seen in both cases; however, it is more pronounced for 107WCR5 steel. The electron work function of the martensite, troostite, and sorbitol structures obtained as a result of heat treatment of steels 107WCR5 and CT105 is calculated. Discussion and Conclusions. The dependence of the contact potential difference on the structure, chemical and phase composition was experimentally established; the electron work function of steels 107WCR5 and CT105 was calculated. This technique is more sensitive to alloy steel samples than to carbon steel. It seems possible to conclude that the measurement of the contact potential difference can be used to control surfaces exposed to active media or elevated temperatures as a non-destructive express diagnostic method.

Excessively acidic soils account for one third of arable land in the Russian Federation (35.1 million ha). Over the post-reform period (1990–2019), the relative share of acidic soils increased by 2%, due to a sharp decrease in the area of liming, and thus restoration of acidic properties of genetically acidic soils previously limed, as well as the involvement in agricultural use of some abandoned fields and fallows covered by acidic soils. This paper demonstrates a new approach to prioritize areas for liming by the example of the Vladimir region. The study makes use of newly established database “Soils of agricultural lands in the Russian Federation” which includes 10,000 soil quality typological unites and 57,678 soil quality mapping units (SQMU). National “Grain equivalent model” calculates the standard yields for grain crops by each SQMU. The GIS analysis allows joining spatial distribution of soil acidity and standard yields of grains in order to determine the priority areas for lime application. Acidic soils with the highest grains standard yield are proposed to be considered as high-priority ones for liming. Application of the given method in two districts of the Vladimir region showed significant reduction in the payback period of liming.

Тема выпускной квалификационной работы: «Здание гостиницы высотой 105 м в г. Санкт-Петербурге».В данной работе был проведен обзор ПК отечественного и иностранного производства. Из Ð½Ð¸Ñ Ð½Ð° подробный анализ выбраны Revit и Renga, AutoCad и NanoCad.Для Revit и Renga, как комплексов, Ð¸ÑÐ¿Ð¾Ð»ÑŒÐ·ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ð¸Ð½Ñ„Ð¾Ñ€Ð¼Ð°Ñ†Ð¸Ð¾Ð½Ð½Ð¾-связную модель, проведено сравнение:проектирования типового этажа здания гостиницы;вывод информационной модели в расчетные программные комплексы;подготовка модели к ГосЭкспертизе;Выделены основные преимущества и недостатки каждого комплекса, сделан вывод о возможности Ð¿ÐµÑ€ÐµÑ Ð¾Ð´Ð° с Ð¸Ð½Ð¾ÑÑ‚Ñ€Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐŸÐš на отечественные – основные функции, Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ‹Ðµ для подготовки проектной документации имеются в Ð¾Ð±Ð¾Ð¸Ñ ÐŸÐš.Â, In this paper, a review of PCs of domestic and foreign production was carried out. Revit and Renga, AutoCad and NanoCad were selected for detailed analysis.A comparison was made for Revit and Renga:1. designing a typical floor of a hotel building;2. output of the information model to the calculation software systems;3. preparation of the model for the State Expertise;The main advantages and disadvantages of each complex are highlighted, it is concluded that it is possible to switch from foreign PCs to domestic ones - the main functions necessary for the preparation of project documentation are available in both PCs.Â

The paper contains results of investigations on structure and tribotechnical properties of chromium coatings formed by a method of electrodeformation cladding with flexible tools (EDCFT). The purpose of these investigations is to assess prospects for application of the coatings as an alternative to galvanic chrome plating which is widely used in manufacturing hydraulic cylinder rods of metal-cutting machines. Rotary metal brushes with a wire pile made of 65Г-steel and 03Х17Н14М2-stainless steel have been used as a flexible tool. A compacted bar obtained by sintering a mixture of pure chromium powders and a nano-sized diamond-graphite blend UDDG has been employed as a donor material for EDCFT. According to results of the research it has been established that alloying elements of wire pile such as chromium and nickel are added to a coating composition while forming coatings a stainless steel brush. So in the case of using brushes with wire pile of 03X17H14M2-stainless steel the amount of chromium and nickel in a clad coating layer is 5.3 and 9.6 times higher in percentage, respectively, in comparison with the coating formed by a 65Г-steel brush that can contribute to improvement of coating corrosion resistance. At the same time, surface relief of the coating has a developed rough structure consisting of chromium microparticles having various size that are tightly packed and elongated in the direction of brush rotation and there are no flaws in the form of discontinuities and delaminations. Tribological tests have been performed under conditions of “boundary lubrication” on a rotary friction machine that implements friction of a rubber indenter on a flat surface of a rotating disk. According to data of the tribotechnical tests it has been ascertained that under conditions of “boundary friction” for such paired samples as “coated disc – rubber roller” chromium coatings formed by the EDCFT method, have the lowest values of a sliding friction coefficient (fтр = 0.023) which are 7.5 times lower than chromium coatings obtained by electroplating. At the same time the wear of rubber rollers in pairs with electroplated chromium coatings has turned out to be less than in pairs with the coating formed by the EDCFT method.

The paper discusses the results of long-term research in the competitive variety testing of the sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’, introduced into the State List of breeding achievements and approved for use in 2019 in the North Caucasus and Nizhne-Volga regions of Russia.The sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’ is a complex hybrid species obtained by the methods of individual-family selection and polycross followed by massive negative selection. According to the most morphological and biological characteristics, the variety has been assigned to the Transcaucasian species. The plants are of tall height (95-105 cm). The bush is semi-upright (40%), upright (40%) and semi-sprawling (20%). The root system is vertical with a well-defined main root. The stalk is rough, thick and hollow inside. The kernels are of medium size, mainly with spines. 1000 kernel weight is 18–20 g. The vegetation period ‘sprouts – full ripeness’ is 85–90 days, and the mowing ripeness of the green mass is 45–55 days. According to resistance to major diseases, the variety is not inferior to the standard variety ‘Zernogradsky 2’. The productivity of ‘Shuravi’ green mass during the State variety testing was on 9.6% higher than that of the standard variety, dry matter was on 14.7% higher and seed productivity was on 17.6% higher. In the following years of study in a competitive variety testing, the variety ‘Shuravi’ exceeded the standard variety on 10.3% in green mass productivity and on 9.8% in dry matter. According to the yield of fodder units per 1 hectare, raw and digestible protein, the variety exceeded the standard on 17.0, 15.7 and 16.1% respectively. Exchange energy content per 1 kg of dry matter and supply of a fodder unit with digestible protein in the variety ‘Shuravi’ was at the standard level.The use of the sainfoin variety ‘Shuravi’ as a green fertilizer makes it possible to cover fresh standard organic matter on 9.8–14.7% and nitrogen on 1.8–2.4 kg more compared with the standard; the percentage of phosphorus and potassium is the same as with the standard variety ‘Zernogradsky 2’. In general, when using sainfoin green mass as green manure, soil is supplied with much more such basic nutrients as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium than when applying the same amount of good quality manure.

The article is a research response to the task of developing the scientific and technological base set by the President of Russia in his message to the Federal Assembly in 2019. The scientific and technological base is revealed as a more comprehensive concept than a concept that includes only material and technical objects, in particular, it accommodates human resources engaged in research and development. The author reveals insufficiency of current measures of state support for researchers and developers, which boil down mainly to competitive financing of scientists and little-demanded tax breaks for innovative business. The paper proves several measures to strengthen the basic support of research personnel and technological business. There is a need not only to implement large scientific and technological infrastructure projects, but also increase the volume of budget (basic) support for researchers and developers through the growth of actual wages at the rate of the full working rate, provide preferential mortgage loans, expand tax incentives for innovative business, as well as develop a “qualified customer” model. The analysis is performed on the basis of studying Russian regulatory legal acts defining the state scientific and technical policy, articles of Russian scientists as well as materials of Russian and international statistical databases. The results of the study may be used by representatives of the executive authorities, as well as a wide range of specialists interested in the problems of science and technology policy in Russia.

The issue of the role of VNIIMS as the leading scientific organization in the field of legal metrology and the leading scientific and practical centre for metrological support of various sectors of the national economy is considered. The paper provides information on the equipment of the institute with standards in the field of physical and chemical measurements. The characteristics of experimental sample of the State Primary Standard of the unit of catalytic activity – katal, characteristics and fields of application of state standards of units of the VNIIMS in the field of physical and chemical measurements are given. The describes the plans of VNNIMS in accordance with the List of Critical Technologies of the Russian Federation, state programs for the development of industries.

Bread is the most popular food ever. However, more and more people are abandoning traditional wheat bread in favor of bakery products with various functional additives. Crushed safflower seeds are an unconventional plant additive that is a source of complete vegetable protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (including linoleic and linolenic acids), dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals. The present paper introduces a recipe of bread fortified with crushed safflower seeds and safflower oil. The authors studied the sensory and physico-chemical properties of the bread. The prototypes had a smooth surface without cracks and uniform porosity and demonstrated a light yellow color when fractured. The taste and smell were typical of this type of product, with a pleasant delicate flavor and aroma of the additive. There was a slight increase in the porosity, acidity, dimensional stability, and humidity, compared with the control sample. The article contains a technological scheme of production and the formulation of bread with the addition of crushed safflower seeds, as well as some optimal technological production parameters. The authors carried out a medical and biological evaluation of the effectiveness of the bakery products with the addition of seeds and safflower oil in the diet of people aged 18–29 with excess body weight. The conducted research proved the therapeutic efficiency of the developed product in hypocaloric diet for individuals with excess body weight. No tolerability problems or side effects were determined. An optimum method of treatment was developed. The results of the study make it possible to recommend bakery products with crushed seeds and safflower oil for the diet of overweight patients aged 18–29.

The article is devoted to the tissue engineering approach to the chronic perforations closure. This paper contains a short literature review of contemporary tissue engineering techniques for the tympanic membrane.

Red Muds (R.M.) – waste of bauxite reprocessing by the Bayer's method include many rare elements, such as Gallium, Titanium, Zirconium, Rare Earth Elements and Scandium, concentration of which in its reached 130 g/t. In the problem solving of Scandium extraction from R.M. get a two directions: immediate leaching of Scandium from R.M. and in passing Scandium recovery under complexing processing of R.M. The method of carbonate leaching of Scandium from R.M., which was work out in Institute of Solid State Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences Urals Branch, include saturation by carbon dioxide of alkaline solutions, obtained after water process of R.M. and allow up to 20 % Scandium recovery in solutions. It is not effective for work out of technological scheme of R.M. processing. In recent paper, the chemical aspects of carbonate leaching of Scandium from R.M. in heterogeneous systems solid – liquid – gas carbon dioxide were investigated to determine of conditions for more Scandium recovery from R.M. It was shown, that Scandium leaching by aqueous sodium solutions without carbon dioxide gives small recovery yield and accompanied by alkaline hydrolysis under high pH in concentrated Na2CO3 solutions. Under saturation by carbon dioxide of carbonate R.M. pulp, the hydrolytic polymerization of hydroxocarbonates of Scandium and Aluminum in presence of carbonic acid proton take place. In the both process secondary precipitates are settle down and reduce of Scandium recovery yield. For increase of Scandium recovery from R.M. it is necessary to exclude the secondary precipitates under carbonate leaching with saturation by carbon dioxide.

Objectives At present, the urgency of scientific research aimed at reducing the material consumption of building structures is growing. Since foam concrete proved to be an effective material for wall structures, the aim of the present work was to develop scientific ideas about features of their macrostructural formation at the “viscous to solid” phase transition.Methods The evaluation of plastic strength was carried out according to the patent for invention No. 2316750 (“Method for determining the plastic strength of foam concrete mix” registered in the State Register of Inventions of the Russian Federation on February 10, 2008). Synthetic PO-3NP (TU 38-00-058079999-20-93) and "Arecom-4" galipot glue analogue (TU 31-10) were used as foam generation agents. Control over the kinetics of the plastic strength of the test mixtures of equal density was carried out in five-litre vessels at an interval of 15 minutes for three hours.Results The paper considers the most important features of mass transfer, which control the formation of defectiveness for interporal partitions in foam concrete. From the analysis of theoretical and experimental data, it follows that the ratio between water and surfactant consumption is an important tool for managing the quality of foam concrete mixes. Definingthe optimal relationship between water consumption and the amount of foaming agent allows the maximum amount of surfactants to be located at the gas-liquid interface ensuring minimal defect in the structure of the interporal partitions in the cured concrete.Conclusion The theoretical and experimental studies carried out make it possible to consider the relationship between the consumption of water and surfactant as an important tool for controlling the structural and mechanical properties in foam concrete mixes.

The paper considers a new composition of diffusion-hardening solder based on a low-melting gallium alloy and copper-tin spherical powder (PCTSP5). The influence of the powder filler – titanium composition on the structure and properties of solder for expanding the areas of use is investigated. Strength properties, microstructure, thermal stability of the samples were studied.

This paper is aimed at scrutinizing the dependence between the morphological features of the Eneolithic — Early Bronze population and the geographical and bioclimatic conditions in the Altai valleys and intermountain basins. Across the territory of the Altai highlands, we have identified several local-territorial groups of archaeological sites dating to the period under study. Most of them belong to the Afanasyevо culture, with the rest being represented by the Kurota, Aragol and Ulita cultural types that have been recently designated from the Afanasyevо culture. For each group, in accordance with their geographical localization, we have calculated geographical and bioclimatic parameters. The comparison of these parameters with the characteristics of the corresponding craniological series has allowed us to reveal the main trends of intergroup variability within the Eneolithic — Early Bronze Altai population. A considerable and statistically significant correlation is found between the morphological parameters, such as the height of the cranium, general sizes of a cranial cavity and the width of the face, and geographic and bioclimatic parameters characterizing the severity of the climate and the mountain height above sea level. In terms of other race-demarcating characteristics, no significant difference has been revealed between the territorial groups of the Altai Eneolithic — Early Bronze population characterized by the proto-European type. The identified variations correspond to the previously established differences between the total series of skulls of the Afanasyevо culture from the Altai highlands and the Minusinsk Hollow, as well as to two craniological types defined as the main anthropological components of the Afanasyevо culture population in Southern Siberia. The first of these types, prevailing among the Altai Afanasyevo culture population, is markedly hypermorphic and characterized by a higher and, in general, a larger skull. The second type, determining the craniological specifics of the unicultural population in the Minusinsk Hollow, is moderately hypermorphic and characterized by a smaller and, importantly, less high skull. Our findings suggest that these differences are associated in many respects with a general increase in the body size in populations having lived in the most bioclimatically unfavourable areas of the Altai highlands. This is evidenced by an increase in the longitudinal and girth dimensions of the long skeletal bones of the Altai Eneolithic — Early Bronze population having inhabited the mid-mountain and high-mountain Altai areas compared with the control samples from the low-mountain Altai regions and the Afanasyevo culture from the Minusinsk Hollow. Therefore, according to the calculated parameters, the population from the bioclimatically unfavourable Altai regions was characterized by a rather large weight and height among all the studied ancient Neolithic — Bronze Eurasian groups. Thus, our study confirms that the main mechanism of biological adaptation to the severe mountain environment of the Altai highlands among the Eneolithic — Early Bronze population was the enhancement of energy processes by means of increasing standard metabolism. As a result, the initially tall and large proto-European population was becoming even larger.

Работа посвящена созданию алгоритма, который позволит реализовывать типовые проекты с заранее известными показателями с учетом Ð²Ð¾Ð·Ð¼Ð¾Ð¶Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ñ€Ð¸ÑÐºÐ¾Ð². Задачи, которые решались в Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ðµ исследования: 1. Сформулировать понятие стоимостной оценки 2. Определить методы оценки и контроль качества проектов 3. Проанализировать управление стоимостью проектов 4. Создать алгоритм для зданий общественного назначения. Методика исследования включает в себя обзор Ñ€Ð°Ð·Ð»Ð¸Ñ‡Ð½Ñ‹Ñ ÐºÑ€Ð¸Ñ‚ÐµÑ€Ð¸ÐµÐ² инжиниринга в строительстве, а также метод сравнения, который позволит изучить все конструктивные решения и впоследствии выявить наиболее Ð¿Ð¾Ð´Ñ Ð¾Ð´ÑÑ‰Ð¸Ð¹ для реализации Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¿Ñ€Ð¾ÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð². На основе этого можно будет выявить Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ‹Ð¹ общий алгоритм для определенной категории зданий. Таким образом, для застройщика формируется «база Ð´Ð°Ð½Ð½Ñ‹Ñ Â» для внедрения Ñ‚Ð¸Ð¿Ð¾Ð²Ñ‹Ñ ÑÐ¾Ñ†Ð¸Ð°Ð»ÑŒÐ½Ñ‹Ñ Ð¾Ð±ÑŠÐµÐºÑ‚Ð¾Ð². Дополнив уже имеющиеся данные, застройщик получает готовый объект внутри собственного разрабатываемого жилого комплекса. В данной работе сформулированы первоначальные критерии к типовым рассматриваемым объектам, Ð½ÐµÐ¾Ð±Ñ Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ñ‹Ñ Ð´Ð»Ñ Ð¿Ð¾ÑÐ»ÐµÐ´ÑƒÑŽÑ‰Ð¸Ñ Ñ€Ð°ÑÑ‡ÐµÑ‚Ð¾Ð². Также предлагаемый алгоритм применен при строительстве и приведены подробные расчеты, которыми может пользоваться строительная компания., The work is devoted to the creation of an algorithm that will allow the implementation of standard projects with previously known indicators, taking into account possible risks. The tasks that were solved in the course of the study: 1. Formulate the concept of valuation 2. Determine evaluation methods and quality control of projects 3. Analyze project cost management 4. Create an algorithm for public buildings The research methodology includes an overview of various criteria for engineering in construction, as well as a comparison method that will allow you to study all design solutions and subsequently identify the most suitable for the implementation of these projects. Based on this, it will be possible to identify the necessary general algorithm for a specific category of buildings. In this way, a "database" is formed for the developer for the implementation of standard social facilities. Having supplemented the existing data, the developer receives a finished object inside his own developed residential complex. In this paper, the initial criteria for the typical objects under consideration are formulated, which are necessary for subsequent calculations. Also, the proposed algorithm was applied during construction and detailed calculations are provided that can be used by a construction company.

Статья посвящена анализу рынка сервисных и инжиниринговых услуг в нефтяной сфере в мире и России. Определены основные тенденции и пути развития рынка. Сформулированы на основе национального и зарубежного опыта рекомендации по поддержке отрасли, в частности, в условиях пандемии., The paper is on the analysis of the global and Russian markets of maintenance and engineering services in the oil sector. The market's main trends and ways of development are determined. Basing on the national and foreign experience recommendations to support the industry, in particular, under the pandemic are formulated., Экономика и управление: научно-практический журнал, Выпуск 1 (157) 2021, Pages 74-76

Background. The development of new technologies of the directed synthesis and use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials with properties that are radically different from those of traditional materials, related to peculiarities of their dimensions and to the combination and variability range of physicochemical properties, parameters, characteristics of nanoparticles and their coating surface, procedures and manipulations when conducting studies, can result in development of quite different effects and risks.Objective. The purpose of the paper is analysis of the significance of dimensional and structural factors, and their combinations in the manifestation of toxicity and danger of nanomaterials based on published data.Methods. Analysis and systematization of scientific data on the assessment of manifestations of toxicity and hazard of nanomaterials over the past 20 years.Results. The transition of substances to the nanoscale state makes them chemically more active – the smaller the size of the nanoparticles, the stronger the effect they show in comparison with equivalent amounts of this substance in a traditional macro form. On contact with the biological environment, their surface is covered with proteins. When entering the body, they may undergo agglomeration, dissociation, or modification. Procedures and manipulations in the research can also affect the properties and, consequently, the toxicity of nanoparticles. Most nanoparticles are unstable in dispersion, prone to aggregation and sedimentation, which significantly affects the process of absorption of nanoparticles and their toxicity.Conclusions. The toxicity and danger of nanoparticles and nanomaterials depend on many factors and their combinations. The complexity of assessing the impact of nanostructures is determined by the range of variability of properties, chemical, geometric, physico-chemical properties and characteristics, size, surface of nanoparticles. The improvement and development of new approaches to identifying the danger of nanoscale objects is a promising direction of scientific investigations., Проблематика. Развитие новых технологий направленного синтеза и использования наночастиц и наноматериалов, свойства которых радикально отличаются от таковых у традиционных материалов и связаны с особенностями их размерности, а также c сочетанием и диапазоном вариабельности физико-химических свойств, параметров, характеристик наночастиц и поверхности их покрытия, процедур и манипуляций при проведении исследований, может привести к возникновению абсолютно разных эффектов и рисков.Цель. Анализ на основе литературных данных значимости размерно-структурных факторов и их сочетаний в проявлении токсичности и опасности наноматериалов.Методика реализации. Анализ и систематизация научных данных, посвященных оценке особенностей проявления токсичности и опасности наноматериалов, за последние 20 лет.Результаты. Переход веществ в наноразмерное состояние делает их химически более активными: чем меньше размер наночастиц, тем сильнее проявляемое ими действие по сравнению с эквивалентными количествами данного вещества в традиционной макроформе. При контакте с биологической средой их поверхность покрывается белками. При попадании в организм они могут подвергаться агломерации, диссоциации или модификации. Процедуры и манипуляции при проведении исследований также могут оказывать влияние на свойства, а следовательно, и на токсичность наночастиц. Большинство наночастиц нестабильны в дисперсии, склонны к агрегации и седиментации, что существенно влияет на процесс поглощения наночастиц и их токсичность.Выводы. Токсичность и опасность наночастиц и наноматериалов зависят от множества факторов и их сочетаний. Сложность оценки воздействия наноструктур определяется диапазоном вариабельнос­ти свойств, параметров, химических, геометрических и физико-химических характеристик, размера, поверхности наночастиц. Перспективными являются усовершенствование и разработка новых подходов выявления опасности наноразмерных объектов., Проблематика. Розвиток нових технологій спрямованого синтезу та використання наночастинок і наноматеріалів, властивості яких радикально відрізняються від таких у традиційних матеріалів і пов’язані з особливостями їх розмірності, а також з поєднанням і діапазоном варіабельності фізико-хімічних властивостей, параметрів, характеристик наночастинок та поверхні їх покриття, процедур і маніпуляцій при проведенні досліджень, може привести до виникнення абсолютно різних ефектів та ризиків.Мета. Аналіз на основі літературних даних значимості розмірно-структурних факторів та їх поєднань на прояви токсичності й небезпечності наноматеріалів.Методика реалізації. Аналіз і систематизація сучасних наукових даних, присвячених оцінці особливостей прояву токсичності та небезпечності наноматеріалів, за останні 20 років.Результати. Перехід речовин у нанорозмірний стан робить їх хімічно активнішими: чим менший розмір наночастинок, тим сильніше проявляється їх дія порівняно з еквівалентними кількостями речовини в традиційній макроформі. При контакті з біологічним середовищем їх поверхня покривається білками. При потраплянні в організм вони можуть піддаватися агломерації, дисоціації або модифікації. Процедури та маніпуляції при проведенні досліджень також можуть впливати на властивості, а отже, і на токсичність наночастинок. Більшість наночастинок нестабільні в дисперсії, схильні до агрегації та седиментації, що суттєво впливає на процес поглинання наночастинок та їх токсичність.Висновки. Токсичність і небезпечність наночастинок і наноматеріалів залежать від безлічі факторів і їх поєднань. Складність оцінки впливу наноструктур визначається діапазоном варіабельності властивостей, параметрів, хімічних, геометричних і фізико-хімічних характеристик, розміру, поверхні наночастинок. Перспективними є удосконалення і розробка нових підходів виявлення небезпечності нанорозмірних об’єктів.

Исследована кинетика выпечки хлеба с различным содержанием экстракта лимонника китайского. Приведены результаты органолептического анализа качества полученного продукта с последующей количественной оценкой качества продукта с использованием аппарата нечеткой логики. Установлено, что содержание экстракта лимонника в рецептуре в количестве 15 мл практически не влияет на кинетику выпечки. Сенсорный вкусовой анализ качества выпеченных изделий показал, что наилучшими вкусовыми качествами обладает хлеб, выпеченный по рецептуре с содержанием экстракта лимонника в количестве 3 мл. Использование аппарата нечеткой логики в программном комплексе matlab c расширением fuzzy logic toolbox в блоке нечеткого логического вывода позволяет применять интерактивный режим графических средств редактирования и визуализации всех компонентов систем нечеткого вывода для интерактивной оценки интервальных вкусовых качеств хлеба в зависимости от соотношения ингредиентов рецептуры в соответствии с функцией принадлежности., The paper presents materials on the study of the kinetics of baking bread with different contents of Schisandra chinensis extract and organoleptic analysis of the quality of the resulting product, followed by a quantitative assessment of the quality of the product using a fuzzy logic apparatus. It was established that the content of lemongrass extract in the formulation in the amount of 15 ml practically does not affect the kinetics of baking. Sensory taste analysis of the quality of baked products showed that the best tastes are bread baked according to the recipe with the content of Schisandra extract in the amount of 3 ml. Using the fuzzy logic apparatus in the Matlab software package, the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox extension in the fuzzy logic inference unit allows you to use the interactive mode of graphical editing tools and visualization of all components of fuzzy inference systems for interactive evaluation of interval taste qualities of bread depending on the ratio of recipe ingredients in accordance with membership function., №373 (2020)

В работе представлены возможные пути образования строительных отходов и способы их рационального использования. Приведенный анализ литературных данных подтвердил, что в настоящее время строительные отходы во всем мире всесторонне изучаются и разрабатываются новые эффективные технологии на их основе. Неоднократное их использование способствует созданию безотходных или малоотходных технологий в городской строительной системе, что, в свою очередь, содействует решению социальной, экономической и экологической проблем., The paper presents the ways of waste generation and ways of their rational use. The above analysis of the literature data confirmed that at present, new effective technologies based on them are being comprehensively studied and developed. Their repeated use contributes to the creation of waste-free or low-waste technologies in the urban construction system, which, in turn, is the used system for solving social, economic and environmental problems., Вестник ГГНТУ. Технические науки, Выпуск 4 (22) 2020, Pages 57-63

В статье рассматривается литейная форма с рисунками, обнаруженная в 1995 г. на территории «Ветчаного города» г. Владимира. Находка датируется серединой XII в. – 1238 г. Изделие предназначено для изготовления жуковин – металлической фурнитуры книжного переплета, украшающей и защищающей последний. На литейной форме нарисован лучник, стреляющий в многоглавое чудовище. Последнее, как установлено М. В. Седовой, изображено взрослым, а его победитель – ребенком. Облик чудовища восходит к Лернейской гидре. Шлем лучника опознается как относящийся к типу II по А. Н. Кирпичникову, вероятно, к разновидности IIБ., The paper reviews a casting mould with drawings discovered in the area of the ‘Vetchany’ city in Vladimirin 1995. The find dates to the middle of the 12th century – 1238. It was meant to be used in production of mountings, i.e. metal fittings of bookbinding that decorate and protect the book cover. The casting mould features an archer shooting at a many-headed dragon. M. V. Sedova found out that the monster had been depicted by an adult person while the dragon slayer had been depicted by a child. The image of the dragon goes back to the image of the Lernaean Hydra. The Vladimir drawing is the earliest one among the images of monsters of such iconography in the art of Byzantium and the countries influenced by it. The archer’s headgear is identified as a helmet of IIB type according to A. N. Kirpichnikov. The drawing in question is the first evidence of such protective gear in the lands of the Vladimir-Suzdal’ principality., Краткие сообщения Института археологии (КСИА), Выпуск 259 2020

Одной из важнейших задач в нашей стране является дальнейшее развитие экономики промышленного производства, включая повышение глубины передела отечественной промышленной продукции, предопределяющее необходимость автоматизации и компьютеризации машиностроительного производства, создание современных методик цифровой экономики в части оптимизации кривой предложения. Это обуславливает постановку задач совершенствования системы планирования и управления машиностроительного производства. Машиностроительным предприятиям необходима система планирования загрузки производственных мощностей, которая бы объективно отражала установившуюся экономическую ситуацию, чтобы принимать целесообразные управленческие решения. Главной задачей планирования является формирование графика производства, максимальная загрузка рабочих центров с учетом имеющихся ограничений и приоритетов заказов. В работе показано укрупненное, или межцеховое, планирование графика производства на длительный горизонт планирования и детальное, или пооперационное внутрицеховое, планирование с учетом графика производства, доступности рабочих центров и производственных заделов. Проведено сравнение уровней планирования. На этапе укрупненного планирования происходит планирование графика производства, представляющего собой календарное расписание выполнения маршрутных карт производства и позволяющего оценить исполнимость полученных заказов на производство к дате потребности, перепланировать построенный график при внесении изменений и отклонениях в производственных планах. На этом этапе при первичном размещении заказа в графике производства по каждой строке определяется возможность исполнения заказа к указанной дате потребности. В случае невозможности обеспечения производства конкретного изделия к дате потребности, рассчитывается дата его предполагаемого выпуска. На уровень детального планирования передается график производства — объем работ на интервал планирования, для исполнения которого в заданном интервале хватает доступности групп рабочих центров. В рамках данного интервала планируется конкретное время выполнения для каждой операции с определением конкретных рабочих центров, которые будут задействованы на выполнение операций. В результате проведенных математических расчетов получена рекомендованная последовательность планирования маршрутных карт производства. Представленная в работе математическая модель выбора приоритета планирования маршрутных карт производства позволяет рассчитать выполнимость заказов в срок, а также определить планируемый интервал времени, в который должна быть выполнена каждая маршрутная карта., One of the most important tasks in our country is the further development of the economy of industrial production, including increasing the depth of redistribution of domestic industrial products. It predetermines the need for automation and computerization of machine-building production, introduction of modern methods of the digital economy in terms of optimizing the supply curve. This leads to setting the tasks of improving the planning and management system of engineering production. Machine-building enterprises need a capacity planning system that would objectively reflect the established economic situation for efficient management decision-making. The main planning objective is to form a production schedule, maximum load of work centers taking into account the existing restrictions and priorities of orders. The paper shows enlarged, or inter-workshop, planning of a production schedule for a long planning horizon and detailed, or operational intra-workshop, planning We take the production schedule, the availability of work centers and production facilities into account. The planning levels are compared. At the stage of enlarged planning, a production schedule consists in a calendar schedule for the execution of production routing maps. It allows to evaluate the feasibility of received orders for production by the date of need, to reschedule the constructed schedule when changes and deviations take place in the production plans. At this stage, during the initial placement of the order in the production schedule for each line, the possibility of fulfilling the order by the specified requirement date is determined. If it is impossible to ensure the production of a particular product by the date of need, the date of its intended release is calculated. The production schedule is transferred to the level of detailed planning ‒ the volume of work per planning interval, for the execution of which the availability of groups of work centers is enough for a given interval. Within this interval, a specific execution time is planned for each operation with the definition of specific work centers that will be involved in the execution of operations. As a result of mathematical calculations, we obtained a recommended sequence of planning production route maps. The mathematical model of choosing the planning priority for production mapping presented in the work allows us to calculate the feasibility of orders on time, and also to determine the planned time interval in which each routing map should be completed.