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The paper investigates the problems of inclusive education from the perspective of scientific research and with an intention to point to the most pressing problems of inclusive education in Serbia from the researchers’ perspective. The analysis encompassed 135 papers focused on different problems related to the research of the inclusive theory and practice and published in the pedagogical literature in the last 10 years. Two units of analysis have been selected: theoretical and problem approach to studying and researching, as well as the methodological approach to the research of inclusive education. The results indicate that, during the first decade after inclusive education had been introduced in Serbia, the authors were dealing mostly with the problems of critical consideration of the conceptual discourse and practice of inclusive education, and very little with the effects of inclusive education. It has been established that empirical papers take prevalence over theoretical ones, while descriptive and survey methods were applied most commonly. The research was carried out using mostly the onesample technique and instruments and no participatory research was conducted. The pedagogical implications refer to the need for a more objective research of the effects of inclusion, given the ten-year period of implementation, and that the research approaches should include all inclusive education actors through participatory and qualitative research in order to offer the guidelines to the creators of the educational reform and its participants in terms of further improvement of the idea and practice of inclusive education.

Introduction and purpose: The aim of artificial sweeteners is to replace the sweetness of sugar without contributing to the higher energy consumption or unfavorable metabolic effects conventional sugar causes. Synthetic sweeteners - one of the most popular groups - are labeled as safe for use in foods and represented by acesulfame K, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, cyclamate and advantame. Although they underwent safety procedures, their possible unbeneficial effects are still being evaluated. In this paper we focus on their impact on the gut microbiome. Brief description of the state of knowledge: For now, the advantage of search conducted on animals is observed. Those papers show the possibility of a relationship between artificial sweeteners and composition of the gut microbiota. Changes that were observed affected the gut microbiota in a negative way as they may be responsible for causing disbalance in the conglomerate of microorganisms. Studies on humans are limited. Long term consumption of acesulfame K and sucralose is linked with modulation of the composition of the microbiota. It has also been shown that synthetic sweeteners are able to increase the ability of bacteria to form a biofilm. Conclusions: Heretofore published paperworks about the impact of synthetic sweeteners on the gut microbiota are not sufficient to conduct valuable and unambiguous conclusions. Evidence collected until now is leading to a deduction that gut microbiota can be affected by the consumption of the sugar surrogates although more data is needed to clearly determine their possible role.

During the autumn season, it is common for mushroom pickers to eat poisonous mushrooms. This is due to many reasons, including the ignorance of pickers. The most common is the misidentification of inedible species as edible mushrooms. The result is poisoning, which in many cases requires hospitalization. This paper presents a case report of toadstool poisoning by a 62-year-old female patient. In addition, other relevant publications on intoxication, diagnostic methods and treatment are reviewed. The purpose of this paper is to present the management and treatment of a case of toadstool poisoning. The effects of mushroom poisoning can range from mild disorders, mainly gastrointestinal to organ failure and even death. Significant elevations of liver enzymes and prothrombin time are important in laboratory tests in cases of intoxication. Treatment most often involves specific antidotes, such as Sylimarin, Acetylcysteine. The diagnosis in most cases is made on the basis of the clinical picture and a thorough interview with the patient, and the diagnosis is established by detecting toxins in a urine test. The prognosis is better if patients with toadstool poisoning are admitted to the hospital early. It is worth noting that gastrointestinal syndromes can also result from eating raw or inadequately cooked mushrooms, and by eating them excessively or too often. Proper diagnosis and treatment of mushroom poisoning can save lives. It is very important to raise public awareness of mushroom poisoning, as well as early detection of potential signs of intoxication. Cooperation with the poison center and mycologists is very important, especially in high-risk cases.

This paper studies the effect of Mandarin proficiency on poverty reduction and its mechanism. The China General Social Survey (CGSS) is taken as the data source. From the perspective of social integration, the poverty reduction effect of Putonghua and its mechanism are empirically studied from the perspective of social interaction, social fairness, and social trust. The findings showed that improving the ability to listen and speak Mandarin positively affects social interaction, social trust, and social fairness. It showed that Putonghua proficiency positively correlates with the suppression of economic poverty. After the occurrence of poverty, whether a sample of absolute poverty or relative poverty, the ability to listen and speak in Mandarin has a specific inhibitory effect on social interaction, social trust, and social fairness. After the occurrence of poverty, the frequency of social interaction, social trust, and social public since have been reduced to a certain extent. Specifically, the ability to express Mandarin has shown remarkable results in improving social interaction, and the ability to listen among ordinary people has shown remarkable results in enhancing social fairness. The results of this paper provide empirical evidence of poverty alleviation in China via Improving Mandarin Proficiency. This research is also of great significance for optimizing poverty alleviation paths through language in the post-poverty alleviation era.

Introduction. The process of professional training in most economic sectors is now thoroughly developed and regulated by global science. Today, the exception is the creative directions of professional activity, which play an important role in society. Therefore, there is a reasonable request for the professional training in creative industries. However, in science and practice, it is still not clear how professional training in creative industries should be carried out. An educational model, based on modern approaches and principles of learning, can be an effective solution to this problem.Aim. The present research aimed to disclose the content and results of approbation of the model of professional training in computer-based music production.Methodology and research methods. The research methodological framework is based on the concepts of competency-based, activity-based, technological and personality-oriented approaches to education; research papers on the problems of using computer music technologies in education; theory and practice of teaching models application in higher education.The leading method was the modelling of the educational process in specialised training in the field of computer-based music production. An experimental research study was carried out with the participation of students and teachers of higher education (n = 83 people). The authors employed the following methods: a questionnaire survey, testing, practical assignments, measurement of motivation for educational computer-based music production, the Fisher’s method.Results and scientific novelty. The current research paper presents the authors’ model of specialised computer-based musical instruction, which includes four main units: motivational-targeted, content-logical, activity-technological and diagnostic (evaluative-productive). The novelty of the model is determined by the implementation of the leading innovative educational activity of students, which is characterised by the production, processing and reproduction of musical material using musical computer technologies. An important component of the model is a complex of pedagogical technologies, which is a part of the activity-technological unit and includes the following technologies: interactive, design, research, modelling technologies, individualisation of training, computer and information technologies. The effectiveness of the content of the proposed educational model is confirmed by the results of the experimental research study on the implementation of this model in the conditions of student mastery of computer-based music production disciplines in the real educational process of a pedagogical university. The data obtained revealed a high (sufficient and advanced) level of formation of computer-based musical competencies among students.Practical significance. The model for specialist training can become a separate element of the educational programme, which provides training for specialists in computer-based music production. The research materials may have implications for the further development of educational science and the practice of specialist training in other creative industries.

The paper examines the problem of transformation of the dialogue between educators and philosophers (within the framework of the scientific dialogue between the philosophy of education and the history of philosophy) in the 21st century. The work implements a perspectivist approach, exploring the interdisciplinary field of philosophy of education and history of philosophy from the position of an actor of science in measuring the dialogue between educators and philosophers. Monographs and scientific papers of 1990–2021 serve as a source material for the study. In the course of the study, the author’s approach to the study of the current state and discussions of the philosophy of education in the perspective of the dialogue between teachers and historians of philosophy has been substantiated. The article generalizes the features of the transformation of the field of philosophy of education in 1990–2021, identifies the periods of change in the dialogue between the philosophy of education and the history of philosophy, highlights the general directions of modern discussions. It is demonstrated that in modern research the dialogue between educators and historians of philosophy occurs at all levels of philosophy of education: the level of methodology; practical developments of thinkers of the past; cultural, social, value context. At the same time, the role of the historian of philosophy is to deepen criticism and interpretation of the pedagogical discourse of the past in response to a specific request from specialist educators, in clarifying certain aspects of philosophy and contextualizing them within the framework of the situation of education. The article shows the importance of studying the historical and philosophical layer of modern problems, indicates the continuing relevance of the study of the philosophy of the past and the work of the historian of philosophy for specialists in various branches of the humanities.

Modern Uzbekistan undergoes wide-scale social and economic reforms that include the modernization of higher education system. This paper aims at evaluating the actual and potential impact of the reforms in Uzbekistan’s higher education on the Russian universities’ opportunities to export education to Uzbekistan. Accordingly, the paper traces the evolution of the national higher education system under President Islam A. Karimov (from 1991 to 2016), analyzes the new priorities of higher education policies set by his successor Shavkat M. Mirziyoyev, shows their interlinkages with the transition to a new model of national development, and focuses on the objectives and instruments of higher education internationalization. Theoretically and methodologically, the research relies on the concepts of internal and external internationalization of higher education, Clark’s model of higher education system elements, and Trow’s concept of higher education massification levels. The authors show the scale and interconnectedness of higher education challenges that have been developing in Uzbekistan in the course of the 25 years of its independence. The authors argue that higher education internationalization has become a way to achieve a number of objectives, in particular to improve the quality of higher education, orient it to massification, make it more accessible in the country’s regional centers. The paper shows the parameters of internal and external internationalization of higher education in Uzbekistan that has demonstrated the unprecedented dynamics in post-Soviet countries. The paper underlines that the policy of rapprochement with Russia launched by Tashkent in 2016 has created exceptionally beneficial opportunities for Russian universities to work in Uzbekistan and attract Uzbek students. Four mid-term scenarios of higher education internationalization in Uzbekistan are suggested.

The relevance of this study is determined by the importance of issues of interrelation of the emotional component of activity with the final results obtained in the course of creative research in different areas, as well as the practical significance of studying the problems of the influence of a wide range of emotional experiences on the overall effectiveness of the creative process. The purpose of this study is to determine the extent to which the emotional component of creativity influences the effectiveness of the creative process, regardless of the field of activity. The leading approach in this study was a combination of theoretical study of various aspects of creative activity in general, with a structural analysis of the features of the influence of the emotional component on the overall effectiveness of the creative process in various areas of activity. The results obtained in the course of this study demonstrate the wide range of possibilities for the rational use of personal emotional displays on the specific issues of applying creative activity in general and in terms of assessing the effectiveness of the creative process in particular. The results and conclusions of this paper have significant practical value for representatives of creative professions, researchers of psycho-emotional manifestations of personality in the conduct of creative activity, and will be useful for the next generations of researchers of various aspects of the influence of emotional experiences on the effectiveness of the creative process. The results will be useful as a scientific basis for the author to conduct further full-fledged research into the wide range of issues presented in this paper, thereby contributing to further objective and qualitative coverage of the subject matter

Introduction. The research paper seeks to identify the level of motivation of Slovak educators teaching in Hungary in the context of a low level of teachers’ motivation in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of the paper is to show the relationship between socio-demographic factors (age, gender, type of school) and the degree of teachers’ motivation at Slovak national schools in Hungary. The results of research on motivation in relation to gender, age and type of school are shown to be inconsistent and yield varying findings. Materials and Methods. This paper is based on the data collected in the survey conducted in 10 Hungarian counties between January and April 2019, using a sample of 139 teachers of ethnic schools (monolingual, bilingual and schools teaching the ethnic language as a separate subject). We processed the obtained research results using methods of descriptive statistics and methods of inferential statistics (Pearson correlation coefficient; Mann-Whitney U test; Kruskal-Wallis H test). Results. The results showed that there was no correlation between the teacher’s age and teaching motivation (p > 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between gender and teaching motivation when using the Mann-Whitney test. Using a non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test, the existence of significant differences in the level of motivation of teachers working at various types of schools was confirmed. The research showed that teachers of bilingual schools were the most positive in relation to motivation, and the lowest average scores were achieved by teachers in schools where Slovak is taught as a subject. The age and gender of teachers were not significant in relation to the evaluation of the degree of motivation for teaching Slovak. Discussion and Conclusion. The results presented in the article will be beneficial not only for pedagogical researchers, but especially for Slovak teachers in Hungary, as research of this kind was conducted for the first time.

Quarantine restrictions have increased the relevance of distance learning, and the level of information and communication technology development has made it possible for the Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) to switch to online mode, this being the optimal solution amid the pandemic. The object of this paper is to analyse the practical aspects of distance learning under quarantine and to identify the key factors affecting its efficiency. The assessment of the distant technologies use during the educational process and its efficiency was carried out by means of anonymous online questionnaire survey of the students from 4 higher education institutions: University of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, National Transport University, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine and Separated structural subdivision of the Kyiv College of Municipal Economy of The V.I. Vernadsky Taurida National University. The research has revealed the level of technical provision for distance learning; the level and practical experience of using distance technologies by the participants of the educational process was determined; the behavioural factors (students' attendance and teachers' adherence to the class schedule and thematic outlines) were examined; motivational factors of students' learning online were analysed; the most significant benefits of distance learning were examined; the higher education students' attitude to the blended and distance forms of learning was determined. It has been substantiated that distance learning organisation in the institution based on a single shared platform is a prerequisite for ensuring a highly effective online learning process. The practical value of the paper lies in the application of the survey results to enhance and increase the distance learning efficiency at the higher education institution level

Introduction. The active integration of digital technologies into the modern educational process is an urgent task for the global education ecosystem. In this paper, within the framework of the joint international educational project “Digital Toolbox for Innovation in Nursing Education (I-BOX)”, conducted under the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Union, we present a new instructional design of the educational process using digital technologies on an electronic platform, based on the ASSURE model. The aim of the study is to design digital educational process using the ASSURE model with a view of its integration into electronic platforms. Materials and Methods. The development of the ASSURE model for instructional design was based on three stages. The first stage involved the analysis of available instructional models in order to determine the feasibility of application for the project. The second stage included the adaptation of the ASSURE model for instructional design as consistent with the project objectives. The third stage covered the definition and integration of modern digital technologies in the process of instructional design following the ASSURE model. Results. Based on the results of the study, the participants of the I-BOX Strategic Partnership Consortium developed an ASSURE model that can be applied for the instructional design in educational process when the use of digital technologies (video, audio, podcasts) and the placement of learning materials on an electronic platform are required. Project participants developed a guide “ASSURE MODEL: Conceptual Structure of the Project and Assessment” based on the results of the study with a step-by-step description of the ASSURE model for the e-learning process. The developed educational and audiovisual e-learning materials based on the ASSURE model will be available on the electronic platform. Discussion and Conclusion. The materials of the paper will be useful when designing the educational process on an electronic platform or in an online format. The presented ASSURE model will increase the possibilities and effectiveness of teaching students from different countries using digital technologies on electronic platforms.

Prophylaxis against edema involves the removal of excess lymph fluid from a specific area of the body. The presence of lymph accumulation, is a sign of abnormalities in the functioning of the lymphatic system, which has lost the ability to properly transport lymph. Swelling otherwise known as lymphedema is among the chronic diseases that adversely affect the functioning of human systems. Lymphedema is one of the most common disorders of the lymphatic system. Its correct function is to drain lymph into the lymphatic vessels, and from there it travels to the lymph nodes. Its malfunction is the failure to drain the lymph into the lymphatic vessels or the lymph nodes. As a result of the abnormal lymph circulation, swelling usually occurs in the lower and upper extremities. The swelling at first appears to be painless, but over time it becomes hard thus reducing the functional capacity of the limbs. Over time, the skin and subcutaneous tissue can become infected, which can affect the formation of a cancer such as lymphosarcoma. Increasingly, so-called dynamic Plastering is being used to assist and alleviate lymphedema. Kinesiology Taping (KT) otherwise known as dynamic patching enables the reduction of swelling by elevating the skin, thus increasing the surface area between the skin and fascia. This results in body fluids having more room to flow freely to the lymph nodes, and this reduces our swelling and lymph accumulation in the extremities.[2] The purpose of this paper is to show the use of Kinesiology Taping to reduce lymphedema. The paper is based on a review of articles in reputable journals from past years.

The success of inclusive education, measured by the students’ sense of belonging in school, has recently become the subject of numerous foreign research papers, while a modest number of papers on this topic can be found in our literature. Given that inclusive education has been present in our country for a decade, the aim of the research was to determine the level of the sense of belonging in a school environment of children with developmental difficulties in an inclusive environment. The sample consisted of 35 children with developmental difficulties from 11 primary schools in which inclusive education has been implemented for at least eight years. The research used the Sense of Belonging in School Scale adapted for the needs of the research with children with developmental difficulties. The results of the research obtained by the scaling technique showed that the majority of the students have a high level of the sense of belonging in their school, and no statistically significant difference was found in relation to the type of developmental difficulty. The highest degree of agreement with the statements was found in students with physical and sensory disorders, followed by students with intellectual disabilities, then disorders within the spectrum of autism, while students with behavioral difficulties agreed the least with the claims. The obtained results indicate a positive experience of students during schooling in inclusive classes.

Some studies have unequivocally indicated the links between the early development of metalinguistic consciousness and the later success of children in the acquisition of literacy, as well as with their integration into society. However, in the context of the methodology of speech development, the multiplicity of aspects of metalinguistic consciousness has not been thoroughly examined so far. This paper attempts to fill this gap and show a possible approach to the development of the metalinguistic consciousness and the metalanguage of speech function in children. The aim of the paper is twofold: a) to provide a systematic overview of the requirements that can examine and encourage metalinguistic awareness in children and b) to present a model of crossing the metalanguage tasks with traditional forms of play, so that the work on developing the metalinguistic awareness in preschool institutions can be carried out adequately, considering the cognitive and socio-emotional characteristics of the child – through metalinguistic games.

Using the example of “Hajduci” by Branislav Nušić, as school extensive reading for the fifth grade of primary school, this paper analyzes the compliance of ten selected editions of this work with the orthographic norm that was current at the time when these editions were published. Ten editions of this work were selected, starting from the first edition (1933/34), to the most recent one (2018), aiming to cover both periods of Serbian orthographic norm – the first, Belić’s period, with the editions from 1923, 1930, 1934, 1950, and the second period, of Matica Srpska orthographic norm, with the editions from 1960 (together with Matica hrvatska), and in 1993 and 2010 whose authors are M. Pešikan, М. Pižurica and J. Jerković. In order to emphasize the importance of this analysis for teaching practice, it also includes the textbooks (readers) containing the excerpts from the novel “Hajduci”. Bearing in mind that the students’ language competencies in the field of grammar and orthographic norms are also developed by reading the works included in the reading lists, such as Nušić’s “Hajduci”, the aim of this paper is to determine to what extent, and according to which orthographic rules, the publishers of the later editions of this novel harmonised it with the current ortographic norm.

The main goal of the current overview is to assess major trends in studying of fine motor skills neurobiology.Materials and techniques. PubMed (MedLine), Embase databases have been used for Information search. Search depth is 5 years (2016 – 2021). 12 papers that are more relevant to the topic have been chosen from the primary paper array (n=49). MAXQDA (Verbi Software GmbH, Germany) has been used for content analysis.Results and discussion. The current state is characterized by interdisciplinary integration using both complex experimental laboratory models and modern bionic and information technologies.Conclusion. Contemporary trends in the problem studying is the widespread utilization of information technologies and the development of approaches to neurorehabilitation with motor deficiency consideration. Fine motor skills recovery in patients with CNS lesions requires further interdisciplinary integration.

The paper presents the results of a research conducted with the aim of determining the contribution of Science and Social Studies textbooks in the formation and strengthening of the national identity of younger students in primary school. The theoretical part of the paper provides an overview of different conceptualizations of the concept of national identity, as well as an overview of the research on the role of program frameworks and educational content in the development of the national identity of children and young generation. In accordance with different conceptualizations, national identity has been operationalized in 11 categories: religion, customs and traditions, national feelings, language, symbols and insignia, solidarity and togetherness, cultural heritage, important personalities, geographical concepts, family, and general information. The method of theoretical analysis and the method of content analysis were applied in the research. The units of analysis are the sentences of the basic text of the textbook. The research included the Science and Social Studies textbooks in the lower grades of primary school (N = 12). The results of the research indicate that textbooks insufficiently contribute to the formation and strengthening of the national identity of the younger school age students, in terms of all considered categories of national identity. The conducted analysis implies that it is possible and desirable to strengthen the contents of national significance and, to a greater or lesser extent, incorporate them in all thematic units, which would significantly increase the overall share of the contents on national identity.

Introduction. Despite numerous research works on international students’ training at Russian universities, no analysis of efforts to increase student body has been made so far. In this paper, the authors analyze various aspects of policies aimed at increasing international students’ body (economic advantages, sociocultural benefits, education system changes, international students’ adaptation management). The goal of the paper is to consider the advantages and disadvantages of the international students’ rise in the total population of Russian universities. Materials and Methods. The study comprised several stages, including statistical data screening, analysis of international students’ adaptation measures efficiency, the education process participants’ survey and observation of the activities of public agencies responsible for international students’ stay and study in Russia. The survey involved about 100 university employees, an equal amount of small and medium business representatives and 500 international students from Russian universities. 500 international students participated in a questionnaire survey, and digital content of Russian universities’ websites has been analyzed in order to obtain data necessary for the study. Results. The study revealed a trend toward a rise in international student body at Russian universities, with advantages including higher universities’ incomes, jobs preservation despite the demographic instability, and development of the region’s small and medium business owing to an increased demand for goods and services. The trend also provided socio-cultural and educational benefits and revealed the need to manage students’ adaptation, as well as to establish and develop interaction between universities and federal agencies. Discussion and Conclusion. The research results provide a contribution to education and student body management and regional business strategy planning. The findings may be of assistance to heads of recruitment agencies and bodies responsible for accompanying international students at the place of stay, as well as to service industry managers.

The aim of this paper was to prove the relationship between motor skills and anthropometric characteristics as a predictive system with effectiveness and results in running the discipline at 400 meters as situational-motor variables of the criteria system. The research was done by testing 60 samples of men 18 years old, ± 6 months, of the Faculty of Physical Education and Sports in Prishtina. Regarding the anthropometric variable, bigger correlation has been shown by the variable dermal tipple of the arm (AMTP) which correlate positively with running in 400 meter, from which we can conclude that the fullest in the upper limbs are students, the more slowly realize running in the 400 meters and conversely. The measurements were executed during September in the hall of the Faculty, in 400 meter runs in the stadium "FadilVokrri" Prishtina. The only condition that was used during the determination of the sample was: that the students are involved in regular physical education classes (and on the day of the measurement be healthy, without the flu, cold or other symptoms). The variables which are applied in this research have been 8 anthropometric variables and 1 motor-specific variables. The results obtained after their processing indicate that the impact of anthropometric variables is higher in running 400 meters. Short distance running and long distance running reduces the impact of anthropometric parameters whereas the influence of metabolic factors of energy production is increased. These results were also confirmed using regression analysis, so that groups of predictors of anthropometric characteristics, specific motor skills that statistically significantly influenced each variable of individual criteria. The results obtained from regression analysis indicate that in the variable 400 m running from low start (MV400MU) does not affect any anthropometric variables applied.We can emphasize that the test (F-test) is more valuable if the multiple correlation is greater, in the concrete case of this paper is significant (Sig = 0.645), because the value of the F-test is = 0.753.

Introduction. Today, foreign language competence of a person is a necessary means of active social and professional life. Despite this, quite a lot of young people do not always have the desire to learn foreign languages. This paradox made the motivation to learn foreign languages a popular issue to research worldwide. The article presents the scoping review of international studies devoted to the issue of motivation to learn foreign languages. First of all, it is necessary to understand the research trends in the study of this issue in general, and to determine factors, which influence the lack of students' interest to learn foreign languages in particular.The aim of the present research is to outline the current focus trends and to define the gaps in international research papers aimed at investigating the issue of motivation for foreign languages learning.Methodology and research methods. The methodological framework of the current research is based on the qualitative content analysis of relevant empirical research on this issue from the periodicals indexed by the international databases Scopus and Web of Science over the last 15 years. This review will provide an understanding of the degree of knowledge of the analysed issues at the international level.Results. The research works on the issues of motivation for foreign languages learning were divided into two main categories: the research works concentrated on inner - academic and professional factors, and the works which deal with the outer - social factors of influence. Within these groups, the existing research trends and the most promising research areas were identified (for instance, the influence of peers on the motivational sphere of students). Amongst the numerous works investigating external (socio-economic) factors of influence, there is insufficient research on the influence of macro-political and macro-economic factors on the motivation for learning languages (for instance, foreign languages learning preferences). The research outcomes will contribute to understanding the factors, which influence the students' lack of interest in learning foreign languages.The scientific novelty is in the originality of the demonstrated review, which includes many scientific papers performed by scientists from all over the world and based on various research procedures. In the review, the geographical principle of data selection was not used and the publication date was not taken into account. The main selection criterion was a research paper to be published in a journal peer-reviewed by international databases over the last 15 years.Such a principle was necessary to understand research trends in the issue of motivation for mastering a foreign language competence and to determine similar (or specific) factors for different countries, which cause students' lack of interest in learning foreign languages.Practical significance. The results of the obtained analysis will give understanding of the reasons for the lack of students' motivation to study foreign languages. Moreover, it will help to find a solution to this international challenge.

This paper investigates philosophical, cultural and didactic potential of silence in education. The author substantiates that in the world of ever-augmenting speaking, the student’s silence is manifested as a stage, when there is nothing to say for oneself. This is attributable to the monologue nature of education, the main meanings, goals and the content of which is to convey the multicultural experience of mankind to a “monocultural” student. At the same time, there is a huge potential for silence as competence whereby a student generates his new meanings, knowledge, questions. The paper presents a comparative analysis of the didactics of Eastern and Western cultures core parameters as creativity, dialogism, interactivity. The author concludes that despite the sufficiently large number of the silence phenomenon studies in pedagogy, they mainly affect the methodical le[1]vel. In reliance on philosophical, linguistic, psychosocial research, the article originally examines the methodological foundations of the design and implementation of the didactics of silence. Particular attention is paid to the links between silence, “questioning” and heuristics. It is indicated that silence in teaching factors into exponential development and the formation of such future competencies as creativity, communication, and the affective sphere.

Background. Calendars for schoolchildren are a type of extracurricular literature intended to form in students a complete picture of the world in accordance with ideological, scientific, moral and ethical concepts accepted in society. Pedagogical and educational material in calendar publications is placed in chronological order to serve as a source of information about the alternation of months and days of the week, significant dates and public holidays, as well as astronomical phenomena. In addition to the dates of the general calendar, school calendars include dates and events that are significant for children. These include children's holidays, anniversaries of children's writers, dates of the creation of children's and youth organizations, dates of life of young heroes, etc. Analysis of historical material allows to see the specifics of a successfully implemented calendar project and outline the prospects for its use in modern educational and pedagogical practices. Purpose – analysis of the history of the calendar project for schoolchildren of the XIX-XX centuries and prospects for its use in modern conditions. Materials and methods. Historical and genetic method based on the use of historical artifacts and their analytical study. Results. Studying the history of calendars for schoolchildren and high school students shows the role and significance of the calendar format in the system of domestic education and upbringing. The significance of the calendar for schoolchildren, presented today on various media (paper or electronic), is not limited to its history. The calendar remains an important form of systematization of knowledge about the world, based on the chronological principle. The continuation of the calendar project is moving in the direction of spiritual and historical education of schoolchildren and has good prospects for implementation.

The starting point in this paper is the view that the actualisation of teachers‘ beliefs about teaching, in other words, what teachers actually do in practice, is influenced by, among other things,the factors such as teachers‘ perception of autonomy in their work and self-efficacy in different areas of activity. Therefore, the goal of our research was to examine the connection between teachers‘perspectives on teaching, their experience of autonomy, and their experience of self-efficacy at work.The research sample consisted of 123 subject teachers from primary and secondary schools in Serbia. The Teaching Perspectives Inventory (TPI), Teacher Self-Efficacy Scale (TSES) and Teacher Autonomy Scale (TAS) were used to collect data. Descriptive statistics techniques and Pearson‘s correlation coefficient were used for data processing. Our findings show that teachers who feel more autonomous in their work also feel more efficient in various aspects of their teaching practice. When it comes to teaching perspectives, teachers with a more pronounced transmissive view of teaching feel a higher level of self-efficacy in the domain of classroom management. At the same time, these teachers have a lower score on the autonomy subscale in relation to the programme. In addition, it was determined that the teachers’ focus on the comprehensive development of students and on students’ different needs is accompanied by the feeling that they know how to include and motivate different students in class, as well as the feeling that their teaching and learning programmes are not limiting in this respect. Our conclusion is that teachers‘ views on teaching and their experiences of autonomy and self-efficacy in teaching practice are interconnected phenomena, which indicates not only the importance of raising awareness and transforming teachers‘ perspectives on teaching, but also the need to provide conditions that would facilitate these processes, which imply a greater autonomy of teachers in various aspects of their activities.

The paper looks at the leadership skills of the future pedagogues as a prerequisite for their success and coping in a professional environment. In addition, the goal is to examine the metric characteristics of an adapted version of the Inventory of Student Leadership Outcomes. Leadership skills are operationalised in terms of eight variables related to: organisation and planning, awareness of diversity, self-management, self-confidence, use of technologies, cognitive development and critical analysis, interpersonal communication, problem solving and decision-making. The research was conducted on a sample of 194 respondents who are studying pedagogy at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Novi Sad. The results indicate that the original eight-factor structure of the instrument has been confirmed, and that the Inventory of Student Leadership Outcomes, even in its shorter form, is a reliable and valid instrument suitable for application in various educational contexts. It was determined that the students of pedagogy, viewed as a whole, possess leadership potential, which is reflected in above-average developed leadership skills. According to the respondents’ self-assessment, the awareness of diversity is most emphasised among the examined variables, while interpersonal communication skills are the weakest, although still above average. The results are satisfactory, but they leave room for action in terms of improving the professional training of the future pedagogues, which would entail nurturing and developing the skills and personality traits necessary for establishing, building, and improving relationships with other participants in the educational process.

Student population is a vulnerable group of young people for involvement in gambling activities and the development of pathological gambling. The aim of this paper is to examine the nature of the motivation for gambling among students of the University of Belgrade relative to the risk of developing gambling problems. Using self-determination theory as a conceptual framework, this research investigated the motives for gambling of 158 college students, 58% female and 42% male. The socio-demographic characteristics and gambling activities of the students were additionally investigated. Data were collected using the Socio-demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, The South Oaks Gambling Screen, and The Gambling Motivation Scale. The results indicate that, out of the total number of the respondents, 10.6% of students met the criterion of being pathological gamblers, 6.96% of students are potential pathological gamblers, and 82.28% of students do not have a problem with gambling. A difference was observed in the motives for gambling. Regarding intrinsic motives, students who are pathological gamblers state the achievement of stimulation, and the extrinsic motive of coping. As for the favourite gambling activities, the following stood out: sports betting, casino, and gambling on slot machines. Students whose gambling progressed to pathological stated that they started gambling in high school and have a positive family history of gambling. The obtained results indicate the need for further research and the development of preventive programmes.

The paper proposes an approach to the design of the Service Learning discipline in a medical university, based on a detailed sociological study, a comparative review of the experiences of other countries, and the results of a pilot project at the Privolzhsky Research Medical University (Nizhny Novgorod). The aim of this study is to develop recommendations for the organisational support and content of Service Learning (subject types, target groups, formats), taking into account the medical students’ identified motivation to undertake projects with a volunteering component. The results showed that medical students have a particular motivation to participate in the discipline that is different from that of students of other disciplines (in the study, the control sample consisted of students in the social sciences and humanities): they emphasise the development of professional skills and the improvement of medical knowledge. Medical students choose projects related to direct clinical practice and public health, emphasising their interest in the practical application of knowledge and social responsibility. The main task of the discipline – the formation of civicism, social responsibility, moral values – is organically achieved in the medical students training. On the other hand, the tight schedule and rigid academic discipline in medical university require stability and certainty in the educational process, which is at odds with the project activity logic, that is characterised by flexibility and changeability of the external environment. The search for optimal organisational conditions for the implementation of project activities in a medical university can be the subject of further research on the topic of the publication.

The study deals with the problem of students’ health. Discussing the relevant studies, the author notes that most researchers focus on the role of the educational environment. Considering it, the author underlines that there are other significant factors, which affect students’ health. Because health keeping is a purposeful activity that includes motivational, behavioral, expressive components as well as cognitive one, it is necessary to study the peculiarities of the formation students’ ideas about healthy caring. In addition, it should be taken into account that modern students are digital generation Z, who are famous for their deep involvement into online reality that has a significant impact on the construction of their values and ideas, including those about health. The purpose of the paper is to study the ideas about health keeping among Zet-students and identify the factors of their formation. The theoretical and methodological background includes theories of social constructivism, digitalization of health and mediatization. The empirical data consist of data from the author’s research (methods – survey (online questionnaire)) and those presented in relevant publications. Based on the results, the features of ideas about health keeping and the main factors of their formation were identified. As it has found out, along with traditional ones, this process is increasingly influenced by online resources, which have ambivalent impact. Considering the focus of Generation Z students on healthy life, health value, it is proposed to expand measures within the educational process to form an ideology of healthy lifestyle among modern students.

Introduction. The paper presents a reconsideration of the foundations of the discipline of Science Studies, taking into account post-non-classical ideas about science. This approach positions Science Studies not only as a scientific field but also as an educational discipline aimed at novice researchers. Aim. The present research aimed to assess the current state of science as a scientific and educational discipline in the Russian and Euro-American scientific traditions. It also aimed to present the project of teaching the discipline of Science Studies as a rigorous science, encompassing both its fundamental and applied aspects, and utilising quantitative and qualitative research methods. Methodology and research methods. The synthesis of universal evolutionism approaches (including deterministic chaos concepts) and the methods of quantitative and qualitative content analysis were employed. Results. A quantitative analysis of the state of science in Russia was conducted. The analysis revealed an increase in the interest of Russian researchers in scientific issues. However, it also highlighted a lack of clear understanding of its disciplinary parameters. Scientific novelty and practical significance. It is proved that Science Studies can be a significant incentive for the growth of scientific knowledge in Russia. The work has led to an understanding of the role of epistemological (cognitive) and social mechanisms in the development of science.

Introduction. The various challenges faced by international students encourage educational scholars and practitioners to advocate for the development of assistance and support activities targeting this group of students. The scientific justification of the study rests on the lack of empirical studies investigating the specific demand of international students for support activities organized by universities. The aim of the study was to find out the most important types of university support sought by international students. In addition, the study was to determine which university staff should be involved in assisting international students. Materials and Methods. The main research method used was a group survey conducted in the spring of 2023 at the Belarusian-Russian University and covering 96% of the entire contingent of international students. A questionnaire including 14 types of supportive initiatives was developed for the survey. In the course of the study, respondents assessed the significance of the proposed types of support on a four-level scale. The SPSS Statistics program was used to process the results. Results. The results showed that the main forms of support for international students were facilitating problem-oriented meetings and increasing extracurricular initiatives. In addition, international students perceived the support provided by university lecturers as slightly less important. Specifically, the following forms of faculty support were ranked in the following order: giving international students additional time to formulate their answers, optimizing academic assignments, distributing printed lecture materials, and facilitating individual consultations. Finally, relatively less important types of support were considered by international students to be learning a special adaptation course and being accompanied by senior students or faculty mentors. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of this study confirmed the need to improve the educational environment at the university, thereby contributing to the identification of precise measures to assist and support international students. The contents of this paper will prove valuable to researchers working in comparable academic fields and practitioners seeking to improve the standard of education for international students. The results may also form the basis for further research into the development of activities to support international students.

Introduction. The decrease in the population of Russia in recent decades has been caused by ongoing natural decline and decrease in migration growth. The government’s policy of increasing the country’s migration attractiveness has not yet produced the expected results. The average version of the population forecast indicates a decrease in the number, an increase in the proportion of the population older than the able-bodied, a decrease in the proportion of the population younger than the able-bodied, which will subsequently be reflected in the size of the workforce. The purpose of the study is to analyze the current parameters of the labor force; to study educational migration as a source of attracting foreign graduates to work in Russia. Materials and Methods. The paper examines the current parameters of the Russian labor force, and draws conclusions on changes in key labor market indicators. The current regulations and legal acts regulating labor migration have been identified, including those on attracting highly qualified specialists and retaining graduates from foreign countries to work in Russia. Results. As a result of the study of the state policy in the field of education, measures have been identified to expand the accessibility of the educational services market in Russia for foreign students. Possible options for their further employment in Russian companies and for work abroad are presented. The state policy of the main donor countries of foreign students in Russia, as well as government regulation measures in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, has been studied. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of this study can be used in the process of developing state migration and educational policy, in the field of improving the legislative regulation of educational migration and the subsequent attraction of foreign graduates to employment in Russia.

Introduction. Diversification of education of children with special needs, carried out on the basis of the inclusive educational paradigm, actualized the tasks of formation and development of inclusive competencies of teachers in general educational organizations. These competencies, however, should be considered in their connection with inclusive dispositions of a teacher as meaning structures of his/her personality. But the problem of interrelation of inclusive dispositions and teachers’ competences has not been empirically developed so far. Establishing the nature of the relationship between inclusive dispositions and competences of teachers of general education organizations was the purpose of the study, which was implemented in the context of the typological approach to inclusive dispositions of teachers and the materials of which are presented in the paper. Materials and Methods. The study surveyed 759 primary, secondary, and supplementary education teachers from 7 federal districts of Russia. The authors employed diagnostic methods, including a situational professional test for evaluating the development of inclusive competencies in teachers, as well as a self-identification questionnaire for determining a teacher’s inclusive dispositions. Results. The materials of the study show that there are reliable differences between teachers characterized by different types of inclusive dispositions with regard to all basic inclusive competencies. Least of all they are formed among teachers with pronounced negative and skeptical inclusive dispositions, with the negative disposition acting as a predictor of underdevelopment of teachers’ inclusive competencies, while the links of supportive and analytical inclusive dispositions with teachers’ inclusive competencies are weak, although reliable. Discussion and Conclusion. The study, augmented by newly obtained empirical data, enhances understanding of the professional and personal readiness of teachers for inclusive education. Its findings underscore the necessity of focused efforts to shape and refine the perceptions of a teacher’s professional activities within inclusive settings. This necessitates their integration into the development of professional training programs geared towards inclusion for teachers.

Introduction. The digital landscape is becoming increasingly important in shaping adolescents’ social interactions. Most researchers examine the negative effects of social media, but there are virtually no publications on the positive effects of social networks on the formation of prosocial behaviour in the digital space. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of social networks, moral identity, empathy, and social self-efficacy on the formation of prosocial behaviour in students on the Internet. Methods and Materials. A total of 430 students participated in the study in public high schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The data obtained were analyzed using the software tool Smart-PLS, which is used for structural equation modeling analysis, related to the constructs of revisit intention and suggestion intention. Two types of analyses, external and internal models, were applied in this paper. Results. The materials of the article prove the positive influence of social networks, moral identity, belongingness, and social self-efficacy on prosocial behaviour of adolescent students on the Internet. Social interaction through digital media enables students to engage in prosocial behaviours: sharing positive experiences, emotional support, etc. Moral identity becomes a key factor in cyberspace in terms of determining how interaction responds to content on the Internet. Empathy acts as a link that facilitates the transformation of information received through social media into positive reactions. Social self-efficacy is the psychological basis that motivates people to maintain positive behaviour on the Internet as well as in social networks. Discussion and Conclusion. The results of the study will be essential for the development of students’ prosocial behaviour on the Internet in schools through various educational programs, especially in the context of online interactions; provide a solid foundation for the creation of educational programs that help reinforce moral and ethical values, as well as improve students’ empathy and social self-efficacy skills.

Formulation of the problem. Today the problem of developing information and digital competence (IDC) of future officers in the context of non-formal education and the problem of designing a diagnostic apparatus to measure such development is relevant. The paper aims to develop a diagnostic apparatus (criteria and indicators) to measure the development of information and digital competence of future officers Methods. To achieve this goal, we used the analysis and generalization of scientific sources, structural and logical analysis to identify and substantiate the indicators of the development of the IDC of future officers, as well as content analysis and comparative analysis to characterize the levels of development of the IDC of future officers. Results. To assess the levels of development of the IDC of future officers, the criteria (motivational and value, cognitive and activity) and the relevant indicators (the presence of motives, value attitudes for self-development, knowledge about IT & DT in general and in the industry, the ability to use DT and IT to solve professional problems) have been determined. The qualitative assessment of the indicators made it possible to characterize the levels of development of future officers' IDC. Each level (low, medium, and high) reflects a different degree of IDC development, and, accordingly, a different degree of development of motives, knowledge, and skills to use IT and DT in professional activities. A low level may be sufficient for basic tasks, but medium and high levels are critical for managing complex operations and adapting to the performance of professional duties. Conclusions. This diagnostic apparatus has been developed, and levels of development of future officers' information and digital competence have determined the ability to use modern technologies to perform official duties effectively. With the help of the diagnostic apparatus, it becomes possible to test the effectiveness of pedagogical models of future officers' IDC development.

This study investigates the factors that drive African students to Russia. The number of African students studying in Russia from the 2010/11 to 2022/2023 academic year increased more than fivefold: from 6.7 thousand to 34.4 thousand. The paper was based on an online survey provided to African students between February and November 2023. A sample of 275 African students from 28 countries was used. Findings revealed that the major factors that draw African students to Russia are the quality of education and the quality of life. We compared the quality of education between both genders along with the quality of life. The findings also revealed that females are more interested in the quality of life than males, while males are more interested in the quality of education than females. The findings suggested that policymakers should consider age and previous education as major variables in student migration.

The paper is devoted to the relevance criterion of argument evaluation within argumentation theory. Argument evaluation is a tool to avoid misunderstanding and misleading in argumentation — one of the most basic forms of human communications. The purpose of the paper is to outline the generalized relevance criterion, which involves the key relevance types proposed in different approaches to argumentation. Achieving this goal helps to give a clear answer to the question, “What is to be relevant within the argumentative communication?” The author proves that the key features of logical relevance, dialectical relevance, and audience relevance. It is compared these relevant types to answer the question, “Whether is it possible to integrate them into one generalized criterion of relevance?”

Creativity in a tangible and intangible product is an attempt at overcoming the current situation in the field of creation and the life of the person who creates the product. The main feature of creativity is an effective novelty in relation to something familiar, which means that it offers an appropriate solution to the problem to which it refers. The paper criticizes the thesis on the innateness of creativity, according to which a person is creative on the basis of heritage, which would practically mean that education does not have any special significance for the creation of creative works. The criticism is based on the current theories of creativity that indicate the developmental nature of creativity and emphasize the role of learning in the development of creative potentials. The new is built on the existing knowledge through learning, which implies creative processing of information, becoming familiar with it, understanding, acceptance and placement of that information in one’s own knowledge-base of what has been learned. The more creative the learning process is, the greater the chances that it will encourage the creativity of the learner in relation to the existing knowledge and the aspiration for its re-examination and change. The developmental approach to creativity, which begins with creative learning, has been linked to the theory of growth and fixed mindsets about human nature, which addresses our capacity to adapt, change, and grow. In the continuation of the paper, the conditions are considered that would support to a greater extent the creative learning in school. In the final part of the paper, the limitations of this approach are discussed and questions proposed for future research.

Introduction. The new digital economy and its constantly evolving paradigm have completely transformed the model of doing business and the learning methods. MOOCs (massive-open-online-courses) and micro-credentials are the educations interfaces, have become an important teaching environment tool. Distance learning has become an indispensable alternative teaching method in updating and transferring classical education materials according to real-world settings, especially for learners in higher education.Aim. The current research is aimed to address the society's readiness and attitude direction to the concept of MOOCs and distance learning, highlighting its emergence and inevitability for educational institutions of all types in order to make a fundamental change in their curricula, especially in e-business courses, which are the most demanded training courses on MOOCs platforms.Methodology and research methods. In the study, the awareness and recognition of the online community on the MOOCs concept is examined. In this direction, Turkish people's perception and attitudes toward MOOCs have been addressed via sentiment analysis on Eksi Sozluk, the largest social communication and discussion platform in Turkey.Results. According to the sentiment analysis results, it has been determined that 52% of respondents have positive judgments on distance education and MOOCs, 29% of responses are neutral and 18% are negative. In general, distance education and MOOCs are perceived as a useful new education model by the Turkish people.Scientific novelty. This paper is the first sentiment analysis of learners' opinions on MOOCs and distance learning in Turkey. Considering the increasing awareness of MOOCs and the need for e-business education, as the most demanded type of MOOCs, this is the first study investigating the priority of these two phenomena within the context of COVID-19.Practical significance. It is thought that this study will contribute to the stakeholders in terms of showing how MOOCs and micro-credentials have a high potential to understanding trends in education especially in the new normal after the COVID-19 pandemic. The holistic education model of institutions has difficulty meeting the competitive nature and result-oriented approach of the e-business ecosystem. This market reality requires the institutions to offer more to-the-point and applied education solutions. In terms of e-business (e-commerce, digital marketing) education, the importance of MOOCs as a solution-focused on “how” rather than “what” has been comprehensively discussed in the paper.

The paper addresses concerns of preparing the research article for publication in a high-ranking international journal. The paper argues how to develop the competence which is required for successful manuscript submission in the international peer-review journal. The analysis of the reasons for rejecting the manuscript submitted in international journals suggests considering a successful submission through the dialogue between the author and the discourse community of the journal selected for publication. The publication competence of the author is considered as the author’s ability to construct his/her position in the text or authorial voice. Bakhtin’s concept of voice allows interpreting authorial positioning in the dialogue with the discourse community selected for submission. While only the author’s position in the article is intentionally aligned with the epistemological, discursive, and rhetorical boundaries of the discursive community of the journal, the author’s voice may be approved by the community through publication. The approach adopted in the paper is based on Swales’ concept of discourse community and the concept of author’s positioning in academic text suggested by Ivanič. The structure of authorial positioning in the article is developed by using Schmid’s model of the narrative text. The publication competence of the author confirms his/her ability to construct authorial voice, which requires firstly determining the boundaries of the discursive community selected for publication through reading. When the author aligns his/her position in the manuscript with the community boundaries, the author’s voice is addressed to the selected community and it is able to convince the community in the validity of the researcher’s results. In conclusion, the structure of authorial positioning in the research paper is suggested for designing the curriculum of academic writing for publication purposes (ERPP) which aims at successful interactions between the author and the journal community at all stages of manuscript elaboration.

The paper suggests a new approach to performance evaluation of universities in Russia and worldwide based on aggregation of the results of ten global rankings and the Database of External Quality Assurance Results (DEQAR). The method of league analysis (MetALeague) allows the authors to integrate the diverse results of ranking and evaluation regardless of considerable variations in ranking methodology and indicators. As a result of MetALeague integration, the Global Aggregated Ranking of higher education institutions has been made. The paper analyses the global rankings and the position of Russian HEIs in these rankings. The authors have also analyzed the positions of countries based on the number of HEIs included in the Global Aggregated Ranking. The due consideration of research results, according to the authors, can propel the leading Russian universities to higher positions in the global educational environment.

The study of virtual reality in psychology and pedagogy requires an understanding of the essential connections and relationships of VR with various mental phenomena, and above all - reflection.The urgency of considering this problem is due to the search of VR developers and those who use virtual technologies in practice, including VR didactics, practical psychology, for a solution to the issue of self-management of systems with VR.Can VR exercise the reflective function of the mind represented in the processes of self-development, self-determination, self-management of the individual? The first step in solving this issue is to identify and describe the essential relations of reflection and virtual reality.For this, an etymological analysis of the concepts of reflection and virtual reality was carried out.The paper highlights the intersections in the semantic meanings of these concepts.Our analysis allowed us to employ the functional model of reflection (Anikina V.G.), within which VR can be considered as a ‘chronotope’ of reflection — the space-time continuum of the presence of Self ‘outside’ the situation, in relation to which the reflective process is meaningfully carried out.The paper outlines the possible ways of using VR in the development and formation of reflection and universal reflective actions in the educational process.

The modern tendencies in the Russian system of education, the emergence of competition and market relations in this sphere facilitated the reconsideration of the scientific grounds for the higher educational establishments activity. The suggested theoretical and methodological approaches to the domestic higher educational institutions’ management are subject to debate. The paper analyses the most essential terminology for the theoretical grounds of production management applicable for higher education processes. The terms "production", "activity", "production process" are clarified. The frequently used term "the education services production" is proved to be incorrect. The paper specifies the educational service in the context of the higher educational establishment activity, taking into consideration that the educational service should provide the student with the appropriate knowledge, training management, teaching support and student’s own educational activity control. The educational production process with which the student interfaces is divided into three subsequent stages: preparatory, main and final. The essence of each stage is defined. The students’ and teachers’ educational activity subject and result identification ways are suggested. These ways are aimed at making ultimate decisions for educational establishment production management optimization and other aspects improvement.

Chronic diseases of the osteoarticular and muscular system belong to a group of health problems that lead to a limitation of the organism's efficiency, making it difficult or impossible for individuals to function normally. Of the forms of treatment used for chronic diseases of the osteoarticular system, rehabilitation is by far the most common. These activities are mainly financed by the National Health Fund, as well as by social insurance. A complementary role is played by local governments that finance medical rehabilitation for their residents in the form of health policy programmes, implemented as public health tasks. An important argument in favour of rehabilitation at the self-governmental level is the long waiting time for medical rehabilitation services financed by the National Health Fund. The aim of the paper was to show the role of local government in increasing access to therapeutic rehabilitation services for patients with musculoskeletal diseases. The paper discusses such issues as the importance of musculoskeletal diseases for the efficiency of individuals, organization and financing of guaranteed services in curative rehabilitation, as well as increasing access to these services at the local government level.

Communication management in sports organizations requires not only the use of formal tools, such as an official website, fan page or official TV channel. Effective communication should also be based on informal methods, in which the main role is played by interactions between the sports organization and its stakeholders. One such form is viral marketing, which involves sharing files with humorous, social or image content on social networks, messengers, blogs and e-mail. In the case of such forms, due to the wide range and speed of spreading opinions, especially negative ones, about the company, its services or products, it becomes necessary to control the emerging opinions. Management of information with a viral potential allows you to reach stakeholders in an informal way, influencing the building of a positive image, response in crisis situations or creating communities. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the degree of viral marketing use in sports clubs. The research was conducted in October 2021 on different social media. However, due to the extensive scope of the research, this paper focuses on the social network Facebook. The research is concerned with determining the use of viral marketing potential in information management and identifying the characteristics of this form of influencing stakeholders. Due to the limited volume of the article, the main subject of the study is the Polish clubs of the highest level of competition against the background of examples from abroad. The main hypothesis of this article assumes that Polish clubs do not fully use the viral potential and communication activities are based on official messages. Communication management is based on peer benchmarking and replication of what others are doing. It is also assumed that departments responsible for communication in sports clubs do not fully use foreign models.

Today’s economic reality requires entrepreneurs to introduce many changes, especially those of an organisational nature. The period following COVID-19 pandemic will require organizations to create new values, and a broader view of responsibility, to build mutual trust, and to adapt to the new reality. This paper introduces the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), with a focus on ecology as one of the areas of CSR. It can be seen that the pandemic has accelerated environmental targets in many companies. This is due not only to the regulations aligned with the governmental environmental policy, but to an increasing extent also with changing social expectations. The aim of the article was to demonstrate the applicability of ecological, environment-friendly solutions as an example of CSR in the management of sports and leisure enterprises. CPOR studies show that most young people take responsibility for the state of their environment. The training of the test subjects also plays an important role here (CBOS, Environmental Awareness of Poland, 2020) It is assumed that the introduction of eco-friendly solutions in the operation of sports and leisure businesses is noticed and appreciated only by young participants in physical activity. The survey focuses on specific environmental solutions to create a socially responsible corporate image and how these companies operate in a changing environment. The results of the studies carried out for this paper are intended to help answer the question of the importance of emphasising environmental aspects and adapting to change by integrating eco-innovation into the CSR strategies of sports and leisure companies, whether these solutions are perceived by the purchasers of sports and leisure services, as they affect their image. and whether they lead to better relations with market participants.

Purpose: The aim of the paper is to present the economic situation of two publicly listed companies: GKS Katowice (Poland) and Olympique Lyonnais (France). Both enterprises have different ownership models: Olympique Lyonnnais is a privately owned club, and GKS Katowice belongs to a municipal government. However, both clubs operate in the realities of different market economic system (Poland and France) and also at a different level of economic development. It is common that football companies function under uncertainty and risk. This is heightened by additional characteristic factors for this type of activity such as uncertainty of outcome in sports competition. The adoption of professional sport activities also automatically runs to the risk, but this is not the only problem that the company has to face. In addition, both clubs had to deal with new challenges: COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. The paper presented the functioning of both football companies during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns. Methodology: The first part of this research study discusses some particular points of the business strategy and risk management in the context of football companies’ management. The economic and financial situation of two football companies is presented, namely: Olympique Lyonnais and GKS Katowice. The focus is on sports, economic and financial criteria to assess the standing of football companies. This paper combines the conclusions from secondary data analysis, content analysis of web­sites as well as qualitative and quantitative analysis. The study also employs a comparative analysis. Research and practical limitations: Football companies are in the need to take several actions: a) continuously search for new sources of financing and diversification of activities, b) conclude long sponsorship agreements. Building a solid financial foundation and looking into the future can help football companies get through times of various crises and the COVID-19 pandemic.

Background. Recent research has demonstrated intriguing relationships between martial arts practice, particularly Kyokushin Karate Katas (KKK), biophotonic emissions, and changes in water properties. This emerging field connects traditional mind-body practices with modern biophysical measurements. Purpose. To analyze and synthesize current evidence regarding the mechanisms of information transfer between practitioners of Kyokushin Karate and water, focusing on biophotonic emissions, neurophysiological changes, and subsequent effects on recipients of treated water. Methods. We reviewed primary research focusing on: (1) biophotonic emissions during martial arts practice, (2) water structure modifications through mental practices, and (3) neurophysiological effects of treated water. Key papers from 2010-2024 were analyzed, with particular attention to the pioneering work of Babelyuk et al. (2024, 2025) and related studies in biophoton research. Results. Evidence suggests that KKK practice induces measurable changes in practitioners' biophotonic emissions, particularly from brain regions and fingertips. These changes correlate with specific EEG patterns and entropy measures. Water exposed to practitioners during KKK shows altered properties, including modified light emission characteristics and structural changes. Recipients consuming treated water demonstrate neurophysiological changes, even under double-blind conditions. Conclusions. The reviewed research suggests a potentially viable mechanism for information transfer from practitioner to water through biophotonic emissions, with subsequent biological effects on recipients. These findings bridge traditional Eastern practices with Western biophysical measurements, opening new avenues for understanding mind-body interactions.

Introduction and purpose: Endometriosis is a gynecological disease that affects about 10% of women worldwide. Women suffering from endometriosis are susceptible to mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. It is essential to highlight the psychological struggles of women with endometriosis in order to integrate physical and psychological care and subsequently enhance the treatment outcomes. Materials and Methods: Medical databases such as Pubmed, Embase, Google Scholar were searched for scientific papers on endometriosis and its relationship with the symptoms of depression and anxiety. Research outlined the influence of endometriosis treatment, social stigmatization and non-medicinal approach. State of knowledge: The prevalence of depression and anxiety among women with endometriosis is significant. The symptoms of the disease influence daily struggles, relationship with partners and family, education and career responsibilities, subsequently lowering the quality of life. Women with endometriosis experience social stigmatization manifested not only from society members but also from healthcare professionals. The approach to the medical treatment by patients was discovered to be of consequence. Literature review emphasizes the benefits of psychological support and empathetic attitude of medical practitioners. Conclusions: Multidisciplinary team is essential in order to provide intervention strategies leading to greater therapeutic outcomes in endometriosis treatment. Endometriosis and mental disorders are inextricably connected. More research is needed to accent the importance of mental health in the treatment of physical conditions.

Caffeine is one of the most widely consumed and studied stimulants worldwide with a long history in athletics as a performance enhancer. Although listed as a stimulant in the World Anti-Doping Agency’s (WADA’s) 2024 Monitoring Program, its use is not prohibited. Individual responses to caffeine vary widely due to factors like genetics, age, and lifestyle habits, such as smoking and diet. This paper examines caffeine's multifaced role in human metabolism, with an emphasis on athletes' training (endurance and strength) and post-exercise recovery. Our comprehensive review of literature indicates that caffeine typically ingested one hour before exercise in doses around 3-6 mg/kg raises metabolic rate, increases free fatty acids mobilization, extends time to exhaustion in running and cycling, improves maximal voluntary contraction and enhances high-speed muscular activity with low-load movements. It also blocks pain perception. These findings highlight caffeine’s role in endurance and strength sports. However, due to inconsistencies, further research is needed to develop exercise-specific protocols considering dose, timing, and training status. Caffeine aids recovery by reducing delayed - onset muscle soreness, improving glycogen resynthesis, and reducing fatigue. However, late consumption may affect sleep, requiring careful timing and dosage adjustments. Moreover, potential side and positive effects of caffeine ingestion need to be considered.

Introduction: Obesity is a serious health problem that affects a very large percentage of the population, including middle-aged and senior people. Overweight and obesity are risk factors for many diseases, including cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Many papers have been produced investigating the effects of different types of training and diet on body fat levels in overweight and obese populations. One of the best studied forms of exercise is aerobic training. In this article, we will discuss the effects of aerobic training or its combination with resistance training on weight loss and fat burning in an elderly population, including those suffering from sarcopenic obesity. Aim of the study: To demonstrate the effects of aerobic training and the combination of aerobic training and resistance training on weight loss, body fat reduction and other relevant health parameters in a middle-aged and older population. Methods: A review of the literature available in PubMed and Google Scholar databases conducted using key words such as obesity, older adults, overweight, aerobic, resistance training. The review of available publications mainly focused on studies with the strongest scientific evidence such as randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses. Conclusion: Physical exercise is a crucial part of the fight against obesity. The implementation of training supports weight reduction and, at the same time, has a positive impact on fitness and physical performance. Aerobic training has a positive effect on weight loss, but the best results are obtained when aerobic training is accompanied by resistance training, as it has a positive effect on muscle strength and muscle tissue quality and has a positive effect on bone mineral density (BMD). However, it should be noted that significant fat reduction requires the implementation of a calorie deficit.

This paper examines the impact of playing tennis on the visual system, providing an in-depth analysis of physiological, adaptive, and risk-related aspects associated with the sport. The dynamic nature of tennis necessitates intensive visual engagement to track a fast-moving ball, thereby enhancing dynamic vision, depth perception, and visuomotor coordination. On the other hand, the sport also poses risks such as eye strain and mechanical injuries, including corneal and retinal damage. The study underscores the importance of peripheral vision in the game and the need for the visual system to adapt to varying lighting conditions. The authors highlight the benefits of implementing vision exercises and protective measures, such as sunglasses and contact lenses. The significance of preventive measures, regular eye check-ups, and education for players, coaches, and parents is also emphasized. Although demanding, tennis offers opportunities to improve visual functions, contributing to athletic development and visual health.