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Designing strategy of social and economic development of the municipal body implies the analysis of the effective norm-creative base, quantitative estimation of feelings and needs of the population in order to develop efficient methods of goal-setting in its implementation. The article provides findings of the sociological survey within the frames of the project of designing the Strategy of social and economic development of the municipal body 'Namskiy Ulus' for the period 2019-2021 and up to 2030. This Strategy includes shaping the mission, priorities, strategic goals and lines in the social and economic development of the municipal body, key investment projects, resource sources necessary to achieve the system of strategic goals and objectives of the long-term social and economic development. It was underlined that the principle task of the Strategy is to integrate bodies of self-government, state power of the Saha Republic (Yakutiya) in order to create comfortable conditions for cooperation between state and society aimed at implementation of strategic goals of social and economic development of the municipal body 'Namskiy Ulus'. The authors investigated issues of the budget process in the municipal body 'Namskiy Ulus'.

The article considers the social activities of non-governmental organizations in relation to families with children in the context of the modernization of the system of social services for the population, which is aimed at encouraging citizens to independently overcome life difficulties. The paper analyses the social activities of commercial and non-profit organizations, innovative technologies, the quality and variety of services provided to families in need. The authors determine the main barriers to their interaction with government agencies. The study notes, that social activities of commercial and non-commercial organizations expand the range of social services, their accessibility to the population, improve the quality and efficiency. The paper defines the priority directions of activities of socially oriented NGOs in relation to families and children in the context of Russian realities: assistance to families in the development and upbringing of children, assistance in employment and adaptation of mothers, social support for families in need, etc. The study established that the non-governmental sector responds quickly to the needs of citizens and acute social problems, which allows it to be an effective performer of social services. The authors conclude that in Russia it is necessary to form an effective management system for the development of non-governmental organizations as providers of services to families in need, optimize inter-sectoral collaboration. Social activities of the non-governmental sector have great potential and development prospects.

The authors investigate the prospects for the spatial development of modern Russia highlighting the supporting regions considered in the budgetary aspect. The relevance of the study is due to the insufficient evidence for the effectiveness of the current policy of “equalization”, as well as the need for breakthrough growth of the Russian economy within the framework of national development goals. The present paper aims to identify one of the key elements of the supporting framework of the spatial organization of Russia in terms of the level of fiscal capacity. The research methodology is based on the use of complex, statistical and comparative analyses. The authors used official data of Rosstat on the population, tax and non-tax revenues, gratuitous receipts in 2010 and 2019 by regions of Russia. The authors highlight the key aspects of the spatial development of the Russian economy in the regional context: human capital development, economic development, the functioning of spatial structures of various types, fiscal capacity, environmental component, location of information and communication infrastructure, and geopolitical position. The influence of the fiscal capacity parameter on the sustainable socio-economic development of the region is justified. The fiscal capacity index of the constituent entities of Russia is analyzed at the end of 2010 and 2019, the main trends are identified. The study presents a cartographic visualization of the Russian regions by per capita fiscal capacity for tax and non-tax revenues of the consolidated budgets in 2019. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of the revenues of consolidated regional budgets on the macro-regional level, as a result of which the leading regions were identified and their budget parameters described.The present paper outlines one of the key elements of the supporting framework of Russian spatial organization from the point of view of fiscal capacity and identifies potential regions supporting spatial development in the context of macro-regions. The authors conclude that the supporting framework of the spatial organization of Russia, formed by the level of fiscal capacity, characterizes the financial potential of the territories, which can contribute to the development of interregional cooperation, including through the use of mechanisms for ensuring “horizontal” inter-budgetary transfers and budget loans. The prospect for further research on this topic consists in assessing and shaping other elements of the spatial development of Russia and identifying, by uniting them, supporting regions that can stimulate the development of not only the semi-periphery and periphery of their macro-regions but also of the entire country.

The settlements of the Iron Age in the territory of the Volga Region have always been particularly interesting in terms of historical science. This is justified not only by the uniqueness of this territory, but also by the formation of a substantial collection of archaeological materials. A significant number of archaeological sites of the early Iron Age have been discovered and investigated over more than half a century of archaeological research and scientific studies in the territory of the Mari Volga region. This paper introduces the main types of settlements widely spread across the territory of the Mari Volga region during the Early Iron Age. The authors discuss the causes for such innovations as the appearance of settlements in the territory of the Mari Volga region. They provide characteristics of the settlement fortifications of the Mari Volga region population of the early Iron Age. The paper addresses the issues of space organization of both fortified and unfortified settlements of the Mari Volga Region in the early Iron Age. The authors suggest that the causes for the appearance of fortified settlements are associated with both internal and external factors. This in turn influenced the construction innovations of the settlements belonging to the population of the Mari Volga region.

The article describes economic and social problems of different countries resulting from the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. The paper defines general and specific characteristics of economic difficulties in developed and developing countries. The authors carry out a preliminary analysis of the economic and social consequences of the coronavirus pandemic for the global economy as a whole. The study presents a comparative description of approaches to the formation of state financial support for businesses and households in developed countries of the European Union, China and Russia. The article identifies two main models of state support – push/pull, shows their differences in the amount of funds, the breadth of coverage of final recipients, the availability of benefits, and the degree of bureaucratization of procedures. The paper reveals the rules and procedures for providing state events to support businesses and entrepreneurs on the Russian market, and also uncovers shortcomings that significantly affected the economic situation of agents. The authors describe the consequences of lockdown for the economies of various countries. The study conducts a screen analysis of health systems and their mobilization response to the spread of coronavirus infection. The paper draws conclusions about the advantages of proactive social support for the population and business, the need to increase its targeting and the spread of effective practices in the future.

One of priority issues of the present-day healthcare system is development of new vaccines and improvement of existing ones due to decreasing immunocompetence of the population, emergence of new infections and reemergence of old ones which were previously thought to be under control. Adjuvants have proven to be integral and important components of modern vaccines, as they enhance immune response to the vaccine antigen. However, despite a lot of effort put into their development, only a small number of adjuvants are currently used in clinical practice.The aim of the study was to systematise literature data on the adjuvants’ mechanisms of action, their specific structure, composition, and stimulation effects that mediate their immunoadjuvant properties. The paper summarises data on adjuvants used as components in licensed vaccines, describes their characteristics, analyses molecular mechanisms of their action in order to establish correlation between their structure and activity, which is important for the development of more efficacious and safe adjuvants. The paper cites advanced developments aimed at enhancing stimulation effects of existing adjuvants. It concludes by stating that the key research area aimed at improving vaccination efficacy is the study of mechanisms that contribute to the development of effective protection against infectious agents, as well as analysis of how to use adjuvants to stimulate the body’s defensive mechanisms, primarily by impacting the innate immunity.

The author summarizes key science theories of the funded pension system and its development. Theaimof the article is to review and discuss the studies on the efficiency of the funded elements of the pension system from the perspective of international practices. The researchmethodsincluded generalization; classification and comparative analysis of theoretical and methodological approaches to evaluating the efficiency of a pension system and its elements; abstraction, which allowed us to classify existing pension plans on the basis of the materials presented in the paper; as well as scientific and grouping methods. The theoretical background of the research is based on the scientific studies indexed in Scopus, Web of Science and RSCI (Russian science citation index) for the period 1981–2019. To organize the presented data this period was divided into four stages depending on the role of the funded elements in the public pension system of the reviewed countries. Theresultsof the research are the systematization and classification of the studies under consideration. Cross-country analysis according to the selected criteria showed that distributive pension systems generally demonstrate a higher level of sustainability and efficiency, as well as are better at ensuring a decent standard of living for the population. The authorconcludesthat in order to increase the efficiency of funded elements it is necessary to reduce their influence on the national economic stability; develop additional regulations for pension investment schemes; implement macroeconomic reforms aimed at the development of funded elements, which require a sustainable national capital market. Theconclusions and resultsof the paper can be useful for further development of the Russian funded pension system and analytical work of the public and research organizations.

The paper reports on the results of experimental-traceological study of stone tools used for metal forging by the Late Bronze Age population of the Middle Tobol River region (Western Siberia). The chronological span of the study, according to the radiocarbon dating, extends from the 17th to 9th centuries BC. This paper aims to substan-tiate and expand the existing knowledgebase on the metalwork production with the aid of experiments in forging copper and bronze. The research materials include about 60 stone tools from the Late Bronze Age sites and 23 experimental tools. The trace evidence analysis and microphotography of the signs of use-wear have been performed using a continuous-zoom microscope MC-2 ZOOM with 10х to 40х magnification and a Canon EOS-1100-D camera. The experimental study involved cold and hot forging of copper and bronze items with different tin content and their surface smoothening. As a result, the efficiency of the stone tools in molding has been con-firmed. The signs of use-wear of the tools have been recorded. Distinctive use-wear features of hammers for cold and hot forging associated with the tool kinematics have been identified. It has been concluded that the wear signs on the hammers used for incomplete hot and hot forging were identical. It appeared that the smooth working area of some flatters was the result of preliminary abrasive treatment. Smoothening and drawing proved efficient in processing of copper items and low-alloyed bronzes. This treatment was carried out on the hot metal. It has been ascertained that the kinematics of processing of the copper and bronze items was the same. The signs of usage of the tools employed for shaping bronze moldings with different tin content differ from those on the tools used on copper by more extensive chipping, which is due to a higher hardness of tin-copper alloys. Prototype multi-functional tools used in different operations, viz., forging and drawing, have been identified. Their specific is the working area with a combination of several groups of wear marks overlapping each other. Therefore, we managed to produce a series of the experimental tools used in copper and bronze forging. This allowed us to elaborate the functional identification and technology of some archaeological instruments from the Late Bronze Age sites of the forest-steppe Tobol River region.

Accumulation of knowledge on Crohn’s disease, and development of biological products intended for the treatment of its underlying cause formed the basis for the development of objective methods for assessing the intensity of the pathological process, which in turn affected scientific approaches to the planning of clinical trials in this field. To date, many international recommendations related to planning, conduct of clinical trials, and analysis of their results, have been updated. Considerable experience has been gained with clinical trials of medicines intended for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. Therefore, the methodological approach to the planning of pivotal clinical studies needs to be reviewed. The aim of the study was to develop requirements for planning and expert evaluation of clinical trials conducted with the aim of obtaining marketing authorisation for medicinal products for the treatment of Crohn’s disease. The paper analyses regulations, recommendations, and scientific literature on the treatment of Crohn’s disease and describes the methodology for planning clinical trials. It describes the evolution of approaches to clinical research planning since biological medicines appeared. The authors substantiate the need for an integrated concept of clinical research, which covers goals, estimated therapeutic effect, design, and choice of the statistical analysis method. They also provide scientific arguments in favour of a combined primary endpoint including endoscopic remission and the assessment of treatment results by the patient. The paper lists patient eligibility criteria in terms of “inducing and/or maintaining remission of the disease”. The authors analyse the main intercurrent events, their influence on the therapeutic effect, and propose approaches to the planning of endpoints, including assessment of intercurrent events. The paper highlights the fact that the principles of planning and conducting Phase III clinical trials need to be consistent with the evidence-based strategies of reducing the risk of incorrect assessment of efficacy and safety of new medicines, and that the obtained results have to meet the requirements of the regulatory authorities at the stage of marketing authorisation.

The purpose of the study is to examine the role of social programs in the structure of expenditures of the consolidated budgets of the Russian Federation and the Volgograd region, to identify the main directions for improving the content of targeted programs aimed at implementing specific measures in the field of social policy.Materials and methods: the methodology includes structural and statistical analysis, methods of economic forecasting and modeling. The analysis uses official statistical data, as well as re-ports on the performance of the consolidated budgets of the Russian Federation and the Volgograd region in the period 2014-2018. The paper contains an analysis of both scientific periodicals and non-periodical publications devoted to the topic of this study.Results: the paper discusses the features of spending budget funds for the implementation of social programs at both the federal and regional levels, reflects the model of the impact of the volume of budget financing of the social sphere on the state of the regional economy. In the course of the work, recommendations were developed to improve the mechanism for allocating financial resources, including elements of public-private partnership, as well as to stimulate the development of socially-oriented non-profit organizations that can become effective intermediaries between government agencies and the population in the implementation of social policy measures. The study revealed an upward trend in the volume of budget funds allocated for the implementation of activities within the framework of social environment development programs. At the same time, it was noted that this growth is partially offset by the dynamics of inflation, which indicates the need to optimize expenditure items taking into account data on changes in the consumer price index and the level of real incomes of citizens.Conclusion: centralizing the management of socio-economic development processes seems to be the most rational course of action in an unstable economic system. Improving the quality of life of the population of the regions occurs in the conditions of transformation of economic systems, during which the regional economy joins allRussian course. In the course of the work, the need to improve the effectiveness of the implemented social policy was justified, which becomes especially necessary in the conditions of increasing rates of population outflow from the Volgograd region. The developed social sphere of the region makes it possible to form effective civil society institutions, in which the population independently participates in the process of improving the social environment. To ensure control over timely and complete budget execution, state audit methods can be used (we are talking about regional and municipal control and accounting bodies), including strategic audit, which allows proactive control of the effectiveness of upcoming events. The results of this study can be used to track the dynamics of budget spending in the implementation of socially-oriented programs, as well as to determine the most promising areas of budget financing of the social environment.

Pulmonary artery thromboembolia (PATE) is not a clinical entity as such, but a complication of different diseases and conditions leading to deep thrombosis in the low tension circulation system, right cardiac chambers or causing local thrombosis in the pulmonary artery system. PATE is characterized by complex pathogenesis of respiratory failure of varying severity, which makes it difficult to choose a respiratory support technique.Purpose of the overview: to show advantages of different respiratory support techniques and prospects of high-flux oxygen therapy with regard to PATE pathophysiology.82 sources were selected based on the principle of combining clinical and experimental data from papers published over the recent 5 years and earlier that are still relevant for medical practice.The overview presents the structure of main causes and prevalence of PATE and considers thrombogenesis stages and predominant manifestations of respiratory failure during PATE occurring due to inconsistency between pulmonary ventilation and perfusion. Review discusses five methods of respiratory therapy in PATE patients: low-flux and high-flux oxygen therapy, non-invasive and invasive artificial lung ventilation, extracorporeal blood oxygenation. Finally, the paper shows the efficacy and limitations of these methods.Conclusion. High-flux oxygen therapy seems to be the most effective and promising technique in PATE patients thanks to absence of adverse cardiohemodynamic consequences, subjective comfort for patients, and relation to minimal risks of secondary infectious complications.Nevertheless, the clinical experience accumulated is insufficient to make an absolute choice of one particular technique for respiratory support during PATE. It is necessary to continue investigating the clinical efficacy of high-flux oxygen therapy in the specific population of patients who experienced PATE.

In this paper, after a review of studies on interregional migration of the population during the existence of the Soviet Union is performed, the effectiveness of migration management systems is examined. In the analysis the closed materials of the Soviet period are used. This made it possible to re-examine the factors that influenced population migration in the USSR. The analysis of results that coincide with the ones obtained in previous studies, as well as arguments that contradict with the discussion performed in Soviet times. Particular attention is paid to the following issues: (1) whether it is possible to confirm the nature of the population redistribution in accordance with the development priorities of the Soviet government and (2) how effectively the political incentives applied in Soviet times worked. An analysis of population migration during the Soviet period is carried out using the gravitational model. The analysis carried out in this article showed that of the dummy variable of the Far North and the amount of governmental investment obtained strongly significant coefficients even at the end of the Soviet era. It can be suggested that the analytical units used in past studies (economic regions or cities) involved problems in examining for the effect of various factors. However, the investigations at the time had to be performed under conditions in which no other data existed, and given the background of that period, there was no alternative. In this sense, the efforts of our predecessors undertaken under such restrictions are worthy of praise, and the author does not criticize such previous researches. The paper focused on the verification and refinement of previously formulated hypotheses and interpretation by the results obtained using the new data. However, it can be noted that with regard to the analysis of the Soviet era, there are still unused opportunities for research using more detailed data

The purpose of the article is to assess the current state and develop measures of state policy to overcome consistently the interregional differences in the level and quality of life of the population based on promoting the independence of regional and local authorities of the Russian Federation. The applied purpose of the work is to determine the optimal values of the distribution of revenues of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation at the levels of the budget system as a financial condition of the solvency of the subnational authorities. Due to the provisions of the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation from 07.05.2018 No. 204 “On National Goals and Strategic Objectives of the Development of the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2024” the range of issues is of critical importance, as it requires the inclusion of regional and local authorities in the implementation of national projects.Materials and methods. The paper analyzes the changes in the level of interregional differences in the main indicators of socio-economic development of the Russian Federation for 2000, 2005 and 2016–2018. Based on the analysis of interregional differentiation by the own and total revenues of their consolidated budgets, the changes in the level of financial independence of subnational authorities were assessed. As factors, hindering the development of regions with “selfreliance”, the state debt policy, the policy of inter-budget transfers, as well as the structure of income of the three-level budget system of the country are indicated and analyzed. The methodological basis of the study is the work on regional statistics, structural analysis, quantitative modeling. Tabular and graphic methods of visualization of research results, statistical methods of processing of initial data were used. For the solution of research tasks, the standard packages of the applied programs of Microsoft Windows were used.Results. The article shows the excessive centralization at the Federal level of the main decisions that determine the fiscal and debt policy of regional and local authorities, the “explosive” growth in the volume of subnational debt for these years, as well as the “blurring” of inter-budget transfers from the Federal budget to the budgets of the subjects of the Russian Federation. The debt policy of the state and inter-budgetary regulation are estimated as not fully corresponding to the tasks of spatial development of the country. A system solution for optimizing the structure of three-level budget system of the Russian Federation is proposed and a method for determining the optimal values of the distribution of revenues of the consolidated budget of the Russian Federation by levels of the budget system is given.Conclusion. The paper deals with the differentiation of Russian regions in terms of the level and quality of life of the population, analyzes the factors that led to this differentiation. The high heterogeneity of Russia’s spatial development is one of the features of its economy. State fiscal and debt policy, inter-budget transfer policy are the key factors in consistently solving the problems of overcoming interregional differences in the level and quality of life of the population, improving the competitiveness of the country, ensuring sustainable economic growth. Achieving the optimal structure of the budget system (as well as the movement to it) will create conditions not only for the inclusion of subnational authorities in the implementation of national projects, but also for the implementation of the diversity of the potential of its regions – a unique advantage of the Russian Federation.

The paper describes the specifics of planning federal budget allocations for budgetary investments in 2019–2021.The relevance of the paper is due to the fact that Presidential Decree No. 204 of May 07.2018 sets the goal for Russia to break into the top five world economies and ensure economic growth rates exceeding the world rates while maintaining the macroeconomic stability. The subject of the research is federal budget allocations for budgetary investments. The purpose of the research was to assess the volume, dynamics, structure and legal support of budgetary investments to ensure their compliance with the objectives of the socio-economic development of Russia. Based on a dynamic structural analysis of the federal budget investments as well as a comparative analysis of fixed investments in Russia and developed countries, it is concluded that there is a need to enhance the fixed asset investments by increasing budgetary investment amounts along with encouraging private investing by the population and businesses. Apart from increasing capital investments from the federal budget, it is also important to update the budgetary investment structure with a focus on the main socioeconomic development targets. The analysis of the legal regulation in the field of budgetary investments showed the necessity to refine the existing legal framework to improve the quality of the budgetary investment planning. Following the analysis of factors hindering the growth of private investing, proposals were made on to how to improve the investment climate in the Russian Federation.

The paper contains the data on epidemiological situation on COVID-19 in the Republic of Uzbekistan. As of June 29, 2020, 8031 laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 were registered across the country; 22 cases with lethal outcome. The paper describes the national policy in the prevention of importation of this infection into the territory of Uzbekistan and halting further spread among the population. Complex measures in response to the transmission of COVID-10 are specified. The paper defines support activities provided for the partner countries by the Republic of Uzbekistan to control COVID-19 pandemic.

The purpose of the study: to consider comprehensively the stereotype of crafty statistics, a phenomenon widely spread in Russia in recent years. It implies that any officially published data supplied by ROSSTAT (Federal State Statistics Service) are not only inadequate and unrealistic, but also deliberately distorted. The paper scrutinizes the content, reasons and possible consequences of crafty statistics.Materials and methods. The paper attempts to unveil the genesis of the stereotype of crafty statistics as a response of civil society to sluggish efforts of government officials and politicians of different levels and ranks to stop declaring slogans and get down to real actions directed at improving living conditions and standards of the broad sectors of the populations. The paper suggests multiple reasons to explore the genesis of the stereotype of crafty statistics, which include complexity of methodology of statistical calculations, overwhelming average indicators, subjectivism in selecting indicators to describe socio-economic situation, data interpretation problems and others.Results. The conducted analysis revealed that it is due to overlay of the above factors that predetermines not only the mass character but also the resilience of this stereotype. Also, low statistical literacy of representatives of various segments of ordinary Russians, representatives of mass media, administration bodies of different level and political beau monde contribute to this phenomenon. The study describes possible negative consequences of the further development of this stereotype leading to serious damage to the government image, which the broad sectors of the population consider the initiator of this statistics, reflecting the improvement of the situation or actions in this direction.Conclusion. The paper reveals risks of any social stereotypes and stereotype of crafty statistics in particular thriving on the lack of trust from the population to any statistics data and turning it into an established negative trend of total distrust to any actions, projects and programs of the current government.

Purpose of the study.The study focuses on issues of the level assessment of transport system development of large cities. Despite the wide variety of studies on this issue, there is currently no universal approach to assessing the level of development of the transport system at megalopolises. The present study aims to create a tool for a comprehensive assessment of various aspects of urban transport development that are important for all categories of transport users, and to provide a comparative analysis of the world’s leading megacities in terms of transport development based on the proposed methodology.Materials and methods.In the study, the authors apply an approach related to the construction of integral indexes and ratings of cities based on the values of these indexes. In the calculations of the index, the authors use statistical data from authoritative open sources and information systems of national and municipal government.Results.Based on the results of the world practice analysis, the authors propose the Urban Transport Development Index developed in order to compare the level of transport system development in various cities. The Index provides an opportunity to identify the weaknesses and strengths of cities, to find reserves for the further improvement and development of recommendations in the field of transport policy on this basis. The Index consists of four sub-indexes: the availability of transport services for the urban population, the quality of transport services, road traffic security and the ecological impact of transport, and freight logistics performance. The Index reflects the main aspects of urban transport development and shows the views of different categories of population on the level of transport services. The paper examines the level of transport system development for 2010, 2015, 2016 and 2017 of a group of comparable cities, which includes Hong Kong, London, Mexico, Moscow, New York, St. Petersburg, Singapore, Istanbul, Tokyo and Shanghai. The results showed that Tokyo and London have occupied the leading positions during the period under review. For the seven years Moscow, St. Petersburg and Shanghai have showed the best dynamics of the Index.Conclusion.The proposed method allows both to evaluate the effectiveness of individual regulatory measures known in the practice of other cities, and to simulate their impact on the transport system of the city. The paper concludes with recommendations for further development of cities’ transport systems.

Aim. The aim of the study is to carry out mapping of the distribution of model animal species (on the example of weevils-beetles) of the Republic of Dagestan as well as to design a set of zoogeographic maps. Methods. The study is based on materials of the field expeditionary research conducted in the period of 1999-2018 in various areas of Dagestan, collected using conventional entomological methods. As the source material for the creation of the maps was used the database created by the authors, the collection materials of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development of the DSU, archive materials of the Sub-Department of Geography of Moscow Institute of Engineers in Geodesy, Aerophotography and Cartography (DTM, raster and vector topographic and thematic maps of the study area). Processing of the materials and creation of maps were carried out using such software platforms as ArcGIS, MapInfo and Adobe Illustrator CC. Results. Were mapped the areas of 14 model species of weevils-beetles which differ in their distribution, number as well as theoretical and practical significance. A database of mapped species was created. Mathematical foundations, general geographical and thematic content in the GIS environment, as well as editorial guidelines were developed, which allow presenting information in both vector and raster forms (traditional “paper” maps). Conclusion. A set of maps was created which reflects the ranges of model species of the animal population of the Republic of Dagestan: “Lowland Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Intramontane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Montane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”.Aim. The aim of the study is to carry out mapping of the distribution of model animal species (on the example of weevils-beetles) of the Republic of Dagestan as well as to design a set of zoogeographic maps. Methods. The study is based on materials of the field expeditionary research conducted in the period of 1999-2018 in various areas of Dagestan, collected using conventional entomological methods. As the source material for the creation of the maps was used the database created by the authors, the collection materials of the Institute of Ecology and Sustainable Development of the DSU, archive materials of the Sub-Department of Geography of Moscow Institute of Engineers in Geodesy, Aerophotography and Cartography (DTM, raster and vector topographic and thematic maps of the study area). Processing of the materials and creation of maps were carried out using such software platforms as ArcGIS, MapInfo and Adobe Illustrator CC. Results. Were mapped the areas of 14 model species of weevils-beetles which differ in their distribution, number as well as theoretical and practical significance. A database of mapped species was created. Mathematical foundations, general geographical and thematic content in the GIS environment, as well as editorial guidelines were developed, which allow presenting information in both vector and raster forms (traditional “paper” maps). Conclusion. A set of maps was created which reflects the ranges of model species of the animal population of the Republic of Dagestan: “Lowland Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Intramontane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”, “Montane Dagestan. Model species of weevils-beetles”.

Introduction.The problems of congestion, ecology, and road safety in most of Russia’s major cities have been accumulated in the paper. Strategic planning documents aimed at updating the gene plan, improving the transport and route network, improving traffic safety, improving environmental performance and accessibility for people with disabilities are sent for such important problems solution. The paper presents the results of the scientific research conducted in large cities of Russia. Moreover, the review of the literature is presented, and the achievements of foreign science are taken into account.Materials and methods. Modern approaches to improving the system of public transport are given, the efficiency of high-speed transport modes, the organization of transport services for the disabled and low-mobility groups, traffic safety, ecology, and the implementation of the “Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030” are approved. As a criterion for the efficiency of improving the transport infrastructure, the level of its loading by various modes of transport is used.Results.The problems of influence of the city form on the formation of the transport frame, of the density of settlement and of the efficiency of urban development are considered. New methods of predicting the transport demand of the population, the level of the transport systems’ development and assessing accessibility are proposed. Therefore, the developed algorithms and recommendations for reducing the volume of transport infrastructure helps to improve its performance and availability. Such effect is achieved through the redistribution of transport and passenger flows between different modes of transport.Discussion and conclusion.The authors comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to improve the regulatory and methodological base of the transport industry constantly, improving the performance of the transport infrastructure of modern cities.

Introduction. Nowadays, the steadily growing relationship with the People’s Republic of China is one of the priority directions of the foreign policy of the Russian Federation. According to the author of the present paper, new opportunities for active constructive interaction between the countries are provided with the One Belt and One Road Initiative (OBOR or BRI) adopted by China for the purpose of combination of efforts of the states for stable development of economy in the Eurasian space and peaceful co-existence of the people on the basis of the principles of openness, inclusivity of different civilizations, tolerance, safety, mutual benefit and training.The aimof the paper is to discuss the status and prospects of the RussianChinese cooperation in the humanitarian field and search for new narrative for development cooperation.Methodology and research methods. The research was performed with a support on philosophical and general scientific methods: comparative, structurally functional and system types of analysis, synthesis, generalization, and forecasting.Results and scientific novelty. The Russian-Chinese recent cooperation was considered. Special attention was given to education communication strategy as one of the reliable and checked channels of establishment and consolidation of international economic relations. The educational component of humanitarian interaction enables to provide effective tools for adjustment and support for the international dialogue and has an extensive range of opportunities for harmonization of cultural, social and even political standards.It is emphasized that further strengthening of the productive bilateral interaction of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation is prevented by its developed model which is under construction and functions mainly at the level of public authorities. In spite of the fact that the relations between two countries are on the rise, the potential of the existing model has become exhausted, and it is therefore necessary to search for other ways of future joint collaborative work. Strengthening of partnership requires the transition to multilateral cooperation with other states and mutual participation of Russia and China in the course of overcoming the social and economic imbalance in the zone of their shared interests – the territory of the revived Silk Road. The third countries located along its southern transit corridor, unlike the states of the northern direction, are characterized by the backwardness of economics, high unemployment rate, lack of the fair system of upward mobility, poverty and ignorance of the population, thus promoting the spread of religious extremism and escalation of international conflicts. The author proposed to involve the humanitarian sphere as the mechanism of the start of transcontinental infrastructure projects in order to normalize the social and economic situation in these regions, to overcome socio-cultural barriers and to achieve integration of economics of various states for the sake of their steady growth and effectivization. The coordinated actions of China, Russia and EU countries for the promotion and maintenance of modern models of education can become a decisive factor to stabilize and implement the One Belt and One Road Initiative in problematic regions. In the author’s view, partner States should focus on actions for modernization of national education systems and dissemination of scientific worldview, e.g. in the regions of the Northern Silk Road. Otherwise, the South will remain the centre of regularly military conflicts and terrorism financing, whereas the Russian and Chinese companies will continue to spend considerable personnel and financial resources for the safety of the ongoing joint projects.Practical significance. Materials of the research can be useful as a guide to reconsider the objectives of the Russian-Chinese alliance in the humanitarian sphere and generate new ideas on development and ways of implementation of the international educational programs.

Present task in providing regional economy with necessary experts in planning and forecasting of social and economic development is creation of a technique of assessment and monitoring of educational potential of the population. The statistical data, characterizing the demographic structure of the young population of Russia are provided in the paper, regional distinctions from the point of view of the generation groups are revealed. On this basis the rating of regions of Russia is calculated, the main valuable and business characteristics of generational and age groups are considered and compared. Areas of concern for which the rational use of generational approach are revealed and the corresponding recommendations are offered. The purpose of this paper is opportunities’ justification of applying the methodology of rating regions in terms of level of the saved-up educational potential by the younger generations to identify and predict the dynamics of qualitative characteristics of labor, as well as the prospects of its use for the management of the regional development. The methodological basis of the presented paper consists of comparative, economic, statistical and social-cultural methods of analysis. The space-time base of the results of population censuses in Russia in 2002 and 2010 by territorial regions of the Russian Federation, characterizing generational and age structure of youth by the level of the achieved education was collected and statistically processed for the research. As the part of the presentation of this paper, the authors proposed an algorithm for comparative analysis of the educational potential of young people by regions of the Russian Federation and a typological grouping was carried out. The value of regional differences in regions in terms of the educational potential of young generations is showed in the growing role of in-country migration of the population, as evidenced by the spatial relationship with the level of development of the system of higher professional education in the observed period. Conclusion. The proposed approach and research results can be useful for analysis and planning of social and economic development of regions by various state bodies at the Federal and regional levels, as well as by private investors.

According to modern studies in the field of didactics, the content of education, such as mathemati-cal, should be represented by two components of knowledge: information and methodological. The purpose of current research is to identify the potential of mathematical modeling, as a general scientific method of cognition in the process of forming both components of the educational content for students of environmental training directions. Materials and methods . The basis of the research, devoted to the study of the place and role of mathematical modeling in the training of future ecologists was the analysis of literature and the comprehension of experience of teaching mathematics for students of environmental training direc-tions in other Russian universities. Most of the presented models in the publications form knowledge, subjectively new only for the students. The paper is considering in detail the process of constructing by students new scientific knowledge on the basis of mathematical modeling, using methods of multivariate statistical analysis. Results. The information component of the mathematical education content, which includes training in mathematical modeling for students-ecologists, is described. The paper gives an illustration of its methodological component formation on the example of the implementation of a group research project, including construction and analysis of graphical and analytical multiple regression models. Mathematical modeling was carried out on the basis of monitoring data of social-economic and medical-ecological indicators of the Kirov region for 2007-2016 together with students-ecologists of Vyatka State University. The procedure of scientifically based choice of factors in the model, their classification by the method of correlation pleiades, which allow effective analyzing both strong and weak correlation links, prevailing in the relationship between a person and the environment are described in detail. Mathematical modeling of the links between the health indicators of the population of the Kirov region and habitat factors was carried out using multiple correlation-regression analysis. The possible nonlinearity of the studied bonds is taken into account. The process of sequential selection of the best model of multiple regressions is presented, taking into account such criteria as determination coefficient, Zarembka test, standard regression error and approximation error. Conclusion. The listed criteria are satisfied by linear, inverse, power and exponential models. Among them high-quality selection of the regression equation is ensured by an exponential model that has statistically significant parameters and allows interpretation from the ecological point of view. Based on the analysis of the constructed mathematical models, some conclusions are formulated, which are of scientific and practical interest for residents of the Kirov region and consistent with the results of other researchers. In particular, it was found that the health status of the population of the region is more significantly influenced by social-economic factors of the environment in comparison with medical and environmental indicators. The inclusion of mathematical modeling in the content of higher education of future ecologists promotes the formation of a scientific worldview, the applied and professional orientation of teach-ing mathematics, and the strengthening of motivation to study mathematical content. Participation of students at group research projects devoted to the application of mathematical modeling in the future professional activity ensures the implementation of interdisciplinary study, mastering the methods and logic of scientific research.

There are a large number of examples of using the population-based algorithms (P-algorithms) to have a successful solution for complex practical tasks of global optimization, for instance, problems of computer-aided design, synthesis of complex chemical compounds, optimal control of dynamic systems, etc. P-algorithms are also successfully used in multi-criteria optimization, when a preliminary construction of some Pareto set (front) approximation is required. P-algorithms are numerous and very diverse – over 100 such algorithms are known, and new algorithms continue to appear. In this connection, the problem of systematizing expressive means of P-algorithms is of relevance. We consider one of the components of this problem that is the problem of classification of the search operators of P-algorithms.The paper formulates a global optimization problem and a general scheme of the P-algorithms to solve it. This multilevel classification of the main search operators of P-algorithms at the highest level of the hierarchy identifies the following operators: initialization of the population and the end of the search; coding of individuals; randomization; selection; crossing; population management; local search.These operators at the next hierarchical level are divided into deterministic and stochastic ones. Further, we distinguish static, dynamic program and dynamic adaptive operators. The following classification levels are "operator dependent", that is, generally speaking, different for each operator. We reveal the essence of these operators and give the use cases in various P-algorithms.Although the paper uses the names of operators such as selection, crossing, our orientation is not only to evolutionary algorithms. A description scheme of operators presented in this paper can be used to determine any population-based algorithms.The work development expects extending a set of operators presented, and, above all, using this set and a set of basic essences of population algorithms, the formalization of which was earlier proposed by the author, systematizing the most known algorithms of this class.

The most challenging processes to be investigated further which are occurring in residential areas, suburbs in the largest Belarusian cities have been determined and systematized in the paper. The paper considers modern processes of transformation and development of residential areas on the studied territories; ongoing changes in the typology of dwellings and inhabitant composition of the suburban zones; problems pertaining to infrastructure development of suburban territories; preservation and improvement of recreational and ecological functions of the suburban zones in the largest cities. The paper presents a hypothesis on the possibility to modernize an urbanized region while using digital technologies and it also provides architectural and artistic characteristics of the residential environment. The main research methods are the following: field surveys; analysis of statistical data, project and regulatory documentation. So it has been revealed that it is necessary to carry out a detailed study of inhabitant composition in the settlements in order to determine their actual requirements in schools, kindergartens, and other facilities of public services. Development of town planning regulations taking into account actual typology of residential buildings and inhabitant composition is required for organization of suburban areas in the largest Belarusian cities. Current transformation processes of traditional settlement in the suburban zones of large cities are in need to have new requirements to their infrastructure development. It is necessary to improve a monitoring system and respond to population requirements and emerging problems. Nowadays there are conditions for formation of active population communities on the suburban territories. It is necessary to execute a coordinated development of all forms and types of suburban zones in the largest cities. The paper recommends to form, develop and preserve landscape and recreational areas in order to ensure an efficient recreational and ecological functions of the suburban zones.

The paper is aimed at determining the marginal distributions of the estimates of model parameters for a nonlinear dynamic model of the cell population dynamics. The cell population system evolves in the laboratory (in vitro) and comprises two types of cells.Basic estimates of model parameters are obtained on a single limited sample of experimental data. The value of the number of populations of each cell type is obtained from the experiment at equal intervals of time. This paper proposes a technique for determining the marginal distributions of the parameter estimates using numerical modeling.This technique includes the identification of parameters of nonlinear models and test of the obtained model adequacy with base parameter estimates, the identification of the initial data and finding the reference trajectory. The initial data for the trajectory are found using the least squares method, while minimizing the deviation from the experimental trajectory. Data sets on measured densities of the populations at specific points in time are generated using the reference trajectory and the normally distributed random numbers generator. The problem of obtaining estimates of system parameters is solved for each data set. Tests of hypotheses about the marginal distribution of each parameter are carried out based on the calculated set of estimated parameters. To prove hypothesis, the Kolmogorov test is used. The description of a numerical example is included. The obtained marginal distributions of the parameter estimates can be further used to evaluate the probabilities of different scenarios of the population system development.DOI: 10.7463/mathm.0415.0812686

The paper reviews the literature related to the investigations of neck pain (cervicalgia) in patients with headache (cephalalgia). Neck pain is second to lower back pain as a reason for considerable socioeconomic damage to society. The prevalence of cervicalgia in the population ranges from 5.9 to 38%; the annual incidence is 10.4–21.3%; 14.2 to 71% of people report to have neck pain at some time in their lifetime. Neck pain is concurrent with cephalalgia in 70% of cases. In patients with cervicalgia, the prevalence of headache is 20–40% higher than in those with musculoskeletal pain at another site. Neck pain is as a major risk factor for migraine and tension headache (TH). Neck pain in TH progresses with the increased intensity, frequency, and strength of headache. There is a direct relationship of the quality of life worsening associated with cervicalgia to the frequency of migraine attacks and the risk of its chronization. Neck pain is noted in cervicogenic headache belonging to secondary headaches. The identification of mixed headache in a patient with cervicalgia allows the prescription of a treatment option that may be effective in relieving both headache and neck pain. The paper discusses the causes and pathogenesis of cervicalgia in patients with headache, examination methods, and main approaches to drug and nondrug therapies in relation to the leading pathophysiological mechanism, as well as new possibilities for the effective and safe relief of pain syndrome in this category of patients. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, myorelaxants, and their combination are observed to be effective in treating patients with cervicalgia and cephalalgia.

Based on an analysis of archival documents and periodical press materials, the present paper studies the impact of the liberal reforms of Alexander II on the policies of the imperial authorities for the nomadic peoples of the steppe of Ciscaucasia: the Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens. The liberal reforms of the 1860s and 1870s had a direct impact on the formation of the national intelligentsia, which during the revolutionary events of the early 20th century led to the rise of the national movement in the empires peripheries and to the struggle for self-determination of the non-Russian populations during the Russian Revolution of 1917. The article reconstructs individual facts and events from the life of the nomadic population under specific socio-economic and political-legal conditions. Using the historical-genetic method, the influence of liberal reforms on the vital activity of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol province is revealed. The authors focus on the activities of regional authorities during the period under review, which were liberal in nature and carried out in the context of the reforms of Alexander II. The authors conclude that the pre-Caucasus steppe, the territory of the nomadic Kalmyks, Nogais and Turkmens, being the national edge of the Russian Empire and falling under a special system of governance related to the ethnic and religious characteristics of the populations, was not drawn into the orbit of liberal reforms. Meanwhile, a number of measures were approved by the regional executive authorities on the ground, of course, first of all, aimed at satisfying the needs of the imperial policy for incorporating the region into the common imperial space, but at the same time improving the lives of the nomadic peoples of the Stavropol province, in particular in the field of education and legal procedures.

The article analyses the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for employment of the population in Russia. The range of issues studied is largely based on previous studies in this area and covers the problems of the spread of remote work, the growth of unemployment, the decline in wages and working hours. Special attention is paid to the sustainability of workers, as well as the state and fulfilment of their labor potential. The information base of the research is presented by a sociological survey conducted on the territory of the Vologda region of Russia in a monitoring mode. The results of the analysis are consistent with the key negative trends in employment during the pandemic: many employees have faced violations of labor rights, delays and non-payment of salaries, the need to find another job. With the backdrop of the deteriorating quality of labor potential, an increase in the pressure of work is identified, which can contribute to the exacerbation of occupational diseases. The paper concluded that it is necessary to find the optimal balance between the nation’s health and economic growth.

The eradication of smallpox has become one of the greatest successes of modern health science. This great achievement was made possible thanks to the widespread vaccination of the population. The last case of human infection with smallpox virus occurred in 1977. In 1980, at the 33rd session of the World Health Assembly, routine vaccination against that infection was recommended to be discontinued due to severe post-vaccination complications. However, humanity remains vulnerable to other orthopoxvirus infections closely related to smallpox virus. Recently, the cases of human infection with ortopoxviruses such as monkeypox virus, cowpox virus, vaccinia virus have become more frequent. Also, cases of infection of people with previously unknown orthopoxvirus species are recorded. Zoonotic orthopoxviruses pathogenic for humans, circulating in nature, require a detailed study and monitoring of the emergence of new strains. Their occurrence against the background of the cessation of planned vaccination of the population against smallpox virus can lead to the emergence of new highly pathogenic viruses. This review contains information on cases of human infection with orthopoxviruses around the world for the period 2008–2018. It also describes epidemiological anamnesis and the relations between cases of human infection in different countries due to the spread of viruses over a wide area, the movement of people between countries, population contacts with domestic and wild animals. Also, this paper provides information on the infection of people with previously unknown strains of orthopoxviruses.

The processes of planning, performing, documenting, and follow-up of pharmacovigilance system inspections are regulated by the Good Pharmacovigilance Practices (GVP) and local regulations. These inspection processes apply mainly to marketing authorisation holders, developers of medicinal products for human use, and their authorised legal representatives, but they are presented from the perspective of regulatory authorities. Currently, there are no recommendations for pharmaceutical companies on how to prepare for a pharmacovigilance system inspection. The aim of the study was to develop recommendations on how pharmaceutical companies should prepare for a pharmacovigilance system inspection. The analysis of risks associated with scheduled and unscheduled inspections of pharmaceutical companies’ pharmacovigilance systems was performed with due consideration of the number of foreign marketing authorisations and the number of medicinal products under development according to the national registers of medicinal products and medical devices of the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), the Commonwealth of Independent States, and some European countries as of 30 June 2021. Some differences were identified in the work of Russian and foreign pharmacovigilance inspectorates, which are partially due to different numbers of EAEU-authorised medicinal products in the national markets. Based on the results obtained as well as personal experience as a pharmacovigilance officer in preparation of and participation in pharmacovigilance inspections of Russian companies by foreign regulators, implementation of corrective and preventive actions, the author of the paper has developed preliminary recommendations on how to prepare a EAEU pharmaceutical company’s pharmacovigilance system for an inspection. Effective management of pharmaceutical companies’ pharmacovigilance systems would contribute to the provision of the population with high-quality and safe medicines.

The pandemic of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) disease that began in December 2019 in China is still having a huge impact on all spheres of human life. The herd immunity, which is the most effective tool for preventing the spread of the disease, is formed in two ways: the passive way (i.e., the formation of a population not susceptible to re-infection due to the natural spread of the disease) and the active way (mass immunisation). High rates of COVID-19 vaccination were achieved thanks to the development and mass production of new vaccines. The selection of the most promising vaccine platforms is one of the key aspects of successful mass immunisation. The aim of the study was to compare the characteristics of COVID-19 vaccines used for mass immunisation. The paper analyses the vaccine technology platforms, efficacy of different types of vaccines based on clinical trial results, safety of vaccines for different population groups, and potential for scaling up vaccine production in order to ensure the necessary vaccination coverage. The vaccines currently used for mass immunisation are: BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech), mRNA1273 (Moderna), Gam-COVID-Vac (N.F. Gamaleya National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology), Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson), ChAdOx1-S (AZD1222) (AstraZeneca), BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm), CoronaVac (Sinovac Biotech), and NVX-CoV2373 (Novavax). The comparison of the main characteristics of the vaccines demonstrated that the most promising types of vaccines for COVID-19 specific prophylaxis are RNA vaccines and recombinant adenovirus vector-based vaccines.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive study of the natural and migration movement of the rural population of Russia over several periods of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The authors proceed from the premise that it is necessary to consider not only the decline of Russia’s rural population but also its movement. The article refers to the data of general censuses and vital records of the population at the regional, district, and settlement levels in one of the most successful agrarian regions by Russian standards, i.e. the Central Black Earth Region. The authors process the information from the sources employing various quantitative methods, including modeling demographic processes of the past, which helps verify the information of official documents. It is concluded that the idea of the general “extinction” of the Russian countryside is oversimplified. Historical data of the Central Black Earth Region testify to the constantly changing, different directions of demographic processes at the level of individual regions, districts, and settlements. Backsliding due to the process of depopulation, conservative demographic modernisation, and especially the transfer of urban dwellers back to rural areas contribute to the preservation of “islands of stability”. There are still dozens of districts and hundreds of settlements in the Central Black Earth Region characterised by natural growth and migration influx. The authors argue that a population which is excessive in terms of the needs of modern agriculture will continue to migrate. At the same time, based on the data of last decades, it is suggested that a certain number of people will be staying in the countryside as well as relocating there — those preferring a rural lifestyle in general or seeking to survive there in times of crisis. The reverse migration to rural areas observed during critical periods made it possible and continues to amortise the continuous decline of the rural population., Целью статьи является комплексное изучение естественных и миграционных аспектов движения сельского населения России на протяжении XX — начала XXI в. под воздействием урбанизации и консервативной модернизации. Авторы исходили из необходимости учета не только убыли, но и перемещения сельского населения России. Статья основана на данных всеобщих переписей, материалах текущего учета населения областного, районного и поселенного уровней одного из успешных по российским меркам аграрных регионов — Центрального Черноземья. Данные источников обработаны количественными методами, включая моделирование демографических процессов прошлого, что позволяет верифицировать сведения официальных документов. В статье делается вывод об упрощенности тезиса о всеобщем «вымирании» русской деревни. Материалы истории Центрального Черноземья свидетельствуют о постоянно меняющейся демографической ситуации на уровне отдельных областей, районов и поселений. Откаты в процессе депопуляции, консервативная демографическая модернизация, особенно обратное перемещение горожан в сельскую местность, способствуют сохранению «островков устойчивости» в аграрном секторе. В черноземных областях остаются десятки районов и сотни населенных пунктов, где продолжается естественный прирост и миграционный приток жителей. Авторы утверждают, что избыточное с точки зрения потребностей современного сельского хозяйства население будет продолжать мигрировать. Вместе с тем на основании материалов последних десятилетий высказывается предположение о том, что в сельскую местность будет прибывать определенное число людей, предпочитающих сельский образ жизни или стремящихся пережить там кризисные времена. Наблюдаемая в критические периоды обратная миграция в сельскую местность позволяла и позволяет амортизировать непрерывную убыль сельского населения.

The constant growth of urbanization and population of the planet are driving to a global energy growth. At the same time, society is increasingly aware of the consequences of environmental problems due to climate change and active extraction of fossil fuels. Biodiesel is intended to make a significant contribution to the future energy needs of the economies of developed countries. In this regard, the oilseed crop Crambe abyssinica attracts attention as an energy culture. The purpose of the current study was to identify the possible areas of the use of Crambe abyssinica and to collect data on the crop productivity in the world on the basis of bibliometric analysis. The current paper has described the range of possibilities for using Crambe abyssinica, mainly for non-food aim, namely in cosmetics, perfumery, in technical industry, as an adsorbent for wastewater, etc. There has been established that Crambe abyssinica produc[1]tivity in the world, depending on the region of cultivation, varies within significant limits from 0.6 to 5 t/ha and varies greatly due to climatic conditions. There has been shown that the productivity of the domestic varieties of Crambe abyssinica ‘Polet’, ‘Demetra’ and ‘Arfa’ produces 3.06-3.22 t/ha in the Middle Volga region, 1.45 t/ha in the Saratov region, 0.54–1.55 t/ha in the Crimea. The diversity of crop genotypes has indicated that there are wide opportunities for further breeding improvement in the varieties possessing better fatty acid composition using advanced methods to modify existing genetic resources.

The subject of the study is the problem of the spatial distribution of the population in Russia and its regions. The relevance of research is determined by the key trends in the processes of distribution and movement of human capital in the context of cities. The paper aims to analyze the key trends and prospects for the development of the Russian settlement system at the federal, regional, and local levels. The research methods include a critical analysis of approaches to territorial settlement optimization, the modern system of urban settlement in Russia and its regions based on the use of statistical data of the Federal State Statistics Service for 2011-2019. The authors carried out a comparative analysis of the studied processes by countries using the Zipf method, as well as by Russian regions using the the Lorenz coefficient. It has been determined that the group of regions with an increase in the level of differentiation of urban settlement is characterized by a high level of depopulation of small and medium-sized cities with a contraction and concentration of the population in the largest city of the region, which creates additional risks for the sustainable development of the territory. A decrease in the level of differentiation of urban settlement is observed in regions where the share of the population of both small and medium-sized cities (but at a slower pace) and large ones is decreasing. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the development of an approach to improving the settlement system in Russia based on the application of the Lorenz coefficient and modelling methods. The authors conclude that an uneven system of settlement has developed in Russia, creating prerequisites for the emergence of new imbalances and threats to the complex sustainable development of the country’s territory. In this regard, it is advisable to develop an appropriate document in the field of state policy at the federal level or clarify similar issues within the framework of existing documents, as well as to increase the scientific validity of the measures taken using formalized methods of forecasting and planning. A promising direction in this area is the development of an agent-based model that allows increasing the efficiency of the distribution of financial resources for the development of social infrastructure. The results of the study justify the expediency of reallocating financial resources of the budget to ensure state policy in the field of development of the settlement system in the country.

This article is devoted to the development of high-tech companies in the modern economic market. The author presents the definition of a high-tech company, shows that with the development of the digital economy, high-tech companies are more and more efficient in their activities in the economic market and have a multilateral positive impact on the development of regions. The author analyzes the main functions of high-tech companies in the modern economic market. In addition, the article shows that high-tech companies, through their own scientific developments, the introduction of advanced solutions in the activities of industries and spheres of the regional economy, contribute to the development of the business environment, training of the personnel of economic objects, the quality of life of the population of the regions. The article notes that high-tech companies in their activities use a full range of modern innovations: technical, technological, marketing, organizational, process, etc. The article tells that in the modern period in the economic market of the Russian Federation there are many high-tech companies that specialize in the development and implementation of information and communication technologies and digital projects. For example, such as the development of data stores, web and mobile applications, enterprise resource planning systems, industrial process control systems, etc. As the main characteristics of high-tech companies, the article highlights such as the use of progressive achievements of science and technology in the main areas of the company's work, the presence of trade secrets, the production of goods and services, information security, profitability, instant rate of change, constant integration with scientific institutions, mobility and uniqueness of specialists.Purpose. The purpose of this article is to prove the provisions that high-tech companies are an effective tool in the development of the regional economy.Materials and methods. In the process of writing this article, a systematic and comparative analysis, methods of working with WEBsites, monographic studies, research materials of domestic and foreign authors in the field of regional and digital economy were used.Results. In this article, based on the study of domestic and foreign experience, the main directions of the functioning of high-tech companies in the economic market, their advantages and disadvantages are identified; the main provisions for further improving their activities and a positive impact on the growth of economic indicators in the development of regions of the country are stated.Conclusion. This paper shows that high-tech companies that are effectively developing in the modern period have many positive effects on the development of the regional economy. In particular, they contribute to the creation of an innovative ecosystem, the development of production and urban infrastructure based on advanced scientific discoveries, innovative practical developments and the attraction of qualified personnel.

Purpose: of the article is a parametric comparison of the features of the development of the regions of China and Russia for the possibility of using the Chinese experience in managing innovative development.Methods: comparison of the innovative potential of Russia and the PRC, as well as the possibilities of using the Chinese experience in the management of scientific, technical and innovative development in Russia was carried out using linear regression analysis and comparison of its indicators. Analysis and comparison were carried out using statistical data on innovative and economic development in statistical collections of Russia and China.Results: the article discusses the possibilities of using Chinese management experience in the development of the spheres of science, technology and higher education for the innovative and economic development of Russian regions. To a large extent, the experience of the PRC is already actively used in Russian state practice, while, in the context of Russia's economic difficulties in recent decades, it does not always work successfully. The work shows that the regions of the PRC are rapidly increasing their innovative activity in recent years, which contributes to the rapid growth of the well-being of their population. The number of regions-innovative and economic leaders is growing. Among all regions of Russia, only Moscow in level of innovational activity and GRP corresponds to the leading regions of China. The paper also shows that changes in the indicators of innovation activity of Russian regions have a relatively weak effect on their economic development.Conclusions and Relevance: it is recommended to carefully study the experience of the Chinese regions-innovation leaders and the Chinese innovation policy in general for application in Russia, as well as the development of Russian-Chinese innovation and scientific and technological cooperation.

The interim results of the implementation of the new economic policy in relation to the Russian Far East are considered. A comparison is made of the macroeconomic and social results of the functioning of the Far Eastern economy during the period of implementation of the policy region (2015–2020) with the results recorded in the previous period of 2010–2014. The paper analyzes the report of the Ministry of Economic Development of the Far East and the Arctic of the Russian Federation on the results of the economic and social development of the region in 2020, which assesses the effectiveness of the new economic policy. An assessment of the ministry’s conclusions on achieving goals for the two main blocks of state policy implementation is offered – the formation of a stable trend of outstripping economic growth and the consolidation of the population in the region. It is shown that, within the framework of both blocks, no stable trends have been formed so far, corresponding to the quantitative parameters of the state priority in relation to the Far Eastern macroregion

Deep wound infection of the anterior chest wall tissues in patients after transsternal cardiac surgery despite intensive developments in surgical techniques and improvement of antibacterial chemotherapy, remains a genuine concern worldwide [1]. The incidence of this complication in the general population ranges from 0.5 to 4% [2, 3]. Despite developed approaches in the treatment of cardiac surgery patients, the treatment of deep sternal wound infection and surrounding tissues following a heart transplantation still remains a rather serious and pressing challenge. This paper presents a clinical observation of a heart transplant recipient, complicated by deep postoperative wound infection. The strategy of staged surgical treatment of sternal osteomyelitis consisted of surgical wound debridement, local wound debridement with vacuum dressings, and reconstructive surgery at the final stage (sternal reosteosynthesis, plasty of the anterior chest wall wound with displaced skin and fascial flaps).

Diabetes is a serious public health problem and one of the major chronic noncommunicable diseases. A lengthy stepwise treatment, and the need for an individualised approach to antidiabetic therapy, pose serious challenges for medicine developers. For all new hypoglycaemic medicines, there has been a centralised authorisation procedure in the European Union (EU) since 2005, which ensures a unified approach to efficacy and safety assessment. The aim of the study was to analyse current requirements for planning clinical trials of hypoglycaemic medicines containing new active substances (except for insulin products). The recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of type 2 diabetes, prepared by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2019, suggest a step-by-step approach to intensification of treatment to maintain glycaemic targets, which takes account of concomitant cardiovascular or other diseases, and clinical characteristics of patients. The analysis of EASD/ADA documents and scientific literature helped to develop recommendations on the basic principles of planning and conducting clinical trials at the final stages of hypoglycaemic medicine development. The paper describes new approaches to clinical trials, which allow for a more reliable assessment of the treatment effectiveness. The strategy for the assessment of therapeutic effect should be carefully planned, justified, and reflected in variables of interest, clinical trial design, and statistical analysis of the trial results. The main efficacy criterion in confirmatory clinical trials of hypoglycaemic medicines should be the demonstration of benefits in improving glycaemic control. The medicine’s effect on the body weight may be considered as a secondary endpoint. An essential requirement is confirmation of the medicines’ cardiovascular safety, while potential additional benefits are reduction or prevention of risks of cardiovascular disease development. The clinical trial protocol should provide definitions for intercurrent events and hypoglycaemia. A comprehensive safety study of a new hypoglycaemic medicine should involve identification of anticipated or known side effects characteristic of a particular pharmacological class. The provided recommendations may be helpful for medicine developers, and for experts who perform assessment of clinical trial programmes and regulatory submissions for hypoglycaemic medicines.

The article considers the problem of educational migration of the population from the Republic of Buryatia. The paper presents the preliminary results of the author's sociological research, within the framework of which an anonymous survey of high school students in Buryatia and an expert survey of directors of general education institutions in Buryatia were conducted. The results of the study indicate a high educational migration potential among Buryat school graduates, for whom the presence of the specialty / field of study, the quality of education and the availability of budget places are significant choosing an educational institution. The study also analysed secondary data from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Buryatia, obtained at an official request, and statistical data from the Territorial Body of the Federal State Statistics Service for the Republic of Buryatia, which made it possible to determine the scale and direction of educational migration from the Republic.

This paper tackles the economic impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the labor markets and human capital. Specifically, it looks into the issues the pandemic brought upon the human resources and personnel during coronavirus lockdowns. The high level of globalization characteristic of the modern economy has only exacerbated the negative impact of the pandemic. At the moment, it remains impossible to assess the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the damage caused to the economies of countries and regions by this event. However, it is possible to identify the main directions of analysis of the consequences of the pandemic, including in terms of the impact on the state of the labor market, which was the main goal of this study. In particular, the authors highlight a number of consequences, the work on overcoming which is still to be done by the Russian socio-economic system. The most obvious of them is the growth of unemployment, the release of part of the employed and the reduction in the number of jobs, and this is observed extremely unevenly across the sectors of the economy. Nevertheless, the authors point out that the problem of staff release is aggravated by the size of the share of informal employment in the labor market, especially in the sectors of public catering, leisure and tourism that have been most affected by the pandemic. As the second important problem, the authors point to ineffective staff reduction, the dismissal of useful and valuable employees of some organizations while maintaining an unnecessarily bloated staff of others. It also mentions the reasons and forms of staff retention, some of which, being either forced or economically and technologically attractive, give rise to additional problems. The authors call an important social consequence of the pandemic a reduction in the number and level of personal contacts in society, in particular, in working groups. As a result, the author's vision of the long-term consequences of current events for the state of the labor market, employment of the population and the economy as a whole is proposed.)

The article actualizes the issue of studying the experience of forming an effective management system of social protection of the population of the region. The paper considers the main socio-geographical, natural and climatic features of the region, ethno-cultural features that determine the formation of an effective social protection management system of the republic. The author notes that the underestimation of these features of the formation of the social protection management system in the Altai Republic significantly reduces its effectiveness. The study considers the structural divisions of the Ministry of Labor, Social Development and Employment of the Population of the Altai Republic and subordinate institutions. As a result of the analysis of Internet resources as well as theoretical analysis of the reports of the Ministry of Labor, Social Development and Employment of the Altai Republic, problematic areas of the functioning of the social protection management system of the republic were identified.

This paper examines and explores in detail the key theoretical aspects and leading ideological and political trends of The black rights movement in the United States in the 1960s. As the main sources, the author uses the works and speeches of its most famous representatives, such as: Martin Luther king, Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael, Huey Percy Newton, Robert Seal, Eldridge cleaver, highlighting the main trends and dominant trends. Materialistic dialectics is suggested as the main research method. This makes it possible to consider the process of formation of the Movement for the rights of african americans directly in development. The author not only conducts a comparative analysis of various trends and ideological and political views of the most prominent representatives of this movement, but also does it in dynamics, explaining the nature and mechanism of qualitative changes taking place using the laws of materialistic dialectics. In particular, the opposing classical concepts of integrationism and black nationalism, which underlie the definition of the notorious ambivalence of african-american consciousness, were replaced in the second half of the 1960s by revolutionary black nationalism and revolutionary socialism, which negate the previous two and are simultaneously closely related to them. As a conclusion, the concept of understanding the qualitative transformations of The black rights Movement in the United States is proposed, and parallels are drawn with the current rise of the socio-racial movement, taking place within the same discursive Reld, which was finally formed in the 1960s and continues to dominate the protest-minded part of the african-american population to this day. This gives the author the opportunity to make a forecast for the future development of the situation in the United States and the scenario of the Movement.

Currently, an electronic document management system has been widely implemented in the practice of tax authorities, which allows you to reduce time and labor costs for processing and preparing documents; to provide operational services to the population; to ensure the availability and openness of information to the public about the activities of tax authorities, as well as services provided by tax authorities; to reduce the cost of interaction between the population and tax authorities. However, despite the automation of office work, a number of unresolved problems remains in the field of document management of tax authorities.The relevance of this study is that the main problems of the tax authorities are a large number of routine manual operations performed by employees, as well as a large volume of incoming documents that are received by the tax authorities. The creation of documents, as well as their storage, transmission and search for such documents require significant labor, time and financial costs. That is why recently tax inspections have been working on a comprehensive automation of the inspection’s activities by introducing a system for processing and accounting documents, which will allow you after a while to abandon documents and information presented on paper.The study analyses the electronic document management systems used in the practice of public administration, describes the advantages and disadvantages of each system. The paper also analyses the features of the document management process in the tax authorities. Based on the conducted research, the authors propose the introduction of a modern domestic system built on the “Logic of SED”-platform. This system is aimed at improving the efficiency of work in various areas of joint activity of employees of the organization in terms of automation of project document flow and the possibility of collective work.

The paper presents an analysis of the capacity of target groups of the population which are considered as a social base for the implementation of strategies of socioeconomic development. The aim of the study is to define the ways of identifying and tools of activating of the capacity of various groups of the population in relation to strategy planning and implementation. The capacity of target groups is considered in a context of the concept of capacity as a managerial category with its both objective and subjective senses. The capacity of target groups is identified among the various sorts of capacity of a territory. The concepts of target groups capacity and social capacity, social and labor capacity, social and target groups are correlated. The capacity of target groups is shown on the example of two certain localities: Mostovski raion (Krasnodar krai) and the city district of Megion (Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous okrug – Ugra). As a result of reflection analysis of the process and outcomes of strategic planning there were revealed more than ten target groups typical for both localities. Specific target groups were also identified. The role of each of group under the condition of both inertial and purposeful development of the locality was highlighted. The identification of target groups had let to classify them by the criteria of typicality, localization in relation to the borders of the locality, cohesion, presence in the real world / result of intent construction. It was proposed to form a ‘thesaurus’ of target groups to apply while analyzing the social potential of the other localities.

The state and the nation have their interests. They call them “the national interests”. Even though the study of national interests began many centuries ago, there is still no single methodology to determine national interests, let alone quantifying them. National interests largely determine the goals that society sets for itself. Thus, from the national interest “preservation and survival of society” arises the strategic goal of human society, the state, and the nation — to increase the population and ensure its security. The preservation of territorial integrity is one of the national interests, so each state has the goal to preserve its territorial integrity and maintain the territory of its habitat in a life-friendly condition. If a goal is set, there should be indicators of its achievement. For example, for the strategic goal “ensuring socio-economic well-being and growth of well-being” indicators are the volume and dynamics of income of members of the society, the unemployment rate, the coeffiients of differentiation of incomes of the population and some other indexes. The author of this paper has identifid seven strategic goals of a society that correspond to six universally recognized national interests. To quantify the measure of their achievement, the author selected 23 indicators. The author based his choice according to the state of Russian statistics. It turned out that this indicator had a downward trend in 2000–2018, and its flctuations were damped.

The aim of the study was to develop a unified approach to a comprehensive risk assessment of the anthrax situation deterioration based on the ranking of territories by epidemiologically significant factors.Materials and methods. For a comprehensive risk assessment of the situation complication, the statistical principles of ranking of the estimated indicators were used. These indicators comprise the presence and activity of soil foci of anthrax, the prevailing soil types and their main characteristics, as well as social risk factors associated with the peculiarities of animal husbandry and the possibility of infection of the population. The proposed assessment method has been tested on a national scale, and its content and results are described in this paper by the example of the Volga Federal District. The materials of the study were federal and regional cadastres of stationary hazardous as regards anthrax areas, an atlas and maps of soils, data of statistical accounting and reporting of Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance, Federal Service for State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography and Rospotrebnadzor.Results and discussion. It has been established that in all constituent entities of the district there are potential risks of the situation deterioration that are associated with the presence of soil foci. In terms of the sum of ranks, the greatest potential disadvantage is noted in a number of republics and regions of the Volga Region. At the same time, the real danger is mainly due to social factors, which include the characteristics of animal husbandry, as well as the degree of susceptibility of the population. The maximum risks are currently identified in the territories of the republics of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, as well as in the Saratov Region. The study is aimed at improving the efficiency of anthrax epidemiological surveillance in the Russian Federation, and the proposed methodology can be used at all levels of surveillance.

Police reports and papers of the sanitary-executive commission about deceases of people of Tsarskoselskiy uyezd are understudied documents of 1915–1917, representative for comparative study of the resources and epidemic dynamics, special characteristics of healthcare system and interaction of administration, doctors and population.

This paper discusses the main social impact of immigration to the United States. The article uses systems for a comprehensive review of immigration on the most important American institutions and the integration of immigrants and their children into American society. A comprehensive analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics of immigrants is carried out. Theoretical and methodological analysis of Russian and foreign research, information and statistical materials of the U.S. Census Bureau, as well as materials of American research centers, including Gallup, Pew Research Center. Large-scale immigration has led to changes in the country’s racial and ethnic balance, with long-term changes. The growth of the working-age population in the United States is driven by immigrants and their children. The first time in Gallup’s trend that the percentage wanting increased immigration has exceeded the percentage who want decreased immigration.

The article analyses the domestic and foreign practices of making decisions on financing projects related to demography, health, and social protection of the population. The paper considers declarations, concepts, and strategies directing to solve the problem of population aging, which is relevant for countries of the Europe, North America, the Russian Federation. The authors investigate the issues of an assessment of the social effect of implementing strategies and programs for active longevity, in domestic science and practice and conclude, that at present, universal methodology is not developed, and the existing standard approaches are adapted from the management of corporate structures. The purpose of the article is to test the system of measuring the social effect of implementing the concept of active longevity in the region. The methodological basis of the study are the factor approach, methods of analysis of time series, the factor approach, as well as recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Organization (UN) and the European Union (EU). The scientific novelty of the presented results lies in the author`s methodological developments: the interpretation of the social effect of the active longevity strategy and the system of statistical indicators for assessing the social effect in the implementation of active longevity strategies in the region. The practical significance of the results is that the regions of the Russian Federation can use the author’s system of social effect meters to monitor strategies and programs for the implementation of active longevity. The use of the system of indicators will provide a solution to the problem of its quantitative assessment, it will allow us to find out the shortcomings of regional target indicators at the planning stage and will help to increase the level of consistency of the goals of regional strategies with national goals and requirements of international organizations.