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A nation brand impacts on a country’s economic development, stimulating or, contrarily, limiting people and organisations’ readiness to invest various resources within a particular jurisdiction. Simultaneously, a nation brand originates in all activities of organisations operating in the country’s territory. The paper aims to develop theoretical foundations of the nation brand management as a system. The methodological basis of the study is the concept of nation branding and the systems approach. A set of general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, systematisation and generalisation are used. As a result, the paper provides and describes a system for the nation brand management that comprises input (existing perception of a country), transformation processes (creation of an image), and output (the image shaped). The value of the developed system lies in its ability to coordinate the interests of diverse stakeholders. The article presents a vision of 7-S model implementation for the nation brand based on the understanding of the relationships that lead to the formation of nation brand as well as the representation of external and internal dynamic processes that evolve over time, etc. The findings contribute to grasping the essence of the nation brand management using the principles of the systems approach, which potentially enhances the country’s economic development.

This research paper explores the transformative potential of intelligent economic systems in the context of sustainable economic growth. This potential determines the impact of integrating artificial intelligence, data analytics, and automation into economic processes on key dimensions, including economic growth, resource efficiency, and environmental sustainability. Through a multidimensional approach, this research employs quantitative analyses, qualitative insights from stakeholder interviews and expert surveys, and cross-regional comparisons to provide a comprehensive perspective on the subject. The findings reveal a compelling positive relationship between the adoption of intelligent economic systems and economic expansion. Regions that have embraced these systems consistently outperform their non-adopting counterparts, demonstrating higher economic growth rates, enhanced resource efficiency, and improved environmental sustainability. Innovation emerges as a central driver of growth, while challenges related to workforce adaptation and data administration require careful consideration. This research paper not only underscores the significance of intelligent economic systems in shaping a more sustainable and prosperous future but also offers practical recommendations for policymakers, businesses, and individuals. It calls for a collaborative global effort to harness the transformative power of intelligent economic systems, highlighting the potential to create a harmonious balance between innovation, intelligence, and sustainability in the pursuit of economic prosperity. The research carries significant practical value for a wide range of stakeholders, including policymakers, business leaders, investors, and the broader community. By empirically examining how intelligent economic systems, characterized by the integration of technologies like artificial intelligence, big data analytics, and automation, impact economic growth, resource efficiency, and sustainability, the research offers actionable insights and recommendations that can guide decision-making in both the public and private sectors.

Copyright of Scientific Bulletin of Polissia is the property of Chernihiv State Institute of Economics & Management and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines theoretical approaches to the development of a silver economy in the world and the practical value of promoting its model for the Russian Federation. Based on the consideration of various interpretations of this concept, the author's definition of the category «silver economy» is proposed with the allocation of two vectors of its development: economy - for the elderly and the elderly - for the economy. The purpose of the study was to assess the potential demand for silver economy products: in accordance with it, the paper presents the results of a specific sociological (expert) survey conducted by the authors in St. Petersburg. The conducted research allowed us to establish that the awareness of the involved expert community regarding the production of specialized goods for the elderly population in St. Petersburg is generally low; the range of specialized high-tech products for the elderly population is estimated as very poor, and the level of localization of the silver economy in terms of the production of goods in St. Petersburg is low.

Copyright of Economy & Forecasting / Ekonomìka ì Prognozuvannâ is the property of Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences, Institute for Economic Forecasting and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ukrainian Historical Journal / Ukraïnsʹkij Ìstoričnij Žurnal is the property of Institute of History of Ukraine, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Increasing the efficiency of communications with customers maintains the economic development and growth in the services and food retail industry. One way to succeed in this objective is introducing digital technologies for interaction with clientele. The paper aims to assess the efficiency of the customer loyalty programmes in food retail that are based on digital technologies. Methodologically, the study relies on the system approach, the relationship marketing, and the organisational economics. The index method and comparative analysis are applied to examine the data on customer loyalty programmes of ten food retailers. Comparison of these data reveals the most prevalent tools for attracting customers and helps create a conceptual model of the CRM system that provides for a combination of these tools. Following these findings, the paper specifies the indicators for examining the efficiency of the customer loyalty programmes and develops recommendations on refining the operation of CRM systems by retailers. The research results may become a basis for creation, implementation, and assessment of loyalty programmes of retail chains, which are targeted at enhancing the quality of interaction with clientele.

Copyright of Economics: Time Realities is the property of Odessa Polytechnic University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Women account for almost half of the world population, however, their contribution to the economic development is rather limited due to significant gender imparity manifested in different aspects: from participation in decision-making and employment to incomes and property. The paper aims to explore and assess the potential of women empowerment to the benefits of economic growth in the BRICS countries. Methodologically, the paper relies on the theory of gender order and the interdisciplinary approach to the research of gender inequality. The study applies methods of systematisation, content analysis, and comparison of time series. By analysing a range of international organisations’ reports, the paper provides insight in the state of affairs with gender inequality in the BRICS countries looking at its key characteristics in the economic, educational, social, and political spheres. Using the World Bank data for 2000–2021, the paper examines women’s empowerment according to the dimensions accounted for in the UN Gender Inequality Index: empowerment, health, and labour market. The findings indicate that the BRICS countries are far behind in terms of delivering real justice to women’s empowerment. Among the five countries China and Russia seem to be putting the strongest efforts to reduce gender gap, Brazil demonstrates good dynamics, but has a long way to go, while South Africa and India confront many deep-rooted problems that strongly thwart their progress. The theoretical and practical significance of the study lies in the consolidation of the data on the problem of gender imparity as well as their interpretation in the context of supporting gender equal societies in the BRICS countries to promote the global spatial economic development.

The purpose of this study is to clarify the prospects for the creation of a new reserve currency by the (Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) countries to reduce foreign exchange costs in trade transactions, to strengthen integration processes in the Eurasian space, to increase the investment potential of developing Asian countries and to stimulate sustainable economic growth. The paper presents the results of mathematical modeling of the optimal portfolio structure of collateral assets with the possible issuance of a new reserve currency by the SCO countries. The article concludes that currently the best reserve assets that have been analyzed are the Chinese yuan, Indian rupee and gold. The expected return of the new reserve currency does not depend on fluctuations in the global foreign exchange market, and its calculated risk (standard deviation of return) turned out to be lower than the risk of fluctuations in the value of the yuan and gold. The article concludes that gold is the best collateral asset, as it has a stable positive yield, constant purchasing power and a fair value that is 4 times higher than the market value. It is proposed to issue a new reserve currency in the form of stablecoins so that it incorporates all the best properties of cryptocurrencies and fiat money

Economic development is one of the main concerns of todays countries, significantly those influenced by the collapse of the communist bloc and the failure of a centralized planning and growth pattern of socialism. As a result, Russias economy in the post-collapse period witnessed chaos in domestic production and the rise in commodity prices. However, Russia is now the 11th largest economy globally, and the countrys exports, which was $ 78 billion in 1995, amounted to more than $ 420 billion. This paper attempts to analyze this experience concerning the role of government in developing and integrating into the global economy. Therefore, the main question is the governments role in developing and integrating into the global economy from 1995 to 2011. This paper attempts to review the Russian experience due to its similarity in post-Soviet period with the Iranian economys current circumstances, analyzing and comparing solutions that a government must consider to be transferred from a government-run to a market economy. The survey shows that the Russian government successfully took a step toward economic liberalization and integration in the global economy.

Ecosystems that allow obtaining synergistic effects from agreed actions of their participants recently have become the most attractive market patterns for the study. The paper tests the hypothesis about the presence of the ecosystem relationships between the agriculture and industry sectors in Russia. The methodological basis of the paper comprises the theories of ecosystems, entrepreneurship, complexity, and regional economics with respect to entrepreneurial ecosystems. The researchers apply economic-statistical and regression analysis to investigate crop growing and related industries of agricultural mechanical engineering and fertilizer production in the Russian Federation. The research data come from the performance of enterprises of these industries in 1990–2019. The central idea of the study lies in the assumption that to promote national economic development it is necessary to integrate the aforementioned industries in an ecosystem having single technological and digital standards. The findings of the empirical part demonstrate a weak correlation between the growth of indicators in crop growing and mechanical engineering, and simultaneously, a stable correlation between indicators of crop growing and chemicals industries. The constructed linear regression models evidence that in Russia the entrepreneurial ecosystem that integrates the agrarian sector with the related industries is at its early stages. The fundamental problem of organising such an entrepreneurial ecosystem is a systemic dependence of the Russian agricultural industries on institutional factors, primarily, on the government subsidies, and lack of the corresponding project solutions. The authors argue that the organisation of the entrepreneurial ecosystem bringing together agriculture and industry will foster another high-tech sector in the Russian economy.

The article is devoted to the description of the dynamics of the economic development of the East African states. The paper gives a description of the current economic situation of the East African countries, lists the states included in the East African region, gives the economic and geographical characteristics of the studied region. The author also analyses the evolution of the sectoral composition of gross domestic product (GDP) of the East African countries, considers the economic factors that influence the economic growth of the states of the region. The study analyses the problem of employment and unemployment in the East African countries. The paper considers the ways of improving the economic development of the region, in particular, economic diversification, inclusive growth and structural transformation, as well as structural and institutional measures that would encourage productive investment in the economy.

Search for the new markets and niches for national exports is one of the core objectives of economic diplomacy in any modern state. For the Russian Federation this issue acquires particular relevance under present conditions, since the expansion of industrial exports is designed to reduce dependence on commodity exports, strengthen national competitiveness, ensure economic growth, and, correspondingly improve the quality of life of its population. In this regard, eff ective foreign economic activities are essential to the policy, aimed at ensuring the real sovereignty. The paper examines the key elements of non-primary export support system in the Russian Federation. This research is based on both offi cial documents and modern academic literature on this issue and on the author’s personal experience gained while working in a number of relevant state institutions and development agencies, as well as commercial organizations. The first section provides an overview of the key forms and instruments of export support in general, as well as describes the history and the current state of the Russian export support system. The author focuses on the activities of the national trade missions abroad, the Russian Export Center and intergovernmental commissions for trade, economic, scientifi c and technical cooperation. The author notes that many institutions within the framework of the state export support in the Russian Federation are just emerging and face many challenges and diffi culties. The latter include, primarily, the lack of inter-agency co-operation and policy coherence. There are no common operating standards or a unifi ed system of foreign offi ces. On this basis, in the second section the author outlines a number of recommendations to improve the eff ectiveness of the Russian export support system. The author concludes that for the eff ective functioning of this system, it is necessary to harmonize the work and activities of its institutions. The latter should prioritize the needs of particular regions of the Russian Federation, coordinate their eff orts with regional export support centers and business associations. In this regard, the author highlights the potential of the project to create a Unifi ed Export Promotion System, but admits that it has to be started from scratch. In addition, the paper outlines a set of specifi c recommendations that, if carried out consistently, might also contribute to the promotion of Russian goods to foreign markets and ensure the diversifi cation of the country’s economy.

Copyright of Likarska Sprava is the property of J. Likarska Sprava and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main goal of the study presented in this paper is to reveal some opportunities which were not used till now and to make more concrete the state and the perspectives for rural tourism development in the region of Brestovitsa village situated in Plovdiv district. The topic is very pressing because of the necessity of identifying the product of "rural tourism" in small and not so famous regions aiming their economic development on one hand, and creating opportunities for people with lower incomes to rest on the other. The main issue is the alternative medium and space offered by rural tourism. The paper presents an analyses of the opportunities for development of rural tourism in the village of Brestivitsa proving that there is a potential for development of this type of tourism. Furthermore, it pays special attention to the opportunities for tourism development in less famous villages as Brestovitsa as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the analysis of the national scientists' research papers devoted to the study of the significant for the Soviet science subject, namely the role of the Communist Party in the industrial development of the Ukrainian SSR. The review of Soviet scientists' papers has showed that they studied different aspects of the USSR industrial development in the latest 60's-80's of the 20th century. Apart from historians, there were also economists, sophists, demographists who were engaged in the research process. They succeeded in including this subject into science, analyzing Soviet statistic material, finding a specific algorithm of the industrial development. The interest to the socioeconomic life has been shown. The activity of CPSU-CPU directed at the management of the work of the workers' collectives at enterprises. In this connection the role of Party organizations in strengthening ties between science and manufacture, the improvement of labor force socialist emulation and further strengthening its leading role in the manufacturing enhancement. Most of these works were of propaganda purpose, but they contained certain information about the activity of Party organizations in the manufacturing industry. Soviet scientists made an extensive use of the specific "scientific" terminology which formed a false image of the human and the society, such as the communist truth, light future, victorious socialism march, inspired by the Party, growth of the material well-being, improvement of industrial performance, socialist emulation of foremost workers, socialist labor victory etc. The industrial development of the USSR was represented by absolutely perfect society; one of its capital traits was the Party leading role. It is only achievements that were revealed, while losses were concealed. If there were some critical comments they did not concern big problems in the economic system of that time. The great majority of Soviet historians' publications were disfigured by the "window dressing", false historical record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between openness to trade and economic growth and development is highly debatable subject amongst economists with still inconclusive answer. The subject of this paper is an analysis of the relation between openness to foreign trade flows and economic development on a sample of 23 small and transitional economies. The aim of the research is to conclude what kind of relationship between these two variables exists, and to investigate whether there is a difference between export and import and their individual relation with economic development. After the introduction, the second section provides a brief overview of the literature on the similar topic. The third section gives an explanation of research methodology, sampling methods and methods of measuring of analyzed variables. The fourth section refers to the quantitative results of the research and discussion while the fifth part is dedicated to the main conclusions of an analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contains a review of the most important characteristics of public-private partnerships, explaining mutual adjustment of public and private sectors goals during the implementation of a particular public project. In addition, this paper outlines the benefits of public-private partnership through redefining government role in economy ensuring the necessary efficiency and productivity in the management of public goods. The author specially noted that for successful development of public-private partnership it is necessary for all stakeholders to be adequately involved in the process and to clearly recognize the possibility of better and higher quality in realization of their own interests by defining the contractual assumptions of risk diversification. The author also points out that in explaining the concept of public-private partnership it is necessary to distinguish between this kind of contractual relationship and the traditional ways of providing public services, privatization and concessions. The circumstances suggest that the experience in strategic merger of public and private sectors in developed countries is positive and that these processes in countries in transition are delayed both in view of legal aspect and application in practice. The author believes that not only the legal solutions but also new procedures and regulations as well as mechanisms for effective implementation of models of public-private partnership will be of great importance for further economic development of the countries in transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sports is globally regarded as having the ability to foster friendship and peaceful coexistence among peoples across such different barriers as skin colours, country of origin, religion, gender as well as social strata. Sport is a strong source of harnessing diversities that may exist in a political system for sustainable socio-economic and political development. Sports have been used by different countries as justifiable mechanism for foreign policy and a veritable vehicle for peaceful co-existence. However, just as sport is capable of promoting friendship, it can also be used as an instrument of development in same way as it can foster national cohesion especially in plural and heterogeneous societies. To that extent, this paper sets to establish the extent to which sports can be used to engender development. It relied on the qualitative method of gauging information to establish its case. The study reveals that, indeed sports has the potentials of promoting national cohesion in a clime that is fragmented along many divisive lines such as ethnicity, religion, language and many other centrifugal forces; it further reveal that sports can also engender development in all facets such that is will enhance the standard of living of the people. The paper suggests among other things that, there is the need for the government to synergize with the private sector in order for the people and the society at large to reap the benefits that lays in sports and in the sport industry.

This research paper affirms that a high level of social and economic development at national level as well as a decent living of the population can be ensured through a secure and well-paid work. The right to work is considered one of the main rights in both national law and international conventions. In his context, this paper aims to perform a comparative analysis of normative acts issued in the Republic of Moldova and the Danube States (EU members) on the right to work as well as the social and economic results from the application of these normative acts. The authors expect to establish the logical link between legislation on labour-welfare and population-economic development of countries by conducting a comparative analysis of the provisions of regulatory documents, by observing and analysing statistical data on the economic and social situation in the analysed states. The results of this research will serve as a theoretical and applied basis for students, researchers, but also to formulate recommendations for the national legislature based on the successful experience of EU countries.

Over the last four decades, China has sustained extraordinary economic development despite Western assertions of under-constructed economic markets and the lack of an independent adjudicative process. The purpose of this paper is to set out the context of China’s judicial independence and high economic development scenario in the global economy. The paper aims to establish that vast economic expansion is possible without the conventional concept of an independent judiciary in which China provides an important example for the world. The study is mainly qualitative in nature and takes the analytical approach. The data and statistics have been collected from sources of the World Bank, IMF, WTO, UNCTAD, The World Factbook of the CIA, and the Chinese National Bureau of Statistics. The content analysis references the Chinese Constitution and judges law, reports of the Supreme People’s Court, books, journal articles, newspaper articles, media reports, and internet documents. The findings of the study are that China preserves “adjudicative independence” as a unique feature instead of embracing the Western concept of judicial independence that promotes the confidence of investors to make more investments. Additionally, the initiatives of “Made in China” and “One Belt, One Road” attach new wings to China’s emergence as the world’s crucial economic power. The article concludes that China’s experience provides a lesson for policymakers and economists of other developing or transitional countries struggling with weak legal and court systems, and emerging financial markets. The study strengthens the flourishing literature on the connection between judicial independence and economic development.

Copyright of News of Kazakhstan Science / Novosti nauki Kazahstana is the property of NCSTE (JSC National Center for State Scientific and Technical Evaluations) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article starts by highlighting the significance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Kazakhstan economy, emphasizing their role as drivers of innovation, job creation, and overall economic development. It discusses the challenges faced by SMEs in accessing finance, technology, and markets, which often hinder their ability to innovate and invest effectively. Moreover, the article delves into the regulatory and institutional frameworks governing SMEs in Kazakhstan, examining the policies and initiatives aimed at fostering a conductive environment for innovation and investment. It explores government support programs, tax incentives, and regulatory reforms designed to stimulate SME growth and entrepreneurship. Furthermore, the paper explores the importance of fostering collaboration and partnerships between SMEs, larger enterprises, research institutions, and government agencies to promote innovation and investment. It discusses the role of industry clusters, innovation hubs, and incubators in facilitating knowledge exchange, networking, and access to resources for SMEs. The article also examines the role of education and skills development in enhancing the innovative capacity of SMEs in Kazakhstan. It highlights the need for targeted training programs, capacity–building initiatives, and entrepreneurship education to equip SMEs with the necessary skills and knowledge to innovate and compete in a globalized economy. Additionally, the article explores the potential of digitalization and technology adoption in driving innovation and investment among Kazakhstan SMEs. It discusses the opportunities presented by digital platforms, e–commerce, and emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain in enhancing SME productivity, efficiency, and competitiveness.

In 2019, Esther Duflo, Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer were awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences “for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty.” This ap-proach is mainly based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Therefore, a goal of the paper is to ana-lyze and review major findings of the Nobel Prize winners and to show directions for their application in Central Asia. The methodology of the paper is based on the analysis of RCTs conducted by the Nobel Prize winners and in Central Asia. The paper finds that there are a lot of factors restricting poverty al-leviation in developing countries, including underdevelopment of educational and healthcare systems. These problems can be addressed using experimental studies in different fields. The paper also reviews the main findings of the Central Asia-based RCTs. Their results were positive in terms of identifying problems and providing solutions that can be useful for further policymaking and can positively affect in-stitutional, educational, healthcare and social issues. The paper shows that the potential priority sectors for the regional RCTs are educational and agricultural policies, where they can be conducted in order to test the efficiency of the existing programs and develop recommendations for future policy improve-ments. However, the RCTs alone are not enough for poverty alleviation and the paper emphasizes on the essential role of economic growth. The paper can be useful for policymakers, who form anti-poverty policy and development programs.

Diversifying economy from one sector to another is a vital problem faced by many nations across the globe. Many countries believe that economic development is achieved by diversifying the economy by switching the major revenue sectors. The main objective of this research paper is to study the economic development of Kurdistan region through diversification from Oil to agriculture economy and one more objective is to find out how the role of FDI will create the impact over the growth of economy in agriculture sector. The study is concentrated on 50 agriculturists through convenience sampling method. Kurdistan is an autonomous province in Iraq which is heavily dependent on oil sector for its major part of revenue. On the other hand it is ignoring agriculture sector which has a great potential to earn heavy revenue for the country. This paper reveals that, the Agriculture can play the major role in the economic development of Kurdistan in future as an employment generation, increase in GDP, Increase in Government revenue and diversify development. This research paper proposes some financial model for the possible growth of agriculture sector along with agro technology through small investor FDI scheme and Agriculture insurance scheme. From this study, it is found that if proposed suggestion is been concentrated on agriculture by KRG surely GDP will increase.

The subject of the paper is the US investment and development assistance policy for Kenya in the second decade of the 21st century. The first section of the paper discusses the investments of American enterprises in Kenya, as well as the programs of the governments of Kenya and the US, which are to improve investment conditions in this country. The second section discusses the development support provided by the US government agencies for Kenya and its residents. The main research questions are whether the level of US investment and development support was significant, and what are the prospects for cooperation in these areas in the future? The main thesis of the paper assumes that in the past decade investment and development cooperation between the US and Kenya was at a relatively high level, but its possibilities are much greater. In the coming years, Kenya might increase its position as one of the most important US economic partners in Africa, including in investment and development assistance.

The purpose of the study is to reflect the relationship between economic development and environmental pollution. To achieve this goal, a simulation model of ecological and economic processes has been built. The article discusses general economic reforms that lead to unforeseen damage to the environment. Therefore, the existence of outdated policies, market imperfections, and organizational structures elsewhere in the economy can interact in unpredictable ways with broader economic reforms and create incentives for overuse of natural resources and environmental degradation. That is why the correction of such a situation usually does not require the abandonment of the original economic policy. When conducting simulation experiments, the whole range of possible pictures of the model’s behavior is obtained by varying the coefficient of choice of the strategy, which is a managerial one. The built model reflects the ecological and economic processes associated with air pollution and purification in a certain area based on the specified initial conditions and time series that describe the dynamics of exogenous variables. The model proposed in the study allows predicting the dynamics of endogenous variables (qualitatively and quantitatively), and this behavior is possible with the unchanged structure of the system, and quantitative estimates are reliable until 2040 (further, the dynamics of the main variables is provided to demonstrate the possible S-shaped behavior of the system). The model presented in the paper reflects the relationship between different subsystems (sectors of the economy) with the help of feedback loops and allows to consider the influence of selected subsystems (one on the other), which cannot be done with the help of classical methods used in economics. The built model makes it clear that in order to maintain the ecological balance in the world, the situation will require a serious increase in investments in the development of environmental technologies and reduction of environmental damage from existing production technologies.

This paper is devoted to solving the inverse problem (determining the parameters of a system of ordinary differential equations based on additional information determined at discrete points in time) and analyzing its solution for a mathematical model describing the dynamics of changes in the population and capital of two regions of the world. The inverse problem is reduced to the problem of minimizing the target functional and is solved by the method of differential evolution. A numerical method for solving direct and inverse problems is implemented. The developed method was tested on model and real data for countries such as Russia, China, India and the USA.

The relevance of the study is emphasized by the urgent need caused by the sanctions and geopolitical tensions, which manifested itself in disruptions in the foreign materials and consumer goods inflow to Russia. This in turn affected the operation of the country’s vast manufacturing sector. Such a scenario requires innovative conceptual paradigms development for managing the industrial sector in the forced import substitution era. This article attempts to identify and critically evaluate both existing and emerging strategic directions required to upgrade the nation’s industrial machinery to ensure its operational efficiency in the present circumstances. A scholarly effort con sisting of a thorough analysis and expert papers synthesis relevant to this issue has formed the basis of the study. The ways of solving the problems facing the Russian manufacturing industry in the conditions of forced adaptation and modernization have been traced and identified. The socio-economic vector occupies a central place in the formulated resolution, proclaiming the harmonious unification of efforts to diversify production as a potential lever to stimulate inter-sectoral industrial growth. The author has not only identified various areas ripe for strategic transformation, but also emphasized the critical turn towards a socio-economic trajectory that seeks to utilize all available factors. Collective organization of diversified industrial activities can indeed serve as a catalyst to break the current industrial impasse.

The paper considers the role and place of monetary policy in ensuring the reproduction of modern economy. Monetary policy conducted by the Bank of Russia is based on the IMF’s universal recommendations, which are inconsistent both with the conditions of reproduction of the Russian economy and with specific features of the current period of structural changes in the world economy. The ongoing change of technological and world economic orders is accompanied by fundamental changes in the composition of the industries that determine economic growth, as well as in the system of institutions for managing economic reproduction. The resulting opportunities for a breakthrough in the development of the Russian economy can be implemented only in conditions of an appropriate monetary policy focused on lending to promising areas of economic growth within the existing production factors. The goal of the present paper is to substantiate the mismatch between the monetary policy and the potential opportunities for the growth of the Russian economy in the conditions of changing technological and global economic orders. The paper criticizes the draft major directions of the unified state monetary policy for 2019 and for the period of 2020–2021 and proves that they are inconsistent with modern knowledge about the laws of economic development and growth opportunities of the Russian economy

An impact of foreign trade on national inequality levels is one of the most discussed topics both by public, politicians and academics. This paper contributes to this discussion by focusing on the role of foreign trade in the Russian Federation during its rapid economic transformation in 1990–2010. During this period, the trade-led growth model has helped to raise country-average levels of income. But simultaneously, it seemingly triggered greater inequality in income appropriation between different social groups. Looking into causality between foreign trade and this observed income disparity from the regional perspective will help us to understand the poverty problem associated with income inequality better and enhance the effectiveness of policies of the Russian government targeting income re-distribution. In particular, this research aims to answer a question whether during 1990’s–2000’s increasing openness to foreign trade was pro-poor on the regional level or not. Another point of interest is whether the distributional impact of growing foreign trade on incomes in Russian regions had been positive or negative. Several hypotheses for the Russian Federation are tested in the paper. First, higher openness to foreign trade improved income distribution in the Russian regions. Second, globalization of regions as a result of a more active foreign trade benefited individuals in the middle-income decile. This follows an idea that trade liberalization cuts living costs and raises living standards. Third, regions with larger rural population will tend to have more uneven income distribution. This follows from the neo-classical assumption that in rural areas a poverty burden tends to be larger. Active involvement in the trade of agricultural products might improve income distribution in such regions. Additionally, the share of dependent population among households must affect poverty headcount or the depth of poverty as previous studies on poverty determinants naturally suggested.

This Paper It has discussed economic rights contained in the major international economic instruments, namely the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights; the Declaration on the Right to Development; and the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights. The Paper came against the background that there is need for nations, institutions and the international community to pay equal attention to economic and social rights as it does civil and political rights for in the final analysis, human rights are indivisible, inter-related and inter-dependent. The objective of this Paper, therefore, is to draw attention to this reality in order to reposition individuals and nations for economic prosperity and development. The Paper found among other things that the implementational mechanisms of these instruments are weak and ineffectual. It has also recommended amendments to the law and better strategies of implementation.

Introduction. The rapid economic and demographic growth in the XX century was largely provided by the significant increase in production and consumption of natural resources. It led to an increase of negative impacts on the environment and to the worsening of environmental problems, which eventually become global. In this context the question connected with the research of the «decoupling» concept as a phenomenon of the gap between economic development and the degree of human impacts on the environment becomes extremely urgent. The purpose of this paper is the usage of the theoretical bases of decoupling to establish the relationship between economic growth and destructive impact on the environment and using natural resources in the regions of Ukraine having in mind the necessity of the reorientation of the Ukrainian economy on sustainable economic growth. Results. The paper discovered the theoretical foundations of the decoupling effect and the methodology of its detection in the economy of the country and the regions of Ukraine. The authors have come to the conclusion that there is no ecological balance in the national economy. This conclusion was made on the basic of the analysis of decoupling indicators in Ukraine and its regions. The economic growth in the country occurs due to the increasing impact on the environment and the exhaustion of natural resources. The authors have developed recommendations for Ukraine and its regions to achieve the decoupling effect as a strategic framework for environmentally sustainable growth of the economy. Conclusion. The Ukrainian economic development has a negative impact on the ecological sphere. The calculations made in the paper demonstrated this tendency. That is why there is an obvious necessity to reduce consumption of resources and to decrease the impact of the economy on the environment. Therefore, decoupling effect must become the top priority for the state development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of human capital development on competitive ability of the EU economy has been researched in this paper. The calculation and estimation of correlative dependence between the competitive ability of the EU economy and major factors of human development were made. The Spearman's rank correlation calculation method was used to confirm correlation of the country's competitive ability and human development interconnection. This method provides the calculation of Spearman's rank correlation coefficient which is a nonparametric method and being used for statistic analysis of connections between different phenomena. The process of calculations and estimations of country's competitive ability and human capital correlation was displayed in three units. The first unit is dedicated to proving the dependence of the Human Development Index and the Global Competitiveness Index, as well as the level of both indices impact analysis. The second unit is aimed to discover dependence of factors, which compose the human capital, from the level of global competitive ability. The third unit focuses on defining and estimating of interdependence between the Global Competitiveness Index and the Global Innovation Index designed by INSEAD Research Centre (France). The dependence between country's human capital development and economic development together with national competitive ability has been proven. Major human capital development factors that influence the level of the EU competitive ability were found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The paper dwells on the research of both the current state and issues of investments attraction in the Ukrainian economy and the analysis of investment climate in Ukraine. The dynamics of foreign investment attraction, the structure of the latter and their allocation have been scrutinized on basis of the statistic data. The authors have uncovered the number of issues that affect the effectiveness of the investments attraction. Practical value. The main ways of positive changes for investments attraction have been offered. Keywords: foreign investments, investment attractiveness, investment climate [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a logically structured classification of retail inventories in the context and for the purposes of category management. An analysis of the latest advances in research of the essence and classification of inventories in trade is made. It is proved that if a retailor applies a categorymanagement concept, it is necessary to develop a classification of inventories. The essence of retail inventories is refined, their major characteristics identified. Economic literature is reviewed and the most common approaches to classification of retail inventories are generalized (the major criteria of the classification of retail inventories are: functions performed (purpose), the objective, relationship with complex logistic functions, compliancewith regulations, a degree of meeting the demand, liquidity level, nature of demand etc.). Aretail inventory valuation systemis presented (application fields and valuation types). The classification of retail inventories is refined and supplemented, subject to location, as well as specificity of presenting respective information in accounting is described. It is proposed to introduce additional off-balance active accountNo. 010 "Goods on the way fromthe Supplier" into a Chart of asset, capital, obligation and business transaction accounts of enterprises and organizations. A structure for analytical calculations of the proposed account is offered. A classification of retail inventories is developed for those applying the category management concept (classification criteria of inventories are proposed in respect of: major economic parameters; parameters of an inventory regulation system; physicalproperties of goods; parameters of consignments of incoming goods; financial aspects; an impact of inventories on retailor' performance). The proposed classification of inventories will allow improving the retailmanagement efficiency in case of using category management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the main components of national security and focuses on the social and economic components as the two most interconnected among the other components of national security. In the context of digitalization, the social and economic aspects of national security become especially important, as modern society and the economy are increasingly dependent on information technology and digital tools. The key aspects of each of these areas are presented: providing the population with basic cybersecurity skills and the conscious use of digital technologies; development of regulatory mechanisms and technical solutions for the protection of citizens’ personal information; interaction between government, business and the public to protect critical infrastructures from cyber threats; development and implementation of cybercrime strategies to ensure the cybersecurity of society; the use of digital technologies to facilitate citizen participation in electoral processes and decision-making; ensuring transparency and access to public information through digital channels; development of e-commerce and digital financial services to stimulate economic growth; supporting innovation and digitalization to increase competitiveness; ensuring business cybersecurity to prevent leaks of confidential information; protecting financial institutions from cyber threats to ensure the stability of the financial system; providing the workforce with the necessary digital skills and training in the digital economy; development of remote work models and mobile technologies to improve the labor market. Digital security and technological development in the field of economics determine the country’s success in the modern world. Organizations and countries should actively work to improve legislation, develop technology, and raise cyber awareness to effectively counter cyber threats and ensure the resilience of national security.

The paper presents the author’s scientific views on the current state of the world economy, its either Western or Eastern self-determination in the process of economic history. The relevance of the research is determined by the transformation of relations between states, their strategic management and the development or stagnation of the business environment. The current situation poses the question of a civilizational choice for many countries: to join the BRICS, to declare their power in the G7, to determine their own independence or to be an observer. The author, through the genesis of the “Eastern” economy, the “Russian Idea” and the development of the Chinese and Middle Eastern economies, makes conclusions on the further path of the Russian economy. Definitely, due to the limited volume of the material, the author considers the branches that refer to his scientific research interests and concepts. The history of managerial and economic thought, as well as the genesis of public administration, allows to determine the prerequisites for a modern economy shaping. The drivers of the economy, to which the author refers China and the Persian Gulf countries, are transforming the business environment today. China is striving for a multi-polarity of the world, and the Arab Emirates are trying to ensure the future of generations through petrodollars, investing in trending industries and thereby forming a positive image of their actions, including mega-events. For Russia, on the one hand, new opportunities are opening for the entrepreneurial environment development, its own entrepreneurial culture shaping, new areas of entrepreneurial activity, import substitution. On the other hand, in modern conditions it is impossible to do without programs and projects to support the business environment, and, at the same time, strengthen control over the production and sale of goods and services. The article is rather conceptual, since it represents the author’s view of the current situation. Taking into consideration that the planning horizon today is limited to a mega-short-term period, the relevance of many scientific publications, in particular, J. Byrnes, [1], A. N. Shokhin [2], I. V. Guskova [3], A. L. Kudrin [4], M. Mazzucatto [5], may change with regular frequency.

Purpose of the study. The state policy aimed at stimulating national economic growth should necessarily be based on justified scientific conclusions and the results of empirical studies. In particular, a relatively new method for accelerating the country’s economic development is state investment in the digitalization of the economy. In this respect, the present study aims to roughly estimate the economic effect of additional public investments in the development of domestic software and databases and the increase in the share of IT specialists in the total employment structure.Materials and methods. The paper used regression analysis methods for panel data based on Rosstat statistics. In particular, the authors applied the econometric fixed effects model.Results. The study demonstrated the higher efficiency of investment in the development of software and databases as compared to the similar efficiency of capital investment in other types of fixed assets. The possible economic effect of additional budget financing for domestic software developers was estimated. The results of calculations clearly demonstrate that additional capital investments in Russian software and databases in the amount from 0.16 to 0.64% of the Russian Federation’s consolidated budget annually (in 2020 prices and in relation to its size for the same period) can accelerate GDP growth in Russia by 0.16-2.44 percentage points per year. At the same time, these calculations hardly make it possible to speak about a strong impact of additional government spending on the increase in the number of people employed in the IT sector. Consequently, it cannot be stated with certainty that it is advisable to further increase the number of state-funded places at Russian universities in IT areas. However, this conclusion is based on panel data, the time interval of which ends in 2020. Taking into account the recent years’ trends can question the relevance of the obtained conclusion.Conclusion. Thus, additional public investment in the digitalization of the national economy and automation of business processes at Russian enterprises is an important tool for accelerating Russia’s economic development. Currently, many domestic enterprises and organizations implement large-scale projects aimed at deepening automation (creating “smart factories”, transferring state-financed institutions’ document flow into an electronic form, introducing artificial intelligence, and many others). Besides, the reduction in the presence of some foreign software manufacturers in Russia makes it relevant to minimize losses associated with the termination of access to foreign software and databases. One of the options for solving this problem is the financial stimulation of developers of their domestic counterparts.

This paper considers the evolution of the main theoretical approaches considering the role of natural resources in economic development in the XVIII-XXI centuries. The study revels three main functions of natural resources in the economy: a factor of production, a traded commodity and natural capital as a component of national wealth (along with real and human capital). It is shown that at the present stage globalization processes have determined the dominant function of natural resources as a tradable commodity. It is determined that if until the end of the XX century the presence of rich and diverse natural resources ensured economic growth, then in the subsequent period natural resources had a multidirectional impact on economic dynamics. The author performs a comparative analysis of three theories that take natural resources into account: neoclassical theory of economic growth, neoclassical theory of international trade and institutional theory. In the neoclassical theory of economic growth natural resources are considered as a factor of production, which act as determinants of economic growth. This theory formulates the Dasgupta – Heal – Solow – Stiglitz model, which defines the conditions for sustainable economic growth in an economy with non-renewable natural resources. In the neoclassical theory of international trade, natural resources are primarily considered as a tradable commodity, and the possibilities of development of the economy dominated by natural capital by increasing foreign trade rent are analyzed. Within the framework of this theory, three concepts explaining different channels of natural capital impact on the economy through the connection with foreign markets are formulated: the trap of raw material specialization, the Prebisch – Singer hypothesis and the Dutch disease. The macroeconomic causes of the resource curse are identified. Institutional theory studies the role of institutional conditions in the economic development of countries dominated by natural capital. Within the framework of this theory, it is shown that the quality of institutions determines the nature of the impact of natural resource surplus on the rate of economic growth; the resource curse is defined as a violation of incentives to accumulate different forms of capital; rent-seeking is one of the main channels of negative impact in conditions of weak institutions. All the theories considered allow us to conclude that the development of the economy based on the exploitation of natural resources is possible in the long term, provided that compensatory mechanisms are formed to ensure the transformation of natural capital into other forms of capital

Achieving balanced economic development is a key task for old industrial regions, in which many industrial sectors are concentrated. However, current macroeconomic situation does not promote the development of industrial sectors and new technological modes; moreover, it can lead to a decline in production output, tax proceeds, people’s real incomes, consumer demand and other negative trends in socio-economic development. A considerable gap in labor productivity between Russia and developed countries as well as between old industrial regions indicates the existence of major problems in Russian industry. For this reason, the aim of the research is to identify main trends and issues in the industrial76 Том 10, № 4, 2017 Экономические и социальные перемены: факты, тенденции, прогноз Проблемы развития промышленного сектора экономики старопромышленных регионов России sector of old industrial areas in order to work out its further development prospects. Methodological framework of the study includes economic, statistical, and comparative analysis, generalization, and sociological survey. The works of Russian and foreign economists in the field of regional economics, official data of the Federal State Statistics Service, databases of international organizations including the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics constitute the information base of the present study. It also uses research findings of I.V. Makarov, G.B. Korovin, K.V. Pavlov and others. The paper defines problems in the development of old industrial regions; the major problem is insufficient funding, which does not allow industrial enterprises to carry out full reconstruction and technological upgrade. The paper points out measures that would promote economic modernization in Russia’s old industrial regions. Findings of the research can be used by regional authorities in the elaboration of economic development programs

The research states that phase synchronization of fluctuations indicates the areas of phase co-ordination, while the indicator of fluctuation homogeneity characterizes the difference of fluctuation amplitudes at a given time. From a practical point, it is important not only the presence of matches for common fluctuations (measured through homogeneity or synchronization), but the revealing of overwhelming number of matches is also essential, as it enables to identify the lagged trends in development. The paper discusses the approaches to evaluate homogeneity of fluctuations between the basic economic system and a comparative one on the basis of the similarity analysis of impulse-reaction and indicators of mutual correlation. It is indicated that the consistency in the dynamics of two economic variables could be investigated through the correlation of frequency matches, while the phase changes could be detected through leading / guided elements. In order to assess the similarity of business cycles between different national economies the trend deviation values of environmental and economic performance can be used. It is stated that the value of similarity of ecological and economic fluctuations of related economic systems (based on the normalized performance indicators) may be less than unity, because fluctuations can be synchronized imperfectly and / or have different amplitude. The paper analyzes the fluctuation calculation and evaluates cyclic synchronization components of NO2 and SO2 emissions for Germany and Poland.

The paper deals with the influence of sport to the overall economic growth in the economy. The main factor that reflects on the economic growth is the productivity of labor. On the other side, labor productivity depends very muchon the quality of the labor power, which is a combination of physical and intellectual capacity of employees, their vital activity and creative initiative. This is highly appreciate by the government that is why so many initiatives are undertaken such as -- increasing budget financing for sport, constant increase the amount of sport facilities build or reconstructed (stadiums, playgrounds, sports for disabled people, modernization of sports - recreation facilities, recreational areas, eco tourist sites etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the reasons for the lack of creative thinking among specialists, possible ways of its development, using one integrated methodology rather than many currently existing approaches. The results of the analysis. The authors investigated existing creativity development methods of staff and made an integrated plan, adapted to the specifics of Ukrainian enterprises. Three steps to stimulate creativity are proposed. First stage. Organization`s development evaluation. It is necessary for understanding what the workers do in the company, the opportunity to develop creativity, what leadership style is in this organization today. Thus, the characteristics of the company can determine which of the six types of companies through the spiral dynamics it belongs. Second stage. Appropriate atmosphere creating. When you know what is happening in the company, you can begin the change. It is known that you need a special atmosphere for ideas appearing. Creative director assumes the creation of such atmosphere and its support. There are six factors that contribute to the creative atmosphere in the company. Third stage. Work motivation. Creative relation to certain activities consists of three elements: competence, ability and flexibility to non-standard thinking. Manager can influence first two components, but this is the way of great investments and much time. Measures aimed at increasing internal motivation provide greater effect. For it manager has four levels: 1) tasks complexity; 2) freedom degree; 3) group work; 4) level of incentives and the way of organizational support. In this study the authors found that for development and promotion of creative thinking among staff, a manager has to give them freedom to act, to stimulate their work by clarifying the ultimate goal and the importance of its implementation. He should encourage the formation of creative solutions. Creative manager should: - create an atmosphere of openness and collaboration, in which subordinates can stimulate each other through better awareness; - stimulate with material instruments; - take into account individual differences, providing depth assessment of the unique traits of each individual, its strengths and weaknesses; - provide people with stimulating work, which evokes a sense of personal and professional growth; - ensure subordinates by projects and tasks that cause feelings of fullness and completeness. Conclusions and directions of further researches. Thus, managers can encourage creativity of their subordinates using various methods. For good results it should develop a system of staff motivation and creativity. The reward for such efforts is truly innovative company where creative approach to business is the rule but not exception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article. The object of the article is the specification of some approaches concerning enterprise's economic security management according to the provisions of its rational level; development of methodological approaches to the solution taking in acount enterprise reaction priority within the scope of economic security management. The results of the analysis. In the article the structural components of mechanism of enterprise's economic security management have been analyzed. The methodological approach that makes it possible to increase the level of economic substantiation in managerial decision making has been suggested. In order to identify the importance of main threats for a certain engineering plant it is suggested to use matrix «threat-losses», determining the position (zone of critical, high, middle, low and minimum threat level) on the basis of two guidelines - the possibility of threat initiation and opportunity for loss of the achieved economic security level. The evaluation is carried out in two blocks. The first period, the possibility of threat initiation is proposed to define with expert method using the point scale. The expert evaluation (obtained according to the survey conducted among managers and experts of the enterprises under study) makes it possible to divide threats of economic security into five groups according to the criterion of possibility and taking into consideration the peculiarities and retrospective data of an industrial enterprise activity. At the second stage on the basis of correlation-regressive analysis data, the position of the particular threats according to the criterion of level effect on the dynamics of enterprises' economic security level has been defined. The possible threats to the economic security of an enterprise have been divided into the basic subsystems: technic-technological subsystem, resource subsystem, communication subsystem. It has been defined that the divergence of economic security depends not only on factors of influence but also on internal capability to counteract their influence. In general, the more open is the system for external influence, the quicker and with lower losses it will adapt to the surrounding changes. In the paper the system of economic security management has been considered as a special variety and relatively independent and local subsystem of enterprise management. The suggested conception of management for enterprise's economic security system makes it possible to solve the problem of managerial processes perfection using some new universal formalized qualitative characteristics of the mentioned system: communicativeness, flexibility, stability and adaptability. In order to make the decision it is suggested using method of hierarchy analysis. It should be taken into account the base for priorities criterions identification of the regressive analysis results concerning influence of qualitative indicators of economic security on the net profit dynamics. The separate element of the designed system is the use of suggested methodological approach that makes it possible to increase the level of economic substantiation of decision-making in regard to the priority of an enterprise reaction concerning self-preservation, stabilization, formation of the competitive, innovative positions or a position of long-term potential provision within the scope of enterprise's economic security management. Conclusions and directions of further researches. As a result it has been determined that the peculiarities of the formed systems of economic security provision for a specific enterprise cause their specific approaches to the determination of economic security's rational level. Since, the consequences of local criterion hierarchy calculations illustrate the importance of a particular qualitative indicator for the economic security system concerning to a particular enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article. In the article the urgency of differentiation of concepts «marketing potential» and «marketing resource» is examined. The appropriateness of marketing resources allocation into a separate part of the resource base of innovation-directed enterprises is defined. Theoretical bases of marketing resources management for innovation-oriented enterprise are investigated. The author's approach to classification of marketing resources and formation of principles of their management is offered. The purpose of this work is to improve theoretical principles of marketing resources management in enterprise's innovative development. The results of the analysis. In the article the content of marketing resources is depth. It is based on a comparative analysis of the nature and content of «marketing potential» and «marketing resources» concepts. According to the article marketing resources are considered as means of any type of enterprise, allowing forming an effective system of ideas and products' (services) creating, their pricing, promotion, distribution and contributing to improving of enterprises' image and customer loyalty. It is determined that the main difference between marketing potential and marketing resources is that marketing resources actually exist in the enterprise, and the potential is a consequence of how this resource will be used during production. In this article marketing of innovative activity is explored. It primarily includes marketing strategies of enterprise's development and programs of their realization, possession of a certain market part (segment), formed base of existing and potential customers, availability of existing and potential business relationships, enterprise's image, brand of products, trade/commodity mark, availability and work with special marketing computer programs, etc. Marketing resources in the context of enterprises' micro- and macroenvironment are considered. The paper presents marketing resources' classification that allows to innovation focused enterprises to manage their own marketing resources to ensure their competitiveness. In particular, following features are highlighted: character of formation, degree of processing completeness, level and criterion of implementation, way of reference. Thus, according to degree of processing completeness marketing resources are: fully processed, partially processed, and not processed. For level and criterion of implementation marketing resources are fully implemented, partially implemented, not implemented or will be implemented in the future. By criterion of realization marketing resources are differentiated on products or on the enterprise as a whole. On the way of reference it is allocated by means of indicators of their activity, forecasting of activity and the system approach to estimation (complex). On the way of marketing resources reference it is allocated by means of indicators of their activity, forecasting of activity and the system approach to estimation (complex). There are two types of marketing resources: material and immaterial - in microenvironment of innovation oriented enterprises. Material resources include: research and methodological base, professionals, using of scientific and technological achievements, computer programs that assist in the information processing. Immaterial resources include: enterprise image, formed portfolio of orders, base of existing customers and existing business partners, access to information, strategy and program of development, availability of well-established distribution channels, non-standard thinking. Macroenvironment includes such segments as demographic, economic, environmental, technological, political and social consciousness. Conclusions and directions of further researches. The procedure and principles of marketing resources management in conditions of the enterprise's innovative development are researched. So, the authors identified the following principles based on the rule 5?-4S-5C: 1) prognostication, purposefulness, planning, poise, pliability; 2) systematic, stimulation, speedily, standardization;3) concordance, ?reativity, circumstantiality, chance, calculation. Thus, the received results contain both theoretical and practical novelty, which consists in the author's approach to marketing resources' control system formation in innovative activity of enterprises working on a domestic market of commodity and services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will assess the results of transition in the Yugoslav successor states using objective and subjective criteria. Four objective criteria related to economic growth will be used to compare economic performance in Yugoslavia and its successor states; 1. Speed of recovery after war/change in system, 2. Absolute growth rates, 3. Relative growth rates, 4. Place in world development. This will be supplemented by a survey of public opinion conducted by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. All the four objective criteria show that the Yugoslav economy performed much better than the economies of its successor states. The survey shows that only 20 percent of population are happy with the results of transition in South Eastern European countries, while 64 percent are unhappy and 16 percent are undecided. In the former Yugoslavia much less than 20 percent of population are happy with the changes brought by the transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the relations between inflation and economic growth marked the period of the second half of the 20th century. It is well known that the relationship between inflation and economic growth is one of the crucial relationships in macroeconomics, making the study of this phenomenon a matter of interest. A number of empirical studies carried out since the 70s had a profound effect on the analysis of the effects of inflation, and have been intensively researching the effects of inflation on economic growth. The results of the most significant empirical findings have pointed to the negative connotation of the effect of inflation on economic growth. The final consensus among economists about the relationship of inflation and economic growth has yet to be reached. This paper deals with the empirical analysis of the effects of inflation on economic growth in Serbia. The method of vector autoregression used to analyze these effects has provided the data which indicate a decline in industrial production of approximately 0.23 %, provided inflation increases by 1 %. Regardless of the small intensity of this effect, it is still negative and statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]