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The Neuchâtel Memorandum on Good Practices for Juvenile Justice in a Counterterrorism Context is part of the activities of justice for children in the context of the fight against terrorism with an emphasis on the prevention, investigation, prosecution, punishment, rehabilitation and reintegration of children in society. The subject of paper is to offer a brief overview of the good practices from the Memorandum divided into five parts: (i) The status of children and their protection under international law and juvenile justice standards; (II) Prevention; (III) Justice for children; (IV) Rehabilitation and reintegration; and (V) Development, monitoring and evaluation of capacities. The main aim of the authors was to to raise awareness regarging issue of involvement of children in terrorist groups and actions. Namely, children's radicalization is often carried out by using fraud, violence, abduction, promising money or other material benefits, or by simply accompanying the parents. The risks of radicalization have increased in many ways as a result of the influence of the Internet and social media, as well. For the purpose of early identification and prevention of radicalization that can lead to terrorist acts, there is a necessity for close cooperation with local authorities and with the civil society that are familiar with local risks, marginalized groups and individuals most vulnerable of being recruited and radicalized. The paper also contains a short owerview regarding international standards and strategic documents in this field as well as institutional support for preventing radicalisam and terrorism in North Macedonia by establishment of the governmental body - National Committee for the Prevention of Violent Extremism and the Fight against Terrorism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the paper there are presented the main results of the performed study on comparative legal analysis of national legislative acts in the field of providing of children's rights for health care in institutions of various types for the delivery of recommendations for harmonization of legislation of States--members of the Eurasian Economic Community.

This paper demonstrates the efficacy of prophylactic measures among the children of a perinatal risk group. The effectiveness of preventive measures was estimated based on the model developed in the Children's Healthcare Centre, Reutov, Moscow region. It is concluded that the introduction of the proposed program in the practical work of other children's health centres would promote the solution of the debatable problem pertaining to the choice of optimal measures for the observation and treatment of the children under the age of 5-6 years based at the children's healthcare centres.

Environmental pollution by lead and its effects on human health continue to remain one of the most urgent problems of environmental hygiene. The paper gives the results of basic environmental and epidemiological studies conducted in different regions of the country, which prove elevated lead levels in the blood of examined children. The role of the influence of household factors on the elevation of blood lead levels in a child is shown, by using a town that has no large sources of lead emission as an example. Evidence is provided that a program should be elaborated to reduce a risk for human lead poisoning, which involves the introduction of methods for the biomonitoring and treatment of children having elevated blood lead levels.

The paper gives the data of studies establishing the regularities of formation of the composition, levels, and space-time features of pollution of ambient air, soil, and drinking water in the risk of their influence of the health status of the children residing in the urbanized and rural areas. The studies have ascertained that the magnitude of a complex anthropogenic load of the environment on the pediatric population living in the urbanized area is 4.9 times higher than that in the rural area. The priority chemical pollutants are different in the urbanized and rural areas. The urbanized area has been found to be most unfavorable as to the risk of development of non-carcinogenic effects with the calculated hazard indices being kept in mind. The same trend is shown for the calculated population risk indices.

The paper presents the results of sanitary-and-chemical studies of samples of tissues treated with new-generation textile auxiliaries (TAs). The application of new-generation TAs containing the lower levels of formaldehyde (FA) is shown not to eliminate the problem of their safe use in making children's clothes. The safe values for exposure to FA have been estimated in relation to the real load of a garment. The toxic action of cutaneous versus intragastric FA has been evaluated in immature rats. The clothes FA level of 20 microg/g has been found to produce no toxic effect on a living organism.

The paper presents data on the history of foundation of the Research Institute for the Hygiene and Health Care of Children and Adolescents. The Institute is reported to have established to study the influence of factors of the vital activity environment and the health status and capability of children and adolescents, and the development, on this basis, of measures aimed at maintaining and promoting the health status of the rising generation. The Institute is the only research establishment of this profile in the Russian Federation, the leading scientific institution on this problem. Since 2000, the Institute has been the national center for supporting the European network of health promotion schools. By taking into account the tasks posed by hygienic science and practical health care, the Institute has developed a research concept stemming from the peculiarities of the body at each stage of development and, in this connection, hygienic standards and regulations in terms of the sex, age, health status, and achieved development of a child. The paper lists research areas, teaching points of cardinal problems of childhood hygiene, such as adaptation, hygienic rationing. The Institute took part in the development of hygienic standards, a new basic school-based educational program, and the Law on State Educational Standard. Research developments obtained from the Institute's multidimensional studies are outlined. The specialists of the Institute are actively involved in the activity of international medical associations.

This paper summarizes results of research carried out at the Institute of Hygiene and Health Protection of Children and Adolescents during the last 15 years. Specifically, it presents data of longitudinal studies involving 1-5-form schoolchildren residing in Moscow. Dynamic studies of morbidity and physical development in 1-2-grade schoolchildren suggest stressful effect of adaptation to increasing teaching loads. In-depth studies of senior schoolchildren conducted in 1989-2005 revealed long-standing unfavourable trends in their health status including marked deterioration of functional activities and physical development, increased prevalence of chronic diseases, and changes in the overall morbidity structure. Main schooling-dependent risk factors are identified, such as excess academic loads and authoritarian teaching style (responsible for psychoemotional stress), hypokinesia, and malnutrition during school hours. Incidence of certain diseases and functional disorders among adolescents is shown to correlate with the use of alcohol and tobacco.

The paper analyzes the efficiency of vaccination and tuberculin diagnosis in the megapolis on the basis of official reporting forms Nos. 8 and 33 approved by the 11 November, 2005 Resolution of the Russian Statistics Agency and the Moscow tuberculosis monitoring system. It is concluded that refusals to undergo vaccination and tuberculin diagnosis may result in the system crisis of antituberculous care to the pediatric population. For the optimum solution of reducing the rate of refusals to take the drugs prescribed by a physician, the authors propose to use in pediatric antituberculous care the marketing methods that level off the responsibility of the parties in taking a decision whether a medical service is expedient. Under the marketing conditions of medical services, combating the foci of tuberculous infection should be a main line to reduce the prevalence of tuberculosis. Prevention of tuberculosis is most effective with the active interaction of medical services (pediatric phthisiological and primary pediatric care services) and society and with the needs being molded in it (as a market medical service) in the population.

The paper gives data on environmental lead pollution (ambient air, snow, soil). There is a direct correlation between the blood content of lead in children living in different microdistricts of Ulan-Bator and the level of environmental lead pollution, which results in neurological diseases in children.

The paper presents the currently available methods for assessing the health status of children and adolescents, the basic principles in the organization and performance of prophylactic examinations in children, including the assessment of their physical fitness, as well as the methods and criteria for assessing the phychophysiological development of adolescents, their social adaptability and autonomic stability. It also contains the currently used basic criteria for assessing the health status of children, as well as their health groups. The high effectiveness of children's health promotion in educational establishments can be achieved, by applying the basic principles in the organization and implementation of prophylactic and health-promoting measures.

Results of a sociological study made among the heads of pediatric services in the city of Khabarovsk and related with different aspects of therapeutic, preventive and social care of children are discussed in the paper. It is demonstrated as necessary to transform the primary pediatric-care facilities within the national healthcare reform; suggestions are made on promoting the pediatric service.

The paper comparatively analyzes the impact of teaching on the health and functional parameters of girls in the same sex classes. The hygienic and educational advantages of girls' separate schooling at primary and secondary stages are substantiated. The right to separate schooling of girls is recognized as one of its variations, which realizes a gender line in pedagogy and lowers the unfavourable impact of schooling on girls' health.

The paper deals with teenagers' physical fitness for military service. The results of 6-year (from 6th to 11th forms) monitoring of the physical development and physical fitness of 850 teenagers, the pupils of Ufa general educational schools are presented. Over half the pupils are harmoniously physically developed; however, with age there is a rise in young people with disharmonious physical development due to their body weight deficiency. The lowest indices of physical fitness were recorded when the teenagers performed tests for training special qualities and for developing overall physical endurance. This fact shows it necessary to resume defense-sports pre-conscription preparation of teenagers.

The paper shows how a complex of social and sanitary factors contributes to health formation (physical development, morbidity, premorbid conditions) in children aged 5-6 years.

The paper deals with impact of educational load in pupils at present general educational establishments on their health. The great total educational load in them was found to violate the schoolchildren's routine. This more frequently forms inadequate physiological responses, develops neurotic disorders. The incidence of chronic diseases is higher in children going to new-type schools. The findings provide evidence for some medical and organizational measures to promote schoolchildren's health.