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The article considers the problem of the flow around the helicopter main rotor taking into account blades flapping in the plane of rotation and in the plane of thrust as well as the elastic blades deformation. The rotor rotation is modeled by the method of converting Navier-Stokes equations from a fixed coordinate system associated with the incoming flow into a rotating system associated with the rotor hub. For axial flow problems, this makes it possible to formulate the problem as stationary at a constant rotational speed of rotor. For a mode of skewed flow around the rotor in the terms of incident flow in this system it is necessary to solve the non-stationary problem. To solve the problem, the method of deformable grids is used, in which the equations are copied taking into account the grid nodes motion determined in accordance with the spatial blades motion, and SST turbulence model is used for closure. The results of the test calculations of the main rotor aerodynamic characteristics with and without blade flapping are presented in this paper. The coefficients of the main rotor thrust cT and the blades hinge moments mh are compared. The calculations were carried out in the CFD software ANSYS CFX (TsAGI License No. 501024). The flow around a four-bladed main rotor of a radius of 2.5 meters is modeled in the regime of skewed flow. The speed of the incoming flow came to 85 m/s under normal atmospheric conditions. The rotor was at an angle of attack of −10˚. To calculate the rotor motion without taking into account the flapping movements, we used the nonstationary system of Navier-Stokes equations with the closure with SST turbulence model. The calculation was being carried out until the change in the maximum value of the rotor thrust during one revolution became less than 1%. For modeling flapping blade movements, the control laws and equations describing the angle of blade flapping as a function from its azimuth angle obtained from the experiment were used. The procedure for reconstructing the grid according to a given law was conducted using standard grid deformation methods presented in the ANSYS CFX software. When solving the nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations, a dual time step was used. The obtained results show that accounting of the effect of flapping movements and cyclic control of the blades has an impact on the character of changing the main rotor thrust coefficient during one revolution and significantly changes the shape of the graph of the hinge moment coefficient of each blade.

This paper presents the results of a study on the irradiation of heterostructures based on gallium arsenide with neutrons and gamma rays. The horizontal channel of the IRT-2000 reactor with an energy of 2.65 MeV served as a source of neutrons. Two types of structures were considered: autoepitaxial (AES) and heteroepitaxial (HES). They were obtained by the MOC-hydride method under reduced pressure using gallium and aluminum organometallic compounds and arsine. The obtained results show that irradiation with neutrons and gamma-quanta just slightly changes the concentration of the charge carriers of the autoepitaxial structures and the density of the charge carriers of the heteroepitaxial structures. As for the mobility of charge carriers, some increase in their mobility is observed at the initial moment of irradiation. As the irradiation flux density increases, the mobility either stabilizes at a certain level or decreases. The increase in mobility after the first irradiation of the heterostructures indicates an increase in the lifetime of charge carriers, apparently due to a decrease in the concentration of recombination centers in the structures, most likely, the density of structural defects at the heteroboundaries. When irradiating with fast neutrons, a similar picture is observed. Initially, the mobility of charge carriers slightly increases as the concentration of charge carriers slightly changes. Then the characteristics stabilize. An increase in the uniformity of properties over the area of the structures is observed. It is assumed that this is due to the appearance of clusters of defects and impurities.

The magnetorefractive effect (MRE) is important and interesting from both fundamental and practical points of view. This effect consists in a change in the reflection coefficient or the passage of an electromagnetic wave from magnetized structures with magnetoresistance effects. It can be giant, tunnel and colossal magnetoresistance depending on the type of structure. MRE is most clearly manifested in the IR region of the spectrum and can reach tens of percent. It is possible to show its unambiguous dependence on the magnitude of the magnetoresistance. This article discusses the features of MRE in multilayer metal nanostructures with giant magnetoresistance. The MRE simulation is carried out using a model that relates this effect to magnetoresistance, as well as in the framework of the model taking into account spin-dependent scattering. The last model in earlier works allowed describing a number of experimental data well qualitatively and in some places quantitatively. In this paper, taking into account the frequency dependence of the resistance allowed us to improve the first model, which allowed us to obtain a good qualitative and quantitative description of the effect value – this is a fundamentally new result. The article highlighted the key opportunity for the application of magnetorefractive effect as a contactless method to study nanostructures, a method of nondestructive testing of all electronic components. A comparison with experimental data is also made. A good description is demonstrated in the framework of the two models considered, which can effectively describe the relationship between MRE and magnetoresistance.

To study an arithmetic nature of the values of hyper-geometric functions (and their derivatives including those with respect to parameter), it is common practice to use one either Siegel's method or the method based on the effective construction of the linear approximating form. The main distinction between these methods consists in the mode of construction of the first approximating form. Applying Siegel's method allows us to construct such a form by means of a pigeonhole principle that makes it possible to establish, in certain cases, the algebraic independence of the values of corresponding functions. The Siegel's method can be usually applied just while considering hyper-geometric functions with rational parameters. The effective method has a certain advantage here, for in some cases this method enables us to carry out corresponding investigation also for the functions with irrational parameters. Another advantage of the effective method is that it provides obtaining of high- accuracy quantitative results. By quantitative results one usually implies the estimates of the moduli of the linear forms in the values of corresponding functions. The effective method has made it possible to obtain, in some cases, estimates being precise regarding the height of such forms with calculation of the corresponding constants. A drawback of the effective method is the narrow domain of its applications. The effective construction of the linear approximating form, which initiates reasoning, is always a challenge. So far, an effective construction of the approximating form for the product of powers of hyper-geometric functions (with the rare exceptions) failed.In both aforementioned methods one proves previously linear independence (in Siegel's method, as a rule, algebraic independence,) of the functions under consideration. Such a proof is often considered as an independent result.In this paper, by means of the method especially elaborated for this purpose we establish linear independence of some hyper-geometric functions and their derivatives (including those with respect to parameter) over the field of rational fractions. Subsequently, it will be possible to apply this result to investigate arithmetic properties of the values of such functions. Herewith we mean the application of the effective method to achieve the sufficiently accurate quantitative result.

The purpose of the study is to monitor the efficiency of wheat resistance genes to the causative agent of brown rust (Lr-genes) in the Rostov region. Brown rust is the most widely spread and harmful wheat disease which annually occurs on the crops from poor development to epiphytoties. Soft wheat varieties grown in the region are variously resistant to this pathogen. To breed the brown rust resistant varieties, it is necessary to expand genetic basis of the varieties grown in the region and to attract new Lr-gene donors. Due to it the study of the monitoring of pathogen populations and the effectiveness of the known Lr-genes to the Rostov pathogen population is of great importance nowadays. For this purpose, the isogenic lines of the variety “Thatcher” with Lr-genes are annually studied in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” on the infectious plots and in the laboratory conditions in the sprouting phase. This paper presents the monitoring results of the populations in the period of 2015–2017. The variety “Tarasovskaya 29” served as a universally susceptible variety. In this work, there were used generally accepted methods of working with brown rust pathogen in the “sprouting” and “grown-up” periods. It has been established that in the “grown-up” period, 10 lines showed a high resistance to the disease (0% of damage), 6 lines did not exceed 10%, and 11 lines had moderate susceptibility (30–40% of damage) to the pathogen. The remaining lines were susceptible to the pathogen population. The virulence analysis of the plants in the sprouting phase showed high efficiency of the Lr9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr28, Lr29, Lr41, Lr42, Lr45, Lr47, Lr50, Lr51, and Lr53 genes. The phenotypic (racial) composition of the Rostov fungus population was identified using 20 TcLr-lines. In 2016–2017 in the Rostov population there were identified 6 phenotypes. RNTH, RNTKG and TNTTH were common phenotypes in both years of research. The identified effective Lr-genes can be used to develop resistant wheat varieties, taking into account the plants’ ontogenesis.

The paper presents the analysis of meteorological criteria and the study of their influence on productivity of winter and spring grain crops through 20 years (1999–2018) in the Central zone of the Republic of Kalmykia. Meteorological information was analyzed differentially, i. e. for the entire period, over five-year terms (cycles), in separate years and seasons. The yield analysis was carried out according to the test results of 2170 variety samples of winter soft wheat, 334 samples of winter triticale and 503 spring barley varieties. Over the years the temperature was constantly becoming warmer. The average annual air temperature through 20 years exceeded the climatic norm on 1.30 °C (+10.7 °C). A similar situation took place both over five-year terms and in separate seasons. In winter the air temperature exceeded the norm by 1.7 °C (–2.5 °C), in the spring by +1.7 (+10.50 °C), in summer by +1.4 (+24.50 °C), in the autumn by +0.6 °C (+10.0 °C). In the important (summer) period of grain yield formation the amount of precipitation decreased by 25.6% (85.6 mm) of the climatic norm (115 mm). It was established that the main moisture accumulation (179.1 mm (55.1%) of precipitation) occurred in the autumn (25.8% (83.8 mm)) and in the spring (29.3% (95.3 mm)). Contrasting weather conditions made it possible to establish the effect of anomalous climatic parameters on productivity of winter wheat, winter triticale and spring barley. The results of productivity analysis through 2014–2018 showed that in the changed vegetation conditions winter soft wheat (3.19 t/ha), winter triticale (3.45 t/ha) and spring barley (2.53 t/ha) tended to increase average productivity by 0.34, 1.49 and 0.56 t/ha, respectively, compared with 1996–2000.

Objectives. The purpose of the work was to change the method of signal transmission containing metrological information from industrial time-pulse ultrasonic gas flow meter to a compu-ting device (CD). It was planned to expand the range of devices serving as gas flow calculators. A hardware-software complex (HSC) for automatic calibration / verification of ultrasonic flowmeters was to be developed. This HSC should work equally well on different operating systems. The information exchange between the CD and the flowmeter was to be carried out wirelessly.Method. The Wi-Fi Pro-tocol was used as a wireless Protocol. The energy-efficient ESP8266 controller was chosen as micro-controller to provide the functionality of Wi-Fi. The ESP8266 board acted as a Wi-Fi access point on the network to which CD was connected for data exchange. The ESP8266 microcontroller also served as a HTTP server. Exchange of metrological and other information was carried out by GET-requests. Given the need for continuous flow measurements and simultaneous communication between the user and the flow meter, requests to the server were transmitted using AJAX technology. The software part of the APK consisted of 3 programs: a program that measured the flow and transmitted the information further to the ESP8266 microcontroller, a server program recorded in ESP8266, providing a response to the requests of CD users, and the client program installed on the CD. The article discusses the key points of the HSC.Result. As a result of this work, the HSC was processed for calibration/verification of ultrasonic gas flow meters. For the first time this process for industrial flow meters was implemented using the ESP8266Wi-Fi controller as an access point. As a WU, it became possible to use any desktop or laptop computer or mobile device with a modern browser.Conclusion. The method proposed in the paper significantly simplified the data exchange between the VU and the flowmeter, reduced the cost of software development due to the common approach for different operating systems.

The paper considers the main trends in the development of the world market of solar photovoltaics over the past few years. It is shown that the industry is a very rapidly evolving one among the branches of renewable energy and modern industries as a whole. It is obvious that the prime cost of the of solar energy being produced is rapidly approaching the price of electricity generated by traditional methods at nuclear power plants and thermal power plants. The aspects of the development of the efficiency of modern research solar cells made of various materials using innovative technological solutions based on the data provided by the National Laboratory for Renewable Energy (NREL, USA) in 2017 are noted. For the convenience of analysis, the research solar cells are divided into four technological groups. The advantages and disadvantages of solar cells, including the specific features of their production and prospects for development are considered separately for each group; the maximum efficiency for the year 2017 is estimated. A possible alternative to the future development of modern high-performance single-transition solar cells is the use of fundamentally new materials based on nanoheteroepitaxial structures with quantum dots. The possibilities of absorption (processing) by such structures of both short-wave radiation and long-wave part of the solar radiation spectrum for the purpose of generation of electric energy by increasing the efficiency of solar cells on their basis have been demonstrated. The optimal materials for their production and the principles of action of high-performance solar cells on their basis have been considered. The prospects of manufacturing nanoheteroepitaxial structures with quantum dots by liquid-phase epitaxy with pulse cooling of the substrate have been substantiated.

The subject of the research is the opinions of the expert community expressed during panel discussions at the World Economic Forum held in Davos in 2019 related to ways of eliminating poverty and disproportionality of income distribution in the world. The purpose of the research was to confirm the permanent commitment of the WEF expert community to the concept of neoliberalism, despite the fact that it was neoliberal values that exacerbated the development of poverty and disproportionality in income distribution as trends in the current global development. The research also proved the utopian nature of their recommendations for overcoming the negative phenomena. The position of the expert community at the World Economic Forum was reduced solely to the concept of the neoliberal mainstream — reducing the role of state regulation, establishment of global governance for a multilateral social contract at the level of an international organization capable of eliminating social inequality and income disproportionality in the world economy. Particular attention was paid to the lack of social elevators in developed and developing countries contributing to the poverty aggravation among the population. The documents of some international organizations indicate the need to intensify national state policies in the field of social support and social security. The paper discusses various aspects of national state policies in a number of countries aiming to gradually smooth out the level of social security of citizens along with supporting the middle class as the basis for stable development. For the first time, the problem of enhancing the role of non-profit public organizations in overcoming the income disproportionality and eliminating extreme poverty and destitution, especially in developing countries, was addressed at the level of interstate discussion. However, involving the poor in the work of these organizations seems to be challenging because the sources for funding their activities are not defined. It is concluded that globalization is the determining trend in the development of the world economy; the basic problems of globalization include poverty and disproportionality of income distribution both at the inter- and intracountry levels; there is a possibility of concluding a public multilateral agreement accumulating measures taken at the supranational level. The living conditions of the middle class are deteriorating, their incomes are decreasing. The USA policy “Make America great again” is aimed at raising the living standards of the middle class, i.e. the idea of the problem solution on the multinational basis is being rejected; the access to education, formation of social elevators, including those for young people, establishment of social protection systems, etc. are still beyond the attention of national governments in developed countries.

The paper presents the data on the energy intensity of the heat treatment of grain during post-harvest processing caused by both the cost of energy and the grain moisture content. The development of processing modes using electrical technologies, in general, and electromagnetic fields, in particular, can make it possible to reduce the cost of these processes. Heat treatment is applied to the grain of various crops at the stages of drying, disinfection, preparation for feeding, etc. When developing them, it is necessary to take into account the types of applied electrical technologies, such as, for example, infrared fields, microwave fields, etc. (Research purpose) To determine the dielectric properties (dielectric loss coefficient) of a wheat grain-air mixture with a moisture content of 11-30 percents with a layer density of 220-660 kilogram per cubic meter. (Materials and methods) The authors present a diagram of a laboratory installation, carried out experimental studies to determine the dielectric loss coefficient of a fluidized bed of wheat grain. (Results and discussion) The authors conducted a two-factor experiment to determine the effect of moisture and density of a grain bulk on the dielectric loss factor, which determines the power absorbed from the microwave source. As a result, they obtained the studied relationships. (Conclusions) It was found that the dielectric loss coefficient at a grain moisture content of 11-30 percents is in the range of 0.18-0.42 for a dense grain bed of 660 kilogram per cubic meter, 0.06-0.15 for a fluidized bed (440 kilogram per cubic meter); and for a weighted bed (220 kilogram per cubic meter) 0.1-0.3. The authors calculated a dependence of the dielectric loss coefficient of a wheat grain-and-air layer on the grain moisture content and the layer density, which can be described by a polynomial model of a second power. The study showed that fluidization of the grain bed increases the efficiency of the microwave field, as due to a decrease in the dielectric loss coefficient, the depth of field penetration into the layer increases. It is recommended to use the microwave field in a dense bed of grain when drying wheat, thus reducing moisture from 16 to 14 percent.

Purpose: of the article is a proposal for a methodology for assessing the level of development of Cycling infrastructure in Moscow and a conceptual model of a system for monitoring transport infrastructure.Methods: to achieve this goal, the authors analyzed foreign and domestic experience in the development of the cycle transport infrastructure and methods for assessing its level of development. In preparing the article, the results of content analysis of scientific publications and research reports of Russian and foreign scientists and practitioners who are experts in the field of increasing the mobility of the urban population in megalopolises, in field studies and observations are used. The study is based on the marketing approach, which takes into account the objective indicators of the development of Cycling and the perceived level of development of Cycling infrastructure.Results: increasing the mobility of Moscow residents using environmental modes of transport is an important strategic task of the metropolis. For its successful solution, it is necessary to create a monitoring system that provides control over the achievement of the objectives of the development of Cycle transport infrastructure. The article presents the results of the development of a system for monitoring the level of development of Cycling infrastructure. A system of indicators, which is the basis of the monitoring system, has been developed, and the methodology has been tested. The test results can be defined as initial for the next monitoring Cycle.Conclusions and Relevance: the analysis of international and Russian experience in the development of transport infrastructure of megacities showed a significant interest in the integration of Cycling in multimodal travel of passengers. Active use of Cycling is associated with a change in the transport behavior of residents of the metropolis. This is largely determined by the level of development of the Cycle transport infrastructure. The Cycle infrastructure must meet the demands of citizens, the safety of cycling around the city, as well as other characteristics that provide the attractiveness and convenience of using cycles in the city. The paper proposes a system for monitoring the level of development of Cycling infrastructure. The monitoring is based on the assessment of hierarchical indicators grouped by management objectives. The indicators recommended for use in the monitoring system correspond to the principles of accessibility of information, reflect both subjective and objective factors that characterize the development of Cycling infrastructure, allow to identify local problems of Cycling infrastructure in all areas of Cycling. Testing of the monitoring system confirmed the possibility of its use to support management decision-making on improving the city’s transport system.

The challenges of the digital revolution need critical rethinking the usual functions of the university libraries and to establish what characteristics it must have in order to adapt effectively to the new technological situation.The article analyzes the reasons for the frequent lack of demand by researchers of digitized textual heritage and presents the idea of a problem-thematic online resource “Reconstructing the Reader: a Rare Book Collection in the Regional Cultural Landscape” developed by the Laboratory for Library and Communicative Studies (Tomsk State University).Conceptually, its implementation aims at overcoming the positivistic approach to the library as a “repository of information on paper and electronic medium”, and in practice — at identifying the ways to integrate the university libraries into a new format of scientific knowledge and scholarly communications.

The creation of methods for the study of nonlinear phase systems has a long history, since the 60s of the last century (V.I. Tikhonov, V. Lindsay, M.V. Kapranov, B.I. Shakhtarin, etc.). By now, rigorous and approximate analysis methods of such systems have been developed. However, most methods are limited to the analysis of low order systems. Only in recent years attempts have been made to create methods, which allow to carry out the analysis of high-order phase systems. The material of this article deals with these methods. The article considers the construction of solutions of phase systems on the example of phase-locked frequency of arbitrary dimension with piecewise linear approximation of the nonlinear function. This approximation allowed to use an explicit form of solutions in the linearity and to obtain analytical conditions for the existence of various types of system behavior. The analytical conditions for the existence of solutions leading to the emergence of complex limit sets of the trajectories of phase systems and their bifurcations are obtained. These are homoclinic trajectories in the case of the saddle-focus equilibrium state, which play a decisive role in the occurrence of chaos. It is also shown that it is possible to obtain analytical conditions for the bifurcation of the birth and the existence of multi-pass rotational cycles in a piecewise linear phase system, on the basis of which a criterion for the transition to chaos through bifurcations cascade of doubling the stable cycle period can be obtained; in accordance with the Sharkovsky theorem it ends with the bifurcation of the cycle birth of the period three and the occurrence of developed chaos. It should be noted that the research methods of piecewise linear systems described in the paper were applied by the authors not only to phase systems, but, for example, to the Chua system, allowing various chaotic behavior.

The paper presents the main results of scientific and practical research in the field of special design reengineering and counterreengineering of radioelectronic devices. Methods and means of special design reengineering of functional modules of multilayer printed circuit boards and case microcircuits are presented. The basic process design for the reengineering of multilayer printed circuits of radioelectronic products is presented. The design is based on the physical principles of destructive and non-destructive decomposing test: mechanical processing and chemical etching, stereolaser structuring, IR imaging electrothermics and X-ray analysis. The article formulates positions and methodology of the circuit analysis of the basic architecture of electrical circuits and signal processes of radio electronic products by the configuration of the printed circuit, its electronic component base and their connected topologies. The article considers methods and techniques for the reengineering of radiotechnical circuits and signals enabling to reproduce the list of the electronic component base and the essential circuit technique, as well as to study the basic circuit characteristics of the appliance in four main modes: functional, in-circuit, peripheral and identification visualization. The methods and means of authentic performance of radioelectronic devices for a number of constructive and radiotechnical identifiers are considered. Technical methods and solutions for counterreengineering of radioelectronic devices have been developed.

Satellite radar altimeters play a key role in numerous space missions for the remote Earth sensing. The data they provide are used in solving various fundamental and applied problems of geophysics, oceanography, meteorology, etc. In many modern measuring systems the altimeter data is processed in several stages. One of them is the ground-based retracking of the information streamed from the spacecraft. The goal of this work is to study altimeter parameter estimators in the course of the satellite altimeter data retracking by ground-based complex. The main task of delay-lock loop onboard a satellite carrier is a reliable keeping of received echo-signal within the tracking window. More accurate estimates of information parameters are worked out by the ground segment where data from the satellite is delivered via telemetry. Retracking can be performed either without using any physical echo model, or relying on some mechanism under generation of response of an illuminated surface to the probing signal. In the latter case, the measuring results become more trustworthy. The paper deliberations are based on the model close to the classical Brown’s one, they include algorithms of its parameters statistical fitting to the observation and computer simulation of fitting according to the maximal likelihood (ML) and the least squares (LS) methods. The results obtained are compared to the potential attainable and show that while LS fitting yields noticeably to the potential, experimental accuracy of ML-fitting practically coincides with the potential one.

The first and one of the most important functions of management is planning. At the same time, in the current market conditions, the time for the implementation of this stage is very limited. In many ways, this applies to the oil and gas industry all the same. Due to the reduction of the resource base of the industry, the share of super-profitable projects has decreased significantly. Extraction of hard-to-recover oil and gas reserves is associated with active investment activities and with the need to introduce expensive technologies and equipment. The most common type of investment project associated with the geological and technical activities is being considered in the present paper. In order to increase the economic efficiency of the geological and technical activities it is proposed to implement an automated model at the stage of planning. This model, on the basis of the generalized geological, technological, statistical, macroeconomic and economic indicators, allows to solve quickly the following problems: of more precise and prompt planning the expenses on carrying out geological and technical actions; of defining minimum admissible profitable level of an oil flow rate after carrying out geological and technical actions; of determining the most economically justified duration of the overhaul of the well; of organizing the projects of geological and technical measures according to their attractiveness. As a result of the implementation of the automated model, an efficiency matrix for a particular field was compiled that determines the impact of the necessary investments and planned flow rate on the economic indicators of the project. The use of this matrix made it possible to exclude several inefficient geological and technical measures from the plan. The method of ranking based on the calculation of the integrated efficiency coefficient has been developed. On its basis, the issue of making optimal management decisions taking into account the impact of risk assessment in the case of projects with the same economic efficiency is solved.

Introduction. The paper substantiates the relevance of the development of regional transport strategies, which are basic for the implementation of organizational, technical and economic solutions aimed at the reorganization of modern urban and regional transport systems. Moreover, it is indicated that the development of strategies should be accompanied by a comprehensive and coordinated survey and modeling of transport systems, including within the framework of the regional programs of integrated development of transport infrastructure, projects for the creation of integrated traffic management schemes, as well as integrated schemes of transport services to the population. The aim of the research is to formulate the tasks consisting the proposals at the coordination of all the above and other programs that ensure long-term planning, continuity of decisions and budget savings directed to the development of transport in the regions.Materials and methods. Methods of system analysis, theory of transport systems, as well as methods that are widely used in the community of transport engineers, including various options for calculation and experimental methods of transport planning and modeling of transport systems for the city or agglomeration, are used to solve the research problems.Results. Based on the information synthesis of the stages of regional transport strategies development, a sequence of actions is proposed, leading to the required methodological and organizational approaches, with which it is possible to perform the solution of the strategic task. The authors formulate a list of major programs that need to be addressed at the level of regional ministries (departments) or departments of transportation municipalities with the goal of implementing transport strategies and aligning them with projects noted above. Discussion and conclusions. The main result of this work is the conclusion about the feasibility of rational actions of regional and municipal transport governing bodies, which could be planned within the framework of regional (municipal) transport strategies. The basis is the application of the proposed methodological and organizational recommendations.

In the modern world consumers are overwhelmed with advertising messages and competition among advertisers is becoming harder. That is why there is a need to develop effective marketing messages that will affect people subconsciousness. In this regard, neuromarketing appears as a research tool for measuring subconscious reactions to marketing incentives. In this paper existing methods of neuromarketing are analyzed critically, their advantages and disadvantages are critically determined. As a result, the following groups of neuromarketing methods are distinguished: methods that measure the metabolic brain activity; methods that measure electrical brain activity; methods that measure derivative subconscious reactions. These methods make it possible to evaluate subconscious reactions, such as level of attention and emotional engagement, memory activation and other perceptual metrics. At the same time, neuromarketing has its limitations such as high costs, difficulty of searching for subjects and specialists and also negative influence of laboratory conditions during the experiments. These shortcomings should be taken into consideration combining neuromarketing with traditional research methods.

Te paper presents the results of studies aimed at investigation of the spatial and temporal variability of snow coverstructure on the basis of strength values and its variations obtained by means of the high-resolution penetrometer SnowMicroPen. Te possibilities of fast and independent from the observer identifcation of layers (including identifcation of weakened, potentially avalanche-dangerous layers) were estimated under the climatic conditions of Moscow and the Khibiny mountains. Horizontal areas with homogeneous underlying surface and vegetation were selected for the stratigraphic studies that made it possible to avoid a possible influence of slope relief and exposure from the obtained data on the spatial and temporal variability of the snow depth structure. Te analysis of the information obtained in winter seasons 2014/15 and 2016/17 allowed constructing detailed schemes of the snow cover evolution at the Moscow site as well as assessing the inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability of its structure. Afer the SnowMicroPen data were recorded in the course of the feld works carried out in winter 2015/16 on the Khibiny educational and scientifc base of the Lomonosov Moscow State University (city of Kirovsk), the 10-meter trench on the same profle was described in details, and direct data on the snow cover structure were obtained. Te strength values resulted from the above studies characterize the layers composed of crystals of various shapes and sizes, and they are considered as the frst step to methodology of operational defnition of the spatially-inhomogeneous stratigraphy and stability of snowpack without snowpit observations. Te data analysis showed high spatial and temporal variability of the structure and properties of snow cover even at a homogeneous area, usually described by a single snowpit.

Postgenomic analysis of the effects of active ingredients of drugs involves the evaluation of the effects of relevant molecules on the transcription of genes (transcriptomes), on the changes in the activity of proteins (proteomes), and on the activity of molecular cascades (reactomes). The paper gives the results of applying the current chemoinformational approaches to the postgenomic analysis of the effects of glucosamine sulfate (GS). The main result of the investigation is to simultaneously establish the synergistic effect of GS on transcriptomes, proteomes, and reactomes. In particular, GS assists in reducing not only the transcription of genes involved in the NF-κB proinflammatory signaling cascade (NFKB2, TNFRSF1B, PYCARD, TRAF2, TNFSF12, etc.), but also the activity of proteomic proteins that transmit a signal at different levels of the NF-κB cascade (CD44, TLR4, ICAM1, NF-κB, JAK/STAT, etc.). The complex anti-inflammatory effect of GS in reducing the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines and weakening their effects on the cells is pathogenetic in the treatment of not only osteoarthritis, but also comorbidities accompanied by chronic inflammation.

The consideration of the structure of financial flows in the shadow economy is now becoming ever more relevant due to its growing impact on the Russian financial market which can manifest itself in different ways under changing conditions of business both inside and outside of the national economy. The subject of the study is the peculiarities of the formation of financial flows of the shadow business in the context of new economic realities. The purpose of the work is to clarify the conceptual apparatus and substantiate approaches to investigating the structure and size of financial flows in the shadow economy as well as to improve methods for assessing the financial flows of the shadow business in order to avoid a possible error in evaluating the financial flows of the shadow market due to the combination of existing statistical methods, sociological survey, analog modeling and parametric methods. The paper presents proposals to improve methods for estimating the volume of the shadow economy and the structure of financial flows of the shadow business in certain sectors of the national economy. It is shown that the development of calculation methods to reduce the possible error in estimating the financial flows of the shadow market is associated with combination of existing statistical methods, sociological survey, analog modeling and parametric methods. The proposals to improve the methods for estimating the volume of the shadow economy and the structure of financial flows of the shadow business in certain sectors of the national economy are presented in view to increase the accuracy and objectivity of the assessment of negative processes both at the level of the national economy and individual enterprises and organizations.

The routine method to control metal surface layer is Vickers hardness test method. The existing nondestructive testing methods are based on measuring induction density and other magnetic quantities in magnetizer core. This causes the method error and restricts the ability to determine the structure of the processed material. The paper provides theoretical and experimental investigation of the method for controlling the hardened axis layer parameters by analyzing characteristics of stray magnetic field of the axis magnetized local surface area before and after rouletting. A method is proposed for determining the hardened metal layer thickness of the rolling stock axis, based on measuring the parameters of the magnetized local area stray magnetic field before and after processing. To justify the proposed method, mathematical modeling of stray magnetic field of the axis local magnetized section is performed before and after processing. Inspection for the hardened metal layer is performed using magnetization of the axis local segment with electromagnet, followed by measuring the stray magnetic field strength. The maximum value of the horizontal magnetic force is determined, which is an informative parameter. A mathematical model is developed for the magnetized section magnetic field, the results of numerical and field experiments are presented. The discrepancy between the experimental data and the results of theoretical calculations is estimated. The method makes it possible to control the thickness of the hardened metal layer and the quality of the hardening of the rolling stock axis.

Introduction. A historical overview is often quite useful in search for answers to some pressing issues. Learning from others can also help to cope with separate current problems. One of such problems encountered by modern Russian professional education is restoration and consolidation of its practice orientation through selection of an appropriate content and upbringing of youth in the course of pre-employment process. A considerable variety of material in this regard has been accumulated over the last several centuries in Germany.The aim of this paper was to analyse the cause-and-effect relationships of developmental priorities in the German professional pedagogy during the 18th – early 20th centuries.Methodology and research methods. System and comparative approaches were used as main methodological tools. The leading method was a comparative retrospective analysis, which allowed the authors to compare various scientific resources. In addition, the approaches of goal-setting and formalisation of expected results were applied. The content analysis and systematisation of documents and other historical and pedagogical resources were employed. In view of information extensiveness, the selection was compiled with the principle of necessity and sufficiency, i. e. reduction of excess data when maintaining the completeness of facts for continued use.Results and scientific novelty. The stages of formation and development of labour school were identified according to the ideas of the German scientists and the educational practice accepted in Germany during the considered historical period. The main directions of training through activity were characterised: philanthropinism, manualism, professionalism and activism. The influence of social and economic conditions on formation and transformation of various educational concepts was demonstrated, which constant despite everything was a combination of fundamental and applied components of vocational training. The continuity of pedagogical theory and practice of the past in the modern system of the German professional education was shown.Practical significance. The findings obtained by the Russian-German research team can be useful when developing and implementing flexible and adaptive differentiated curricula into modern vocational education in Russia.

Обобщены литературные данные по использованию измельченной скорлупы грецкого ореха в качестве сорбционного материала для удаления ионов металлов, красителей и некоторых органических соединений из водных сред. Деревья вида Juglans regia широко распространены на территории России, их скорлупа является природным ежегодно восполняемым материалом, который имеет промышленное значение и может быть использован в качестве сорбционного материла для извлечения многих загрязняющих веществ из водных сред. В работе дана характеристика скорлупы грецких орехов, приведены показатели основных веществ, входящих в состав скорлупы (целлюлоза, лигнин, гемицеллюлоза), указана примерная удельная поверхность по БЭТ и содержание функциональных групп. Рассмотрены результаты исследований процессов адсорбции ионов металлов и некоторых красителей скорлупой ореха. Приведены значения сорбционных показателей по исследуемым загрязняющим веществам. Показано, что повысить сорбционные характеристики возможно путем химической модификации скорлупы Juglans regia. Определено, что изотермы сорбции вбольшинстве случаев более полно описываются моделью Ленгмюра, а кинетика процесса во всех случаях подчиняется модели псевдовторого порядка., The literature data on the crushed walnut shells usageas a sorption material for metal ions, dyes and some organic compounds removal from aqueous media are summarized. Trees of the Juglans regia species are widespread in Russia; their shells are natural annually replenished material that is of industrial importance and can be used as sorption material for the extraction of many pollutants from aquatic environments. The paper gives a characteristic of the walnut shell, shows the indicators of the main substances that make up the shell (cellulose, lignin, hemicellululose), indicates the approximate specific surface area for BET and the content of functional groups. The results of studies of the adsorption of metal ions and and some dyes adsorption by walnut shellsare considered. The values of sorption indices for the studied pollutants are given. It is shown that it is possible to increase the sorption characteristics by chemical modification of the Juglans regia shell. It is determined that sorption isotherms in most cases are more fully described by the Langmuir model, and the process kinetics in all cases obeys the pseudo-second order model.

This paper employs the multi-scalar approach towards mega-events (Flint, 2003; Peck, Theodore, and Brenner, 2009; Barret, 2013; and Trubina, 2019) to examine the results of fieldwork conducted in Ekaterinburg in the spring and summer of 2018, namely before, during, and after the 2018 World Cup. The multi-scalar approach allows the consideration of how the supra-local and supranational processes crystallize in complex urban systems, and their connections with other systems. The article addresses the question of the dynamics of the global, the national, and the local scales in the implementation and perception of the mega-event. Since the existing studies of the World Cup in Russia tend, as a rule, to focus on isolated topics and the national scale of the event's preparation, the article expands the focus of existing research. It demonstrates "the game of scales" in the citizens' perceptions of the World Cup. They, on the one hand, consider this mega-event as a part of the national strategy of development, including seeking investment, while on the other, they are aware that it is the transnational players (FIFA) and the federal and regional governments that predominantly benefit from the event. The authors argue that the respondents' judgements, on the one hand, are strongly informed by nationalist and geopolitical propaganda, while on the other hand, stem from the respondents' understanding of the global influences and the significance of economic logic, including the importance of the branding of the nations and cities. The citizens see both the political strategy devised to "force to show respect" and the economic driver of the national and urban growth in the mega-events. They, at the same time, are aware that it is the citizens who will be paying for the sporting festival with their taxes. The mega-events are ambiguous undertakings: while potentially open and bringing joy to everyone, they facilitate a social and geographic inequality. © 2020 National Research University Higher School of Economics.

The purpose of this paper was to reveal the relationship between the years of devastating spring floods on the Dnieper River and polar Solar Eclipses. The chronicle information about spring floods on the Dnieper had been studied. The results were compared with a series of Solar Eclipse Saroses. It was found that the years of catastrophic floods often corresponded to the years of polar Solar Eclipses, belonging to different Saros series. It has been revealed for the first time that between the high spring floods in the same series of Eclipses there was often a correlation multiple of 18 years (Saros), including Big Saros (54 years), as well as a connection with the adjoining series of Eclipses, resulting in a shift equal to 29 (Inex) and 11 years.

CuInSe2 thin-film solar cells are promising materials for photovoltaic devices. One of the main tasks of researchers is to find ways to increase the solar cells efficiency. In this paper we propose an original structure of a thin-film solar cell based on a tandem connection of a photoelectric converter and a thermoelectric layer based on CuInSe2. The photoelectric converter consists of CuInSe2 and CdS layers. A 3D model of the proposed thin-film solar cell was implemented in the COMSOL Multiphysics environment with using the Heat Transfer module. The simulation was carried out taking into account the diurnal and seasonal variations of both the ambient temperature and the power density of the AM1.5 solar spectrum for the geographical coordinates of Minsk. The solar radiation power density of about 500 kW/m2 can be achieved by using concentrators. The temperature pattern and temperature gradients are calculated in each layer of the solar cell without and with the temperature stabilization of the substrate back side as well as without and with the thermal insulation of the substrate ends. Graphs of the temperature gradients of the thermoelectric layer and the temperature variations of the photoelectric converter of the solar cell are given. As a result of the simulation, it is shown how the uneven heating of both the surface of a thin-film solar cell and its layers occur under conditions of diurnal and seasonal variations of both the ambient temperature and the solar radiation power density. Under concentrated solar radiation exposure, the photoelectric converter surface can be heated up to 700 °C without temperature stabilization of the solar cell substrate. The operating temperature of the photoelectric converter was maintained at no more than 2.35 °C in January and at no more than 14.23 °C in July due to the temperature stabilization of the substrate back side of the proposed device. This made it possible to achieve an increase in the output power of the solar cell both by summing the photoand thermoelectric output voltages and by the concentration of solar radiation.

In the last 10 years there has been a revolu on in the fi eld of computer image analysis and pa ern recogni on. Modern algorithms of computer vision equaled and even in some problems surpassed human capabili es. This jerk is largely due to the emergence and development of the technology of deep convolu onal neural networks.Recent developments in the fi eld of image processing and machine learning open up the prospect of crea ng systems based on ar fi cial neural convolu onal networks, superior to humans in problems of image classifi ca on, in par cular, in solving problems of analysis of various medical images. Among the most promising applica ons: automated recogni on and classifi ca on of skin diseases, detec on of pathologies on X-ray, CT, MRI, ultrasound imaging. In the proposed project, we will focusour a en on on the diagnosis of human skin diseases.At the moment, melanoma is one of the most dangerous types of malignant tumors of the skin with a lot of deaths due to rapid metastasis, which is difficult to treat. The development of computer vision technology has allowed the development of technical vision systems that allow detec on and classifi ca on of skin diseases with a quality that is comparable and in some cases exceeds the values a ained by man.In this paper, the authors propose an algorithm for the primary diagnosis of skin melanoma based on deep neural networks, achieving an accuracy of 91% for melanoma in dermatoscopic images. At the moment, the algorithm is implemented programma cally and is used in the test version of the online system for detec ng and classifying skin diseases, available at skincheckup.online.Thanks to this development, the prospect of a signifi cantincrease in the propor on of people subjected to preven ve examina on for the presence of skin diseases opens up. Along with this, an addi onal source of informa on for specialized professionals can also play a role in seng the right diagnosis.

The paper features some practical and theoretical achievements made by the federal level Scientific school of Living Systems (7510.2010.4) headquartered at the North-Caucasus Federal University. The article describes the principles of non-waste technology in milk whey production. The sustainable use of milk whey presupposes its conditioning before technological processing. Moreover, all components of milk whey are put into use: concentrates, high-quality lactose, and such derivatives as prebiotics, especially lactulose.

Study purpose.Existing approaches to forecasting dynamics of financial markets, as a rule, reduce to econometric calculations or technical analysis techniques, which in turn is a consequence of preferences among specialists, engaged in theoretical research and professional market participants, respectively. The main study purpose is developing a predictive economic-mathematical model that allows combining both approaches. In other words, this model should be estimated using traditional methods of econometrics and, at the same time, take into account the impact on the pricing process of the effect of clustering participants on behavioral patterns, as the basis of technical analysis. In addition, it is necessary that the created economic-mathematical model should take into account the phenomenon of existing historical trading levels and control the influence they exert on price dynamics, when it falls into local areas of these levels. Such analysis of price behavior patterns in certain areas of historical repeating levels is a popular approach among professional market participants. Besides, an important criterion of developing model’s potential applicability by a wide range of the interested specialists is its general functional form’s simplicity and, in particular, its components.Materials and methods. In the study, the market of the pound sterling exchange rate against the US dollar (GBP/USD) for the whole period of 2017 was chosen as the considered financial series, in order to forecast it. The presented economic-mathematical model was estimated by classical Kalman filter with an embedded neural network. The choice of these assessment tools can be explained by their wide capabilities in dealing with non-stationary, noisy financial market time series. In addition, applying Kalman filter is a popular technique for estimation local-level models, which principle was implemented in the newly model, proposed in article.Results. Using chosen approach of simultaneous applying Kalman filter and artificial neural network, there were obtained statistically significant estimations of all model’s coefficients. The subsequent model application on GBP/USD series from the test dataset allowed demonstrating its high predictive ability comparing with added random walk model, in particular judging by percentage of correct forecast directions. All received results have confirmed that constructed model allows effectively taking into account structural features of considered market and building good forecasts of future price dynamics.Conclusion. The study was focused on developing and improving apparatus of forecasting financial market prices dynamics. In turn, economic-mathematical model presented in that paper can be used both by specialists, carrying out theoretical studies of pricing process in financial markets, and by professional market participants, forecasting the direction of future price movements. High percentage of correct forecast directions makes it possible to use proposed model independently or as a confirmatory tool.

The article analyses the modern political discourse and determines its different genres, focusing on pre-election campaigns in Russia and the USA. It highlights such peculiarities of contemporary political speech as less official style, entertainment and theatricality. The aim of the paper is to compare the pre-election discourse of Russian and American politicians and political commentators, basing on the recent material. The author pays special attention to the speech strategies and language means used by the speakers to reach their communicative intention. The author concludes that the Russian and American political discourses have a lot in common, but each of them has its own ethnic and cultural peculiarities.

The potential of geography of culture in a solution of the problem of rational use of prehistoric objects of cultural heritage in science and practice is considered. Application of geographical methods allows one to use these objects as sources of information about nature and culture at the time of creation. The theoretical basis of such investigations is represented by definition of geocultural space according to V.N. Streletsky, the concept of the organization of territorial systems on the basis of orientation in V.I. Paranin's space-time and the navigation concept of informational modeling of the world developed by authors of the paper. The presented research methods make it possible to model the stages of development of geographical space at the local and regional level and to simulate geographical space and time in consciousness and culture (processes of parallel development of biological and sub-biological adaptation). The obtained results have practical value for optimization of recreational environmental management, preservation and museumification of objects of cultural heritage.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the process of toponymic commodification from geographic prospective within the framework of critical toponymy. This study identifies two dominant groups of actors, three main strategic toponymic practices, and three types of toponymic commodification such as tourist, infrastructure and gentrification. As a result, two geographical problems associated with toponymic commodification are formulated including spatial social polarization and the formation of an artificial geo-cultural space. The study concludes that these processes neutralize possible positive economic results of the toponymic commodification and can lead to more complex transformations in the spatial organization of society.

Intersections present a very demanding environment for all the parties involved. Challenges arise from complex vehicle trajectories; occasional absence of lane markings to guide vehicles; split phases that prevent determining who has the right of way; invisible vehicle approaches; illegal movements; simultaneous interactions among pedestrians, bicycles and vehicles. Unsurprisingly, most demonstrations of AVs are on freeways; but the full potential of automated vehicles - personalized transit, driverless taxis, delivery vehicles - can only be realized when AVs can sense the intersection environment to efficiently and safely maneuver through intersections. AVs are equipped with an array of on-board sensors to interpret and suitably engage with their surroundings. Advanced algorithms utilize data streams from such sensors to support the movement of autonomous vehicles through a wide range of traffic and climatic conditions. However, there exist situations, in which additional information about the upcoming traffic environment would be beneficial to better inform the vehicles in-built tracking and navigation algorithms. A potential source for such information is from in-pavement sensors at an intersection that can be used to differentiate between motorized and non-motorized modes and track road user movements and interactions. This type of information, in addition to signal phasing, can be provided to the AV as it approaches an intersection, and incorporated into an improved prior for the probabilistic algorithms used to classify and track movement in the AVs field of vision. This paper is concerned with the situation in which there are objects that are not visible to the AV. The driving context is that of an intersection, and the lack of visibility is due to other vehicles that obstruct the AVs view, leading to the creation of blind zones. Such obstruction is commonplace in intersections. Our objective is: 1) inform a vehicle crossing the intersection about its potential blind zones; 2) inform the vehicle about the presence of agents (other vehicles, bicyclists or pedestrians) in those blind zones.

We consider one of the problems of transport modelling - searching the equilibrium distribution of traffic flows in the network. We use the classic Beckmans model to describe time costs and flow distribution in the network represented by directed graph. Meanwhile agents behavior is not completely rational, what is described by the introduction of Markov logit dynamics: any driver selects a route randomly according to the Gibbs distribution taking into account current time costs on the edges of the graph. Thus, the problem is reduced to searching of the stationary distribution for this dynamics which is a stochastic Nash - Wardrope equilibrium in the corresponding population congestion game in the transport network. Since the game is potential, this problem is equivalent to the problem of minimization of some functional over flows distribution. The stochasticity is reflected in the appearance of the entropy regularization, in contrast to non-stochastic case. The dual problem is constructed to obtain a solution of the optimization problem. The universal primal-dual gradient method is applied. A major specificity of this method lies in an adaptive adjustment to the local smoothness of the problem, what is most important in case of the complex structure of the objective function and an inability to obtain a prior smoothness bound with acceptable accuracy. Such a situation occurs in the considered problem since the properties of the function strongly depend on the transport graph, on which we do not impose strong restrictions. The article describes the algorithm including the numerical differentiation for calculation of the objective function value and gradient. In addition, the paper represents a theoretical estimate of time complexity of the algorithm and the results of numerical experiments conducted on a small American town.

The paper is devoted to the topical issue, namely, the application of the cluster approach as a modern tool in the formation of a competitive highly developed tourist complex in the regions of Russia. The features, principles, significant criteria and factors, and problems and prospects for the development of the tourist cluster in the Smolensk region are studied. Using the results of the study, a conclusion is made that the creation and development of a tourist cluster in the Smolensk region will reduce the impact of territorial disparities and will contribute to the dynamic development of the tourism industry in the region.

The paper examined thermoelectric processes in aqueous solutions of singly charged ionic compounds under conditions of nonstationary heat transfer and molecular mass transfer. The mathematical model of the phenomenon is based on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes. Comparison of calculation results with experiment for an aqueous solution of potassium chloride demonstrates quantitative and qualitative agreement. The heats of ion transport determined for infinite dilution coincide with those known from the literature to within 6%.

Vitamin B complex is widely used therapeutically and prophylactically in neurology; they are often prescribed for long-term treatment (for weeks and months). In this connection, it is important to comprehensively estimate the feasibility and safety of its use, especially at high (therapeutic) doses. The paper discusses the potential anticancer effects of vitamin B complex. Objective: to evaluate the effect of thiamine disulfide, pyridoxine hydrochloride, and cyanocobalamin (neurobion 110 mg/kg/day) on the growth and metastatic spread of malignant tumors in mice. Material and methods. Experiments were carried out in 25 F1 hybrid male mice (aged 2.5–3 months; body weight, 23–26 g). Transplantable Lewis lung epidermoid carcinoma (LLC) was used as a tumor model Results and discussion. The experimental animals tolerated the drug well; there were no symptoms of intoxication. The drug's effects lasting up to 21 days of LLC development were accompanied by a growing trend towards tumor growth inhibition by 10–20% (p=0.059). Conclusion. After subchronic intragastric administration of B12 at a daily dose of 110 mg/kg to tumor-bearing animals, there is a steady tendency to LLC growth inhibition. No antimetastatic activity was found.

In diplomacy, the interests of an individual nation largely determine the form of relations it maintains with other states. This gives credence to the notion that there is neither a permanent friend nor permanent enemy in international relations; rather, it is interests of a country which is permanent. In the pursuance of their national interests, diplomatic relations between Lagos and Moscow were formally established on November 25, 1960 soon after Nigeria’s gaining in-dependence. The embassy of the Soviet Union was established in Lagos in 1961, while Nigeria established its embassy in Moscow in 1962. On December 26, 1991 the Soviet upper chamber under the chairmanship of A. Alim-shanov (Declaration № 142-H) decided to discontinue the Soviet Union existence as a state. This was in line with the outcome of the meeting of December 8, 1991 between Boris Yeltsin (Russia), Leonid Kravchuk (Ukraine) and Stalinislav Shushkevich (Belarus) that later came to be known as the Belovezha Accords of 1991. Russia, a prominent union republic of the for-mer Soviet Union, gained international recognition as the successor to the Soviet Union which thereafter took up both the assets and liabilities of the former Soviet Union. Nigeria-Russia Bilateral Relations (NRBR) had been developing over the years and cul-minated in the visit of Nigeria’s President, Olusegun Obasanjo to Russia in 2001 and Russian President Dmitri Medvedev’s visit to Nigeria in 2009. Undoubtedly, the NRBR has had both good and diffi cult experience. This paper is an assessment of NRBR and it provides answers to the questions of the desirability and necessity of strong Nigeria-Russia diplomatic ties. Besides, it makes recommendations on how the two countries can elevate their bilateral relations to a more functional cooperation in the key and strategic sectors.

The paper considers some theoretical and practical issues of strategic management of oil and gas complex at the development of hydrocarbon resources in the Arctic offshore. The analysis of existing approaches in process and project management of oil and gas complex has been carried out taking into account characteristics of offshore projects in the Arctic zone. Considerable attention has been paid to the history and evolution of strategic management as an economic category, functional areas of strategic management at different levels of management have been proposed. The analysis of existing scientific works dedicated to the projects on the Arctic shelf, has shown insufficient development of the strategic management's theory and practice. In particular, the biggest part of the scientific studies is focused on studying issues of the management at the corporate level, at the same time questions at the level of the oil and gas complex are not considered. In existing studies, the project and process approaches to management are often opposed to each other, and according to the authors it is incorrect in relation to the management of the oil and gas complex on the Arctic shelf. The oil and gas complex is a complex and multilevel system that implements unprecedentedly difficult projects in terms of technology. The beginning of hydrocarbon production on the Arctic shelf is inextricably linked with the transportation of extracted raw materials to the processing and marketing sites; it complements the strategic management of the oil and gas complex by the features of organizing efficient transport and logistics solutions.

The paper discusses the impact of national diversity on economic development and presents a detailed review of foreign studies, which serves as a basis for the formulation of testable hypotheses. The ethnic structure of the Russian regions population is analyzed based on the censuses data for 2002 and 2010; the fractionalization index, entropy and polarization indexes are used. The analysis of these characteristics shows that, despite the more active migration processes in modern Russia, there have been no major changes in the ethnic composition of the population of the regions. At the same time, a wide variety of the national structures is observed in the regions. The impact of the national heterogeneity on economic development is estimated using regression analysis. We run panel regression of the regional value added on labor, capital, control variables, and on the indexes of the national heterogeneity. The results showed: 1) the absence of noticeable changes in the national structure in the observed period; 2) the positive impact of ethnic diversity on economic development; 3) the absence of a statistically significant relationship between the ethnic polarization and development.

Trivalent gallium compounds are structural analogs of the elements with variable valency in (+3) oxidation state that can be used as cathode materials for electrochemical power devices (iron, vanadium, chromium). Literature data about gallium(III) sulfate are quite scarce. So, we developed a preparation technique for synthesizing Ga2(SO4)3 from Ga(CH3COO)2OH as a starting material. The latter was dissolved in sulfuric acid. Then gallium(III) sulfate hydrate was precipitated under cooling. The obtained precipitate is extremely hygroscopic, and it deliquesces quickly under aerobic ambient conditions. The synthesized gallium(III) sulfate hydrate was dried on the filter and then kept in vacuum at 10-2 torr for two hours to remove traces of water and acetic acid. Gallium(III) sulfate, its intermediates and products of its thermal treatment were studied by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and X-ray diffraction phase analysis. The content of crystallization water in gallium(III) sulfate hydrate was determined, and the composition of the crystallohydrate was established as Ga2(SO4)3·18H2O. (The original X-ray diffraction pattern of the latter is disclosed below in this paper.) The mentioned crystallohydrate lost its water in six steps within 40-350 °С temperature range and formed anhydrous Ga2(SO4)3, which, in turn, decomposed at 700 °С and produced nanocrystalline gallium oxide, Ga2O3. Anhydrous gallium(III) sulfate is slightly hygroscopic, so it should be stored in a desiccator. It was found that propanol-2 (isopropanol) can be used to precipitate gallium(III) sulfate from aqueous sulfuric acid: isopropanol extracts acetic acid and, thus, exhibits salting-out activity. The formed amorphous precipitate partially loses its mass when heated up to 400 °С. However, a single phase Ga2(SO4)3 specimen could not be synthesized by this method. Considering similarities between gallium and indium, it can be assumed that Ga2(SO4)3 precipitate is contaminated by gallium oxosulfate.

The paper presents data on the study of iron-bearing minerals formed in the oxidation zone of massive sulfide ores. The minerals are represented by two groups: oxides, i. e. goethite and lepidocrocite, and sulfates, i. e. melanterite and rozenit. Mineral identification has been produced by Raman spectroscopy, these data have been confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. The resulting Raman spectra have been compared with the spectra of the known database and the results of previous studies of these minerals. Goethite and lepidocrocite are polymorphic modifications formed under the specific conditions by the influence of special solutions. Goethite has diagnostic bands at 243 cm–1, 300 cm–1, 391 cm–1, 480 cm–1, 552 cm–1, 681 cm–1 , and 995 cm–1, diagnostic bands of lepidocrocite – 252 cm–1, 381 cm–1, 528 cm–1, and 652 cm–1. Discovered small crystals in the lepidocrocite veins have been diagnosed as magnetite, with diagnostic bands at 678 cm–1, 549 cm–1 , and 316 cm–1. Goethite and lepidocrocite are formed on the surface of a complex pyrrhotite-marcasite aggregate with "bird's-eye" structure. The presence of pyrite and marcasite is confirmed by Raman spectrum which has pyrite bands (343 cm–1 and 403 cm–1) and marcasite bands (323 cm–1 and 386 cm–1). Melanterite and rozenite are formed under the influence of surface water on sulfide ores or other readily degradable iron-bearing minerals, as well as in confined spaces with high humidity. Raman spectra of these minerals well differ from each other allowing them reliably diagnose. There are sulfate anion [SO4]2– vibrations in the range of 990–1010 cm–1, and vibrations of the H–O–H in the range of 3 000–4000 cm–1 and 1 500–1700 cm–1 on the spectra. As a result of the research the authors can certainly confirm that Raman spectroscopy can be used as a reliable method for mineral identification

One of the promising approaches of macroeconomic modeling and quantitative assessment of the impact of external and internal factors on macroeconomy of a country, which is actively used abroad, is a Bayesian approach to the description of macroeconomic processes. In this paper we examine Bayesian vector autoregression model (BVAR) to assess the impact of external shocks, such as the price of Brent crude oil, the volatility index VIX and the Shanghai Stock Exchange Composite index, on Russian macroeconomic indicators. The results allow us to estimate the contribution of external factors as a significant in the dynamics of Russia economic variables. This approach can be successfully applied for the analysis of Russian data, which was confirmed by the results presented in the article.

The low level of complexity in the processing of raw materials at mining and processing enterprises adversely affect the environment causing considerable damage to it. Meanwhile technological waste is a cheap source of raw materials for liquid products of functional purpose, particularly inorganic filler which are widely used in the manufacture of paints and building materials, paper, plastics, insulating and protective materials. Improved performance and physical and chemical properties of materials are achieved by optimizing the composition and dispersion of the particles. By the example of the research subjects received from the flotation waste nepheline ore-dressing, it has been shown that a high degree of homogenization to obtain fine mixtures (75 % of 3–4 micron fraction) composite filler powders the ultrafine grinding method achieved by using a planetary ball mill for a short period of time (at least 1 hours). The use of other grinding methods, for example by means of ball mill or a vibration such effect is not obtained. At the conditions of ultrafine grinding the ionization and amorphization of the surface layer of powder material particles (mechanical activated processing) are occurred. This increases its activity by reacting with organic and inorganic binding, and provides high performance. The obtained filler has been tested in the composition of temperature-controlled sealants and glues used in the aerospace industry, shipbuilding and electronics. To obtain such materials sphene and nepheline received from industrial tailings of Khibiny apatite-nepheline ore deposits are used

Theoretical general problems of interference of a transport complex and ecological situation at a regional level are considered. The paper examines the ratio of the transport infrastructure to natural and recreational landscapes on the territories of ten cities of the Moscow region. The ten cities in question are divided into three groups. Groups of the factors of the transport complex influencing the natural and ecological environment in the cities both in general, and in separate groups of the cities of the Moscow region are allocated. Measures for improvement of the ecological situation in the cities of the Moscow region in connection with regulation of work of the transport complex are proposed.

The purpose of this review is to present the most significant modifications and transformations of a hemoglobin molecule potentially related to developing a strategy of resuscitation and treatment of lifethreatening forms of anemia. Hemoglobin is one of the wellstudied proteins. The paper reviews the history of hemoglobin studies from 1839 untill present. Methodically, the hemoglobin studies included electrophoresis, spectrophotometric method, Xray diffraction method, atomicforce microscopy. The basic forms of hemoglobin include oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin. Data on protein crystallization and polymerization are discussed. Many forms of hemoglobin have the ability to form crystals or polymers in vitro, some pathological forms can be modified in vivo. The studies of structural features of various hemoglobin forms represent a contemporary task for fundamental researches.

The paper presents a method for solving a mixed problem with homogeneous initial conditions for a loaded hyperbolic equation with an integral natural degree modulus of unknown function. An approximate solution is sought for by means of a priori estimates of the solution to the problem. A formula expressing the solution through the solution to the ordinary differential equation associated with the initial loaded equation is obtained.

This article demonstrates different aspects identified in the structure of the evaluation category. The generalized characteristic of scientific research on evaluation semantics is given. In this paper, the evaluative meaning is considered as a part of the connotative side of language unit’s semantics. On the basis of a detailed analysis of the functioning of the evaluative component of connotative meaning in a poetic text, the author suggests an approach to determine the structural elements and characteristics of the evaluative meaning. The article supports the idea that a certain understanding of the structure of the semantic category cannot be universal and must be adapted in accordance with the aims of the research.

The paper considers mathematical modeling of layered Benard-Marangoni convection of a viscous incompressible fluid. The fluid moves in an infinitely extended layer. The Oberbeck-Boussinesq system describing layered Benard-Marangoni convection is overdetermined, since the vertical velocity is zero identically. We have a system of five equations to calculate two components of the velocity vector, temperature and pressure (three equations of impulse conservation, the incompressibility equation and the heat equation). A class of exact solutions is proposed for the solvability of the Oberbeck-Boussinesq system. The structure of the proposed solution is such that the incompressibility equation is satisfied identically. Thus, it is possible to eliminate the «extra» equation. The emphasis is on the study of heat exchange on the free layer boundary, which is considered rigid. In the description of thermocapillary convective motion, heat exchange is set according to the Newtons law of cooling. The application of this heat distribution law leads to the third-kind initial-boundary value problem. It is shown that within the presented class of exact solutions to the Oberbeck-Boussinesq equations the overdetermined initial-boundary value problem is reduced to the Sturm-Liouville problem. Consequently, the hydrodynamic fields are expressed using trigonometric functions (the Fourier basis). A transcendental equation is obtained to determine the eigenvalues of the problem. This equation is solved numerically. The numerical analysis of the solutions of the system of evolutionary and gradient equations describing fluid flow is executed. Hydrodynamic fields are analyzed by a computational experiment. The existence of counterflows in the fluid layer is shown in the study of the boundary value problem. The existence of counterflows is equivalent to the presence of stagnation points in the fluid, and this testifies to the existence of a local extremum of the kinetic energy of the fluid. It has been established that each velocity component cannot have more than one zero value. Thus, the fluid flow is separated into two zones. The tangential stresses have different signs in these zones. Moreover, there is a fluid layer thickness at which the tangential stresses at the liquid layer equal to zero on the lower boundary. This physical effect is possible only for Newtonian fluids. The temperature and pressure fields have the same properties as velocities. All the nonstationary solutions approach the steady state in this case.