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The paper analyzes the condition of additivity of the information and reference kiosk, which allows designing a static kiosk, which is essentially a set of pages organized in order to provide users with reliable information in various fields of knowledge and practice, with additive properties. The condition of additivity is analyzed based on the loading time of the pages of the informational kiosk is implemented on the basis of the concept of a simple website with narrow subject matter by adding the concept of a vertical portal, in connection with which introduced the concept of optimal page load time of the informational kiosk, since the main task of the informational kiosk is the display of the user requested page containing the content within a certain time interval, and a key component of the kiosk GUI. Information and reference kiosk, as a small subscriber system in terms of functionality and volume of content, containing information in text, audio or video format, aimed at providing reference information to the user and giving him a means of interaction, by providing all available system objects and functions implemented in the form of graphical components, is not an exception. The article also discusses the key concepts of the information and reference kiosk, such as additivity, ergodicity, and entropy.

The paper describes results of analytical and experimental analysis of seventeen functions used for evaluation of binary classification results of arbitrary data. The results are presented by 2×2 error matrices. The behavior and properties of the main functions calculated by the elements of such matrices are studied. Classification options with balanced and imbalanced datasets are analyzed. It is shown that there are linear dependencies between some functions, many functions are invariant to the transposition of the error matrix, which allows us to calculate the estimation without specifying the order in which their elements were written to the matrices.It has been proven that all classical measures such as Sensitivity, Specificity, Precision, Accuracy, F1, F2, GM, the Jacquard index are sensitive to the imbalance of classified data and distort estimation of smaller class objects classification errors. Sensitivity to imbalance is found in the Matthews correlation coefficient and Kohen’s kappa. It has been experimentally shown that functions such as the confusion entropy, the discriminatory power, and the diagnostic odds ratio should not be used for analysis of binary classification of imbalanced datasets. The last two functions are invariant to the imbalance of classified data, but poorly evaluate results with approximately equal common percentage of classification errors in two classes.We proved that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and the Yuden index calculated from the binary classification confusion matrix are linearly dependent and are the best estimation functions of both balanced and imbalanced datasets.

Introduction. Simple-shaped cavity resonators: rectangular, cylindrical and coaxial, are widely applied in modern microwave engineering in design of different functional devices of middle and high power levels. Parameters of resonators can be obtained analytically by using expressions from literature. Concentric resonators, performed on the basis of classical simple-shaped cavities with a central metallic core represent a new class of electrodynamic systems of microwave range, the properties of which remain poorly studied. One of these structures, named a rectangular concentric resonator (RCR) is proposed in the paper as a basic unit of K-band bandpass filters (18...26 GHz).Aim. To study potential possibilities of RCR for creation electromagnetic signals filtration devices of micro wave range.Materials and methods. The finite element method implemented in the package COMSOL was used to investigate electrodynamic characteristics of RCR and scattering matrix parameters of the microwave filters on RCR basis.Results. Simple polynomial expressions for computation of normalized resonant wavelengths of RCR were obtained at the first stage of modeling. Next, two models of passband microwave filters by RCR with different sizes were built and their EM characteristics were studied. Cavities sizes were determined numerically and practical recommendations on the realization of a new type bandpass microwave filters were formulated.Conclusion. New results of the finite-element analysis of spectral characteristics of two models of bandpass Krange filters on rectangular concentric resonators were represented. The advantages of the filters were indicated. Simple analytical expressions for calculation of the resonance wavelengths of the considered concentric resonators were obtained.

In design activities, technical solutions are practiced, which provide for the use of different tension strings of insulators in a single span. The present paper considers the calculation of the sag and load factors for a span with two different tensioning insulator strings that are of identical suspension heights. The system of “the first tension insulators string – the wire – the second tension insulators string” was described by the equations of a parabola. A relationship has been established between the sag increase factor and the coefficients that take into account the presence of tensioning insulators strings. The resulting compact formula for sag increase is generally suitable for any combination of strings in a span. The coincidence of the calculation is shown for particular cases known from the literature. The formula for calculating the load factor for the equation of state was derived, taking into account the presence of different strings in the span. The reliability of the formula has been proved by the coincidence of results for particular cases of the arrangement of strings. The obtained expressions can be used both for vertical (weight and ice) loads and for horizontal (wind) ones. In the case of loads in two planes, the equation of state must take into account all the components when calculating the resulting reduced load on the wire along the inclined plane. Calculations were performed for different lengths of spans of switchgear with different wires and strings of insulators. A span with one and two tensioning strings of insulators, with the same suspension heights, in the absence of wind and ice is considered. The curves of the sagging wires to different strings have been plotted. It is demonstrated that when calculating sags and tensions, the difference between strings must not be neglected.

Objectives. This article presents an application for the processing of scanned images of sales receipts for subsequent extraction of text information using the Tesseract OCR Engine. Such an application is useful for maintaining a family budget or for accounting in small companies. The main problem of receipt recognition is the low quality of ink and printing paper, which results in creasing and tears, as well as the rapid fading of printed characters.Methods. The study is based on a number of algorithms based on mathematical morphology methods for opening, closing and morphological gradient operations, as well as image conversion, which can significantly improve the final recognition of characters by Tesseract.Results. In order to solve this problem, a special image normalisation algorithm is proposed, which includes locating a receipt on an image, processing the received image section, removing image capture and carrier defects, as well as point processing for restoring missing characters. The developed application supports increased recognition accuracy of text information when using Tesseract OCR.Conclusion. The developed system recognises characters with fairly high accuracy, demonstrates a result that is better than that obtained when using the unmodified Tesseract method, but which is still inferior to the recognition accuracy of ABBY FineReader. Methods are also been proposed aimed at improving the developed algorithm.

Special aspects of MP3-recordings technical investigation are addressed. The following features of formation and research of MP3 phonograms are explained: traces of MP3 coding in time and spectral domain, special aspects of MP3-files structure analysis, detection methods of re-coding of MP3-recordings, methods of group identification of MP3-recorders and MP3-codecs.MP3 coding leaves certain traces of its usage. Due to the psychoacoustic model inaudible spectral components are deleted from the signal spectrum. Traces of psychoacoustic codecs usage are also clearly seen via dynamic spectrogram as rectangular areas of zero spectral amplitude. The methods discussed in this paper enable the investigating expert to detect the exact position of the MP3 frame in the signal by its properties even without any information from the file header. This method reveals the coding itself, multiple coding and also audio editing by the investigation of the periodicity of the extracted frames’ positions.MP3 file format specifies the structure of the frame header providing a perfect instrument to detect any periodicity of any peculiarities of MP3 frames. The tool based on this approach reveals MP3 frames disorder caused by editing in the “digital” domain – manual deletion of audio information using HEX editor.

Annual and perennial grasses are important not only as a source of green fodder, hay, silage, grass meal and haylage in feed production, but also as good forecrops, due to the ability to accumulate biological nitrogen in the soil (since it decreases the cost of mineral fertilizers), to disinfect the soil from micro zoo pests, to improve the physical condition of the soil (since it decreases soil density). Perennial grasses are also an important component of biologized crop rotations, since the amount of crop residues remaining in the soil after harvesting is several times greater than after winter crops. The field trials were conducted in 2009–2016 by the staff of the laboratory of row crop cultivation technology of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The experimental plot is located in the southern soil-climatic zone of the Rostov region (with insufficient and unstable moisture). The soil of the experimental plot is ordinary heavy loamy chernozem on loesslike loams, with 3.2% humus, neutral pH, and a high content of movable phosphorus and exchange potassium according to Machigin. The current paper has presented a bioenergetic estimation of grain (4-crop rotation sequence with annual grasses included) and biologized (8-crop rotation sequence with 25% perennial grasses) crop rotations. It has been established that nutrients’ amount per 1 ha of crop rotation area of biologized crop rotation is higher than in grain crop rotation on 22% of dry matter, on 40% of raw protein and on 39% of metabolic energy. Energy consumption per 1 kg of raw protein is lower on 27%.

A review of robotic systems was carried out. The paper analyzes applied hardware and software solutions and summarizes the most common block diagrams of control systems. The analysis of approaches to control systems scaling, the use of intelligent control, the achievement of fault tolerance, and the reduction of the weight and size of control system elements belonging to various classes of robotic systems were carried out. The goal of the review is finding common approaches used in various areas of robotics to build on their basis a uniform methodology for designing scalable intelligent control systems for robots with a given level of fault tolerance on a unified component base. This part is dedicated to service robotics. The following conclusions are made on the basis of the review results: the key technology in service robotics from the point of view of scalability is the Robot Operating System (ROS); service robotics is today the main springboard for testing intelligent algorithms for the tactical and strategic control levels that are integrated into a common system based on ROS; the problem of ensuring fault tolerance in the service robotics is practically neglected, with the exception of the issue of increasing reliability by changing behavioral algorithms; in a number of areas of service robotics, in which the reduction of mass and dimensions is especially important, the robot control systems are implemented on a single computing device, in other cases a multi-level architecture implemented on Linux-based embedded computers with ROS are used.

Climate change is the most complicated issue the world is facing. Across the globe there have been continuous endeavors to measure and mitigate the risk of climate change caused by human activity. Many countries the world over have made commitments necessary to mitigate climate change. Although banks are considered environment friendly and do not impact the environment greatly through their own ‘internal’ operations, the ‘external’ impact on the environment through their customers activities is substantial. The banking sector is one of the major sources of financing industrial projects such as steel, paper, cement, chemicals, fertilizers, power, textiles, etc., which cause maximum carbon emission. Therefore, the banking sector can play an intermediary role between economic development and environmental protection, for promoting environmentally sustainable and socially responsible investment. ‘Green banking’ refers to the banking business conducted in such areas and in such a manner that helps the overall reduction of external carbon emission and internal carbon footprint. To aid the reduction of external carbon emission, banks should finance green technology and pollution reducing projects. Although, banking is never considered a polluting industry, the present scale of banking operations have considerably increased the carbon footprint of banks due to their massive use of energy ( e.g., lighting, air conditioning, electronic/electrical equipments, IT, etc), high paper wastage, lack of green buildings, etc. Therefore, banks should adopt technology, process and products which result in substantial reduction of their carbon footprint as well as develop a sustainable business.

This paper examines thermophysics of the drilling process of polymeric composite materials, such as carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics (CFRP) and fibreglass by tubular diamond drill bits. Features of the COMSOL Multiphysics engineering software package were used. We employed Fourier heat equations, which express the intensity of heat gain by a mobile source in a moving coordinate system. The research was performed using the proprietary method of modelling spatial thermal action upon drilling polymer composite materials (fibreglass and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics) in the COMSOL Multiphysics software environment. A tubular diamond drill bit with a diameter of 10 mm with two slots was chosen as a model cutting tool. Solid plates with a thickness of 5.5 mm made of layered fibrous polymer composite materials (fibreglass, carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic) were used as a preform. As a result of computer calculations, we obtained temperature fields of fibreglass and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastic during diamond drilling with a tubular tool. When studying the thermal behaviour of fibreglass and carbon-fibre-reinforced plastics, maximum temperature fields were located. The study revealed that the temperature reaches 413.6 and 448.7 K during CFRP and fibreglass drilling, respectively. It was shown that the distance of heat transfer from the edge of the hole into the preform was 6.42 and 6.40 mm for CFRP and fibreglass, respectively. A method of modelling the thermal effects when cutting polymer composite materials developed in the COMSOL Multiphysics environment allows complex analytical calculations of temperatures induced by drilling to be simplified. In addition, its use prevents overheating of a preform during drilling, allows assessing the depth of heat distribution inside the preform from the edge of the formed hole in different polymer composite materials. These measures increase the machining quality of polymer composite materials.

Introduction.Precision elements of the target equipment and sensitive elements of the stabilization and orientation system of the advanced spacecraft are considered in the framework of this research. A method and software for modeling the dynamic characteristics of these elements are developed and validated. At that, the processing data results from the experimental studies on active and passive oscillators are taken into account.Materials and Methods. It is shown how the method of weightlessness provides simulation of the conditions that as much as possible conform to the real-time use of advanced space vehicles, precision structural elements, target equipment and their drives. Schemes of the corresponding experimental facilities are presented. Mathematical modeling methods, techniques of machine mechanics and dynamics are applied. Basic parameters of the proposed design dynamics, which are governing parameters in terms of the implementation of the target functions of the spacecraft, are calculated. Rational versions of layout and approximate cycle patterns of the operation of advanced space vehicles are formed to reduce microperturbations from driving gear with rotating masses.Research Results. A simulation technique for the dynamic characteristics of the drives of advanced space vehicles considering the regular oscillator operation is developed and validated. A complex of methods is presented for solving the problems of identifying dynamic parameters of a mathematical model of an advanced spacecraft based on the processing data results obtained through the experimental testing of active and passive oscillators. Two types of vibration from flywheel engines are noted. The first type is according to the commands of the position control and stabilization control system. The second type is due to residual imbalance from the solar constant meter. It is shown how these vibrations affect the dynamic characteristics of the gyro mounting seats and of the multispectral scanner for hydrometeorological support of the spacecraft. The data obtained are meant to solve the problems of assurance of the dynamic accuracy of advanced space vehicles.Discussion and Conclusions. A technique for modeling the dynamic characteristics of advanced space vehicles when operating in the precision orientation mode is proposed. The solution is based on the results of theoretical and experimental studies presented in the paper, and it considers the operation of standard oscillators. The implementation of this method is brought to software and algorithmic support for assessing the dynamic characteristics of standard oscillators of an advanced space vehicle. Recommendations to reduce the effect of active oscillators are established. Initial data are selected to determine the dynamics of advanced space vehicles from the point of view of fulfilling their target functions. The layout and approximate cycle patterns of the operation of advanced space vehicles to identify the driving gear with rotating masses as sources of micro-perturbations are proposed.

Introduction. In the distributed and autonomous generation systems using renewable energy sources, low-power generating units (not more than 100-200 kW) based on microturbines function. Microturbines operate most efficiently at high rotational speeds. In this regard, the generator running with a microturbine must also be a high-speed one. A generator is a switched reluctance electric machine (EM) that needs information on the rotor position. It is difficult to use a position sensor in such mechanisms at high speeds. This paper discusses the issues of sensorless control of a high-speed switched reluctance electric generator in conjunction with a steam microturbine.Materials and Methods. So, it is required to evaluate the proof-of-principle developed to control a high-speed switched reluctance EM. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been created including models of the investigated EM, an electric power converter, and a control system. For the EM under consideration, the active resistance is determined, as well as the dependence of the phase flux linkage on the current flowing through it and the position of the moving element. The method used involves probing the idle phase of an electric machine with short voltage pulses of equal duration, and measuring the current in this phase. If the voltage pulse length is much shorter than the phase time constant, then the current pulse amplitude is inversely proportional to the inductance. Thus, registering the maximum current pulse amplitude, it is possible to determine the rotor passage through an uncoordinated position for the probed phase. This information is used to form control actions by other phases. Moreover, the length of the test voltage pulses, required to obtain current pulses sufficient for measuring the value, is of significance versus the duration of the pulsing time. Hence, with an increase in the rotational speed, the number of test pulses is insufficient for measuring the position with the accuracy required for the control goals. This reduces drastically the precision of determining the rotor position; therefore, at high speeds, the application of this method is limited without further refinement of the rotor position. In this case, to increase the precision of measurements, it is necessary to evaluate the rate of current rise when applying the basic voltage pulse or the voltage pulse rate forming the phase current before switching to a single-pulse control mode. Research Results. Two conclusions important for correcting the estimation of the rotor position in a single-pulse operation mode of a reluctance EM are proved. The first conclusion is on the efficiency of the proposed technique of filtering phase current measurement data, the second one concerns the applicability of the identified information criteria. The analysis results of the processes in the switched reluctance EM using sensorless control that implements the described principles for determining the rotor position are presented.Discussion and Conclusions. To correct the estimation of the rotor position, the following information criteria can be used: the presence of a pause between the excitation pulse and the start of the generation process; the decrease in current by the time the generation begins. To refine the estimate, the following fact can be used: on the generation interval, the current curve knee corresponding to the maximum phase inductance is observed at the same rotor position.

The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the possibility of realisation of the concept “Smart city” in Russia. The purpose of the work is to study the problems and prospects of digitalisation of urban management on the example of such a project in Moscow. The research methodology includes neo-institutional and system approaches, as well as analysis of statistics and social research data. The paper deals equally with theoretical and applied aspects of the presented topic. Initially, the author revealed the content of the concept, the possibility of using technologies of “smart” city for purposes of territorial management and socio-economic development. The author showed that the central role for the successful realisation of the concept is played by human capital and readiness of society for changes, infrastructure base, sustainable interaction of state structures, scientific and technical institutions and business. From now on, the author investigated the possibility of digitalisation of urban management in Moscow, such aspects as experience and preparation for implementation of programs of “smart” city, the level of digital infrastructure development, the necessary institutional base for innovation, the level of human capital, the characteristics of the technological solutions are analyzed. Despite the existence of the institutional and infrastructure base for the implementation of the concept “Smart city”, for the city administration in the future, it will be a relevant activity to build sufficient communication with the population to study the readiness of the latter to the large-scale introduction of artificial intelligence technologies and data collection. It is also necessary to develop the urban digital infrastructure. For “Smart city” projects are considered to be megaprojects, there will also be a demand for competent project management, the interaction between political institutions, scientific and technology organisations. The results of this study can be applied to the analysis of various problems related to the development and implementation of digital technologies.

One of the principal criteria of aircraft composite design strength on the conditions of damage tolerance is the minimum defect size of accidental impact damage that is sure to be located during regular maintenance checks. Construction strength with similar (BVID – Barely Visible Impact Damage) and smaller damages must be ensured under design load. The analysis of operational factors affecting the criterion value is conducted in the paper. The effects of personnel qualification, surface color, level of contamination, distance to the object as well as defect size variations during the time due to relaxation of inner strains in the damaged construction were studied.Research was carried out using 90 carbon fiber three stinger panels of different color and contamination levels which were subject to impact damages by a 25 mm spherical striker. Totally 80 blows were struck when applying energy within the range of 3–107 J. In the visual damage detectability test under different conditions 42 experts were participated including 25 airlines inspectors. For the statistical analysis of empirical data and determination of dependence for the damage detection probability on its size, the Weibull function was utilized. Determination of BVID size using "90/95" criterion was performed by means of the bootstrap method (95% of inspectors must detect not less than 90% of defects with the size not smaller than BVID). The results obtained in this study enabled to access the degree of various operational factors impact on reliability of damage detectability during the visual inspection and determine BVID values depending on the combination of the given factors. In particular, it was demonstrated that from all the viewing distances the defects in polymer composite materials are more detectable on the blue surface than on the gray and red ones. Conducted research demonstrated a significant effect of relaxation (the reduction effect of the surface defect sizes in the composite panel affected by different factors during time span) on the probability of defect detectability during operation. Also water saturation of the construction under excessive temperatures has the critical compared with other factors impact on relaxation of damages in polymer composite materials. The obtained results accord with the data in foreign publications making them more supplement and specific. On the basis of conducted research the entire range of recommendations for aircraft designers and operators utilizing composite constructions is formulated.

The topic of increasing labor productivity for Russia is the most important task, without which the country will have no prospects for reaching the level of developed countries in the world. The results of labor productivity growth have a positive effect on personnel, capital, manufactured products, increased competitiveness, reduced costs, increased sales and profits. In this regard, at the federal level, a national project “Labor productivity and employment support” was developed and approved. The paper considers approaches to the concept of labor productivity, which differ among specialists of various profiles. Many of them mix the terms “efficiency” and “productivity”. A significant number of publications on the topic of labor productivity are actually devoted to efficiency, although efficiency and labor productivity are concepts that are not identical. It should be noted that labor productivity is associated with almost all performance criteria and is the most important of them. The factors that affect the productivity of a subsidiary to develop proposals for updating strategic documents determining its development in the future are analyzed. The factors of labor productivity according to the principle of taxonomy are considered. The main constraints to the growth of labor productivity are determined. The issues of increasing labor productivity are considered. The calculation of the total weight development coefficient of the personnel of one of the subsidiaries showed its growth of over 30%.

Introduction. Rubber bushings are important parts of the spring systems of modern vehicles. The properties determine not only the comfort of car movement, but also affect the elastic suspension characteristics. When a bushing is deformed, linear sections appear in characteristics. It is advisable to describe such characteristics using a mathematical model based on the classical elements of Hooke and Saint-Venant. The paper presents a mathematical description of the bushing simulation functioning results, accuracy of approach, areas of application of the mathematical model.Materials and methods. The initial data was the experimental characteristic of a cylindrical automobile rubber bushing, obtained in harmonic mode at the 0.03 to 51 Hz frequency and the 0.4 to 10 mm amplitude. The force balance of the two Hooke elements and one Saint-Venant element interacting with each other determined the mathematical model description. The authors carried out the calculations using numerical and optimization methods.Results. As a result, the authors determined functions characterizing the change in the parameters of the Hooke and Saint-Venant elements from the rubber bushings’ deformation amplitude. Moreover, the authors calculated power characteristics in the form of dependences of the rubber bushing effort and also found quantitative indicators of the reliability of the experimental data approximation by the developed mathematical model.Discussion and conclusions. The analysis of the operating modes shows the possibility of the model application to describe the rubber bushing functioning in a stationary harmonic mode with small and medium strain amplitudes. The simulation results of the Hooke’s and Saint-Venant’s parameters reveals the theoretical prerequisites for the possibility of using the model to calculate the bushing force in an unsteady mode.The authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Financial transparency: the authors have no financial interest in the presented materials or methods. There is no conflict of interest.

Introduction. Rational use of dairy raw materials is important for the national economy. The research objective was to improve the existing technologies of milk raw material processing using new type membrane equipment with polarization layer diversion. The process was mathematically simulated according to the theory of automatic control and transfer functions. Study objects and methods. The study featured a new installation constructed on the basis of a membrane device with membrane layer diversion. The new equipment can serve as a basis for a novel low-waste and non-waste technology. Unlike traditional membrane apparatus, this one has three flows: a more concentrated polarization layer (concentrate), a core layer of retentat, and a layer of permeat. The mathematical model of the process can describe the behavior of any dynamic system of almost any structure and complexity. Results and its discussion. The simulation showed that recycling of the diverted concentrate can intensify the concentration. To increase the intensity of membrane concentration in such installations, partial recirculation of the concentrate flow can be recommended, with its subsequent transfer to the main flow. Partial recycling of the retentate flow did not prove effective, as it did no increase the concentration of the final product. However, it can be used for a more complete extraction of the target component. This aspect requires further research. Conclusions. The paper introduces a new technology that improves the concentration of milk raw materials and possesses practical importance.

When analyzing chemical compositions of snow the high variability of content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in snow cover between snowfalls is observed. Researchers explain this by concentrating of snow. However, another mechanism of atmospheric contamination of the snow cover surface is possible. It may be a precipitation of fine crystals of PAHs from the atmosphere in the composition of cryohydrates, which can form aerogenic anomalies on the snow surface at formation of hoarfrost. The process starts in the atmosphere during the interaction of finely dispersed crystals of PAHs with cloud supercooled drops. This results in the cryogenic concentration of solid particles of PAHs by way of formation of solid eutectic mixture – cryohydrates, which are a two-phase system consisting of a fine mixture of crystals of solid particles and ice. Evidence of their manifestation is the presence of the Forel hatching on the surface of the facets of the hoarfrost crystals appearing due to the different optical density of alternating zones, which consist of interpenetrating domains of crystallized solid aerosols and ice. At the same time, due to the presence of temperature inversion over the snow cover and its drying effect on the near-snow layer of air, a stable mass transport of water vapor down to the snow cover is formed, which can initiate the flow of fine cryohydrates from the PAHs. Therefore, the growth of atmospheric ice crystals, begun in the surface atmosphere, continues on the snow surface during formation of hoarfrost, thus creating a special nano-relief of snow cover. The paper presents the results of observations of changes in the concentration of individual PAHs in the upper 18 mm layer of snow at accumulation of the surface hoarfrost during a long period between snowfalls. Some micro-morphological features of the forms of skeletal rime micro-crystals are shown, with which an increase in the nano-roughness of the snow surface is associated, as well as the manifestation of the signal of the aerogenic PAH anomaly on the snow surface. Since the conditions for the formation of surface hoarfrost occur more often than for snowfalls, the hoarfrost may be an informative object of testing when detecting hydrocarbon contamination of snow cover during the intervals between snowfalls.

Currently, the improvement of numerical models of weather forecasting allows using them for hydrological problems, including calculations of snow water equivalent (SWE) or snow storage. In this paper, we discuss the applicability of daily precipitation forecasts for three global atmospheric models: GFS (USA), GEM (Canada) and PL-AV (Russia) for calculating snow storage (SWE) in the Kama river basin for the cold season of 2017–2018. As the main components of the balance of snow storages the following parameters were taken into account: precipitation (with regard for the phase); snow melting during thaws; evaporation from the surface of the snow cover; interception of solid precipitation by forest vegetation. The calculation of snow accumulation and melting was based on empirical methods and performed with the GIS technologies. The degree-day factor was used to calculate snowmelt intensity, and snow sublimation was estimated by P.P. Kuz’min formula. The accuracy of numerical precipitation forecasts was estimated by comparing the results with the data of 101 weather stations. Materials of 40 field and 27 forest snow-measuring routes were taken into account to assess the reliability of the calculation of snow storages (SWE). During the snowmelt period, the part of the snow-covered area of the basin was also calculated using satellite images of Terra/Aqua MODIS on the basis of the NDFSI index. The most important result is that under conditions of 2017/18 the mean square error of calculating the maximum snow storage by the GFS, GEM and PL-AB models was less than 25% of its measured values. It is difficult to determine which model provides the maximum accuracy of the snow storage calculation since each one has individual limitations. According to the PL-AV model, the mean square error of snow storage calculation was minimal, but there was a significant underestimation of snow accumulation in the mountainous part of the basin. According to the GEM model, snow storages were overestimated by 10–25%. When calculating with use of the GFS model data, a lot of local maximums and minimums are detected in the field of snow storages, which are not confirmed by the data of weather stations. The main sources of uncertainty in the calculation are possible systematic errors in the numerical forecasts of precipitation, as well as the empirical coefficients used in the calculation of the intensity of snowmelt and evaporation from the snow cover surface.

The paper shows results of an experimental and theoretical study of dynamic processes in the vehicle transmission after kinematic alignment of elements during gearshifts. The purpose of the research is increasing the quality of transient processes in the vehicle transmission. Applying an analysis of experimental results obtained through looking into dynamics of a 3-ton vehicle transmission and studying literature sources it was established that dynamic loading of the transmission after the kinematic stage of shifting (i. e. synchronizing speeds of driving and driven elements in the gearbox) is influenced by oscillations which are in the single-node mode. Solving the task of increasing transient processes is achieved by applying a method of control power redistribution. By employing simulation models a number of methods were used to regulate power redistribution. Results of computations made it possible to determine that the efficiency of power redistribution are closely related to initial conditions of the process under the study. In the progress of the research a method for identifying the initial conditions was developed. This method is based determining signatures of the torque and its derivatives. In accordance with the research results it turned out that it is appropriate to apply the ZVD (zero vibration derivation) algorithm of power redistribution for low gears (below 4th) from point of view achieving better overshoot and robustness characteristics and a satisfactory response rate level. For higher gears it is recommended that the Ramp algorithm (linear increase in the control input) be used for the cases when the response rate is not longer than period of the single-node mode of oscillations occurring in the dynamic system during a gear shift. Application of the proposed algorithms allows to bring down dynamic loading of the transmission and also to improve the comfort in vehicles.

In the global energy system, the fight against climate change, meeting the growing demand for electricity, using the opportunities gained through the fourth industrial revolution and affecting all sectors of the economy and the related qualitative changes in the characteristics of electricity demand become extremely urgent. In recent years, the general pace of innovation has been growing, while introducing innovation in the energy sector has become a complex long-term challenge. Digitalization of the electric power industry in Russia is one of the key objectives of the industry development. The purpose of this study is to consider the existing classification of innovations from the standpoint of the electric power industry and to determine what qualitative and quantitative effects the introduction of innovations in the Russian electric power industry gives. To calculate the effects, we used data from Federal State Statistics Service and the Russian Energy Agency, as well as annual public reports of the System Operator and data provided by NP «Market Council». An assessment is made based on optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. As the first, the highest values were taken, as the second – the lowest values according to experts' forecasts. First proposed classification of types of innovations in the electric power industry related to changes in technology and changes in the market. The effects of each type of innovation are also calculated. The paper concludes that the effects of innovations due to changes in technology are more influential than innovations due to changes in the market.

In the regions of insufficient and unstable moisture, hydrothermal conditions are the main natural factors that determine the level of crop productivity. The purpose of our study was to identify the role of the main meteorological factors in the formation of winter durum wheat productivity at different periods of its growth and development. The study was carried out in the southern part of the Rostov region in the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2003–2014. The objects of the study were winter durum wheat varieties and breeding lines of competitive variety testing, sown in black fallow, in four replications, with a plot area of 25 m². The current paper presents the analysis results of the average daily temperature, precipitation, hydrothermal index (HTI) by the periods of winter durum wheat growth and development through the years of study, average varietal productivity for each year. It has been established that the characteristic features of the studied years are a temperature rise, especially in the pre-sowing and sowing periods, during the wintering period and the resumption of spring vegetation, and irregular precipitation, their shift in the fall from November to October, in the winter from February to January, in the spring from April to March, and its decrease or absence during the active growing season. The conducted correlation analysis between main meteorological factors and productivity showed a decisive role of the temperature regime in winter durum wheat productivity formation. It turned out to be less significant in relation to precipitation. This indicates that winter durum wheat productivity does not depend on the total amount of precipitation, but on its distribution, moisture presence in soil, and temperature. According to the analysis of the main meteorological factors, their connection with productivity, there have been identified positive and negative points in the ontogenesis of winter durum wheat associated with climate change, which must be taken into account in breeding and growing technology. There have been determined the main objectives for winter durum wheat breeding, aimed at improving such adaptive properties as drought resistance, heat resistance, especially at the initial stages of growth and development, winter tolerance, disease and pest resistance occurred due to climate change (septorisis, pyrenophorosis, bacteriosis and fusarium of heads and kernels).

Load profile alignment based on optimal power consumption management is considered to be one of the main ways to ensure efficient operation of energy systems in the short-term planning. Alignment load profile with a view to reducing costs can be implemented with the aid of consumers’ involvement by administrative and economic measures. Administrative measures are associated with the forced restriction of consumer loads in certain intervals of the planning period. On one hand, these measures provide benefits to the power system by alignment load profile, and on the other hand, they cause detriment to consumers. Ultimately, in some cases, for the whole power system, the detriment may be greater than the benefits. Therefore, it is advisable to use administrative measures in conditions of shortage of power and electricity in the power system. Optimal planning of short-term regimes of power systems according to rigid load profile received after alignment can be carried out by traditional methods. The solution of such a problem ought to be initially carried out under conditions of non-rigid load profile resulting from the directive use of administrative and economic measures carried out with the help of specially developed models. In this regard, the paper proposes a mathematical model of the problem of optimizing load profile of regulated electricity consumers to be used for optimal planning of shortterm power system modes, an algorithm for optimal planning of a short-term power system mode with optimizing load profile of regulated power consumers. Also, algorithms are proposed for accounting for simple and functional constraints in the form of equalities and inequalities when optimizing load profile. The effectiveness of the described algorithm for optimizing the short-term mode of the power system, taking into account the optimal load control of adjustable electricity consumers, has been studied using the example of optimal coverage of the load profile of power system, which contains two consumers with adjustable load profile, and two TPPs. Based on the calculated-and-experimental studies, it was determined that the proposed mathematical model of the problem is adequate, while the developed algorithms for optimal planning of short-term power system modes with optimization of load profile of regulated electricity consumers and taking into account various types of limitations are of high computational qualities.

Objectives Development of compositions filled with binders based on recycled materials for monolithic high-strength concrete.Method The research methods adopted in the work are based on the theoretical principles and laws of designing and optimizing polydisperse multicomponent systems, the phase and structure formation of clinker minerals, the logic of mathematical calculations, the technological features of the structure formation of composite masses, the theoretical principles of controlling the rheological processes of mixes. All experimental data presented in the work were obtained according to the methods of current regulatory documents (GOST, recommendations, etc.).Result The paper provides an analysis of the experience of using recycled materials in the form of products of demolition of buildings and structures, the technology for producing secondary raw materials for concrete on their basis. Formulations filled with binders with an activity of 60-71 MPa with finely dispersed mineral fillers from concrete scrap and brick combat with a ratio of 70:30%, respectively, were developed and investigated.Conclusion The optimal formulations of highly mobile concrete mixtures were designed using local natural and technogenic raw materials with a grade of P5 cone sediment and persistence for more than 8 hours to obtain high-strength classes of compressive strength up to B60-B80 with unique operational properties.

Introduction. An analysis of the most well-known agglomeration management models in Russia and abroad has shown that there are no comprehensive solutions in this area yet. The problem of information modeling of control actions on the state and development of the road network of these territorial entities is not well understood and requires further comprehensive research. The purpose of the paper is to formulate the most important principles and methodological approaches for building a modern information system for managing the road infrastructure of urban agglomerations.Methods and models. The designed system based on information modeling technologies of transport interaction processes between corresponding points. The structure of the system presented on the principles of multi-agent project management. The authors identified the types of mathematical models for solving key problems in the framework of design modules by creation of an agglomeration transport framework, ensuring the regulatory requirements of the transport and operational condition of roads and by creation of conditions for the continuous and safe movement of road transport.Results. The architecture of the “Road Network-6D BIM” developed system reflected the relations of two information processes: filling the system with knowledge and forming box solutions using a knowledge bank. The n-D modeling based on three-dimensional projections of structures (3-D) with the addition of digital modeling technologies: calendar terms, resources and financing of objects in the life cycle. The authors tested system elements during the experiment and the implementation of the project for the integrated development of the transport infrastructure of the Omsk agglomeration.Discussion and conclusions. The implementation of the “Road Network-6D BIM” project in the proposed concept makes a definite contribution to solving the problems of managing the road network of the city agglomeration by increasing the level of intellectualization of the tasks at all stages of project management.

Objectives.Over the last few years, medicinal chemistry research has been focusing on the creation of molecules that can target particular body systems, organs and tissues, thus abating systemic toxicity and side effects, and, most of all, boosting therapeutic potential. This goal can be achieved through the specific interaction of such drugs with active sites of cellular receptors. For example, glycoprotein receptors that can be found on cellular surfaces in neural tissues and liver parenchyma, selectively bind various glycoproteins and glycosides, facilitating their penetration into cells. This review describes how certain parameters of ligand structure (the nature and length of the spacer between carbohydrate and non-carbohydrate fragments of the molecule, number of carbohydrate residues per molecule, etc.) influence the penetration efficiency of synthetic glycoconjugates into liver cells.Methods.This review article summarizes 75 research papers and discusses data from in vitro and in vivo experiments showing which structures of synthetic carbohydrate derivatives are optimal for targeted drug delivery into liver cells.Results.The surface of liver cells (hepatocytes) contains a significant number of asialoglycoprotein receptors (ASGP-R) that are almost never found elsewhere. This makes ASGP-R an ideal target for the directed treatment of liver diseases, including such difficult, socially important conditions as hepatocellular carcinoma and Hepatitis C. A number of various ligands and targeted (to ASGP-R) delivery systems have been designed. Such molecules always contain derivatives of mono- and disaccharides, most commonly D-glucose, D-galactose, D-lactose and N-acetylglucosamines. This review contains the chemical structures of carbohydrate-based ligands.Conclusions.Glycolipids based on D-carbohydrates, when in liposomes, facilitate penetration into liver cells by a receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent endocytosis mechanism that is activated upon contact of the carbohydrate-containing ligand fragment with the active site of ASGP-R. It can be addressed by the use of monovalent derivatives of carbohydrates as well as polyvalent glycoconjugates. Alterations in the ligand structure and the number of liposomal modifications can boost the therapeutic effect. The distance between the liposomal surface and the carbohydrate residue (spacer length), as well as the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance of the ligand molecule, have a great effect on the affinity and cellular response.

The paper deals with a mixed problem for the telegraph equation well-known in electrical engineering and electronics, provided that the line is free from distortion. This problem is reduced to the analogous one for the one-dimensional inhomogeneous wave equation. Its solution can be found as the sum of the solution for a mixed homogeneous boundary value problem for the corresponding homogeneous wave equation and for the solution of a non-homogeneous wave equation with homogeneous boundary data and zero initial conditions. Solutions to both problems can be found by separating the variables in the form of a series of trigonometric functions of the line point with time-dependent coefficients. Such solutions are inconvenient for real application because they require calculation of a large number of integrals, and it is difficult to estimate the miscalculation. An alternative method for solving this problem is proposed, based on the use of special functions, viz. polylogarithms, which are complex power-series with power coefficients converging in a unit circle. The exact solution of the problem is expressed in the integral form via the imaginary part of the first-order polylogarithm on the unit circle, and the approximate one is expressed in the form of a finite sum via the real part of the dilogarithm and the imaginary part of the third-order polylogarithm. All these parts of the polylogarithms are periodic functions that have polynomial expressions of the corresponding powers on the segment of the length equal to the period. This makes it possible to effectively find an approximate solution to the problem. Also, a simple and convenient error estimate of the approximate solution of the problem is found. It is linear with respect to the step of splitting the line and the step of splitting the time range in which the problem is considered. The score is uniform along the length of the line at each fixed point of time. A concrete example of solving the problem according to the proposed mode is presented; graphs of exact and approximate solutions are constructed.

The purpose of the study is to develop the concept of the internal regulation “accounting policy” of an organization, taking into account the peculiarities of the legal framework for accounting and controlling export operations. The methodological basis is a dialectical approach to the phenomena and processes of financial and economic operations of organizations engaged in foreign economic activity. To research the problem the following methodological approaches were used: systemic approach, deduction and induction, comparative analysis, specification, formally legal assessment of documentation. The paper discusses the procedure for drawing up accounting policies, taking into account the peculiarities of accounting and tax accounting of export operations and the requirements of the legislative and regulatory framework for foreign economic activity. The emphasis is placed on the forms of the accounting documents applied and the contents of the chart of accounts, in which it is necessary to provide for the accounts of the first, second (subaccounts) and third (subcontos) orders to obtain the detailed information on each export transaction, assets and liabilities. The author proves that when drawing up accounting policies for tax accounting purposes, it is necessary to consider accounting policies of accounting as a whole. The results obtained complement and expand the other economic academics’ scientific base on how to organize accounting of foreign economic activity. The presented model of the regulation “accounting policy” of the organization will be useful in the practical activities of entities carrying out foreign trade operations.

Introduction. In modern production, when performing finishing operations, centrifugal rotary processing in the medium of abrasive plays an important role. High productivity, low costs and extensive technological capabilities are the main advantages of these cleaning and finishing operations. This paper considers the process of abrasive particle – workpiece surface interaction within the framework of the static contact problem of the elasticity theory. Thus, plastic deformation in the contact area comes into account.Materials and Methods. The abrasive particle (corundum) is simulated with a linearly elastic body, whose Young's modulus is significantly larger than that of the work material. The process material (steel) is simulated with an elastoplastic bilinear body using the von Mises yield criterion.Research Results. Finite element modeling of the structures under consideration was performed in the ANSYS CAE package. The process of abrasive particle – workpiece surface interaction was simulated; its stress-strain state was analyzed. The results of numerical experiments are presented. They have determined how equivalent plastic strains are distributed at depths of the cone penetration of 0.01 mm and 0.05 mm. The data obtained, as well as the areas of plastic strain values of more than 1%, are visualized in the ANSYS CAE package.Discussion and Conclusions. It is established that the equivalent plastic deformation is proportional to the depth of penetration (DP). It reaches a minimum value of 0.158 at DP = 0.01 mm, and a maximum of 0.825 at DP = 0.05 mm. The dependences of the plastic region sizes on DP are determined for cases when the plastic deformation exceeds 1%. At the maximum penetration (0.05 mm), the deformation radius is 1 mm, and the depth is 0.8 mm. On the basis of the data obtained as a result of the conducted research, the parameters of the technological process (rotational speed, size of the abrasive surface, mass of abrasive particles) that affect the workpiece – abrasive particle interaction can be selected. A judicious choice of these parameters will increase the processing efficiency

Introduction. The frequency band around 60 GHz is one of the most promising to realize new generation communication systems with high data rate due to the utilization of a wide operational frequency band that significantly exceeds traditional frequency bands below 6 GHz. High interest in the development of 60 GHz communication systems is related to the recent evolution of MMIC technology that allows creating effective components for this band and the variety of planar devices. Both are typically realized on printed circuit boards and have interfaces that are based on microstrip lines. The wideband waveguide-to-microstrip transition is required to test various active and passive planar devices with microstrip interfaces in order to provide an effective interconnection between the standard waveguide interface of measurement equipment and planar microstrip structures.Objective. The paper deals with the design of planar wideband waveguide-to-microstrip transition with low insertion loss level in the 60 GHz frequency band.Materials and methods. The main objective is achieved by analyzing of discontinuities in waveguide-tomicrostrip transition structure and their influence on transition characteristics. The transition characteristics are analyzed using full-wave electromagnetic simulation and confirmed with experimental investigation of designed wideband waveguide-to-microstrip transition samples.Results. The designed transition is based on an electromagnetic coupling through a slot aperture in a microstrip line ground plane. The transition is performed without using blind vias in its structure that provides low production cost and al-lows integrating the WR-15 rectangular waveguide in a simple manner without any modifications in the waveguide structure. Results of the electromagnetic simulation are confirmed with experimental investigations of the fabricated waveguide-to-microstrip transition samples. The designed transition provides operation in the nominal bandwidth of the WR-15 waveguide, namely, 50…75 GHz with the insertion loss level of 2 dB and with less than 0.8 dB insertion loss level at the 60 GHz frequency.Conclusion. The designed waveguide-to-microstrip transition can be considered as an effective solution for interconnection between various waveguide and microstrip millimeter-wave devices due to its wideband performance, low insertion loss level, simple integration and robustness to the manufacturing tolerances structure.

The paper shows that creation of materials with antibacterial and antifungal action presupposes an introduction of additives in them. One of the directions concerning fight against mold fungi is an inclusion of biocide additives having vegetable origin in structure of polymer materials used for manufacturing packing products. The main mission of anti-microbial additives is reduction of microbe amount in product mass and on its surface. Activity of anti-microbial compounds depends on the following parameters: concentration of active component, pH, temperature, polymer type, introduction method (with plasticizer or in melting state) and time period of their contact with polymer. In addition it is necessary to take into account such not unimportant factor as sensitivity of micro-organisms. Modern film polymer materials ensure only a certain level of product protection. They can not targetedly affect biochemical and microbiological changes in a packing product. It is necessary to develop new packing materials with selective permeability that create a barrier on the way of extremely intensive gas and moisture exchange, outside microflora flow, and prevent an evolution of undesired micro-organisms on packing products. Polymers have been selected as a basis for a bactericide packing material. Investigations have shown that composition including PEHP 98% (polyethylene of high pressure) + DGR (disproportionate gum rosin) + DETA (diethylenetriamine) has inhibited (hindered) sufficiently in a good way growth of mold fungi and PEHP composition with additives of tallow pitch and polyethylenepolyamine has demonstrated a rapid deterioration of strength characteristics and an increase in additive of the supposed mixture including pine oleoresin (POR) with DETA and DGR (with DETA more than 2%) hinders rapidly strength material characteristics.

Minimization of consumption by the buildings during exploitation of energy resources produced of non-renewable energy sources is the main objective of modern energy efficient construction. Currently, there are two principal solutions to this issue: the use of renewable energy sources (such as solar energy, geothermal energy, etc.) and optimization of secondary energy consumption. The paper considers one of the main approaches of secondary energy consumption, which is advisable to use in residential buildings, viz. the use of heat of household drains. Taking into account the fact that in modern energy-efficient buildings a significant amount of energy is still spent on hot water supply, one of the options for optimizing this process is the reuse of waste water heat as the initial source of heating of cold water supplied to the building. The design and technological solution of the heat exchanger, which will make the most efficient use of waste water heat for heating cold tap water possible, is proposed. A characteristic feature of the heat exchanger is the providing a screw movement of waste water along the internal standpipe. At the same time, cold water moves evenly along its outer contour, gradually being heated up from household drains. The key problem of the considered design solution is the correct choice of the appropriate slope of the screw surface, which will ensure the maximum transfer of heat to cold water and at the same time provide a quality drain, eliminating the possibility of clogging and stagnation of small particles. In order to solve this problem an assessment of the existing theoretical and practical approaches to the provision of water flow in technological pipelines which allows determining the optimal value of the slope of the surface has been fulfilled.

Introduction. Threshing is a multifactorial process which is affected, in particular, by the feedrate of the crop, the specific weight of the threshed grain and return, separation rates, weediness and moisture of the crop. From this point of view, the issues of optimizing the profile of the transporter cut, which allows for threshing and separation with the least effort, are also relevant. It was also experimentally established that the threshing process is affected by the volume of grain material delivered per second (second feed) and the unit velocity.Materials and Methods. The studies were conducted on a test bench equipped with a threshing-separating device in the form of a single-cavity hyperboloid. When performing the work, the width of the drum was divided into three zones, and the length – into five cells. Wheat grain, obtained through threshing and separation in each zone and cell, came to individual containers. Straw was collected separately. Then, the grain and straw were weighed. The resulting data was processed by statistical and mathematical methods.Research Results. The lengths of each cell were calculated based on the ratio of the total separation and the amount of grain mass per unit length. The lengths of each cell were calculated depending on changes in humidity. Indicators of the ratio between mass humidity and cell length are presented in the form of a table. By the given table values for different moisture levels of the grain mass, graphs were constructed, each of which was described by a mathematical model considering the drum length and width. An averaged cut profile is presented for the treated plant mass with humidity of 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%, and 24%.Discussion and Conclusions. Analysis of the data in this paper and earlier ones provides the comparison of the graphic expression of the dependences of the transporter cut profile on the second volume and humidity of the grain mass entering it. It has been established that the cut profile curves are identical along the entire length of the drum. The confidence factor is close to 1, which indicates the accuracy of the model. The identity of the averaged cut profiles is obviously dependent on moisture of the plant mass and on the second feed.

A review of robotic systems is presented. The paper analyzes applied hardware and software solutions and summarizes the most common block diagrams of control systems. The analysis of approaches to control systems scaling, the use of intelligent control, achieving fault tolerance, reducing the weight and size of control system elements belonging to various classes of robotic systems is carried out. The goal of the review is finding common approaches used in various areas of robotics to build on their basis a uniform methodology for designing scalable intelligent control systems for robots with a given level of fault tolerance on a unified component base. This part is dedicated to industrial robotics. The following conclusions are made: scaling in industrial robotics is achieved through the use of the modular control systems and unification of main components; multiple industrial robot interaction is organized using centralized global planning or the use of previously simulated control programs, eliminating possible collisions in working area; intellectual technologies in industrial robotics are used primarily at the strategic level of the control system which is usually non-real time, and in some cases even implemented as a remote cloud service; from the point of view of ensuring fault tolerance, the industrial robots developers are primarily focused on the early prediction of faults and the planned decommissioning of the robots, and are not on highly-avaliability in case of failures; industrial robotics does not impose serious requirements on the dimensions and weight of the control devices.

In this paper the term of «intelligent data analysis» is discussed, the cloud computing concept is described. The system developed and deployed on the computer cluster by ECM department of BSUIR is shown as an example of the intelligent data analysis by means of cloud computing. Some results of research with the help of this system are given.

The studies were conducted on the experimental field of the FSBSI “Federal Russian Agricultural Research Center”, whose soils are ordinary blackearth (chernozem). 25 productive shoots of each sample were taken in their full ripeness, and, when the seeds reached standard humidity, there was performed a structural analysis in the laboratory. T. petropavlovskyi and spontaneous macromutant forms emerged from cultivation were used as the objects of study. In the process of a long-term cultivation of T. petropavlovskyi in the collection, there were identified numerous spontaneous macromutant forms of a specific nature. The paper presents the study results of the product characteristics of T.petropavlovskyi and spontaneous macromutant forms which are phenotypically close to T. spelta and soft-like T. aestivum and typical soft wheat T. aestivum. It has been established that product characteristics of speltoid macromutant wheat are significantly inferior to the original T. petropavlovskyi and macromutant soft wheat T. aestivum. Product features of soft-like macromutant T. aestivum is similar to the original T. petropavlovskyi, but has a smaller sprout weight and, correspondingly, lower grain productivity. The most promising variety for breeding process is the macromutant typical soft wheat T. aestivum, which forms a larger number of grains and, due to this, has an advantage in ‘kernel weight per head’ over all samples, including the initial form. The value of this macromutant form can also be determined by the high coefficient of specific productivity (Csp), which indicates a more efficient work of its vegetative organs. Consequently, the macromutant T. aestivum, which is phenomenally similar to the existing varieties of soft wheat, promises a high hybridization efficiency with the latter. Thus, the macromutant form of T. aestivum, developed on the basis of the T. petropavlovskyi genotype, is of some value as an initial material for breeding practice.

The paper describes the stages of studying the biochemical heterogeneity of gluten proteins of wheat grain as an important factor in the baking quality of flour. It has been shown that the biochemical heterogeneity of gluten proteins is caused by genetic factors. Modern electrophoretic methods on gel carriers make it possible to study the component protein composition of varieties, biotypes, lines, split hybrids and to identify the Mendelian units of the spectrum (genes, alleles). The application of the idea of the genetic nomenclature of the hereditary unit of gliadins (a block of components) is over 40 years old, and it was proposed by domestic scientists (Kopus, Poperelya, Sozinov). This made it possible to compile catalogs of blocks of components (alleles), to study their correlation with quality, frost resistance and other traits, to develop a scale for combining gliadin blocks in the spectrum of varieties for the breeding assessment of samples from agro-nurseries. It has been established that electrophoregrams of prolamins serve as a reliable criterion to identify seed genotypes of commercial varieties by laboratory methods.

Nanoscale drugs differ in special physicochemical, biological, pharmacokinetic parameters. These properties can be used to provide targeted delivery, prolong the action of drugs, as well as reduce their side effects. An important problem that needs attention is the study of the potential risks arising from the treatment of such drugs. The aim of the study: analysis of the requirements of domestic and foreign regulators for the safety of nanoscale drugs. The paper presents the classification of the most promising nanosystems containing drugs, and an analysis of the existing principles for assessing their safety in Russia and abroad has been carried out. It was shown that when assessing the safety of nano-sized drugs, along with the properties of the active substance, it is necessary to take into account the properties of the nanosystem (polymer coating, carrier, etc.), related to its size, distribution pattern, charge of nanoparticles, and ability to induce oxidative stress. Domestic and foreign regulatory documents governing the procedure for assessing the safety of pharmacological substances derived from nanotechnology was analyzed. Conclusions: Despite the availability of recommendations from regulatory authorities, further improvement of the requirements for registration and safety assessment of nanoscale drugs is necessary. Further development of the regulatory framework governing the development, quality, efficiency and safety of nanomaterials in medicine is necessary, taking into account the structural issues of the active substance and nano-carriers.

In this paper, extractive distillation flowsheets for water–formic acid–acetic acid mixtures were designed. Flowsheets not involving preliminary dehydration were considered, and the relative volatilities of the components in the presence of sulfolane were analyzed. The result of extractive distillation depends on the amount of sulfolane. The structure of the flowsheet is determined by the results of the basic ternary mixture extractive distillation. In three-column flowsheets (schemes I, II), water is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. In the second column, distillation of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture is carried out, yielding formic acid (90 wt %) and acetic acid (80 wt %). The recycled flow is returned to the first column. Dilution of the formic acid–acetic acid–sulfolane mixture with sulfolane (second column of flowsheet II) allows for acids of higher quality (main substance content equal to or more than 98.5 wt %) to be obtained. Flowsheet III includes four columns and two recycling stages. First, the water–formic acid mixture is isolated in the distillate of the extractive distillation column. Then, water and formic acid are separated in a two-column complex by extractive distillation, also with sulfolane. We were carrying out calculations for column working pressure 101.32 and 13.33 kPa. To prevent thermal decomposition of sulfolane, working pressure for regeneration columns was always 13.33 kPa. The extractive distillation column of the basic three-component mixture is the main factor contributing to the total energy consumption for separation (in all schemes).

A generalized algorithm for the verification of functional models and the rules for the verification of diagrams related by levels of detail were developed in this paper. The algorithm is based on the analysis of a tree which describes the decompose relations in functional diagrams. At each step of the algorithm, a pair consisting of a parent diagram and a functional diagram is selected, and the correlation of the arrows and their roles is checked for both. The formalization of the verification rules was based on the set-theoretic representation of functional diagrams in the form of labeled oriented graphs. The rules make it possible to map the position and roles of the arrows associated with the detailed function block of the parent diagram to the arrows of the child diagram. The following rules for each of the possible arrow roles were established: “input”, “output”, “control”, “mechanism”. The use of the logic programming language PROLOG was proposed for the implementation of the algorithm. A knowledge base structure comprised of 3 interrelated predicates to describe the tree of diagrams, nodes and edges of the graphs was suggested. A query to check the verification rules was formed, and methods of binding variables and fixing roles were considered. The analysis and verification of a fragment of a functional model for the production of vinyl acetate from ethylene was conducted as an example. The functional diagrams for the processes “Condensate separation” and “Vinyl acetate isolation” connected by a decompose relation were developed, their set-theoretic models were constructed, and the use of rules for the verification of each type of arrow were considered.

Design solutions of domestic VLSI were obtained as a result of the application of computeraided design tools of a foreign supplier (CAD Synopsys, Cadence Design Systems and Mentor Graphics), based on standard libraries of PDK elements (Project Design KIT) of factories and IC-modules also supplied mainly by foreign companies. As a rule, the developer does not have its own production facilities, using the services provided by foreign factories (fablesscompanies). Due to this fact, relevant are the studies aimed at the development of a complex of measures, excluding the possibility of unauthorized changes into IC, i.e. protection of projects against intentional hardware and technology violations made during the formation of the control information for handing it over to the production facility and/or in case of IC manufacture at the factory. This paper considers this task from the standpoint of the analysis of the methodology of design for testability (DFT), i.e., a complex of measures that provide obtaining solutions at the design stage. The solutions include the verification of the correct performance of the manufactured chip by means of external tests and/or self-testing procedures. It was proposed, inter alia: 1) to analyze the libraries of standard elements used in the project with full disclosure of their specifications; 2) to create nodes with the physical non-cloning function in the projects on the basis of the libraries of standard elements in models and analysis programs; 3) to analyze IP modules used in the project with the maximum disclosure of structure, methods and algorithms for providing test coverings; 4) to provide for the development in projects of special test kits and methods of their generation at the design stage of functions in order to detect malicious nodes and programs both within SoC cores and at the level of system buses; 5) to develop at the design stage and to apply during tests a technique of special hardware measurements of parameters of the manufactured circuits and analysis of their results, inter alia, according to measurements of delays in distribution of signals and/or buses current consumption.

The paper presents the results of studies of the operation of the inverting DC–DC converter with charge pump and LDO, which are part of the combined bipolar secondary power supply LM27762, at the near to maximum input voltage of 5.5 V and an output voltage of –4.9 V. The ripple voltages were measured at various load currents from 10 to 250 mA at the positive pole of the flying capacitor, at the output of the charge pump system and at the output of the microcircuit. It was shown for the first time on the basis of the obtained information that at low load currents up to about 107 mA the charge pump system operates in the burst mode, and at currents greater than 109 mA – in the charge pump mode with a constant frequency. The results do not confirm the information in the documentation on the microcircuit that, at themaximum input voltage of 5.5 V, the charge pump can enter the PWM mode in hot conditions. When working in burst mode, the presence of LDO in the LM27762 chip reduces the ripples of the negative voltage at the output. However, they significantly exceed the values given in the documentation on the chip. During switching to the constant–frequency mode, the level of negative voltage ripples at the output of the microcircuit decreases sharply, but it increases with further increase of the load current and exceeds the values given in the documentation.

A method has been developed for finding the shortest Hamiltonian path in an arbitrary graph based on the rank approach, which provides high efficiency and a significant reduction in the error in solving the problem of organizing the process of managing multiple transactions and queries when they are implemented in network databases. In many cases, existing solutions do not provide the necessary results in terms of access time and accuracy of the found solution. Using the developed method allows minimizing the idle time of computing devices, reducing the volume and time of data transfer from one device to another, increases overall scalability, minimizes data access time, etc. An important advantage of the proposed method is to reduce the number of elementary operations and the number of vectors being processed the queue of the operations of the request, which leads to a significant reduction in time to implement the procedures for the formation of echer di operations in the requests. Methods of graph theory were used in this paper. The effectiveness of the task solution was evaluated using a systems approach, system analysis and the theory of operations research. Processing of experimental data obtained during the work was carried out in accordance with the provisions of mathematical statistics.

Introduction. The paper presents the results of research that allow assessing the degree of influence of pre-organized cracks on the character crack formation and on the process of the hollow-core slabs’ deformation under short-term load action.Materials and methods. The hollow-core slabs are made without prestressing – one by traditional technology, the second with pre-organized cracks in the manufacturing process. Physical experiment performed on fall-scale structure of hollow-core slabs of П66.10-81500СП. The authors conducted the tests to the calculated breaking load. Moreover, the authors presented the contrastive analysis of character crack formation and of the hollow-core slabs’ deformation of П66.10-8А500СП traditional manufacturing and with pre-organized cracks.Results. As a result, the authors confirmed the earlier hypotheses about the greater rigidity of plates with pre-organized cracks in comparison with the plates where the cracks arose stochastically and under operational load. The installation of organized cracks did not reduce the bearing capacity, thus, reduced the deformability. Therefore, the width of the crack became smaller and the deflections became less.Discussion and conclusions. In the structures of long length, which are rejected by the second limit group, the organization of cracks at the manufacturing stage allows not putting additional reinforcement to reduce the width and deflection of the crack.

The history of management of various social objects — family, private, public, church, regional, state — has been around for many millennia. And at the same time objectively constantly there were questions “What should heads (managers) of these objects do for ensuring their survival, growth and development?”, “What roles should leaders of social organizations play?”, “What competencies should a leader have in order to effectively and efficiently perform their roles?”. The evolution of views on the role of managers of social organizations from ancient times up today is stated in the paper. There are given results of scientific research on the subject “the role of managers”, which have been revealed the “national”, regional and industrial specific of managerial roles, a completely new role, and above all — the rating of managerial roles at various stages of the social organizations lifecycle.

The problem of population decline, economic activity decrease and deterioration of investment attractiveness has become topical on the agenda of sustainable development of industrial or single-industry cities in most developed countries (uSA, Eu, Australia) during the last century. New urban trends are increasing of the economic efficiency of urban areas usage, encouraging restrain of the population, including youth and employable people, and attracting new ones through the creation of required jobs and the formation of comfortable living conditions. All of these demanded the mechanisms and tools development for the social and economic development of cities. world experience has accumulated various approaches to the transformation of shrinking cities — economic and financial instruments supporting the development and provision of partnership of key stakeholders of cities, integrated urban development programs, tools for optimizing the spatial and territorial structure of cities, etc. The paper analyzes the existing practices of application of administrative and organizational mechanisms for the spatial development of shrinking cities in the united States, Britain, Germany, Spain and Australia. Based on the analysis, key conclusions are drawn about the factors that divide the trajectories from decline to the cities restoration. The practical significance of the conclusions lies in the possibility of using them in the development of strategies and programs for the russian cities development that are experiencing a tendency towards a contraction of economic and territorial space.

Introduction. The objective of the research is to study the effect of the complex activation of the alumina raw material on the rheological properties of the ceramic mass. In addition, the authors investigate solutions for the application of optimal coagulation structures based on loams and ash together with plastic certificates.Materials and methods. The authors used the local forest like reserves of clay loams at the BashKarasu, ash fields of the Bishkek Central Heating Centre (BTEC) and plasticizer (sodium naphthenate obtained from alkaline chemical production wastes) as fibrous materials. Moreover, the authors defined technological properties of raw materials within standard laboratory methodology in accordance with current GOSTs.Results. The researchers tested plastic durability on variously prepared masses for the choice of optimal structures. The paper demonstrated the plastic durability of complexly activated compounds comparing with non-activated and mechanically activated compounds. The sensitivity coefficient increased the amount of clay loams by mechanically and complexly activated, which predetermined the possibility of intensifying the process of drying samples based on complexly activated masses.Discussion and conclusions. However, mechanical activation of clay material reduces the period of relaxation and increases the elasticity coefficient of ceramic masses by 1.8–3.4 times, meanwhile decreases elasticity, viscosity and the conventional power during molding, which generally worsens the molding properties of the masses. Сomplex activation of ash-clay material decreases the period of relaxation and provides an increase in elasticity, plasticity of ceramic masses by 46–47%, reduction in viscosity by 1.5–2 times, conventional power on molding by 37–122% in comparison with MA clay loams. Ceramic masses based on spacecraft alumina raw materials belong to the SMT with improved rheological properties; products based on them pass through the mouthpiece for 5–7 seconds.

The article describes new possibilities for technical authentication of audio recordings and determination of circumstances in which they were made in the context of Russian forensic practice. The proposed method is based on comparing the frequency of the electric current in the grid reflected in the submitted audio evidence with reference electric network frequency (ENF) indicators, which are recorded on a regular basis using a specialized hardware and software suite. This method is known as the Electric Network Frequency (ENF) Criterion (developed by Romanian expert Catalin Grigoras in 2005) and has been used by forensic practitioners around the world since 2009. The paper discusses the substance of the method, its possibilities and limitations, and demonstrates its practical value in helping to establish whether an audio recording was tampered with, as well as the date and time it was made. The article is intended for experts as a summary of the method, and for investigators to familiarize themselves with the new possibilities of scientific methodology.

The article considers the problem of the flow around the helicopter main rotor taking into account blades flapping in the plane of rotation and in the plane of thrust as well as the elastic blades deformation. The rotor rotation is modeled by the method of converting Navier-Stokes equations from a fixed coordinate system associated with the incoming flow into a rotating system associated with the rotor hub. For axial flow problems, this makes it possible to formulate the problem as stationary at a constant rotational speed of rotor. For a mode of skewed flow around the rotor in the terms of incident flow in this system it is necessary to solve the non-stationary problem. To solve the problem, the method of deformable grids is used, in which the equations are copied taking into account the grid nodes motion determined in accordance with the spatial blades motion, and SST turbulence model is used for closure. The results of the test calculations of the main rotor aerodynamic characteristics with and without blade flapping are presented in this paper. The coefficients of the main rotor thrust cT and the blades hinge moments mh are compared. The calculations were carried out in the CFD software ANSYS CFX (TsAGI License No. 501024). The flow around a four-bladed main rotor of a radius of 2.5 meters is modeled in the regime of skewed flow. The speed of the incoming flow came to 85 m/s under normal atmospheric conditions. The rotor was at an angle of attack of −10˚. To calculate the rotor motion without taking into account the flapping movements, we used the nonstationary system of Navier-Stokes equations with the closure with SST turbulence model. The calculation was being carried out until the change in the maximum value of the rotor thrust during one revolution became less than 1%. For modeling flapping blade movements, the control laws and equations describing the angle of blade flapping as a function from its azimuth angle obtained from the experiment were used. The procedure for reconstructing the grid according to a given law was conducted using standard grid deformation methods presented in the ANSYS CFX software. When solving the nonstationary Navier-Stokes equations, a dual time step was used. The obtained results show that accounting of the effect of flapping movements and cyclic control of the blades has an impact on the character of changing the main rotor thrust coefficient during one revolution and significantly changes the shape of the graph of the hinge moment coefficient of each blade.

This paper presents the results of a study on the irradiation of heterostructures based on gallium arsenide with neutrons and gamma rays. The horizontal channel of the IRT-2000 reactor with an energy of 2.65 MeV served as a source of neutrons. Two types of structures were considered: autoepitaxial (AES) and heteroepitaxial (HES). They were obtained by the MOC-hydride method under reduced pressure using gallium and aluminum organometallic compounds and arsine. The obtained results show that irradiation with neutrons and gamma-quanta just slightly changes the concentration of the charge carriers of the autoepitaxial structures and the density of the charge carriers of the heteroepitaxial structures. As for the mobility of charge carriers, some increase in their mobility is observed at the initial moment of irradiation. As the irradiation flux density increases, the mobility either stabilizes at a certain level or decreases. The increase in mobility after the first irradiation of the heterostructures indicates an increase in the lifetime of charge carriers, apparently due to a decrease in the concentration of recombination centers in the structures, most likely, the density of structural defects at the heteroboundaries. When irradiating with fast neutrons, a similar picture is observed. Initially, the mobility of charge carriers slightly increases as the concentration of charge carriers slightly changes. Then the characteristics stabilize. An increase in the uniformity of properties over the area of the structures is observed. It is assumed that this is due to the appearance of clusters of defects and impurities.