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In recent years, the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of lipoapoptosis signaling pathways has expanded considerably. However, many mechanisms of apoptosis induction by lipids as well as molecules mediating intracellular and systemic signals belonging to AOS/enzyme-dependent phospholipid metabolites are not completely clear.This review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms of apoptotic cell death induction by some lipid molecules. Literature search was performed in the database “PubMed”, “eLIBRARY” using key words: “apoptosis”, “lipids”, “fatty acids”, “eicosanoids”, “reactive oxygen species”.A brief characterization of the signaling pathways of apoptosis is given. The role of reactive oxygen species and their dependent products of lipid peroxidation in the regulation of the main signaling pathways of apoptosis are shown. Particular attention is paid to the product of phospholipid metabolism – 4-hydroxynonenal.Pro- and anti-apoptotic effects of some prostaglandins are demonstrated. Arguments are presented that prostaglandins of series J and D are pro-apoptotic in most cells, and this effect depends on activation of the prostanoid receptor DP2 and on reduction of AKT kinase activity. In contrast, the E-series prostaglandins and hydroxyecosatetraenoic acid act opposite to the J-series and D-series prostaglandins, reducing apoptosis by activating AKT and increasing Bcl-2 protein expression.The role of individual fatty acids involved in the initiation and transduction of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic signals is assessed. It was shown that saturated fatty acids have the maximum damaging potential than their unsaturated counterparts. An in-depth understanding and deciphering of the mechanisms by which lipids and their metabolites modulate the activation of signaling pathways of programmed cell death can help to develop therapeutic strategies to prevent a number of diseases associated with impaired regulation of apoptosis.

The present paper features a comparative analysis of the biological value of milk obtained from cows, goats, mares, and camels. The biological value of the milk was estimated by protein and lipid components using computational methods of food combinatorics. According to the chemical composition of the milk, camel’s milk proved to have the highest protein content (4.0%). Cow’s and goat’s milk were much poorer in protein: its content was by 0.8 and 1% lower, respectively. The lowest weight fraction of protein was in mare’s milk, which was by 1.8% lower than in camel’s milk, and also by 0.8 and 1% lower if compared to goat’s and cow’s milk. In addition, mare’s milk differed from other types of dairy raw products by its lowest fat content (1.0%), which was 4.1, 3.2, and 2.6% lower than the fat content of the milk obtained from camels, goats, and cows, respectively. The high fat content of camel’s milk was associated with its highest energy content (82 kcal), while the energy content in goat’s milk was 14 kcal, cow’s milk – 17 kcal and mare’s milk – 41 kcal. Camel’s and goat’s milk had a high content of solids (15% and 13.4%, respectively), whereas mare’s milk had only 10.7% and cow’s milk – 11%. The paper also introduces some data on the protein component of the milk obtained by using the amino acid scoring method. Mare’s milk proved to have the highest value of the amino acid composition index (0.6), which over-indexed the values for cow’s, goat’s, and camel’s milk by 0.13, 0.14 and 0.18, respectively. The biological value of the lipid component of the product is characterized by its qualitative composition of fatty acids. The highest values of the index of fatty acid composition belonged to mare’s milk: 0.58 and 0.42, taking into account the 3 and 5 calculation components. Camel’s milk was found inferior to mare’s milk by 0.9. The lowest values of the lipid composition index were observed for cow’s and goat’s milk. The research involved a complex calculation of the level of balance in the composition of milk. All the livestock animals were rated according to the Harrington’s scale of desirability as ‘satisfactory’ by the third component of the estimation, but the highest numerical values of the level of balance belonged to mare’s milk. To optimize this indicator, the authors recommend livestock animal milk as an ingredient of complex raw commodity products.

Sheep’s milk contains fatty acids that have a positive effect on human health. Besides, its production is economically profitable. Thus, fatty-acid profile of cheese and its transformation during maturing remain relevant for scientific research. The present research featured the quality of lipids during the fatty phase of soft-ripened Camembert-type cheese. Its fatty-acid profile was studied using a method of gas chromatography. A set of experiments established significant changes in the concentration of fatty acids during maturing. The concentration of short chain fatty acids increased, namely that of butyric acid (C4:0), butylacetic acid (C6:0), and hexylacetic acid (C8:0). The trend can be associated with the specific lipases produced by microorganisms during ripening. On day 14, the concentration of lauric acid (C12:0) increased by 30% and that of myristic acid (C14:0) – by 13%, as compared with day 1. The initial concentration of 18:1n9t isomer was about 70% of the total amount of trans-isomers of fatty acids. After maturing, its concentration decreased by 98%. The concentration of C10:0, C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1t11, and C18:1c9 fatty acids equaled 73% of the total amount of fatty acids during all periods of ripening. The concentration of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids increased and that of hypocholesteremic fatty acids decreased during ripening, which raised the Atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. Fatty acids with ≤ 12 carbon atoms were found characteristic of fatty acid profile of sheep’s milk Camembert. They can be used to detect other milk in sheep’s milk cheese.

Mussels Mytilus edulis L. living on the littoral are traditional objects for monitoring the state of coastal ecosystems. In the process of ecological and biochemical studies of some littoral settlements of these mussels in the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, some modifications have been identified in the structure of local populations, and biochemical markers have also been searched at the level of lipid composition reflecting the chronic action of environmental factors. Investigations of the size and age structure of some intertidal settlements of the Mytilus edulis L. have shown inter-annual dynamics reflecting the natural processes associated with the regime of replenishment by juveniles and the elimination of generations. The revealed significant differences in the density and biomass of Mytilus edulis L. settlements probably reflect the influence of anthropogenic load on their livelihoods (first of all, prolonged discharge of fresh water from the hydroelectric station system). The composition of lipids and fatty acids in the gills of littoral mussels has been determined using thin-layer, gas-liquid and high-performance liquid chromatography methods. Evaluation of the lipid status of mussel gills inhabiting biotopes with different hydrodynamic regimes and anthropogenic load (the pollution level, fresh water discharge) has shown inter-annual dynamics in the content of lipids and their fatty acids. At the same time, there are significant differences in the content of membrane and storage lipids in the mussel gills exposed to fresh water on the littoral zone of Biotope 1. Prolonged ecological and biochemical monitoring studies of coastal mussel settlements reveal the characteristic features of their size and age structure, density and biomass, as well as the lipid status of the gills of mollusks formed under conditions of long-term environmental factors

The comparative dynamics of lipids and some fatty acids in the muscles of mature females and males of threespine stickleback from the White Sea kept in aquariums under the conditions of experimental short-term fasting and subsequent renewal of nutrition under different feeding regimens was studied. The most significant differences and the selectivity of lipid utilization are demonstrated between females and males in the process of an aquarium experiment, including their fasting and various dietary regimens. The results indicate the ability of the metabolic systems of male stickleback muscles to rapidly recover and store the requisite level of lipids after the termination of fasting. The relatively constant level of total lipids during fasting in the muscles of females can be explained by its maintenance due to the priority, up to the full, use of energy lipids, as well as individual structural lipids. The increase of the cholesterol level in the muscles of males and females during fasting and after the resumption of nutrition is most likely due to increased gluconeogenesis and increased resistance of the organism. A specificity of the expenditure of certain physiologically significant polyunsaturated fatty acids was observed – docosahexaenoic in males and eicosapentaenoic in females, most probably due to their special physiological roles in the fish organism. The temporal changes in the content of different lipids and fatty acids during fasting and the investigated feeding resumption regimens differ, reflecting the physiological and biochemical status of the organism, as well as the functional role and significance of individual lipid groups in the organism.

A comparative study of the lipid metabolism in Atlantic salmon fingerlings staying after hatching near their spawning redds along the banks of the Varzuga River main channel (at rapids and riffles) and those who had migrated to tributaries – the Arenga, the Pjatka and the Falaley. The choice of habitats by fingerlings after hatching and dispersal affects the quantitative characteristics of lipids and fatty acids, and is supported by the organism’s adaptive systems, including variations in the ratios of individual lipid and fatty acid classes within physiological limits. Fingerlings from the Pjatka had higher length-weight values, the energy/structural lipids ratio(TAG+ECHOL/PL+CHOL), and the ratio of essential fatty acids 18:3ω-3/18:2ω-6 as compared to fish from other studied biotopes. The combination of ecological and trophic conditions (temperature, water flow rate, depth, riverbed particle size composition and fouling, species composition and amount of food items, and their availability) in the Pjatka are more favorable for the growth and development of fingerlings. The identified biochemical differences between the fingerlings that had migrated to the tributaries and those remaining along the main channel banks may be the basis for the formation of steady fish differentiation into groups with different lipid status and length-weight indices during further development (in fish aged 1+ and 2+). This differentiation in 0+ Atlantic salmon can be considered as a start of intrapopulation heterogeneity, affecting further choices on the fish life strategy.

The aim of our research was to study the influence of citrate and sulfate of copper on the biomass composition of the mycelium of the medicinal mushroom Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, (1920) cultivated in a liquid medium. The studied strain of Trametes versicolor 353 was obtained from the Culture Collection of Mushrooms (IBK) from M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Copper citrate was obtained from the Institute of Nanobiotechnologies and Resource Conservation of Ukraine, Kyiv. In this study we used glucose-peptone-yeast extract medium. Cu2+ (sulfate or citrate form) was added to the medium in concentration 4 mg/L. Mycelium was grown in a submerged culture on a rotary shaker (120 rpm) at 26 °C in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, containing 50 ml of liquid media. The biomass was harvested after 9 days of cultivation in the liquid medium, filtered, washed, dried to a constant weight at 105 °C and weighed. Total nitrogen content (Ntotal) in the mycelium determined by the Kjeldahl method, crude protein content was determined as Ntotal x 6.25. The ash was obtained by the standard method. Total lipids were extracted from undried mycelium by a modified method of Bligh and Dyer. Amino acid composition was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography Agilent 1200 (Agilent technologies, USA). The methyl ethers of fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) Agilent 6890N/5973 inert. The results of our research demonstrated that sulfates and citrates of copper increased the amount of crude protein on the mycelium of T. versicolor 353. Also both form of copper increased the amount of ash by a third relative to the control medium. At the same time, both forms of copper reduced the amount of total carbohydrates on mycelial biomass. But copper sulfate reduced the amount of total lipids relative to the control medium and medium with copper citrate. It should be noted, that given the significant growth of biomass in both cases, the yield of the same biomass compounds (gram per liter of medium) was raised relative to the control medium. So the yield of total carbohydrates was increased by 72% (on the medium with copper citrate) and 43% (on the medium with copper sulfate) relative to the control medium. The yield of crude protein was raised by 94% (on the medium with copper citrate) and 63% (on the medium with copper sulfate) relative to the control medium. Assay of amino acid composition showed that the quality of crude protein didn’t change. Thus the yield of essential amino acids was increased in conjunction with the yield of crude protein. The yield of total lipids increased only on the medium with copper citrate (by 57%) and in this case the content of fatty acids was unchanged significantly relative to the control medium. But sulfate of copper decreased the amount of cis-linoleic acids by 7%, in return the amount of oleic acid was increased relative to the control medium without copper.

The adaptations of aquatic organisms to high latitudes are primarily concerned with an adjustment to low temperatures and seasonal changes in illumination, including an alteration of Polar Night and Day. The adaptations always involve multiple aspects and levels – from the molecular to the behavioral. The most important adaptations to low temperatures are: the movement of water from the intracellular to the extracellular compartments, so that the molecular weight of the intracellular fluid increases and its freezing point shifts downwards, preventing an intracellular freezing, ensured by the synthesis of anti-freeze compounds; the transition from saturated to unsaturated fatty acids, which is a critical mechanism for the membrane lipids functioning; as well as the synthesis of more flexible proteins. The most crucial component of the algae adaptation is their variable thermal resistance and an increase in the content of photosynthetic pigments as the daylight duration decreases. The reserves necessary for survival during the Polar Night are accumulated in the summer season. Cryoflora adaptations are studied. Some essential adaptations occur in oogenesis. The synthesis of fats in the yolk increases considerably, enabling a transition from the primitive ontogeny in the larval stage to a more advanced, direct ontogeny, which meets the conditions of high latitudes better. An asynchronous type of oogenesis remains during the transition from a repeat to single spawning.

Literature data and research results of chemical and biochemical sheep's and goat's milk composition are generalized. Research was conducted in "Goloseevo" Ltd. on sheep stock of Sokolska breed and Ukrainian goat's selection. It was specified, that sheep's milk differs by higher content of its all constituents comparing with goat's milk. Both animal types milk during the beginning of lactation has increased fat content (8,35 and 4,37%), protein content (5,75 and 4,79%), lactose content (5,19 and 4,50%), reduction in the middle of lactation and the highest rate in the end of lactation. Special feature of sheep's milk is high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, their quantity is 30% higher, than in goat's milk. Goat's milk differs by high concentration of short chair fatty acids. Other author's research of fatty acid composition testifies about biological full-value of milk of both animal types. According to the research sheep's milk is full of proline, glutamine acid, serine, histidine, arginine, alanine, tyrosine, and threonine. In goat's milk was discovered the highest amount of the following amino acids: proline, glutamine acid, serine, arginine, histidine and lysine. Both sheep's and goat's milk contains the lowest content of methionine, cysteine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, leucine, glycine and others. The following nature balance of sheep's and goat's milk constituents provides vast scope of its application in cheese manufacture and as therapeutic product in human nutrition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Changes in fatty acid composition of lipids are an important factor in the development of arterial hypertension. Therefore, this is very important to research the role of fatty acid spectrum of the blood and tissues in the development of hypertension. The search for effective metabolic drugs and antihypertensive drugs which would have the additional ability to influence the fatty acid composition of lipids in cells is also important today. We have found that hypertensive rats demonstrate the essential decrease of the amount of saturated fatty acids (sFA) and high content of unsaturated fatty acids (usFA). Application of amlodipine increases the level of sFA compared with animals without treatment and the level of usFA tends to decrease. A similar pattern is observed when using bisoprolol and combination of amlodipine with bisoprolol, although the combination is characterized by more significant changes in FA composition of lipids in cardiomyocytes. Treatment with metabolic drug elgacin leads to full recovery of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the cardiomyocytes. During the treatment with combinations of amlodipine with elgacin and bisoprolol with elgacin the level of both types of AF was not significantly different from the elgacin action in monotherapy. This study demonstrates the modification of the FA composition of lipids in cardiomyocytes of the spontaneously hypertensive rats. The investigated drugs exhibit a normalizing influence on the ratio between sFA and usFA in cardiomyocytes of the hypertensive rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]