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This article is devoted to how the first Soviet constitutions were perceived by first-wave Russian émigrés. Despite the relatively large number of lawyers among them, their analysis of the constitutions was not based on the theory of law. Instead, émigrés measured them against their compliance with the historical development of Russia as well as their compatibility with other laws and by-laws. Russians abroad were primarily concerned about the constitutions' implementation. Any study of this topic will therefore discuss not only these Russians' perception of the documents, but also of the Soviet state and its policies in the 1920s. Especially interesting are the arguments about the role of the Soviets and the Soviet system. This paper examines and compares views held by representatives of different political circles, identifying similarities and differences. Most of the émigrés' analyses of the Soviet system in the 1920s resulted in the following assessments: formal legislation was not being observed in practice; management was being gradually centralized; a transition was taking place away from the dictatorship of the proletariat and towards the dictatorship of the party, the oligarchy, and the autocracy of Stalin; the functions of the Soviet organs were being duplicated and replaced by the Communist Party; and bureaucracy was burgeoning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper discusses the peculiarities of the English loanword loser, which, according to the author, has become one of the key concepts in the usage of contemporary society. The paper focuses on the usage of this word in different languages, and to be more precise, in the practice of different cultures while placing considerable emphasis on the Russian discourse. Also, general cultural reasons for the word being so popular across different cultures (the feeling of the world crisis, the prevalence of virtual models of behaviour, life in "the society of performance") and an attempt to distinguish different modifications of the notion in the Russian language are presented in the paper. It is claimed that in the Russian language the word loser and other concepts connected with it are a construct of the fight among different life ideologies, whereas due to the "appeal to moral evaluations" (Wierzbicka) this word becomes an element of moral discourse. Having become the description of all possible life problems, the word loser becomes an instrument for people to regularly reflect on their "life project". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Hebei University of Science & Technology is the property of Hebei University of Science & Technology, Journal of Hebei University of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In modern literary criticism, the concept and so-called genre 'migration literature' is commonly associated with the experience of exile, often for political reasons; by contrast, writers who have left their country for reasons other than political are labelled as 'migrant-writers', 'writers abroad', or 'diaspora writers'. The use of such a different terminology to categorise authors and their writings highlight the fact that there are some distinctive characteristics distinguishing them. While I do share this perspective to a certain degree, I also would like to draw attention to a major literary trend of the last two decades: the appearance of writers who expatriate voluntarily without being persecuting politically but yet are in a situation which I define as 'self-exile' or 'voluntary exile'. Despite their different languages and countries of origin and residence, an analysis of their texts demonstrates that these authors are united by two common features: 1) a reflection on the tragic past of their compatriots, who have experienced forced mass emigration, and an attempt to find echoes of this experience in everyday life; and 2) an awareness of their own position (that is, the situation of self-exile) as a productive process and creative basis for their writing work. The hypothesis I suggest in this paper is that the texts written by 'writers who are in self-exile' are characterised by certain writing strategies and themes typical of migrant writers yet they also have some unique features, which are related to the voluntary experience of leaving their home country. Home is to be understood broadly, not in terms of a certain geopolitical location, but as belonging to one single culture, community, and language. The aim of this article is to examine these very features. This article focuses on the novels by two famous contemporary authors: Aleksej Makušinskij (Russia/Germany) and Winfried Sebald (Germany/United Kingdom). In their works, the representation of the condition of self-exile has led the authors to develop a multilingual discourse and recreate the new transitory literary world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Uzhhorod National University Herald Series Law is the property of Uzhhorod National University, State Higher Educational Establishment and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Safety & Fire Technology / Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza is the property of Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpozarowej and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this article is to trace the origins of Russophobic stereotypes and myths in Japan and to analyze their features and traits. In the article the authors scrutinize writings by Japanese politician and public figure Uchida Ryohei (1874--1937) which are dedicated to the Russian Empire and the "Manchurian question." Uchida's writings were found in the collections of the Russian State Military Historical Archive and the National Diet Library of Japan. The hypothesis of the article is that Uchida Ryohei was one of the main ideologists and creators of Russophobic stereotypes and myths in the Japanese Empire. It was around Uchida Ryohei that proponents of anti-Russian views and people who were impatient to start the war against the Russian Empire united. The article goes on to demonstrate that Uchida Ryohei's writings and political activities played a key role in the initiation of the Russo-Japanese war (1904--1905) and in shaping a negative image of Russia in Japanese public opinion at the beginning of the 20th century. What's more, Uchida's cultural heritage is still in demand in modern Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to distinguish linguistic and pragmalinguistic characteristics of the Russian speech genre of litany which was first described by the American sociologist and anthropologist Rice. The paper focuses on illocutionary properties of litany and aims at identifying the basic pragmatic types of the speech genre in Russian fiction and memoirs. Taking into account illocutionary criteria, four main types of the genre were distinguished: a litany-complaint (prototypical type of litany which is based on the idea that speakers give an account of their misfortunes and expect sympathy and understanding of the addressee); a litany-self-justification (it is realized in the situations when speakers misbehave, and wishing to reduce their guilt, they refer to objective external factors which supposedly influenced their behaviour); a litany-accusation (it is realized when the addressee is guilty of the speakers' misfortunes at least partly, and it gives a possibility for the speaker to combine complaints with different types of accusations ranging from reproaches to imprecations); and litany-bragging (it combines both complaints about life and realization of positive strategy of self-presentation). Apart from that, the article embraces such features of litanies as relative contextual autonomy (i.e. tenuous connection with the previous context in the discourses of monologue and dialogue), the prevalence of modalities of obligation and necessity (it is demonstrated that deontic and alethic modal meanings prevail in the genre of litany, whereas the alethic modality might be obscured by the speaker and manifest as deontic), specific exploitation of death simulacres as well as basic types of the primary axiological opposition models 'good-bad' (it includes such versions as "I/we feel bad - you feel good", "I/we feel bad - they/others feel good", "it was good before - now it is bad"). The article concludes that the litany is a communicative phenomenon reflecting cultural aspects and it stresses the necessity of further research into the specifics of the speech genre of litany (or its analogues) in other communicative cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper offers a publication and study of all Glagolitic graffiti inscriptions from Novgorod known today. There are 20 inscriptions from St. Sophia Cathedral and two from the churches in the vicinity of the town -- the church of the Annunciation at Gorodishche and St. George's Cathedral of the Yuriev Monastery. Only eleven inscriptions have been known to scholars until recently. The Novgorodian Glagolitic graffiti contain some valuable anthroponymic data: the unique names Str...i, Dědjata, *Našbgoi, the typical Novgorodian names Vojata and Zavid..., an interesting variant of the name Grigorii -- Grigorija. According to the stratigraphic and paleographic data the whole Novgorodian Glagolitic "corpus" is dated no earlier than the mid-eleventh century and no later than the mid-twelfth. The linguistic evidence shows that all inscriptions were written by the East Slavs. The widespread use of the Glagolitic script in Novgorod speaks about the city's role as one of the main centers of the Glagolitic writing between the second half of the 11th and the first half of the 12th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political linguistics attracts attention of many researchers, including exponents of cognitive approach, to discourse analysis in linguistics. Within the framework of this approach, metaphorical representation of agents of political communication, namely of countries, political institutions and politicians, is absorbedly studied. At this, political and media discourses created by politicians, journalists, reporters, speechwriters, etc. are put to analysis. We believe that one more agent of political communication is still beyond the scope of cognitive research. That is people, SOCIETY. Many aspects of political communication depend on society -- character and quality of addressant-adressee interaction, effect that power bodies and mass media have on public, public reaction and judgement of this or that social phenomenon, possible direction of this reaction, etc. DISCOURSE OF PUBLIC OPINION is a unique discourse unit, absorbing traits of institutional, media and popular discourse - it occurs as a reaction of projection of institutional and media discourse, and exists and flourishes in popular discourse. Therefore, communication within discourse of public opinion is quite specific and has its own characteristics that are in focus of this research. DISCOURSE OF PUBLIC OPINION represents attitudinal interpretation of a socio-political event and/or its participants, opinion exchange, participation in solution of significant problems of the state and society, influence on conception and stereotypes of communicators, formation or specification of their world outlook. PUBLIC OPINION is often represented in comments to some articles in mass media, in chats, blogs, talk shows, surveys and other interactive kinds of communication. This communication usually abounds in conceptually marked linguistic units. In this paper, we consider main theoretical issues of PUBLIC OPINION DISCOURSE and present results of our cognitive analysis of the public opinion discourse in the situation of the Russian-Georgian military conflict and the information war of 2008 found in comments to corresponding articles on websites of the central British media. Namely, this article considers conceptual metaphors presenting the image of the Georgian President Mikhail Saakashvili, so rich in attitudinal interpretation of international society that was so preoccupied by his personality and actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Muzikologija is the property of Serbian Academy of Sciences & Arts, Institute of Musicology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our research began with trying to understand why it was that the thought and methods of Freudian psychoanalysis spread so widely and quickly in Russia. We hypothesized that it was partly due to the contiguity between the language of Freudian psychoanalysis and that of literary studies. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed several studies of literary criticism with a psychoanalytical slant, which well demonstrated this contiguity, thus validating our hypothesis. Furthermore, during our research, we discovered that the Russian school of literary studies, starting from the beginning of the 20th century, had discovered the analogies existing between the language of the unconscious and the language of poetry – an insight that anticipated the later developments in literary studies in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concentrates on the characteristic of the historiography of EU - Russia relations in international security issues during 1992-2010. The author observes the transformation of the international security concept and highlights that after the Cold War the broadening of the traditional view on this matter has become the widelyspread tendency in modern science. Ukrainian and foreign security studies have been reviewed according to this approach. The author points out that there is a great amount of works, which deal with this problem. The results of researches on different aspects of EU - Russia relations in the security sphere, such as the dialogue about the border and illegally immigration questions, the struggle against international terrorism, drug and human trafficking beings, the ecological cooperation and interaction in outer space are summarized. The article stresses that the majority of works devoted to the Russia - EU relations in international security touches upon the law side or one party's activity, although its interaction is of our scientific interest. The main tendencies and peculiarities of the Ukrainian, Russian, European and American historiography are analyzed. The author finds out the uninvestigated issues, which open wide perspectives for researchers in their future studies of EU - Russia relations in the sphere of international security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]