Search

The aim of the paper is to provide an interdisciplinary analysis of cultural testimonies of the unique wound left by the camps in Ukrainian--Russian relations. Gulag literature, explored for decades in philology, is perceived mainly through the prism of the heritage of totalitarian systems and creative attitudes in the face of suffering, as extreme physical and mental experience. The aim of the paper is to analyze the works of Ukrainian artists of recent decades created as a result of imprisonment. Their literary and film creations make up the image of a wound inflicted in the name of achieving imperial goals while imprisoned in a camp. The juxtaposition of their diverse artistic reactions to the suffering of testimonies help to highlight the power with which the unsettled, forgotten, silenced, and now and unexpectedly updated wound of the camp past is reflected in today's attitudes of Ukrainians towards Russians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the psychological effect of war. By the welding of the explanatory potential of psychoanalysis and anthropology, it argues that victims of armed conflict, particularly if protracted, construct a melancholic response (Yordanova, 2018). Often, people on the move are met with hostility by the host countries or may find themselves in the social periphery. This fosters ambivalence towards the new environment as an expression of vulnerabilities. The paper suggests an intergenerational aspect to the above dynamic, too. Children, exposed to violence, lack the emotional and cognitive maturity to grasp what they have lived through. Yet, overwhelmed with their own feelings of loss, their parents fail to help them deal with the trauma. Thus, children identify with the parents’ complicated grief and the assumption of an idealized pre-war past versus scarce future opportunities. Finally, the paper examines the intersections between individual war trauma, cultural memory and power dynamics in post-conflict societies. Using my field work in Sarajevo (2012, 2018), I argue that war survivors avoid the construction of a consistent war narrative in the first person because they need the state-recognized version of history to be re-written (Yordanova, 2015). The ambiguity of their experience in war, the inadequacy of language to convey horror, and the clash of private memories with the official discourse drive them to alternative forms of expression. Survivors and their children use art, humour, tattoos, scarring, and landscape to explain the war and get connected to each other. In the post-war environment, the narrative of veterans who were most exposed to warfare becomes muted in order not to challenge the political status-quo.

Copyright of Literature / Literatura is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Referring to the postulates of several theoreticians in the field of memory studies, predominantly those of Maurice Halbwachs and Aleida Assmann, this paper explores the distinction between individual and collective memory, with the aim of shedding light on the complex relationship of the two contrasting yet mutually complementing mnemonic aspects in Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Buried Giant. Interestingly enough, in his latest novel Ishiguro decided to approach memory from the perspective of its inevitable counterpart, i.e. forgetfulness. The objective of this paper is to highlight that forgetfulness, for all its seeming mental salubrity, does not have the same healing effect at the individual and collective level.

he events of the late 1980s-early 1990s played a key role in the history of Georgia. April 9, 1989, was one of the most important events in this respect. It defined the shared identity and memory for a long time and determined future developments in the country. April 9 proved to be a paradigmatic event in the recent history of Georgia. The narrative of trauma and triumph was formed, being reflected in historical, literary and documentary texts, as well as in different sites of memory. Two years later, at the very place of the tragedy, the restoration of independence of Georgia was declared. The paper deals with the process of the crystallization of April 9 as a paradigmatic event. Cultural patterns that played a crucial role in the establishment of the traumatic-triumphal narrative of April 9, 1989, and in the thirty-year dynamics of the attitudes towards this event are explored. The study presents how April 9 and its resonance influenced the perception of the past, as well as further developments. Theories of collective memory and cultural trauma serve as the theoretical framework for the research, while official documents, memoirs, literary texts and various types of media sources form its empirical basis.

The paper aims at introducing an innovative tool of the MGS Methodology – namely, a transcultural game which uses a psychosocial approach – to build resilience of participants undergoing group counselling and therapy within the 5-stage method of Positive and Transcultural Psychotherapy (PPT). Armed conflicts, resulting in forced displacement and migration for masses of populations, can have severe consequences in the holistic health of affected people, including their mental health. Practice and studies show that both children and adults are vulnerable and react to trauma and grief by displaying symptoms of acute stress, anxiety, depression, aggression, as well as post-traumatic stress and PTSD, among other disorders. A psychosocial, transcultural game during a group session demonstrates that it is not only an efficient way to reach the masses who need support during a crisis, but also an effective holistic approach that mobilizes the entire being by proactively working with both primary and secondary capacities. Furthermore, it addresses those capabilities as unfulfilled needs or conflict potentials in the four dimensions through key questions during the group debriefing throughout and after the game. The ‘Positum MGS for Group Therapy’ approach consists of a mixed training with PPT concepts and MGS tools and principles. Based on results in the field, it offers to trainers, psychotherapists, psychologists, counsellors, consultants, social workers and other professionals, who are trained in PPT or other psychotherapeutic modalities, an overview to this innovative tool, in order to help groups of children and adults overcome their crisis and recover from trauma

Background. At present, the literature describes in sufficient detail the use of various methods of X-ray examination of the bones of the forearm in the diagnosis of distal radioulnar joint instability (DRUJI), but there are no data on radiometric parameters for DRUJI of traumatic origin in children. Quantitative diagnostics becomes mandatory for determining the tactics of treating DRUJI of traumatic origin in children. The purpose of study to analyze the radiometric parameters of the distal forearm in case of DRUJI of traumatic origin in children to plan the method of surgical treatment. Мethods. The paper presents an analysis of the results of X-ray examination of 23 children with instability of the distal radioulnar joint of traumatic origin aged 9 to 17 years (mean age 14.212.5 years) the main group. For comparison, radiographs of the contralateral forearms of the same patients were analyzed the comparison group (23 children), and radiographs of the forearm of 69 pediatric patients without signs of DRUJI (control group). On radiographs in the anteroposterior and lateral projections, the following radiometric parameters were evaluated: radioulnar and volar angles, radioulnar index, radioulnar distance, and the difference between the radioulnar distances of both forearms. Results. In 19 patients of the main group, a positive variant of the radioulnar index with dislocation of the head of the ulna was revealed, while the indicators of the radioulnar and volar angle were characterized by variability in values. The average values of radiometric parameters of DRUJI in children without bone-traumatic changes of the forearm are comparable to normal values in adults. Conclusions. In children with DRUJI of traumatic origin, various changes were revealed radiometric indicators of the distal parts of the bones of the forearm, which depend on the type of forearm fracture. In a particular pediatric patient with DRUJI of traumatic origin, these indicators reflect the biomechanical features of the wrist joint, which must be taken into account when planning surgical intervention and predicting the recovery of the anatomy and function of the forearm.

The paper gives the results of a number of Russian studies in the past 10 years on the pathogenesis of severe concomitant injury accompanied by shock and blood loss and development of its new treatment options. In particular, it considers new experimental and clinical data on changes in hormonal status, lipid metabolism, hemorheology, microcirculation, oxidant-antioxidant balance, neuroimmune endocrine system, and oxygen transport. At the same time the respective pathogenetic principles in the treatment of patients and victims are justified, with special emphasis on the use of antihypoxants and prospects for efferent therapeutic techniques. There are also papers on the pathogenesis and correction of hypoxia in individual categories of trauma patients, those with blunt chest injury and mine blast victims in particular.

Toni Morrison’s superior literary oeuvre reconsiders the American past by introducing memories of subjects who have been ignored or misrepresented in official history, with particular attention to their identity construction. This paper aims to examine how the neglected history of African Americans is reconstructed in Morrison’s novel Home (2012) through remembrances of the protagonist, a Korean War veteran. His attempts to recall his personal and his family’s past shape the quest for identity. Concurrently, the narrative about the characters’ fates prompts a deeper retrospective of American race relations and debunks the myth of “the Fantastic Fifties” in the United States. Using scholarship on this topic and critical viewpoints of authors such as bell hooks about home in African Americans’ lives, this analysis seeks to explore Morrison’s novel Home, concentrating on how identity is constructed in the process of the main character’s remembrances of the past and growth toward self-respect.

The article is dedicated to the outlook on the socio-cultural transformations of the 20th century brought by global conflicts. The main attention is paid to the problems arisen from overcoming traumas by the means of art and to the influence the traumatic experience has had on the transformation of the artistic language. The themes of the horrors of war, war and post-war experience and reflections acquire special significance in the artistic culture of the 20th century, with traumas brought by both world wars and other conflicts giving rise not only to emotional responses to ongoing disasters, but also being a catalyst for global reshaping of artistic content, form and industry, expressed in the visual revolution. In this regard, the paper turns to the essential cultural characteristics of the art of this period, to consider the similarities and differences in the individual trends that followed the general trend. Then, revealing the specifics of the artistic process, considered within the framework of the historical and cultural approach, the reasons that determined the global transformations of art were discovered. In this work, the issues mentioned above are perceived at the junction of the problems studied in the history of emotions and the history of art. So is the conceptual focus of this interdisciplinary text. Such an approach not only attempts to consider the visual revolution through the prism of personal experience, to link the transformation of visual expression with the inner state of a person and one’s perceptions of current events. It also underlines the specificities of historiography, represented both by research on the history of art and by works related to such a direction of historical science as the history of emotions. The main results of the research are as follows. Works of art related to the experience and display of the horrors of war, on the one hand, help to understand and survive the traumatic experience, telling about it in a metaphorical form, and on the other hand, embodying these goals, they radically change the artistic language in the context of the visual revolution of the 20th century.

IntoductionAccidents and injuries are a major challenge for modern medicine. According to EUROSTAT data from 2016, accidents were the fifth most frequent cause of death among citizens of the European Union countries. Injuries of the urogenital-tract represent about 10% of all injuries, thanks to epidemiological analysis it is possible to continuously improve the effects of their treatment.AimThe aim of this study is to analyze the epidemiology of urogenital-tract injuries in 2006-2018 in Poland, in the region of Lublin Voivodeship, and to compare them with other papers on a similar subject.Material and methodsThe retrospective analysis was carried out on all patients with S-T diagnosis according to ICD-9 treated in hospitals in the Lublin Voivodeship in 2006-2018. The analysis was based on statistical data collected by the National Institute of Public Health – National Institute of Hygiene. There were 934 patients selected. The collected material was analyzed statistically using the STATISTICA 13.1 program.ResultsOut of 934 patients the vast majority were men (n=782, 83.73%), the remaining part of analyzed population was women (n=152, 16.27%). The average age of the analyzed group was 33 years 5 months, injuries were most common in 15-30 years old group. Mortality of urogenital-tract injuries in the analyzed group was 0.75%. The most frequent injuries were to the external genitals (55.4%) followed by renal (29.66%) and urethra (5.56%) bladder (3.43%). Urinary injuries were very rare.ConlusionsInjuries to the urogenital-tract most often involve young men. They are relatively rare and their mortality rate is low. External genital trauma is the most common injury to the urogenital-tract, while renal injury is the most common within the urinary tract. Occasionally injuries to other organs of the urinary tract occur. The main mechanism of injury is blunt but within the lower urinary tract a significant role is played by iatrogenic injuries.

This paper attempts to look at Dovlatov in a broad context – starting with a personal case of Dovlatov the emigrant, it aims to arrive at a more general portrait of a Soviet Russophone writer in exile and to uncover common features inherent in the outlook at life of a Russian émigré artist of the third wave of Russian emigration. To this end, it appears important to consider emigration not only as a liminal situation, a situation of transition, i.e. of crossing all sorts of borders – external and internal, but also (by and large as a consequence of this border crossing) as a traumatic situation. This relates first of all to exile, that is, to a forced loss of one’s own motherland and environment. Indeed, a voluntary emigration, especially in the post-Soviet period, is a phenomenon of a completely different order – it is, instead, a migration, a question of a conscious choice, without the tragedy of a no-return, i.e. without the fatal ingredient characteristic of the Russian exiles of the Soviet period. In the case in question, however, we are dealing with an existential laboratory which tests above all human dignity, and with a state of acute existential solitude which this laboratory considerably magnifies. In this case, it would be more appropriate to talk about self-destruction than salvation. As for compassion, it remains relevant, but only at a personal, human level, only towards one’s close circle rather than an émigré environment as such. In the light of the above, if we interpret compromise as one’s readiness to be transplanted onto a foreign soil, as a borrowing of alien themes, criteria and language, or simply as a game on the seemingly native linguistic field, but according to non-native (and, as it happens, unfair) rules, then in a higher spiritual sense Dovlatov, having crossed the border from ours to non-ours, turned out to be incapable of compromise – just as he was incapable of it while in Russia. Indeed, he wrote his most profound and most piercing lines at the edge of anguish and longing – on the nostalgic material, that of the past.

This paper analyzes the book of memoirs The Power of Weak written by Elena Chervinskiene, Professor of the Department of Russian Literature at Vilnius University. Chervinskiene’s book discusses her experiences being deported to the Altai region and Yakutia, part of the wave of deportations from Lithuania that began in the fateful year of 1941. The early traumatic experience determined not only the author’s further personal life but also her professional choice. It is stated that the chosen field of scientific and creative interests of the expert on classical Russian literature, author of books and articles about L. Tolstoy, F. Dostoevsky and A. Chekhov, was also shaped by the all of the human experience gained during this tragic stage of her life.

This paper aims to discuss the phenomenon of Lolita’s hypertexts in the light of the issues of trauma and the unspeakable, adopting the framework offered by psychiatry and psychoanalysis on pedophilia. In the first chapter I will be particularly concerned with three revisionary texts, namely Kim Morrissey’s Poems for Men Who Dream of Lolita, Christophe Tison’s Le Journal de Lolita and Emily Prager’s Roger Fishbite, whereas the second one will provide a close analysis of another revisionary text, Diario di Lo, written by Pia Pera.

The paper presents the results of surgical treatment of 12 patients with stenosing processes of the vertebral canal at the craniovertebral transition due to chronic, unstable type 2 injuries of the C odontoid process (classification of fractures of odontoid process proposed in 1974 by Anderson and D’Alonzo). Patient examination included clinical-neurologic examination, review spondylograms of the cervical spine in 2 projections, MSCT, MRI. All patients were admitted to the clinic with external fixators (cervical support collar or Philadelphia collar). In the preoperative period, all patients were divided into 2 groups according to indications and contraindications for the application of the HALO-device. The first group consisted of 7 people, with cervical spine still fixed with the cervical support collar or Philadelphia collar, and the second group consisted of 5 patients with CII fracture fixed and corrected in the preoperative period by the HALO-device. All patients underwent surgical intervention – posterior approach decompression of the spinal canal and dural sack in the craniovertebral passage by CI laminectomy, partial resection of the posterior margin of the occipital aperture followed by the implementation of atlanto-axial occipitospondylodesis (a clamp with shape-memory effect for posterior occipitospondylodesis, OOO “MITS SPF”, Novokuznetsk, Russia). A comparative analysis of the results of surgical treatment of posttraumatic stenoses of the vertebral canal with and without the use of the HALO-traction device was performed. The results was better in the second group, which makes it possible to consider the second variant of surgical treatment more pathogenetically justified. Thus, HALO-traction restors anatomo-topographic relationships in the craniovertebral zone creating hard external fixation, helping to avoid intraoperative complications.

The paper deals with the problem of traumatic experiences of children and animals related to hunting from the point of view of animal studies. The subject of hunting covers usually only the ethical side of this hobby. In the defense of animals which are the object of hunting activities, the emphasis is mainly on human interference in the law of nature and its influence on reducing the local wildlife population. The article presents a topic related to the psychological aspect of hunting, which is often overlooked in the general social discourse. The subject of the survey was to present one of the aspects of the human psyche – traumatic experience as the influence of hunting on the participating children. Based on selected examples of literary works on hunting the impact of those traumatic experiences of children is outlined. The effects of traumatic experiences and the situations of transferring the trauma from one’s experience and considering it as its own are presented. In addition, the article presents the problems of traumatic experiences in animals and their suffering not only related to the somatic but also to the psychic side. Based on ethology, the hunting influence on mental suffering animals is shown with particular emphasis on those which live in the herd. The issues presented in the article are testimony to the similarity of humans and animals’ mental experiences in humans and animals.

The psychological impact of atrocities endured by refugee populations is clear, with the literature reporting significantly high prevalence rates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Given the numerous criticisms surrounding the use of PTSD, we argue that cultural-historical psychology allows for a unique perspective in which to examine trauma among this population. Notably, we aim to bring a critical regard towards ‘psychiatrisation,’ arguing instead for a non-reductionist ontological vision of human nature and development as being rooted in cultural-historical context as well as material social practices. The results of a yearlong intervention in a center for refugee victims of torture in Athens is presented, which included 3 months of participant observation and 125 interviews with health professionals, refugee community leaders and individual victims of torture. A qualitative case study is presented to emphasise the social, cultural, and historical location of trauma. The paper highlights the need to focus on the current material ecologies of refugees entering Europe – their developmental activities in interaction with their environment.

Анотація. У статті розглядається, як мова будує художню і етнічну ідентичність рік до, під час і після досвіду концтаборів, в книзі автобіографічного змісту Аарона Аппельфельдта «Історія життя». Мови його дитинства: німецька (рідна мова), ідиш (мова його бабусь і дідусів), українська, пересипана румунськими слівцями (офіційна мова соціального середовища, особливо в місті Чернівці) має стійке коріння в пошуках нової передбачуваної ідентичності в Ізраїлі, завдяки урокам івриту, в культурному контексті. Мови, на яких говорять ті, хто говорять на івриті, віддають цій мові доеперішню кристалізацію свідомості, рік коагуляції раіше за себе, гетерогенну ідентичність, але не відсутню пізіше, але, в значній мірі, налаштовану, як факт корисного року для художника. Три шари пам'яті повинні бути визначені в світлі сьогодення: по-перше, ідеалізація карпатського життя, посеред сім'ї, що складається з батьків, бабусь і дідусів, дядечків, тіточок, кузенів - спогадом сильноїспівприсутності, яка підтримує подальший опір, закладає основи накопичився мовної самобутності, але з більш багатим досвідом; другий шар рани і величезні військові шрами; третій шар, відповідно до траєкторії, перебуває на шляху підрозділів стабілізації, це роки, проведені в Ізраїлі. Кожен шар відповідає глобально іншій мові, змішаному мовленню мовою, оборонного мовчання під час Голокосту і після табору з багаторічним досвідом роботи, з обережною тишею комірчини будинку в Чернівцях і схильності до тиші його діда. Хто допоможе вирватися з пекла Голокосту , окрім будучности? Як тільки в Святій Землі відбувається ритуал імпульсів «Рухомий люнет зцілення», в той час, як частина цього ритуалу, для Аппельфельд, вона буде перетинатися з уточнення мистецького покликання, а не тільки мови іврит. Для будь-якого емігранта / іммігранта, формування нових художніх особистостей і виразів викликає послідовність дисоціації, асоціацій, повернення в світ відмов, що він залишив і чиє коріння не може бути викорінене інакше, ніж формально. Перетинаючи різні мовні і культурні простори (український, румунський, тобто рік у Чернівцях, табір з Придністров'я, Україна після втечі з табору, Італія, Ізраїль), він не знає про встановлення плетива ідентичності, як колись в Ізраїлі. Якщо чотири з мов (ідиш, німецька, русинська та румунська)огортали його природно, у віці дитинства, навколо рідної мови, створення початкових мовних емоцій приходячи від реальності, поза якою Там немає справжнього мистецтва, але й засвідчується Аппельфельдом пізніше, то мови 1946 в Палестині, здаються екзотичними, але без коренів в емоційноій реальності, без минулого, без необхідного фундаменту, на якому передбачається подальше будівництво, що є є рідною мовою. Ключові слова: травма, концтабір, багатомовність, мультикультуралізм, ідентичність. Abstract. The paper examines how language builds an ethnic and artistic identity before, during and after the concentration camp experience, in the book having an autobiographical content, The Story of a Life by Aharon Appelfeld. His childhood languages-German (native language), Yiddish (his grandparents ' language), Ukrainian sprinkled with Romanian words (official languages of social environment, especially the city of Czernowits) are the stable roots looking for a new assumed identity in Israel through the Hebrew language learned in a cultural context. The languages spoken are previously the Hebrew language are places of crystallization of the consciousness, of an incipient coagulation from itself, of a heterogeneous identity, but not absent, but heavily customized, beneficial fact for an artist. Three layers of remembrance shall be identified in the light of the present: the first is the idylisșe of Carpathian life, in the midst of a family composed of parents, grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins - recollection of strong luminosity which supports further resistance, lay the foundation a conglomerated linguistic identities, but with more wealthy; the second layer is the wound and the enormous war scars; the third layer, consistent, with subdivisions of a trajectory towards stabilization, is years spent in Israel. Each correspond globally in a different language, mixed language, swamp defensive silence during the Holocaust and from long experience post-camp, with discreet silence of cubby house in Czernowits, and inclination for silence of his grandfather. hose who escape from the hell of the Holocaust would be forthcoming, once in the Holy Land, a ritual of pulses traveling slowly of healing, while part of this ritual is assuming the Hebrew language, which, for Aharon Appelfeld, it will overlap with the clarification of artistic vocation. For any emigrant/immigrant, the formation of a new artistic personalities and expressions of it knows a succession of dissociations, associations, returns to the world of denials and which he left and whose roots may not be extirpate than formally. Traversing different linguistic and cultural spaces (the Ukrainian an Romanian Czernowits, the camp from Transnistria, Ukraine after fleeing the camp, Italy, Israel) He's not aware of the installation of split identity than once in Israel. If four of the languages (Yiddish, German, Ruthenian and Romanian) were naturally grayish, at the age of childhood around the mother tongue, creating first a language of emotion coming from reality, outside of which there is no genuine art, as Appelfeld ascertains later, the languages of 1946 in Palestine seems exotic, but without roots in the emotional reality, without past, without necessary foundation assumed in construction, which is the mother tongue. Keywords: trauma, camp, plurilingualism, multiculturalism, identity.

This paper presents a new approach to investigation of playgrounds’ safety, which has recently become a matter of special debates in modern foreign psychology and pedagogy. Under this approach, a reasonable risk is seen as a necessary condition of mental development and as a subject of psycho-pedagogical analysis. The article discusses some of the most topical issues related to risk and safety issues of a game environment. It shows the difference in concepts of risk and danger. Specificity of a risky game draws special attention of scholars. The article provides some research evidence, concerning child behavior on the playgrounds, risky behavior and the approaches to the development of risk assessment techniques in the game environments.

Abstract – English has been increasingly adopted as the Lingua Franca (ELF) by people with different L1s (cf. Crystal 2003; McArthur 2003; Seidlhofer 2004) and diverse lingua-cultural backgrounds (Cogo et al. 2011). Previous research into its syntax (Mauranen and Ranta 2009) has undoubtedly shed light on some recurrent features of intercultural communication in immigration and asylum contexts (e.g. negation, question formulation, if-clauses), but little attention has been paid to the correlation between personal pronouns, semantic verb types and tense within the communicative process and, more specifically, the report of any traumatic event (Tuval-Mashiach et al. 2004) to which immigrants have been exposed over time and which constitutes what is generally referred to as Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD; Friedman et al. 2007; Liotti and Farina 2011). This paper is based on the analysis of a corpus of transcripts published on the internet by the Minnesota Historical Society. The site, Becoming Minnesotan, collects excerpts from oral interviews conducted between 1967 and 2011 with recent immigrants to Minnesota usually fleeing civil war and strife, and their American-born children. By adopting the quantitative research methodology typical of corpus linguistics (Biber et al. 1999; Meyer 2002; Sinclair 1991), we searched for and extracted all the instances of semantic verbs types as well as personal pronouns and mapped their frequencies by means of Wordsmith Tools 6 (Scott 2012). Drawing on Halliday’s (1994) and Scheibman’s (2002) semantic verb type taxonomy, we can observe the frequency of certain semantic verb categories and tenses, and make some general considerations which seem to back up the ‘trance-like level of public re-enactment’ (Guido 2008, p. 105) that the interviewees experience during interviews: their physical and interior ‘displacement’ thus appears to be iconically represented by means of a tense usage being ‘displaced’ with respect to the consecutio temporum and differ according to the traumatic event.

My autumn, the sore legs of my mother, the public houses of my Lublin friends. Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki and imitating nothing The article – which is an abridged version of a paper presented on a conference devoted to new views on the category of realism – has two aims. Firstly, to think over the traditional way of formulating the effect of reality as something that is placed inside a literary work of art. Starting from theoretical identifications of a broadly understood poetics of reception, the author tires to show that it is the reader who is responsible for creating this effect, also because he possess the extratextual knowledge about the text, which it cannot be eliminated from the act of interpretation. In the analytical part – and this is the second aim of the article – the author undertakes an attempt of checking his theoretical intuitions in confrontation with poetry by Eugeniusz Tkaczyszyn-Dycki from the tome A song about dependencies and independencies (Piosenka o zależnościach i niezależnościach) which is exceptionally strongly marked with both autobiographical context and figurization aimed at blurring it.