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Despite the growing academic attention to the problem of interference in internal affairs, rhetorical techniques the state uses to legitimize interventions in the eyes of foreign counterparties, remain somewhat understudied in the Russian IR studies. In this regard, the case of the Monroe Doctrine, a landmark ideological construct in the history of international relations and US foreign policy, provides a unique framework for an in-depth study of the practices of legitimization and stigmatization of interventions. The paper examines the role of the doctrine in denouncing the interference of European powers in the domestic affairs of Latin American countries and justifying US actions in the region. The author outlines a set of issues related to legitimizing, both externally and internally, the actions of the state in the international arena. It is shown that the appeal to national interests suitable for solving the problems of domestic political legitimization, turns out to be ineffective in justifying interventions in the eyes of the international community and therefore gives way to references to established traditions and historical narratives. The paper examines the historical background of the 1823 presidential address and the ways how the US foreign policy establishment appealed to it later on, both to promote the idea of the inadmissibility of European interference in the affairs of the countries of the Western Hemisphere, and, subsequently, to justify American interventionism. Special attention is paid to the so-called Roosevelt Corollary, since it allows one to better understand the specifics of the US leaders’ perception of the Monroe Doctrine and to separate them from the distortions and stereotypes formed during the ensuing public debates and uncritically replicated in many academic studies. The author concludes that, though the Monroe Doctrine is regarded as a cornerstone of US foreign policy, in fact it played a limited role in both diplomatic justification and stigmatization of interventions. In this regard, it is more appropriate to consider it as a rhetorical asset rather than a strict guiding principle. In general, the case of the Monroe Doctrine reveals the situational conditionality of the practices legitimizing interventions, resulting in their limited persuasiveness. The latter seems to be almost inevitable given the constitutive importance of the institution of sovereignty for the maintenance of international society.

This paper discusses the current language situation among the Italian minority in Slovenian Primorje in Koper. During the fi eld research conducted by the authors’ team, narratives in Italian were recorded from informants. Using discursive and structural-typological methods of analysis, the authors reveal that the linguistic reality of modern Koper is perceived as constantly changing, and the Italian spontaneous speech of respondents is intertwined with borrowings from the surrounding South Slavic languages. The modern language situation is the result of historical changes in the Istria region during the twentieth century. In addition to insertions and quotations in Slovenian, items from the Croatian language are found, refl ecting the linguistic situation of the Yugoslav period and the border position of the Slovenian Primorje. Special attention is paid to analysis of the language competence of Italians in the Slovenian language, among representatives of both the older and younger generations of students. In the Slovene language of Italians, a number of features peculiar to Slavic dialects in Italy are found, which allows us to discuss the same linguistic factors. It is possible to reconstruct the language competence of older people only partially on the basis of indirect evidence. There is a discrepancy between the rights guaranteed under the law (the use of the Italian language) and the linguistic reality faced by informants, which may be the result of both a decline in the prestige of Italian and of the small number of the Italian diaspora, part of which is subject to language assimilation, including as a result of mixed marriages. The paper also discusses the role of the media and the linguistic landscape in the region.

The paper covers a range of issues related to the specifics of Russian language mastering by Indian students studying in English and Russian. The research is based on an integrative methodological platform that combines approaches to multilingualism formation from the standpoint of psychological linguistics, cognitive linguistics, the theory of language contacts, discourse and communication science. The research involves the techniques of psychological and semantic analyses and verbal associations, the methods of contextual analysis and comparison. The material of the paper is the data obtained from online surveys of Indian students who have been studying at universities in North Ossetia-Alania for six years (elementary and pre-intermediate levels of Russian language proficiency). The study is aimed at identifying perception channels that represent the features of foreign students cognitive style in the Russian natural environment, descripting level-by-level interfering influence of native languages and weak interference of English. Based on text fragments and lexical units, vectors and methods of interlingual interference were demonstrated, its leading types were determined, that are phonetic, phonemic, graphemic, phonemic-graphemic, morphological and lexical. The role of English as a communicative mediator is defined. The analysis done confirmed complex application of auditory, visual and kinesthetic channels at the information input, and revealed the dominance of the auditory perception channel at the information output while learning the Russian language by Indian students. The Indian students cognitive style tends to be simplified through contamination of written and oral speech, compression, abbreviations usage, intensification of associative and semantic links. Strategies for using Internet translation, imitation of mastering the Russian language, literal translation from English into Russian, strategies for the implementation of graphic, phonetic-graphic principles of writing, phonemic and grammatical reduction were identified as the basic communication strategies of Indian students learning Russian.

The paper is devoted to explaining the key cognitive distinctions characteristic to translation process and its teaching. Among them are linguistic interpretation of the input text’s contents, its conceptual adaptation to the accepting culture, etc. To demonstrate them, multiple examples are given to show that translators, particularly not trained enough, often choose for basic translation dominants in the accepting culture those equivalents that are primarily purely linguistic, ignoring conceptual and cultural background of the original and the accepting culture’s notions and forms. Meanwhile, the latter help avoid such translation failures as literal / word by word translation, etc. Special attention in the paper is paid to the translation into the foreign, English, language, its contrastive culture-specific and communicative features as compared to those in the Russian language: to their cognitive dominants in communication and their cross-linguistic asymmetry and in-congruency which generate quite «natural» cross-linguistic interference in Russian-English translation. It is particularly obvious when there are extensive textual nominal ex-pressions, especially terminological, which demonstrate at present an active, extensive and productive usage in English, but present a serious problem in teaching English as a foreign language and translation into it. It is also shown that in Russian their cross-linguistic idiomatic analogues are language specific and show different patterns, but still can be adequately matched with their foreign counter-parts.

The paper focuses on the phenomenon of forgetting as a primal and generally productive memory process. The cases that require temporary and permanent forgetting of the data stored in the long-term memory are contrasted. The main methodological obstacle in forgetting research is identified as arising from the logical prohibition to argument from the negative, i.e. “the evidence of absence is not the evidence of absence”. Two mechanisms of forgetting are discussed in the paper: transformation of the memory trace and modulation of trace accessibility. The former mechanism of forgetting consists of memory trace destruction (memory trace decay, retroactive and proactive interference, and «catastrophic» interference) or its transformation that leads to forming a new memory representation. The most promising way to legitimize the trace destruction mechanism is narrowing the further research to episodic memory subsystem. The latter mechanism of forgetting consists of both passive failure in access to appropriate memory content (the tip of the tongue phenomenon, the category size effect, the fan effect) and the process of active retrieval inhibition. This phenomenon represents temporary inhibition of competing semantically similar responses in semantic memory, and motivational inhibition of self-deprecating memories in autobiographical memory. Thus, a variety of experimental paradigms in intentional forgetting research are considered. Contrary to the common claim that forgetting is а universal and homogeneous phenomenon, we propose that forgetting strategies might vary in different memory subsystems, and also depend on activity characteristics during encoding, storage and retrieval.

The history of the Czechs in the Middle Irtysh region is closely related to the history of P.A. Stolypin’s reforms of the late 19th – early 20th century. The evidence provided by the language conscious representations has allowed identifying the migration paths of the Czechs, as well as the places where they “exited” the European part of Russia and Europe. The paper traces the formation of the Czech dialect and its development in Siberia. It also underpins the thesis concerning the specific role played by interdialect and inter-linguistic interference in forming the sprachraum of the polyethnic region. The connection of interference and bilingualism has been demonstrated by the example of the development of the Czech dialect in the Middle Irtysh region. The paper also considers theoretical foundations of the research: different approaches to the problem of interference in linguistics, viewpoints on the connection of interference and bilingualism, the author’s point of view has been presented adequately. Based on the material collected by the author, it has been demonstrated that interference appears at all levels of the language system, being especially explicit in lexis. Lexis represents the “power” of the Russian language and of Siberian old-settlers’ dialects, which is reflected in direct lexical borrowings from the surrounding dialects and in adaptation (phonetic, grammatical, derivational, and semantic) of the Czech lexicon seen as particularly important. Interference does not go unnoticed by the ethnic Czechs themselves, which has been proved by the metatext utterances about their mother tongue and its speakers in the contemporary linguistic situation. The ethnic self-definition of the Czech is related to the knowledge of their native Czech dialect: the speakers of the Middle Irtysh dialect perceive the Czechs who do not speak their native language as Russian rather than Czech. The changes that have taken place in the speech of the Siberian Czechs are determined by both linguistic and extra-linguistic factors. Analysis of Siberian Czechs’ speech is a part of a broad research devoted to specifics of the language situation in the contemporary polyethnic region. The results of the research have provided a source and an empirical base for a new lexicographic project by Omsk dialectologists, aimed at demonstrating the worldview of contemporary villagers of a single Russian region.

The paper focuses on the phenomenon of forgetting as a primal and generally productive memory process. The cases that require a temporary and permanent forgetting of the material stored in the long-term memory are contrasted. The main methodological obstacle in forgetting research is identified as arising from the logical prohibition to argument from the negative, i.e. “the evidence of absence is not the evidence of absence”. Two mechanisms of forgetting are discussed in the paper: transformation of the memory trace and modulation of trace accessibility. The former mechanism of forgetting consists of memory trace destruction (memory trace decay, retroactive and proactive interference, and «catastrophic» interference) or its transformation that leads to forming a new memory representation. We speculate that the most promising way to legitimize the trace destruction mechanism is narrowing the further research to episodic memory subsystem. The latter mechanism of forgetting consists of both passive failure in access to appropriate memory content (the tip of the tongue phenomenon, the category size effect, the fan effect) and the process of active retrieval inhibition. This phenomenon represents temporary inhibition of competing semantically similar responses in semantic memory, and motivational inhibition of self-deprecating memories in autobiographical memory. Then we put into consideration a variety of experimental paradigms in intentional forgetting research. Contrary to the common claim that forgetting is а universal and homogeneous phenomenon, we propose that forgetting strategies might vary in different memory subsystems, and also depend on activity characteristics during encoding, storage and retrieval.

The modern stage of development of radio information systems is characterized by one general tendency. It consists in that object of their processing are various kinds of images, difficult enough on structure and with heterogeneous statistical properties. Television, diagnostic and security systems, observation systems for land and water surfaces, near space can serve as an example. The task of such systems is not only a passive function such as formation of images themselves, but first of all the understanding of images - detection on a complex statistically heterogeneous and multigradational in brightness background of the objects of interest, recognition and evaluation of their parameters. The image form is a concentrator of information contained in the image. It is interpreted as an analytically defined signal. This paper proposes a subsystem for the recognition of signals of complex shape, based on sensor networks. The illustration of the structural scheme of the subsystem is given. The technique of image recognition is shown. The results of the recognition are presented.

Quantum computing algorithms are actively developed and applied in the field of natural language processing. The authors of the paper proposed a new quantum-like method for classifying short texts. The basis of the method is the representation of the text as an ensemble of elementary particles. The value of the detection probability amplitude of a given ensemble at the selected points in space is chosen as a classification criterion. In this case, the space is understood as a vector space described using the distributive-semantic model of the language. The authors suggested one of the possible ways of interpreting the parameters of the wave function that describes the behavior of an elementary particle, as well as an algorithm for calculating the probability amplitude taking into account these parameters. For the experimental research of the described method, authors performed the classification of Internet communities by topics. For the analysis, the names and the “information” section of communities were used. In total, 100 groups of the social network “VKontakte” belonging to five various topics were taken. The proposed model showed rather high classification accuracy (91 % in general on the data set and from 75 % to 95 % within individual classes). The proposed model is supposed to be used to classify user comments about goods, services and events, as well as to determine some properties of the psychological portraits of users of online communities.

INTRODUCTION. Te United Nations framework reflects the need for a paradigm shif in order to assure that the unilateral use of sovereign powers will no longer be a threat for the humankind like until 1945. Tus, the new world order highly contributed to the crystallisation of certain principles and since then States have been taking advantage of the UN system to consolidate and develop the principle of non-intervention. Tis paper seeks to identify and critically explore the evolution of intervention in the United Nations bodies since 1945 and subject the fndings to the criteria adopted by the ILC in its 2019 draf conclusions on peremptory norms of general international law (jus cogens) in order to determine if intervention has reached the status of jus cogens norm.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Tis work begins with the identifcation of the elements comprising the principle of non-intervention from the Charter of the United Nations followed by the description of the criteria established by the ILC to recognise the existence of a peremptory norm of general international law. Subsequently, will be developed an examination of the present State practice, the rulings of the ICJ more relevant for the matter in hand and this will be followed by a comprehensive analysis to the resolutions adopted by the UNSC and the UNGA which are decisive to determine in the end that the prohibition of non-intervention is a peremptory norm of international general law. Tis study is developed within the framework of international law and is based on open sources, as well as legal doctrine and normative elements.RESEARCH RESULTS. Te result of the research brings the notion that the beginning of a new era afer the end of World War II came as a result of the global awareness of the dangers of unilateralism and absolute sovereignty for humankind. Te principle of nonintervention is accepted as part of customary international law and the activities taken in the framework of the UN over the last almost eight decades show how States wanted to shape the scope of this principle.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. Considering all the efforts invested by States in the attempts to reach a notion of non-intervention supported by the majority of the humankind, such principle is not only recognised as having a customary nature, but it also entails concrete rights and duties for States. In theend, the singular importance given to the principle of non-intervention leads to the conclusion that from it derives a prohibition of intervention corresponding to a jus cogens norm.

Subject of Research. The paper presents the study of CSMA/CA access control protocol to a wireless data transmission medium by the OMNeT++ simulation environment using the INET framework. The protocol analysis is performed in the two modes: with confirmation of the received packets and without it. Method. The method of simulation and analysis is used in carrying out research. The OMNeT++ environment generates statistical data and builds a time chart in the modeling process. The data obtained are analyzed; an explanation for the each step of the model behavior is given and, as a result, a general conclusion is drawn on the simulation result. Main Results. An approach to CSMA/CA protocol operation study is presented on the example of a wireless network simulation model with the “CsmaCaMac” module from the INET framework included in the structure of all its nodes. The possibility of this module integration is shown without significant change in the node model. The main results of the analysis of statistical data and time charts obtained during simulation are presented, and the necessity of an access control protocol for the data transmission medium is proved. Practical Relevance. The considered approach can be used to develop and test new access control protocols for the data medium or to demonstrate the operation of existing protocols in the educational use.

The authors has suggested a new mathematical approach to the inversion of vertical electric sounding (VES) data, which allows suppressing alternating interferences with an arbitrary distribution law, as well as conducting an approximate assessment of the quality of the results of quantitative interpretation. A necessary condition for its application is a close number of positive and negative interferences in the source data, the amplitude of the interference may exceed the value of the useful signal. The method is based on the concept of minimization of empirical risk (MER), which is implemented when choosing the optimal interpretation option from a previously constructed set of feasible solutions to the inverse VES problem. The expediency of use of the random search procedure in calculations is experimentally substantiated. The paper presents the model and practical examples of use of the MER method for the interpretation of individual VES and the simultaneous selection of geoelectric section parameters for several VES curves obtained on the same observation profile (quasi-one-dimensional inversion).

Subject of Research. The paper studies one of the possible design and research approaches relating to wireless networks in the OMNeT ++ simulation environment by applying the INET framework. We show the modeling process of both the models themselves and their various operation modes. The model analysis methodology is considered on the example of a time diagram. Method. When considering the approach, the method of serial complication of the modelled wireless networks is used with reference to their operation features. The simplicity of the approach implementation is shown, as it uses ready-made components from the INET framework for models of wireless networks. The process of the time diagram research and the explanation of the simulation model behavior are demonstrated on the problem situation example. Main Results. We present the design method for wireless networks with the use of ready-made components from the INET framework. The redefining possibility of the composite module embedded components is demonstrated to create a model of the device that meets the necessary requirements. Possible operation modes of wireless networks are considered, both at the direct and indirect interaction of nodes through intermediate ones. The modeling approach for physical level and phenomena of interference is demonstrated. The approach for the problem situation research is considered involving the time diagram analysis. Practical Relevance. The proposed simulation environment allows for the study of design decisions in the design of the wireless networks. The applicability of the developed projects in real life is proved.

The article is devoted to the methods and rules of electronic design of radio electronic devices, which provide high stability and electromagnetic compatibility. The author considers how interferences may be caused by the unsuccessful design decisions when constructing discrete-analog channels of information conversion. The paper gives practical recommendations for choosing appropriate element base, grounding and power sources. The urgency of these tasks is caused by the requirements for increasing the speed of semiconductor devices and electronic circuits in general and reducing the amplitude of the working signals of digital devices, as well as by the problems of increasing the impact of interconnections and the assembly of nodes on the stability and speed of electronic devices and systems, by the problems of reducing the production complexity, material and time consumption, and of finding and eliminating the causes of low noise immunity of electronic devices. With the growth of the speed and layout density of the elements, ensuring the immunity of the electromagnetic interaction between different devices and systems becomes the most important task in construing the radio electronic systems in general. When designing any electronic circuit, one should inevitably allow for addi¬tional parasitic parameters of resistive, inductive and capacitive nature, which may unacceptably impair the performance and noise immunity of the actual design, or even lead to complete loss of functionality. Design and installation have a particular effect on the work of super-high-speed (high frequency) circuits and de¬vices – here the provision of system speed, noise immunity and electromagnetic compatibility become the main criteria for the quality of electronic design. The analysis of the special characteristics of the element base and of the experience of designing power sources and grounding, should help the developers of the electronic devices to reduce the noise in the shaped channels of high-speed data processing.

In this paper, to assess the effectiveness of pilot industrial works on the infill well spacing in the Bashkirian deposits of Sokolkinsky field, factors affecting the final technological indicators are identified. It is possible to refer the following factors to such category: the number of simultaneously commissioned wells in the element; selection of the optimal development element (five-point, nine-point, etc.); organization of the reservoir pressure maintenance system (the ratio of production and injection wells); the time interval for the reservoir pressure maintenance system in the development element. The proof of this fact is the results analysis of the three options considered, which makes it possible to determine how the development system, the ratio of production and injection wells, and the time of wells transfer for injection affect the production of oil.

The paper deals with the known methods for h-parameter measuring of the fiber and the new developed interferometry method. Analysis method of the anisotropic lightguide h-parameter dependence on its bending radius for the optical fiber is proposed. Micro bends of a fiber, being the defects of a sensitive element winding in a fiber-optic gyroscope (FOG), lead to the deterioration of a number of optical characteristics, in particular, the extinction coefficient and the cross-coupling coefficient. As a result, it worsens the FOG accuracy. The way of increasing the measurement accuracy and adaptation of the h-parameter measuring process to the existing technology of fiber-optic gyroscopes production is proposed. The mechanism of the polarization properties influence on the FOG accuracy is described through the analysis of secondary waves induced by the polarization transformation in the optical circuit. The influence estimation of the measured parameter on the FOG accuracy characteristics is given. For the gyro with the polarizer extinction coefficient equal to 27 dB, h-parameter 2·10-5 m-1, the length of the fiber loop 1500 m and the length of depolarization 4 mm the amplitude phase error does not exceed 3.2·10-5 rad and the intensity phase error is 2·10-10 rad.

The paper presents basic examples of interference from Polish language (and/or local dialect) into Czech language in the Český Těšín region - a nationally and linguistically mixed part of the Czech-Polish borderland. Particular attention is paid to interference (language transfer) which refers to a situation where people who learn a new language or use two (or more) languages transfer their language skills from already mastered language (LI) to the new language (L2) and vice versa. Interference occurs in all language levels. The author focuses on phonetic cross-language interference (Polish to Czech), classifies and comments (with regard to Czech and Polish language comparative analysis) on typical language mistakes caused by interference in spoken language by bilingual secondary school students from Český Těšín. Examples of the most frequent phonetic mistakes made by Polish students are: word accent; different pronunciation of l and ł; i and y; č, š, ž, and other.