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A novel coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 (COVID19) is especially dangerous for elderly and senile patients. Preventive measures for elderly people should cover three areas: 1) direct prevention of the viral infection, 2) preservation of the functional status and prevention of geriatric syndromes, including the use of social support measures, 3) control of comorbidities. The clinical pattern of COVID-19 in older patients may be atypical, while the mildness of symptoms (no fever, cough, shortness of breath) may not correspond to the severity of the prognosis. Delirium may be the first manifestation of COVID-19, which requires special care in its screening. Management of elderly and senile patients with COVID19 should include measures for delirium prevention, the detection and improvement of nutrition. The risk of malnutrition with sarcopenia increases with hospitalization of a patient, especially when using artificial ventilation, is associated with an unfavorable prognosis during hospitalization, accelerates the progression of senile asthenia and reduces the quality of life. Geriatric assessment is the cornerstone of determining the management of an elderly patient.

This paper describes the process of developing the software and hardware complex in the programming environment LabVIEW for study and identification of plant operation modes that simulates the real manufacturing process of preparing paper pulp. The specific feature of the developed software complex is its connection with the technological process of the experimental plant by a programming logic controller.

The predictive value of vascular biomarkers such as pulse wave velocity (PWV), central arterial pressure (CAP), and augmentation index (AIx), obtained through pulse wave analysis (PWA) in resting conditions, has been documented in a variety of patient groups and populations. There are appropriate recommendations on their clinical use in clinical practice guidelines of various scientific societies. Operator-independent methods are currently available for estimating vascular biomarkers also in ambulatory conditions. The acceptable accuracy and reproducibility of ambulatory PWA makes it be a promising tool for evaluating vascular biomarkers in daily-life conditions. This approach may provide an opportunity to further improve the early cardiovascular screening in subjects at risk. However, there is no sufficient evidence to support the routine clinical use of PWA in ambulatory conditions at the moment. In particular, long-term outcome studies are needed to show the predictive value of ambulatory PWV, CAP and AIx values.

The problem of the comparative assessment of the scientific journals for the selection journal for publication of the papers of Russian scientists in the journals, included in database Web of Science (WOS), with consideration of their thematic discusses, and methodology for the solution of this problem suggests in the presented article. It applies for the specific subject category WOS and takes into consideration impact factor of the journal, number of the papers of Russian scientists, published in this journal in the previous years, average citations of these papers and their relative citations for the analysis of the list of journals of this subject category.The analysis of applicability of the suggested methodology has been implemented for the subject category of WOS mathematical&computational biology. A ranked list of journals, recommended for the publication of Russian scientists articles, has been achieved. The sustainability of this list for the different times intervals has been shown.As it has been concluded, suggested methodology may be applied for the journals of another subject categories WOS and can be useful for the Russian scientists, publishing their articles in the journals from WOS journals list. An applicability of the Bradford’s law for the porpoise of this analysis has been shown also.

Subject . Management as a science has not arisen from scratch. Management history is an integral part of human history and totals thousands of years. Reasonably a surge of interest to administration issues occurred after bourgeois and industrial revolutions alongside with the class of capitalists was developing. Since their earnings directly depend on how they administer their property. The subject of this work is the economists’ views of that time on the problems of enterprise management. Purpose . The purpose of the article is twofold. 1. To find out what the economists of the 18th and 19th centuries thought of running the enterprise, what problems they considered relevant. 2. The overwhelming majority of management textbooks rightfully begin with the presentation of concept and achievements of management scientific school. However, many thoughts and ideas of managing the enterprise effectively were formulated much earlier. Therefore, the second goal of the article is to reveal the contribution of scientists of this period to the later science of management. The management thought topics of the capitalism development period have not been fully presented in the Russian science. The given article does not claim to cover the topic in detail, but is an attempt to contribute to filling this scientific gap. Methodology . Examination and analysis of the economic works of 18th and 19th centuries (by both scientists and practitioners), their views systematization on the problems of enterprise management. Results . In the result of the analysis it has been shown that the scientists and practitioners of that period realized the necessity of planning, organizing, accounting and controlling at an enterprise. They considered the issues of human resources management and motivation, social responsibility of business. The concept of entrepreneur and the entrepreneur professional capacities were widely discussed. Conclusions . The foundations of management as a science were laid due to consideration of a wide range of issues by scientists and entrepreneurs of that period. These investigations became a basis for further development of management (both as a social phenomenon and as a science) in the 20th century.

Introduction. The moral and physical deterioration of medium voltage power cables with phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation requires implementation of quality systems and reliable nondestructive electric diagnostic. Informative indicator of the insulation is the time decay curve of the charging current. It reflects the processes of accumulation of space charges (absorption). The measurements are carried out the 15th since the second direct voltage supply, then – on the 30th and the second on the 60th second. The ratio of the parameters measured in these times gives the dimensionless criteria – absorption coefficients. Three measurements are made at different times, provide a more complete picture of the state of insulation than the measurement of the value of steady leakage (conduction-through), adopted in conventional prevention trials. Purpose. Research and testing methods of diagnostics of power cables with paper-impregnated insulation by absorption and phase characteristics of the belt insulation based on the total measurements. Methodology. A procedure for determining the individual characteristics of phase and zone paper-impregnated insulation based realized on the use of the equivalent circuit of a three-core cable in the metal shell and solved of an over determined system of linear algebraic equations by least squares. Results. The proposed method allows determining the absorption characteristics of the individual phase and zone insulation medium voltage power cables in the overall metal shell at a direct voltage. Individual characteristics reflect the characteristics of cables and allow a greater degree to assess the degree of aging of each of the components of paper-impregnated insulation. Originality. Regardless of the cable connection diagrams probing electric field grabs as the phase, and zone insulation. The cumulative nature of the measurement leads to the fact that the differences in the properties of insulation components are smoothed: the aggregate results of the measurements do not differ for the different schemes of the same type. The individual characteristics of isolation, defined on the basis of the proposed method are more differences than total, indicating that non-symmetrical modes of operation of the cable. Practical value. The values of individual characteristics power cables 6 kV are 3 times more total, because of what their direct measurement may be a problem. The total resistance of several insulation spaces connected in parallel, behind the individual. Smaller values of insulation resistance are measured more easily, especially on short samples cables., Представлена методика определения индивидуальных характеристик фазной и поясной бумажно-пропитанной изоляции силовых кабелей среднего напряжения. Методика реализована на применении схемы замещения трехжильного кабеля в общей металлической оболочке и анализе результатов совокупных измерений абсорбционных характеристик. Система линейных алгебраических уравнений для определения характеристик фазной и поясной изоляции является хорошо обусловленной. Решение системы линейных алгебраических уравнений сводится к суммированию результатов совокупных измерений с весовыми коэффициентами 6/14 и -1/14. Приведены результаты определения абсорбционных характеристик фазной и поясной изоляции силового кабеля на напряжение 6 кВ., Представлено методику визначення індивідуальних характеристик фазної та поясної паперово-просоченої ізоляції силових кабелів середньої напруги. Методика реалізована на застосуванні схеми заміщення трьохжильного кабелю в загальній металевій оболонці та аналізі результатів сукупних вимірювань абсорбційних характеристик. Система лінійних алгебраїчних рівнянь для визначення характеристик фазної та поясної ізоляції є добре обумовленою. Рішення системи лінійних алгебраїчних рівнянь зводиться до сумування результатів сукупних вимірювань з ваговими коефіцієнтами 6/14 та -1/14. Наведено результати визначення абсорбційних характеристик фазної та поясної ізоляції силового кабелю на напругу 6 кВ.

The Task Force for cancer treatments and cardiovascular toxicity of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).

In this paper the equipment to measure the flow fiber suspension. A method of testing submersible vortex flowmeters takes into account both the hydrodynamics in a pipeline running meter and properties of the fiber suspension (concentration, degree of grinding, temperature). The mathematical relationships explaining test equipment. Presents the results of research submersible vortex flowmeter for fiber suspension with different concentrations, the degree of grinding and temperature., В работе исследуется оборудование для измерения расхода волокнистой суспензии. Предложен метод испытания погружных вихревых расходомеров, учитывающий как гидродинамику работающего в трубопроводе расходомера, так и свойства волокнистой суспензии (концентрация, степень помола, температура). Приведены математические соотношения, поясняющие работу испытательного оборудования. Даны результаты исследования работы погружного вихревого расходомера на волокнистой суспензии с различной концентрацией, степенью помола и температурой.

Introduction. New innovative technologies make food industry more effective. The present paper introduces a new method of hopped wort production based on novel mash filters. Study objects and methods. The research featured two new designs of mash filters. The study of the mashing process involved malt, hops, drinking water, and beer wort. The research included generally accepted methods of physicochemical and sensory research. Results and discussion. Both models differed from the traditional design. Mash filter I had a cylindrical filtration vat at its bottom with filters in the lower and upper parts of the vat. A pump was installed on the outer side of the steam jacket to produce forced circulation of the liquid medium flow through the vat. The steam jacket was covered with Corundum Classic superfine liquid thermal insulation. Mash filter II had a filtration bottom made of perforated sheet and provided intensive liquid circulation. It also had a regulated mixer that moved the mash, which significantly improved the mashing process. After the mashing, the mash passed through the filtration bottom, separating the liquid phase from the solid phase. The crushed material was discharged through a hatch in bottom. The physicochemical and sensory profiles of the obtained beer wort and beer samples complied with State Standard 30060-93 “Beer. Methods for determination of organoleptic indices and product’s volume”. Mash filter II produced beer wort of higher quality and improved the sensory properties of the finished product. This model proved more effective in extracting proteins and digestible sugars during amylolysis due to a better mixing and circulation of liquid medium flow during the wort preparation. Conclusion. The new modified mash filter made it possible to reduce the brewing time by 28.6%. Not only was it more user friendly, but it also was less heat and electricity consuming. In addition, it reduced the production area as it combined the stages of mashing and filtering.

The main problems of mankind in recent decades are the accumulation of various industrial, agricultural, and food production wastes. Their ineffective disposal and management practices have a detrimental effect on human health and cause environmental pollution, which requires urgent action. Food waste has become a complex phenomenon lately, attracting the attention of scientists, consumers, and activists. This study aims to apply the biotechnology of converting food waste into crystals of polylactic acid (PLA), a monomer for biodegradable plastic. A food waste sample is taken from the student canteen; wash, to remove impurities and fermentation of carbohydrate waste by autotrophic lactic acid bacteria in a natural process for about seven days in the optimal temperature range. Finally, lactic acid molecules polymerized by condensation reaction to form poly L-lactic acid (PLA) crystals, and then a biodegradable bioplastic.

Objectives. Since the end of the 20th century, liquid crystals have taken a leading position as a working material for the display industry. In particular, this is due to the advances in the control of surface orientation in thin layers of liquid crystals, which is necessary for setting the initial orientation of the layer structure in the absence of an electric field. The operation of most liquid crystal displays is based on electro-optical effects, arising from the changes in the initial orientation of the layers when the electric field is turned on, and the relaxation of the orientation structure under the action of surfaces after the electric field is turned off. In this regard, the high quality of surface orientation directly affects the technical characteristics of liquid crystal displays. The traditional technology of rubbing substrates, currently used in the display industry, has several disadvantages associated with the formation of a static charge on the substrates and surface contamination with microparticles. This review discusses an alternative photoalignment technology for liquid crystals on the surface, using materials sensitive to polarization of electromagnetic irradiation. Also, this review describes various applications of photosensitive azo dyes as photo-oriented materials. Results. The alternative photoalignment technology, which employs materials sensitive to electromagnetic polarization, allows to create the orientation of liquid crystals on the surface without mechanical impact and to control the surface anchoring force of a liquid crystal. This provides the benefits of using the photoalignment technology in the display industry and photonics—where the use of the rubbing technology is extremely difficult. The optical image rewriting mechanism is discussed, using electronic paper with photo-inert and photoaligned surfaces as an example. Further, different ways of using the photoalignment technology in liquid crystal photonics devices that control light beams are described. In particular, we consider switches, controllers and polarization rotators, optical attenuators, switchable diffraction gratings, polarization image analyzers, liquid crystal lenses, and ferroelectric liquid crystal displays with increased operation speed. Conclusions. The liquid crystal photoalignment and photopatterning technology is a promising tool for new display and photonics applications. It can be used for light polarization rotation; voltage controllable diffraction; fast switching of the liquid crystal refractive index; alignment of liquid crystals in super-thin photonic holes, curved and 3D surfaces; and many more applications.

Работа посвящена обзору расходоизмерительного оборудования, применяемого в технологических операциях целлюлознобумажного производства (ЦБП). Представлены основные требования к расходомерам, использующимся в регулировании технологических процессов ЦБП. Рассмотрены конструктивные особенности и принцип действия различных типов расходомеров, а также представлены их достоинства и недостатки. Представлена технологическая схема производства газетной бумаги и бумаги для гофрирования с указанием расположения расходомеров, фиксирующих объем волокнистых масс с заданной концентрацией и степенью помола. Рассмотрены скорости волокнистых суспензий, циркулирующих по внутрицеховым трубопроводам в зависимости от концентрации и диаметра трубопровода. Проведенный анализ данных с учетом основных требований, предъявляемых к расходомерам, показал, что весьма перспективным типом расходомеров являются вихревые приборы. Рассмотрены принцип действиях и основные типы таких приборов: с прецессией вихря и телом обтекания. Представлены математические соотношения процесса измерения расхода вихревыми приборами. На рисунках представлена картина обтекания цилиндра потоком жидкости и метод повышения устойчивости вихреобразования с помощью канала обратной связи. Показан метод преобразования расхода в полезный сигнал в вихревых расходомерах с помощью специальных устройств, которые называют приемникомпреобразователем вихревых колебаний (ППВК), которые в свою очередь разделяются на группы. В качестве примера рассмотрен один из ППВК, называемый контактнокондуктометрическим. Рассмотрена конструкция и принцип действия перспективных типов среди вихревых расходомеров, называемых погружными. Сделаны выводы о перспективности применения погружных вихревых расходомеров в технологических процессах ЦБП., The work is devoted to the review of the flow measurement equipment used in pulp and paper production (pulp and paper) operations (pulp and paper). The main requirements for flowmeters used in the regulation of technological processes of pulp and paper are presented. The design features and operating principle of various types of flowmeters are considered, and their advantages and disadvantages are also presented. The technological scheme of production of newsprint and corrugating paper with the indication of the arrangement of flow meters fixing the volume of fibrous masses with a given concentration and degree of grinding is presented. The speeds of fibrous suspensions circulating through internal pipe lines are considered depending on the concentration and diameter of the pipeline. The analysis of the data, taking into account the basic requirements for flowmeters, has shown that vortex devices are a very promising type of flowmeters. The principle of actions and the main types of such devices are considered: with the precession of the vortex and the body of flow. The mathematical relationships of the process of flow measurement by vortex devices are presented. Figures show the flow pattern of a cylinder by a liquid flow and the method of increasing the stability of a vortex formation by means of a feedback channel. The method is shown to convert flow into a useful signal in vortex flowmeters by means of special devices which are called receiverpreobrazatorom vortex oscillations (CPVC), which in turn are divided into groups. As an example, one of the TSTCs called contactconductometric is considered. The design and operation principle of promising types among vortex flowmeters called submersible flowmeters is considered. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects of using submerged vortex flowmeters in pulp and paper manufacturing processes., №227 (2019)

В статье рассмотрены различные подходы к пониманию природы связей в целлюлозно-волокнистых системах. Анализ результатов многочисленных исследований показывает, что при изготовлении высокотехнологичных целлюлозно-бумажных изделий необходимо учитывать специфику процессов структурообразования в дисперсных системах, дисперсионной средой в которых является вода или её растворы, на каждом этапе в многоступенчатых системах химической переработки растительного сырья. В статье освещаются особенности диалектики развития прикладной науки (отрицание отрицания) и её влияние на решение проблем отечественной научной школы текстильной и целлюлозно-бумажной промышленности. Выделение физикохимии растворов высокомолекулярных соединений из коллоидной химии в отдельную науку явилось причиной создания теоретических основ технологии искусственных волокон и целлюлозно-бумажного производства. Игнорирование научных положений о структурообразовании дисперсных систем с точки зрения фазового взаимодействия их компонентов и релаксационного состояния является причиной сдерживания прогресса в совершенствовании технологических процессов целлюлозно-бумажного производства. Разработанные теоретические основы получения дисперсных структур с заданными механическими свойствами не были доведены до создания моделей технологических процессов, необходимых для изготовления отечественного технологического оборудования. Таким образом, исключение представлений коллоидной химии и её раздела – физико-химической механики из повседневной практики целлюлозно- бумажного производства препятствуют целенаправленному решению проблем при получении высокотехнологичных материалов., The article deals with different approaches to understanding the nature of bonds in cellulose-fibrous systems. Analysis of the results of numerous studies shows that in the manufacture of high-tech pulp and paper products it is necessary to take into account the specifics of the processes of structure formation in dispersed systems, the dispersion medium in which is water or its solutions, at each stage in multi-stage systems of chemical processing of vegetable raw materials. The article highlights the features of dialectics of applied science (denial of negation) and its impact on solving the problems of the domestic scientific school of textile and pulp and paper industry. The separation of physical chemistry of solutions of high-molecular compounds from colloidal chemistry into a separate science was the reason for the creation of the theoretical foundations of the technology of artificial fibers and pulp and paper production. Ignoring the scientific provisions on the structure formation of dispersed systems from the point of view of the phase interaction of their components and the relaxation state is the reason for holding back progress in improving the technological processes of pulp and paper production. The developed theoretical basis for obtaining dispersed structures with specified mechanical properties were not brought to the creation of models of technological processes necessary for the manufacture of domestic technological equipment. Thus, the exclusion of colloidal chemistry, and its section – physical and chemical mechanics, from the daily practice of pulp and paper production prevents the purposeful solution of problems in the production of high-tech materials., №225 (2018)

The purpose of the study is to determine the factors for increasing the representation of the Ukrainian scientific community in the international scientific community and raising the international scientific authority of Ukraine.Used Results of the annual G20 evaluation - the effectiveness of research in 2019, conducted by the Institute of Scientific Information (ISI), part of the Web of Science Group.The principles of introduction of scientometric methods of research of publishing activity of scientists in the international and Ukrainian scientific space are considered. Based on the processing of statistical material and the obtained quantitative estimates, a comparative analysis of the effectiveness of research in the G20 and Ukraine according to the Web of Science. In this area, some differences between Ukraine and countries that are world leaders in the organization of the research process are shown. Recommendations for increasing the representation of the Ukrainian scientific community on the Web of Science platform and raising the international scientific authority of Ukraine are offered.

The assessment of the suitability of cables of 6–110 kV with XLPE insulation in comparison with cables of the same voltage but possessing paper-oil insulation has been fulfilled on the basis of the criterion of reduced costs. Thus, the comparison was undertaken between cables of various design and material of insulation: three-core paper insulated ones vs. three-core XLPE insulated ones; three-core paper-insulated ones vs. solid wires with XLPE insulation; single-core oil-filled cables of 110 kV with paper insulation vs. solid wires of 110 kV with XLPE insulation. The increase in long-term permissible current loads for cables with XLPE insulation because of the larger permissible temperature of heating in comparison with cables with paper-oil insulation complies with as would increase in the cross-sectional area of cable cores (equal to 0.61 from the original) and therefore reduces the cost of the cable by reducing the cost of manufacture of conductors. The reduced costs of the construction and operation of cable lines with XLPE insulation (accounting the increase in the cost of a cable 1.2 and 2 times as compared with the cost of a cable with three-core insulation), despite the decline in the cost of manufacture of conductors and the reduced annual operating costs (9 % and 17 % respectively of cable lines of voltage of up to 35 kV and 110 kV), occurred to be more than the reduced costs of the construction and operation of cable lines with paper insulation. Currently the cost of one meter of cable with XLPE insulation is less than the cost of cables of AAB, CASB, AASv types of a voltage of 10 kV with aluminium cores, that ensures their undeniable efficacy.

Polychloroprene is widely used as a special-purpose rubber in such industries as automotive, construction, textile industry. Chloroprene rubber takes a significant share in the market of elastomers due to its properties. In recent years, a gradual increase in demand for chloroprene rubbers is expected. This trend is most clearly seen in regions with a developed automotive industry. World leaders in the production of chloroprene rubbers and latex demonstrate their interest in increasing production capacity. In Russia, chloroprene rubber is not produced, the demand is completely met by import. In this paper, the main industrial methods for the production of chloroprene monomer, based on various feedstocks: acetylene and butadiene-1,3, exist in the world practice. Advantages and disadvantages of each of the above methods for producing chloroprene monomer are given. Technical solutions for the improvement of the chloroprene-monomer preparation technology for the steps of chlorination of butadiene-1,3 and dehydrochlorination of 3,4-dichlorobutene-1 in a column apparatus are proposed. An improved process for the preparation of chloroprene rubber from butadiene-1,3 is described. The development of a modern technology for the production of chloroprene rubber based on domestic raw materials will make it possible to obtain a high-quality target product, which will lead to the exclusion of its imports.

In the horticultural industry, upon main products obtaining, the formation of the following secondary raw materials and production wastes: pulping,bagasse, tomato seeds, fruit seeds, vegetable peelings, etc. is concomitant. At the same time, the amount of secondary raw materials formed during fruit and vegetable raw materials processing varies from 5 to 85% of the initial raw materials mass going for processing, of which an average of 30% is sent to food products for food processing. The aim of the work was to study the possibility of bagasse using of direct extraction beet juice production in vegetable paste technology. To facilitate the process of bagasse pulping, pretreated with microwave heating, starch syrup, allowing to reduce the vegetable mass viscosity was proposed to use. As a result of research, it was found that the introduction of starch syrup in the bagasse in the amount of 10, 20 and 30%, along with an increase in the heating temperature, varying from 25 to 60, reduces the effective viscosity obtained after bagasse paste pulping. With an increase in the starch syrup dosage, an increase in the mass fraction of dry substances in beet paste and its liquefaction degree was observed as well. So, at a dosage of 10%, the liquefaction degree was 24.7%, at 20% - 45.1%, at 30% - 60.7%. Thus, the use of starch syrup in the production of beet paste from the bagasse of direct-pressed juice production makes it possible to adjust the vegetable mass viscosity purposefully, creating better conditions for subsequent technological operations. .

The integrated use of aspen biomass can ensure the effective development of forestry and timber processing industries, reduce the share of waste. From the bark of aspen we obtained aqueous and water-alcohol extracts containing a complex of extractive substances possessing biological activity and representing practically all classes of organic compounds found in plants (vitamins, enzymes, proteins, fats, essential oils, etc.). As a raw material, a crushed aspen bark with a moisture content of 5% and an equivalent particle diameter of 2 mm was used. Extractants – water distilled and water-alcoholic solution 1:1. Extraction conditions: hydromodule– 10 g/g, temperature – 40°C, ultrasound frequency – 44 kHz. The effect of water-alcohol extracts on the fermentation of sucrose by beer yeast S-33 was studied. The expediency of using water-alcohol extract of aspen cortex at a dosage of 1% of the nutrient medium is shown. At the same time ferment activity of yeast increases, sugar consumption decreases by the side processes of fermentation, the economic coefficient showing the yield of ethanol from a unit of substrate is increased by 5,5% in comparison with the control. The kinetic characteristics of the fermentation process are calculated. The maximum specific growth rates of yeast and sugar consumption are observed when using water-alcohol extract of bark of aspen at a dosage of 1% and are 0,0052 h-1 and 0,049 g/(g-h), respectively. On the basis of the conducted studies, it can be concluded that the water-alcohol extract of the aspen bark should be used at a dosage of 1% of the nutrient medium. At the same time ferment activity of yeast increases, sugar consumption decreases by the side processes of fermentation, the economic coefficient showing the yield of ethanol from a unit of substrate is increased by 5,5% in comparison with the control. Industrial use of this extract in the production of beer will shorten the duration of the main fermentation for 1 day, increase the capacity of the fermentation unit and reduce the specific rates of energy consumption.

The article presents the research results of the interaction of the protective clothes surface with polluting components of production facilities of the oil and oil refining industry. The development direction of an oil-resistant clothing segment is proved. The aggressive components of the production environment of the oil sector are substantiated with respect to the protective functions of special clothes. Oil and petroleum products lead to a change in the properties of textile materials. This depends on the concentration of aggressive components in the structure of textile materials. The research results of the interaction of petroleum products with a textile composition of a woven structure with protective properties are presented. Based on the study of 50 suits that have passed the operational cycle of one season, restrictions are established on the areas of the clothing surface of uneven protection. Clothing zones risk-affected loss of protective effect is established. The results of experimental studies of the concentration of petroleum products in textile materials after chemical purification based on the method of gas capillary chromatography are presented. It was found that the main component with a high concentration of pollutants is hydrocarbons from C14H30 Tetradecane to C36H74 Hexatriacontane. The average values of the concentration of hydrocarbons on the purified samples for the main parts of the clothing surface were established. Using the methods of acoustic emission, the experimental level of contact activity of the permeability of the liquid phase of crude oil in the structure of woven textiles at the boundary of media is established. The effect of the saturation of protective clothing by the petroleum fractions on its strength has been experimentally evaluated. The chemical compositions of the active phases were identified on the basis of experimental data. This is the contact materials of industrial pollution at oil refining facilities. Recommendations have been developed to improve the system of individual protection of man during interaction with a polluting environment taking into account chemically aggressive components.

The emerging spin-offs have become a way to further spread of nanotechnology in the 2000s. One of them (nanophotonics), which promises a wide range of technological outputs, is considered in this article. Relaying on bibliometric analysis, the most active world players in the field as well as the main domestic institutions participating in the research were identified, their contribution was estimated, and positioning was shown. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of the research funding structure, the possible linking of scientific input and output. In particular, there were shown: the internationalization of such funding as an element of the globalization of research, a comparative degree of prioritization of nanophotonics on the agenda of a number of science foundations, an example of identifying the most influential grants by combining bibliometric data with information from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research. The source of information was the polythematic database Science Citation Index Expanded, as well as data obtained through the web portals of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research and the US National Science Foundation.

The article deals with the possibility of utilization of pectins from the bark of coniferous tree species for the manufacture of fruit and vegetable canned goods (jelly, jam and nectars with pulp) as biological additives that improve product consistency. Due to their unique properties, pectin substances are widely used in modern conditions and can be used as an additive in the production of food products. In the food industry, of particular importance are such properties of pectin substances as gelling, structure-forming and thickening abilities, which is very important when creating food products with certain structural characteristics. Experimental samples of fruit jams with the introduction of different amounts of pectin to thicken the product (0.3%, 0.5%, 0.8%, 1.0%) were put out. During the sensor analysis of these jams the best characteristics were obtained by samples, into which pectin from the bark of spruce in an amount of 1.0% was added. The possibility of using pectins from the bark of spruce and larch as gelling agents in the manufacture of jelly was investigated. Composite mixtures which produced three versions of the jelly images with pectin were developed: No.1 - control with apple pectin; No. 2 - with pectin from the spruce bark; No. 3 - with pectin from the larch bark. It has been established that the organoleptic characteristics of the sample No.2 differ from the control sample slightly. Sample No. 3 has received non-satisfactory rating in all organoleptic parameters. To confirm the structure-forming ability of pectin from spruce bark, the samples of nectars with pulp with addition of pectin from spruce bark are manufactured. The expediency of using this pectin is 0.9%.

Castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is one of the most complex and currently completely unsolved problems of oncourology. Possible novel treatment of CRPC is administration of Octreotide Long, long-acting somatostatin analogue. In this paper we have shown an experience of treatment with Octreotide Long 30 mg and dexamethasone in 69 CRPC patients from February 2014 to March 2016. We have assessed an efficacy and safety of the therapy. Age of patients ranged from 56 to 89 years, all patients had continued androgen deprivation. Response to the treatment was assessed clinically by the following factors: change in the level of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in serum, dynamics of indicators of general and biochemical blood tests, the level of pain syndrome and improvement in the patient’s quality of life. Total response to reduction and stabilization of PSA level was achieved in 70.9 % of patients. In general, the best results were observed in the group of patients treated with Octreotide Long before first-line chemotherapy with docetaxel. Tolerability of Octreotide Long in combination with dexamethasone in all cases was good. No significant side effects – neither hematological, nor clinical were noted. We also did not register any cases of drug discontinuation due to its intolerance.

The aim of the article is to develop a method for management decisionmaking, ensuring the sustainable development of enterprise structures in the conditions of crisis. To this end, the author makes a comparative analysis of modern methods of justification, adoption and implementation of administrative decisions in enterprise structures, focused on sustainable development in the conditions of crisis. The results of this analysis show that all of these methods involve quantifying the scale of different criteria, which do not reflect causal logic of the preferences of some other criteria. The results of the ranking cannot be distinguished from a number of other similar ratings (with slight differences in the weights), therefore, the expected nature of the uniqueness of the decision-making model is not provided. To solve the problems indicated in this paper, we propose an alternative approach to the aggregation of conflicting preferences of managerial decisions: to come up with a quality solution to resolve conflicts between the preferences of solutions through a variety of criteria, and to aggregate them to the final decision. The author develops unified method of decision-making. The fact that the method provides information to clarify the criteria values and the reasons for their relative importance to the decision makes it particularly attractive in times of crisis, as it creates an opportunity for the delegation of authority and the use of standard solutions. It allows to reflect the logic and the causal relationships of ranking criteria, as well as to simplify the process of management decision-making, eliminating it from a difficult procedure for placing the weighting factors. The method is recommended for the use in making decisions with a small number of options and criteria. It can also be used as a test has taken management decisions, taking into account only the most significant criteria.

Целлюлоза, являясь природным полимером, имеет огромный потенциал использования в полимерной промышленности. Главным видом сырья для получения сложных эфиров целлюлозы является хлопок благодаря своему высокому содержанию «чистой» целлюлозы. Также позволяют достигать ее высокого качества современные технологии химической переработки древесной целлюлозы. Развитие целлюлозной промышленности идет по пути создания биокомплексов по переработке древесины, где происходит максимально полное использование древесного сырья с целью получения различных видов продукции при низкой экологической нагрузке на окружающую среду. Экстрагирование из образующегося черного щелока различных компонентов в виде глюкозы, гемицеллюлоз, экстрактивных веществ и лигнина позволяет при дальнейшей переработке использовать в медицине, в виде биотоплива, текстильной промышленности для придания определённых качеств и в других областях. Технология газификации черного щелока позволяет получить биотопливо в виде метана или диметилового эфира. Двухступенчатая кислородно-щелочная отбелка позволяет достигнуть более «мягких» условий для извлечения нецеллюлозных компонентов, лигнина и экстрактивных веществ. Экологичность производства является еще одним направлением активного развития технологии переработки древесины. Сбор и сжигание неконденсируемых газов, создание одной точки сброса очищенных газов, применение нетоксичных отбельных реагентов позволяет снизить нагрузку на окружающую среду. Технология газификации, которая обеспечивает экологически чистое производство биогаза для нужд завода, позволяет прекратить использование ископаемых видов топлива, а также позволяет получать и жидкие виды топлива, например, бензин. Современные реалии развития полимерной отрасли создают отличную конкурентную среду для раскрытия потенциала древесной целлюлозы. Возможны также варианты коренной модернизации целлюлозного производства на основе энергосберегающей и экологически безопасной технологии., Cellulose – as a natural polymer, has a huge potential for use in the polymer industry. The main type of raw material for the production of cellulose esters is cotton due to its high content of «pure» cellulose. Also, modern technologies of chemical processing of wood pulp can be achieved to its high quality. The development of the pulp industry follows the path of creating biocomplexes for wood processing, where the maximum use of wood raw materials takes place in order to obtain various types of products with low environmental load on the environment. Extraction of various components in the form of glucose, hemicelluloses, extractives and lignin from the formed black liquor allows to use in the medicine, in the form of biofuel, the textile industry for imparting certain qualities in other areas. The technology of gasification of black liquor allows to obtain biofuel in the form of methane or dimethyl ether. Two- stage oxygen-alkaline bleaching allows to achieve more «soft» conditions for extraction of non-cellulose components, lignin and extractives. Environmental friendliness of production is another area of active development of wood processing technology. The collection and combustion of non-condensable gases, the creation of a single point for the discharge of purified gases, the use of non-toxic bleaching agents, can reduce the burden on the environment. Gasification technology that provides environmentally friendly production of biogas for the needs of the plant, allows to stop the use of fossil fuels, and also allows to receive also liquid fuels, for example, gasoline. The current realities of the development of the polymer industry create an excellent competitive environment for revealing the potential of wood pulp. Variants of radical modernization of cellulose production on the basis of energy-saving and environmentally safe technology are also possible., №223 (2018)

At the Food Production Department of Murmansk State Technical University (MSTU) was developed a technology of production of smoked fish products with the use of air-flue mixture, produced in an infrared smoke generator under conditions of low-temperature pyrolysis of wood chips with an initial moisture content of 40 to 60% and a bulk density of from 104 to 154 kg/m3. A method of producing smoke and its hardware design enabled to securely control the temperature of the smoke receiving smoking environment, which guarantees a minimum content of threat to human health of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (РАНs). The developed technology involves short cycle smoked salted semi – fish fillets and allows to obtain finished products with excellent organoleptic properties. The content of РАНs in finished products less than 0.0002 microgram/kg, which is significantly below the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) according to the requirements of SаnРiN 2.3.2.1078 (less than 0.001 mg/kg product) and according to the requirements of TR CU 021/2011 (0.005 mg/kg product). This technology successfully implemented in production at fish processing plants in Murmansk region. However, marketing research has shown that the market for smoked fish in the Murmansk region is characterized by a narrow range, which affects consumer demand and reduces the competitiveness of the regional enterprises-manufacturers of smoked products. To solve this problem it is offered to expand the range of smoked fish products due to use of non-traditional Smoking techniques raw materials – fillet of cod fish (saithe, haddock, cod). To improve consumer properties of products, in particular, to improve the indicator of “consistency: and "juiciness" of the proposed use on the stage of the salting of prefabricated enzyme preparation from hepatopancreas of snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio), added to brine with density of 1.18 to 1.2 g/сm3 at a dosage of 0.04%, the curing time of the mix in the brine for 15 minutes. When optimizing technological regimes of the salting process with the enzyme preparation we used the method of fuzzy modeling implemented in the MatLab calculating software.

Purification of crude unrefined sunflower oil along with the removal of primary oxidation products is an urgent task to remove the solid constituents formed during the processing of sunflower seeds. All of them irrespective of the chemical composition negatively affect the quality of the food product and, over time, saturate the oil with coagulants that affect its organoleptic and physico-mechanical characteristics. The problem of cleaning unrefined sunflower oil by filtration with the use of vibroacoustic action is considered. The calculation scheme of the process is given, and an experimental setup has been developed that makes it possible to vary the angle of inclination of the filter element. The research of sunflower oil filtration in the field of vibroacoustic impact is carried out. In the study, a decision was made to expand the energy effects to create a cumulative system in the liquid medium that improves the hydrodynamic situation at the scale of the oil purification plant. It is established that the process speed can be intensified by creating additional microflows that provide an active influence on the motion of liquid, gas and solid particles. The results are obtained, which testify to the effectiveness of the use of vibroacoustic effects during the filtration of sunflower oil.

During the last decades becoming more sharply there is a problem of chemical and environmental monitoring and industrial inspection the content of toxic elements in food raw materials and foodstuff. At the same time there is a need to develop rapid methods, informative, integral, reflecting not only the safety but also the ecological purity of food raw materials. The method of determination of content of toxic elements on activity of its own lipase of in situ (AОL-method) in seeds of oil-bearing crops, on the example of sunflower is offered. The system of mathematical assessment of analytical criteria of laboratory test used in clinical laboratory diagnostics was for this purpose adapted. Sunflower seeds in which established the maintenance of toxiferous elements served as an object of a research: Cd, Pb, As, Hg, by atomic absorption method on the KVANT-Z.ETA device. Further tests divided on clear, including high-quality and pollution-free, and polluted - naturally containing toxiferous elements and which are artificially contaminated. Definition of activity of a lipase of seeds was carried out by the standard titrimetric method. Decrease of the activity of enzyme was connected with the maintenance of toxiferous elements. Proceeding from the received results counted an analytical significance (sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of descriptiveness the positive and negative results) of determination of level of maintenance of toxiferous elements in sunflower seeds by the AОL-method. The set values of analytical specificity of a method and predictive value of a positive take at the level of 77.3% and 71.4% respectively, do not allow to use the offered method for the quantitative analysis, however, analytical sensitivity at the level of 86.2% and the predictive value of the negative result at the level of 89.5%, allow to recommend the AOL-method for screening programs of chemical environmental monitoring and technological monitoring of a contamination of seeds of sunflower toxiferous elements.

This article discusses the experience of separate collection of municipal solid waste in higher educational institutions of Moscow (by the example of D. Mendeleyev University of Chemical Technology of Russia). On the basis of the experience of the formation of the system of separate collection and survey of students the basic stages of implementation were determined, revealed the willingness of students to sort, highlighted the main factions recommended for the collection.

Abiraterone acetate (ABI) is associated not only with a significant survival advantage in both chemotherapy-naive and -treated patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC), but also with a delay in time to development of Skeletal Related Events and in radiological skeletal progression. These bone benefits may be related to a direct effect on prostate cancer cells in bone or to a specific mechanism directed to bone microenvironment. To test this hypothesis we designed an in vitro study aimed to evaluate a potential direct effect of ABI on human primary osteoclasts/osteoblasts (OCLs/OBLs). We also assessed changes in bone turnover markers, serum carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), in 49 mCRPC patients treated with ABI.Our results showed that non-cytotoxic doses of ABI have a statistically significant inhibitory effect on OCL differentiation and activity inducing a down-modulation of OCL marker genes TRAP, cathepsin K and metalloproteinase-9. Furthermore ABI promoted OBL differentiation and bone matrix deposition up-regulating OBL specific genes, ALP and osteocalcin. Finally, we observed a significant decrease of serum CTX values and an increase of ALP in ABI-treated patients.These findings suggest a novel biological mechanism of action of ABI consisting in a direct bone anabolic and anti-resorptive activity., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Introduction. X-ray inspection plays a unique role among all nondestructive testing methods for products and materials due to sufficiently high resolution and high penetrability. The present study is designed to consider the key features of microfocus X-ray sources, their areas of application, and main technical characteristics.Aim. The paper aims to systematize information and review modern X-ray radiation sources for the implementation of microfocus radiography.Materials and methods. The main designs of microfocus X-ray tubes (soldered and demountable) were considered relying on the experience of the St Petersburg State Electrotechnical University in developing and operating such equipment, as well as the experience and open-access publications of foreign researchers and developers. Data collected by leading research teams over the last ten years were analyzed.Results. The paper presents design features for each main type of microfocus X-ray tubes – soldered and demountable. All key structural elements are considered: an anode assembly, a cathode assembly, and a focusing system. The influence of anode target material on the X-ray tube radiation spectrum is shown. An original design of a liquid-anode microfocus X-ray tube is described to demonstrate its key features and advantages. In addition, the paper gives an overview of cathodes used in microfocus X-ray tubes (tungsten cathode and lanthanum hexaboride cathode), as well as providing a detailed description of calculations performed for focusing systems. Finally, the designs of modern X-ray tubes are presented.Conclusion. Modern X-ray tubes are high-tech products that allow for high-resolution research of various objects. The main advantage of testing performed with the use of X-ray tubes consists in high resolution (micron and submicron). The X-ray images of test objects used to determine their spatial resolution are given, which clearly illustrate the vast possibilities of this technology. In addition, ways to improve microfocus X-ray tubes are briefly discussed. The considered materials can be useful in selecting a nondestructive testing tool, as well as in developing and creating X-ray systems on the basis of microfocus X-ray tubes.

In the context of the digital transformation of the economy, the processes of managing the human resources of an organisation are of particular importance as the basis for achieving operational efficiency in a highly dynamic business environment. At the same time, the existing practice of human resource management in organisations shows that the human resources management system in the context of digital transformation requires special attention from the standpoint of scaling. This paper discusses the issues of scaling the processes of managing the human resources of an organisation in the context of digital transformation, the analysis and accounting of which will increase, on the one hand, the efficiency of the organisation, on the other hand, the motivation and involvement of employees in the work process. The research paper pays special attention to the Program for the training of management personnel for organisations of the national economy of the Russian Federation from the standpoint of scaling the processes of managing the human resources of an organisation in the context of digital transformation. Systematic studies of the scaling of the organization’s human resources management processes in the view of digital transformation will determine both new approaches and technologies for human resources management and the processes of changing the organisation’s business models.

Purpose : to present analysis a case reports of 17 patients who had an acute transient macular edema appeared straight after uncomplicated cataract surgery. Patients and Methods . Working with literature and retrospective observational case series reviewing clinical and imaging data from 17 patients (17 eyes) with acute transient macular edema. Results . There are several cases of acute macular hole development after cataract surgery (complicated and uncomplicated). Also there are reports of macular odema development after several weeks after uncomplicated phacoemulsification due to pseudophakic cystoid macular oedema (Irvine-Gass syndrome) or due to vitreomacular traction syndrome. We observed a series of transient macular oedema with 3.8 % incidence occurring on the first days after uncomplicated phacoemulsification with IOL implantation that had no signs of vitreomacular traction or aqute inflammation. Men suffer frequently than women (14:3). Systemic hypertension prevailed among these patients (15 from 17). Optical coherence tomography (OCT) was made in patients complaining on blure vision and who had signs of macular edema by ophthalmoscopy. By OCT high neuroepithelium detachment was observed at the first day after uneventful cataract phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation in 17 patients with quiet postoperative condition of the eye. The edema resolved on the 3–6-th day by standard phaco accompanying pharmacological treatment. In most cases posterior vitreous cortex was adjacent to the retina except 3 patients with posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) in macular area. We found a paper by Costen M.T.J. et al. (2007) about the same striking appearance of maculopathy called by authors “A-sign” maculopathy because of A-shaped pattern on OCT images in 3 patients after routine cataract surgery. Yaman A (2008) and Panagiotidis D (2010) also reported same findings after uncomplicated cataract surgery. We compared our findings with 3 papers mentioned above, as well as with typical pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (CME or Irvine-Gass syndrome) and vitreomacular traction syndrome. We also discussed possible ethiopathogenesis of thеse cases in terms of morphology of the macula region. Conclusion . This article could improve our understanding of mechanisms of the interstitial fluid flow in the eye tissues.

Ecosystems that allow obtaining synergistic effects from agreed actions of their participants recently have become the most attractive market patterns for the study. The paper tests the hypothesis about the presence of the ecosystem relationships between the agriculture and industry sectors in Russia. The methodological basis of the paper comprises the theories of ecosystems, entrepreneurship, complexity, and regional economics with respect to entrepreneurial ecosystems. The researchers apply economic-statistical and regression analysis to investigate crop growing and related industries of agricultural mechanical engineering and fertilizer production in the Russian Federation. The research data come from the performance of enterprises of these industries in 1990–2019. The central idea of the study lies in the assumption that to promote national economic development it is necessary to integrate the aforementioned industries in an ecosystem having single technological and digital standards. The findings of the empirical part demonstrate a weak correlation between the growth of indicators in crop growing and mechanical engineering, and simultaneously, a stable correlation between indicators of crop growing and chemicals industries. The constructed linear regression models evidence that in Russia the entrepreneurial ecosystem that integrates the agrarian sector with the related industries is at its early stages. The fundamental problem of organising such an entrepreneurial ecosystem is a systemic dependence of the Russian agricultural industries on institutional factors, primarily, on the government subsidies, and lack of the corresponding project solutions. The authors argue that the organisation of the entrepreneurial ecosystem bringing together agriculture and industry will foster another high-tech sector in the Russian economy.

The authors study the development of the oil and gas industry and assess the financial efficiency of the use of renewable energy sources, which determine the relevance of the research topic. The purpose of this work is to study the effectiveness of the development of the Russian energy sector and its contribution to the world economy. The main question to which this article should give an answer is that how the Russian power industry will develop in corresponding to the global trends in energy consumption. This paper uses a method for finding the parameters of the efficiency of renewable energy sources using exponential smoothing. The paper uses data from the analytical report of British Petroleum and the Bloomberg system for the period from January 2012 to December 2019. The result of the study shows an improvement in the accuracy of the predicted values, while previous models had higher standard error estimates. The novelty of the study is to achieve accurate results of the forecast of fossil-fuel consumption for 3 years ahead (the forecast accuracy is 80.5). The article concludes that while Russian oil and gas projects are very important for the Russian economy until now, renewable energy projects are more beneficial. In addition, Russia does not seem to support the global trend towards a renewable and sustainable economy. Although oil and gas prices remain acceptable, unforeseen changes in the behavior of real buyers can hinder the efficiency of the Russian economy and lead to a disruption of Russia’s economic growth if Russia does not decisively steer towards renewable energy from now on. The growth of the Russian power industry corresponds to the global trends in fossil energy consumption (while fossil prices, thus incomes keep worsening), and thus innovative solutions for enhancing renewable energies must be adopted. The article proves that many pipeline projects (South Stream, Turkish Stream, Nord Stream 2) move the Russian energy sector back to the past because they just contradict existing trends.

Recurrent cervical cancer is a difficult challenge for gynecological oncologist. In this paper we review papers concerning incidence and surgical treatment of pelvic recurrences. A point of interest is studies evaluating completion surgery after radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy. Surgery after definitive radiotherapy is associated with high morbidity and should be performed only in patients with residual tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging in special regimen can be useful in detecting residual disease.

This paper aims to investigate the essence and method of building a financial model of healthcare in Russia. The author applies methods such as analysis and synthesis, statistical data processing, systemic and structural approaches. This article is an analysis of the basics of building a budgetary and insurance model: cost allocation (various types of medical care, individual costs) by funding sources; system of inter-budgetary relations; the structure of expenditures of the budgetary system of the Russian Federation on healthcare in 2019. The study presents the financial model of the compulsory medical insurance (СMI) system and defines the role of insurance and private medical organizations in the CMI system. The mechanism of financing state (public) healthcare institutions is shown. The procedure for financing medical organizations according to the territorial program is considered (as illustrated by the example of the Irkutsk region). The article analyzes the methodology for calculating the cost of the territorial program and identifies the problems associated with it. The author pays special attention to organizations that do not carry out activities in the field of compulsory medical insurance, outlining the specifics of financing and legal regulation, and arguing the reasons for excluding a number of diseases from the compulsory medical insurance program. The paper examines the content of the new law on the CHI reform, which provides for direct financing from the budget of the Federal CHI Fund of federal institutions providing specialized medical care. The author highlights the main problems of the building of the budgetary and insurance healthcare funding model such as congestion, inconsistency, cost intensity. The author concluded that it is necessary to revise the organization of the healthcare system and mechanisms for its financial support. The outstripping growth in healthcare costs, on the one hand, and inadequate funding of medical institutions, on the other, lead to a constant search for a compromise between equity and cost-effectiveness. Based on this, the author substantiated the goals and determined the directions for further research, such as reducing transaction costs, changing the motivation of participants, identifying cost growth factors and the possibility of eliminating them.

The article presents the prerequisites for the emergence and fundamental provisions of the concept of sustainable development. The authors note, that the solution of the problems of sustainable development at the global level is impossible without solving the corresponding problems at the level of individual organizations. The paper presents two areas that contribute to the sustainable development of the enterprise: the use of key elements of digitalization and project management. The study formulates the conditions for achieving sustainable development of an individual enterprise, as well as the procedure for setting appropriate target indicators. The article substantiates the necessity and conditions for successful integration of key elements of project management and sustainable development. The paper shows the objective contradictions between these two systems and the ways to overcome these contradictions. The authors note, that the non-commercial nature of sustainable development programs predetermines the need for state participation in their implementation based on GR-management.

Objective. The purpose of the article is to analyse the existing methodology used to assess the efficiency of automated information security systems by studying open literature sources, international and industry standards of the Russian Federation on information security of automated systems, guidelines and orders of the Federal Service for Technical and Expert Control of Russia, as well as departmental orders, instructions and regulations on information security at informatization facilities of internal affairs bodies. The analysis results in identifying the advantages and disadvantages of the specified methodology, as well as the possibilities of its use when conducting a quantitative assessment of the efficiency of access control subsystems of information security systems at the informatization facilities of internal affairs bodies. Methods. To achieve this goal, the method for system analysis of approaches used to assess the efficiency of information security tools and systems has been applied. Results. The paper presents results of analysing the main approaches used to assess the efficiency of tools and systems for information security of automated systems. The paper determines the relationship between the efficiency indicator of access control subsystems of information security systems and the main disadvantage of their use in protected automated systems of internal affairs bodies. The paper substantiates main directions of improving the existing methodology, proposes methods and indicators for quantifying the efficiency of access control subsystems (including those modified on the basis of using new information and communication technologies) of information security systems in protected automated systems of internal affairs bodies. Conclusion. The results obtained can be used to quantify the security level of existing automated systems and those being developed at informatization facilities of internal affairs bodies.

Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), which is still extremely common in endemic low- and middle-income countries of Asia and Africa. Industrialised countries may also be affected by typhoid fever outbreaks due to booming international tourism, and natural disasters. Given S. Typhi progressive resistance to antibiotics, high epidemiological burden, and lack of adequate sanitation and hygiene in a number of regions, the introduction of new treatment protocols and the improvement of preventive vaccination are critical tasks in global healthcare. The aim of the study was to highlight the main historical aspects of the typhoid vaccine development, to summarise data on the licensed vaccines and promising approaches to the development of new typhoid vaccines. The paper describes the current epidemiological situation of typhoid fever globally and in the Russian Federation. It dwells upon the global experience in typhoid vaccine development from the production of an inactivated vaccine to the development of conjugated vaccines. The paper summarises data on Russian and foreign-made typhoid fever vaccines currently available in the global pharmaceutical market. It outlines the main trends in the development of vaccines against the disease caused by S. Typhi. The paper demonstrates the need for improving the efficacy of existing vaccines and development of new typhoid combination vaccines.

Objective. One of the most effective ways to assess thermal protection of construction facilities of various applications is thermal control. Methods. According to the national standard “Method for thermal imaging quality control of thermal insulation of enclosing structures” in force on the Russian Federation territory, the results of thermal imaging monitoring of capital and completed construction facilities are divided into qualitative and quantitative depending on set goals and objectives. Qualitative assessment involves computer processing and visual interpretation of thermograms using specialized software. Quantitative analysis of thermograms involves determining and numerically comparing parameters of reference areas and characteristics of defects detected in an object being under thermal control. Results. The paper describes particular characteristics and results of qualitative and quantitative analysis of thermograms (thermal images) obtained via thermography of fragments of external enclosing structures of a completed construction facility—an apartment building. The paper analyses existing methods of a quantitative assessment of thermograms described in regulatory documents and methodological recommendations, and presents specific examples of their application. Conclusion. Thermal imaging diagnostics makes it possible to qualitatively and quantitatively assess the level of thermal protection of the outer shell of an object under control by “decoding” thermograms and comparing calculated parameters with standard indicators.

The article presents historical and modern aspects of the theory of entrepreneurship, the role of entrepreneurship in the socio-economic life of the country. The paper considers the reasons: why the state should create conditions for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The study gives criteria for defining small and medium-sized businesses in Russia and in the European Union. The author studies and presents the main indicators that characterize the degree of development of small and medium-sized businesses in terms of their involvement in the economy. The article gives the classification of the main measures to support small and medium-sized businesses in countries with a developed business sector. The paper considers the main measures of state support for entrepreneurship in Russia and assesses their effectiveness.

The article considers the social activities of non-governmental organizations in relation to families with children in the context of the modernization of the system of social services for the population, which is aimed at encouraging citizens to independently overcome life difficulties. The paper analyses the social activities of commercial and non-profit organizations, innovative technologies, the quality and variety of services provided to families in need. The authors determine the main barriers to their interaction with government agencies. The study notes, that social activities of commercial and non-commercial organizations expand the range of social services, their accessibility to the population, improve the quality and efficiency. The paper defines the priority directions of activities of socially oriented NGOs in relation to families and children in the context of Russian realities: assistance to families in the development and upbringing of children, assistance in employment and adaptation of mothers, social support for families in need, etc. The study established that the non-governmental sector responds quickly to the needs of citizens and acute social problems, which allows it to be an effective performer of social services. The authors conclude that in Russia it is necessary to form an effective management system for the development of non-governmental organizations as providers of services to families in need, optimize inter-sectoral collaboration. Social activities of the non-governmental sector have great potential and development prospects.

The paper's relevance is substantiated by the fact that today a rapid growth of external debt of the most developed countries of the world (including European Union (EU) countries) is one of the most acute problems of the modern world economy and global finance. The paper aims to assess the degree of the external debt burden of various EU countries and evaluate the prospects of solving external debt problems in the EU. The article focuses on dynamics, composition, and specifics shaping the EU countries' external debt based on comparative, economic, statistical, and graphical analysis. Special attention we paid to the analysis of specifics of the EU countries' sovereign external debt composition connected with the acute problem of the rapid growth of public debt in general. The paper examines the ratio of public external and internal debt in various EU countries. It determines the EU particular countries where public external debt is shaping based on either cross-border or domestic model. The research results reveal a high degree of dependence of the EU economy on international debt finance. Gross external debt and sovereign external debt of the EU countries are still growing, and its distribution among various member states is very uneven. The structural imbalance of the EU countries' net external debt has also been revealed: the number of net borrowers is double that of net lenders. According to the basic external debt sustainability indicators, some EU countries are in a pretty tricky situation and entirely depend on the possibility of external debt refinancing.

The article theoretically substantiates the importance of the category “management culture” as part of the organizational culture in the formation and implementation of the organizations strategy and separately considers some of its elements. The paper presents the categories and subcategories of management culture: strategy, organizational structure, regulation, technology, information systems, control, incentives. The study analyses the importance of the strategy as one of the elements of the management culture and the ratio of goals. The paper evaluates the factors that determine the success of planning and implementing the strategy. The article pays special attention to the discussion of information technologies as one of the elements of management culture, intensity and options for the development and implementation of modern technologies in business process management. When discussing processes as one of the elements of the management culture, the author emphasizes the complexity of managing processes and the importance of their consistency for achieving the goals of the organization. The study concludes, that the main role of management is to achieve the goals of the company using a certain number of employees, management methods and controls, which are regulated by the management culture, which is an integral part of the organizational culture of the company.

In recent years, intensive research on urban transport has been observed. The search is about finding such solutions that will enable, among others: increasing the importance of public transport, matching transport for the needs of people with reduced mobility, increasing capacity, reducing emissions, energy efficiency (technical and organizational dimension through the organization of transport on demand), increasing the vulnerability to recycling and remanufacturing. The paper presents the main concept and technical solutions of the innovative transport system – HMASSUT Prometheus (Hybrid Modular Autonomous System for Sustainable Urban Transport), which combines the concepts of personal rapid transport and an electric vehicle at the L4 autonomy level (according to the Society of Automotive Engineers classification). An assessment of the effectiveness of an innovative transport system using indicators used in road engineering is given in the paper. The concept of simulation and optimization of the transport network is presented together with the theory of cellular automata.

The subject of the present paper is the perspective of blockchain technology application based on the experience of the Russian and foreign companies, financial institutions, and public authorities. The purpose of the article is to study trends, identify areas of application, and analyze the risks and benefits of blockchain technology application in corporate governance. The author used the methods of generalization, synthesis, comparative analysis of the approaches applied to determine the role played by blockchain in corporate governance, studied appropriate recent scientific publications, and also conducted the comparative analysis of the corporate governance goals and key characteristics of the above technology. The author has exhaustively analyzed the prospects of blockchain technology implementation in corporate governance taking into account the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, which forms the novelty of the present paper. The author proposes to follow the below recommendations pertaining to certain issues of implementing blockchain technology into entity’s operations: to include the issue of suitability of blockchain technology integration into the entity’s operations in the meeting of the Board of Directors’ agenda, develop and approve at the Board level in-house documents to regulate the technology application within the entity as well as the strategy of its using to be followed by its integration into the entity’s general business strategy, approve the entity’s risk-appetite to use the technology within the frameworks of the overall entity’s risk management strategy, analyze the impact it may cause on the entity’s activities at the Board level and also ensure improving the employees’ training and competencies with respect to using blockchain technology. The author concludes that nowadays blockchain technology will be most intensively used in areas where it is a more effective alternative to existing systems in their current state. The conclusions and results obtained may be used in the course of developing Russian corporate governance practice as well as in the analytical and practical work performed by the public authorities and the business community.

The article considers marketing technologies and tools used in the educational process of higher educational institutions. The paper emphasizes specifics and determines conditions of their application. The authors indicate new realities in which educational organizations find themselves and designate the need for changes in the conduct of educational activities. The study argues the expediency of using marketing technologies and tools in educational activities due to the active development of the market of educational services. The article defines the directions of activity of the educational organization of higher education where it is necessary to use marketing technologies and tools. The paper highlights a number of problems related to the introduction and use of marketing technologies and tools in the educational process of higher educational institutions. The authors formulate conclusions on the need for the use of marketing technologies and tools in higher education organizations.

The paper proposes an approach based on the use of mathematical methods for modeling the behavior of the designed web application and user behavior. This approach allows an evaluation of the usability of this application. The paper discusses the models of user interfaces (UI), which are used to assess the convenience of site navigation. The possibility of using two classes of UI models is shown – structural-logical (ontological) and probabilistic. Models of the first class are used to assess the degree of comprehensibility of the proposed UI navigation on the search web resource in the accepted terms. For this, mathematically defined measures of similarity between the elements of the UI and their relationships and the elements of a hypothetical (but plausible) model of the user’s perception of the search area in a given subject area are used. In particular, the paper substantiates the possibility of using Jaccard and Levenshtein lexicographic distance metrics as such measures of similarity. Probabilistic models are based on Markov chains. With the help of these models, in the presence of reliable statistical data collected during the trial operation of a web application or its prototype, it is proposed to estimate the average number of user steps required to solve a specific problem of finding information about a subject area object. The paper provides some recommendations on the use of similarity measures to improve the usability of the UI of web applications. In addition, data on the technique for estimating the probabilities of transitions of Markov chains and semantic connections are presented. To clarify the features of the UI analysis models proposed in the article, the website of the RTU MIREA Admission Committee (https://priem.mirea.ru) is provided with a fairly simple organization that provides a search for information about admission and training at the University. The application of the approach described in the paper, along with traditional methods of testing the usability of UI, will increase the overall level of usability of applications, and thereby reduce the cost of identifying and correcting related errors.

The article provides a brief overview of the emergence of the legal market of online cinemas in Russia. The paper reveals that the Governments of many countries have a national policy that is aimed at maintaining internal programming on traditional video platforms. Such policies range from licensing, which requires serving the “public interest” and defines rules for the distribution of certain types of content produced domestically, to requiring content distributors to contribute to the financing of the production of domestic content. The authors investigate that during the implementation of these rules, the Russian government decided on the allocation of limited resources. There was also regulation on whether platforms can solely decide what content to offer their users, or whether viewers should also participate directly. The study concludes that the transition from traditional platforms to online distribution can reduce the effectiveness of existing regulatory regimes and deprive traditional platforms of audience and revenue.The world and Russian experiences of using the Internet prove that today modern information and telecommunications technologies can contain real threats to the violation of fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens, as well as to question the security of society and the state. The only exceptions are progressive or innovative areas related to the provision of new services and the expansion of opportunities for socio-economic development.As a result of the study, the paper identified four problems of Russian film distribution on digital platforms. The authors chose piracy as the first problem of online cinemas. Pirate sites not only illegally copy content from online movie theaters, but they also create copies of their own services to transfer their servers to another platform in case of blocking. The second problem was highlighted by the requirement for foreign owners. The third problem was highlighted by the high cost of online movie theater subscriptions. The authors consider the fourth problem the lack of financial support from the state.