Search

The accumulation of proline in response to the adverse effects of heavy metals on plants has been studied. To elucidate the role of proline in the plant response to stress induced by heavy metal, the effect of this amino acid on the inhibition of nitrate reductase in vitro was studied. The ability of proline to protect NR from the action of zinc, copper, lead and cadmium was found. Other protective mechanisms of heavy metal-induced proline accumulation are also discussed. In addition to antioxidants, compounds called osmoprotectants also play a special role in relieving the negative effects of oxidative stress that occurs in plants. These include glycinbetaine, proline, and mannitol. Among them, the biological role of proline is most common among plants. The results of this study are related to the development of pre-sowing processing (priming) of grains of various varieties of spring wheat to increase its resistance to heavy metals, yield and seed quality. The study is aimed not only at increasing seed germination, growth and development of their seedlings under heavy metal exposure, but also at determining the amount of proline in sprouted seeds after priming. It was carried out under the above-mentioned conditions of different concentrations of priming and copper salt solution and studied how Proline levels change in wheat sprouts. The obtained results show for the first time that the relationship between antioxidants and osmoprotectants changes during oxidative stress caused by heavy metal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the work was a comparative study of the activity level and composition of β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and protease inhibitors in grains and seedlings of wheat, barley and oats. These proteins play an important physiological role and are also involved in plant defense against pathogens. Experiments on germination, isolation, and analysis of proteins were carried out under the same conditions, which contributed to an objective assessment of the defense potential of the studied cereals. Barley grains and seedlings were characterized by the highest activity and degree of heterogeneity at IEF β-1,3-glucanase, while oats were characterized by a relatively low level of the enzyme. Oat grains and seedlings had high chitinase activity. The activity and isozymic composition of POX varied greatly among the three cereals, both in dormant grains and in the organs of the seedling. Wheat grains had the highest content of protease inhibitors, whereas oats had the lowest content. The studied properties of the enzymes β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and serine protease inhibitors subtilisin and trypsin in norm as constitutive can be useful in studying their variability and induction of new isoforms under stressful conditions, including those induced by pathogens. These data can also be used to evaluate some quality characteristics of grain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For improve the quality of harvests, modern farms in many countries widely use fertilizers of mineral and natural origin. To mitigate the negative impact on the environment, they try to minimize the amount of mineral fertilizers applied to the soil by creating composite systems. In particular, powdered composite materials are known based on highly dispersed silica and microquantities of mineral fertilizers, which are applied to the surface of the seeds by dusting. The aim of this work was to develop a new generation of film stimulating coatings based on mixtures of hydrophobic AM-1-300 and hydrophilic A-300 silicas, mineral fertilizers and bioactive components. Mixtures of hydrophilic and hydrophobic silicas in the ratio 1:1 and 1:2 were used to obtain a pasty composite with the given stimulating properties; colloidal starch solution; medium salts of mineral acids, bioactive components “Humifriend” and fungicide “Fital”. Such composite systems were applied directly to the surface of sowing material, grains of wheat variety “Natalka” before sowing in sand and on filter paper, according to DSTU 4138-2002. During the study, the following parameters were measured: seed germination energy, germination and morphological characteristics of wheat germs, which consisted in measuring the length of the root and stem. It is shown that when editing certain amounts of bioactive components to the composition of stimulating pasty composites, it is possible to program the properties of future films and powders: to increase morphological characteristics, uniformity of germination and fungicidal characteristics of composites. It has been found that the presence of mineral fertilizers in pasty composites of silicas mixtures 1:1 and 1:2 has a positive effect on the uniform germination of wheat seeds in the sand and on the filter paper. Instead, the presence in the pastes of the active ingredients “Fital” and “Humifriend”, regardless of the environment where the seeds germinated, there is a significant slowdown in the growth of wheat germ in both environments. It has been found that an excess of hydrophilic silica in the pasty composite leads to the development on the surface of the grains of mycosis lesions, regardless of the germination environment. Therefore, stimulant pastes based on 1:2 silica mixtures must contain fungicides of mineral or biological origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current interest to Pantoea agglomerans is due to its biodiversity and beneficial properties of metabolites and, on the other hand - exist need to investigate its harmfulness. Purpose. Investigation of Triticum aestivum L. and Secale cereale L. cereal crops plants infection with P. agglomerans strains on photochemical and enzymatic activity of these crops photosynthetic apparatus. Methods. Bacteria cultivation and suspension preparation were carried out using conventional methods, artificial plant inoculation with obtained suspensions was performed by injection to the culm of rye and wheat in the booting stage. Photochemical activity of leaves was determined using chlorophyll fluorescence induction method. The activity of antioxidant enzymes was determined by the rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide: catalase - permanganatometrically, and peroxidase - by reaction with benzidine and further photometry. MS Excel was used for statistical analysis. Results. Data of effects of Triticum aestivum L. and Secale cereale L. plant inoculation with P. agglomerans pathogenic strains isolated from S. cereale L. seeds on the antioxidant enzymes activity of leaf tissue and photochemical activity of photosynthetic apparatus are generalized. The most significant changes in the activity of antioxidant enzymes of rye leaves was revealed under the conditions of artificial infection of P. agglomerans 7460, compared with intact plants of S. cereale L.: peroxidase activity increased almost twice, and catalase - by 32.6%, which may be due to hypersensitivity reaction activation. An increase of peroxidase activity by 50.4% and decrease of catalase activity by 48.4% compared to intact plants was detected in leaves tissue after T. aestivum L. plants inoculation with P. agglomerans 7604 isolated from S. cereale L. seeds. It was shown that S. cereale L. and T. aestivum L. plants inoculation with P. agglomerans 7460 phytopathogenic bacteria from S. cereale L. seeds led to a more significant inhibition of photosystem II (PSII) quantum efficiency and T. aestivum L leaves assimilation activity than S. cereale L., which indicates a greater adaptive potential of this pathogen. Conclusions. It was found that inoculation of S. cereale L. plants with P. agglomerans 7460 that may cause pathological process in this plants species, led to a significant increase in the activity of plant oxidoreductases in leaves tissues - catalase and peroxidase. Different effect of non-specific for T. aestivum L. P. agglomerans strains inoculation on the activity of leaf tissue oxidoreductases compared with intact plants was detected: P. agglomerans 7604 infection decreased the activity of both researched oxidoreductases, and P. agglomerans 7460 inoculation decreased catalase at increased peroxidase activity, which may be due to the difference in the chemical structure of this strains exometabolites. After P. agglomerans 7604 inoculation, the slow phase of photosynthesis was limited, and, therefore, the carbon assimilation rate of T. aestivum L. after P. agglomerans 7460 inoculation showed more significant inhibition of leaves photochemical activity. A decrease in both the quantum efficiency of PSII and the activity of carbon assimilation was observed, which may indicate greater adaptability of the second strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the biogenic zinc the complexes with amino acids have been synthesized and the impact of them on seed germination and chlorophyll content in wheat seedlings was studied. The positive effect of complex of zinc sulfate with cysteine on the germination and chlorophyll content has been revealed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The action of hybrid complementary genes of Dwarf I on the functioning of root system of plant, intensity of photosynthesis and on catalase and chlorophills activity was investigated. The comprehensive manifestation of hibrid complementary dominant genes interaction was revealed during the ontogenetic developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of herbicide «Lintur 70 WG» and regulator of plants growth «Emistim C» (which were applied separately and together) on the anatomic structure of spring wheat leaves was studied. It is defined that the highest modifications in the structure of epidermis take place in presence of «Lintur 70 WG» (120 g/ha) jointly with «Emistim C» (10 ml/ha): the quantity of stomata and the area of epidermal cells increase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is shown that calendula extract separately and in complex of chamomile and yarrow extracts show a positive effect on growth and development of wheat seedlings irradiated by gamma radiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The periodization of wheat embryogenesis on the base of anatomy-morphological and temporal criterions has been proposed. The stages of non-differentiated embryo, embryo differentiation and differentiated embryo were described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]