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The article introduces attraction marketing methods employed by Russian monthly popular science magazine Diletant. The authors compared the printed version and the website. The paper magazine attracts the reader mainly by the topic name printed on its cover as a unique creolized text. The further semantics of the front media text includes various aspects of the main topic. Color highlights both topical issue and regular features. The comparative analysis with the online version revealed some significant differences. The website has a muted color scheme and minimal animation; it contains neither video nor audio materials. Like in the printed version, the function of attraction belongs mainly to illustrations and subtitles. Online Diletant is interactive in navigation, tests, and surveys, which are, however, the only form of interactivity: the site does not provide comments, forums, “likes”, etc. Such limited use of attention-seeking tools makes the digital version of Diletant uncompetitive and inferior to its paper issue.

The article presents an overview of research literature on the etiquettical conventional speech genre “wish” in Russian and foreign linguistics. The author compares definitions of the lexeme “wish” in various lexicographic sources, considers researchers’ approaches to determining the status of a wish and identifies some debatable problems of studying the genre. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of wishes within the theory of speech acts and the theory of speech genres. The article also compares researchers’ viewpoints on the debatable problems concerning pious wishes and evil wishes, as well as gives an overview of the works concerning grammatical and syntactic means of making wishes and typical models of the genre. The article provides the analysis of works with the existing classifications of wishes based on their structure and on being etiquettical/non-etiquettical, stereotypical/non-stereotypical, etc., as well as the analysis of works based on ideas about the field structure of the genre, where the core consists of clichéd wishes, and the periphery – of non-standard statements, or (according to another theory) explicit statements and imperative/modified wishes, respectively. The research points out the importance of investigating extralinguistic factors (gender, age, status-role relations of communicants) in the study of wishes. The paper reviews articles which deal with the comparison and collation analysis of wishes in different languages (Russian, English, German, Chinese, etc.). The conclusion outlines some directions for the further study of this genre in various areas and situations of communication.

The article considers the translations of W. Thackeray’s parody Yellowplush Papers published in the journal Biblioteka dlya Chtenia (The Reader’s Library) in 1854 and 1860 as an example of intertextual interaction between the original and the translated texts. The parody was written in the genre of silver-fork novel, which was rather popular in the English literature of the 1820s and 1830s.The genre was of interest for both Russian writers and translators at different stages of literary development (secular novellas of the 1820s and 1830s, translations of certain Western fashionable novels of the 1850s and 1860s and the Russian fashionable novel of the 1870–1880s). Thus, the translations of Thackeray’s parody under analysis can be treated as a certain stage of development of the given genre in the Russian culture. The analysis of some fragments has revealed the attempts of the Russian translators, on the one hand, to render the artistic peculiarities of Thackeray’s parody to Russian readers, including its intertextuality, which was achieved in different ways (by using colloquialisms, translating the author’s references to foreign culture realities, rendering the author’s irony, and using techniques similar to the original ones). On the other hand, the translators’ desire to ‘incorporate’ the text into Russian literature is quite obvious for them. They try to make the text understandable for the Russian readers, which is evident due to numerous allusions to the texts of the Russian culture, reduction of specific fragments, inclusion of translator’s remarks, and interpretation of the parody finale. The translators targeted both the existing parody samples of Russian literature and the unique specificity of the original. Evidently, these translation techniques met the readers’ expectations and corresponded to the requirements of the Russian translation culture. Thus, the question asked in the title is impossible to be answered unambiguously. The elements of parody are closely connected with both the cultural traditions of the source language and with the references to fashionable novel which was accepted by the popular literature and was not developed in the Russian culture of the 19th century. So the works of this genre, to say nothing of its parodies, could not be rendered without losses into a target language.

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

The specific traits of the methodology of theology as well as the peculiarities of its scientific knowledge inevitably influence the extralinguistic and intralinguistic features of theological scientific works, which is especially reflected in the lexical layer. Tis paper deals with the analysis of the vocabulary of popular scientific theological works of eminent authors in the Serbian language in relation to academic papers as basic representatives of the scientific style of theology. The results obtained by statistical analysis of the vocabulary of the works of the two mentioned substyles enabled their contrastive analysis. In addition, atypical elements were pointed out – the expressive and emotional markers and stylistic figures of popular science theological works.

SYSTEMATIC BIBLIOGRAPHY OF PAPERS ON PUBLISHED DIALECT MATERIAL

Article is devoted to the modern Russian dystopia, development trends which suggest that novel R. Bradbury, first published in the USSR in 1956, played an important role in the formation of the genre.

In discussion at the round table " What has shown the uniform state exam in literature" took part N.L. Leiderman, M.A. Litvinova, N.P. Khryascheva, N.V. Barcovskaya and A.V. Tagiltsev, O.U. Baghdasaryan, T.A. Dolinina. The participants of the round table were made of different positions on the following issues: the democratization of education and social inequality, the objectivity of the assessment of the examination papers, the compatibility of the USE with the problem of developmental education, the problem of the identification of the philological gifted and standardization of the answers to the exam. In the speeches of the participants of the discussion particularly acute sounds thought about the possibility of USE only as one of the forms of the school certification and the full its unsuitability for the selection of applicants on the humanities specialty in higher education institutions.

The purpose of this article is to find approaches to understanding of Anna Akhmatova’s poetry in the eleventh grade classroom. The author presents written and oral assignments that can lead students to an understanding of the lyrics through independent reading comprehension. Each assignment creates a problem situation at the lesson. Acquisition of new material in such an approach is creative, that is, it takes place via looking for new information in a problem situation. The group of students in this case serves as a “collective researcher” (L. S. Aizerman), and the answer is sought throughout the whole lesson. Such assignments create an unexpected situation in which readymade typical answers do not work, the same as searches on the Internet. The assignments were used by the author at literature lessons in non-profile and in social-humanities classrooms. The article analyzes extracts from written works and essays of eleventh grade and the author explains his approach to their evaluation. The logic of classes on the poet’s lyrics (love and civil poetry), which end with a discussion of the poem “Requiem”, is described in detail. While reading of the poem “Clasped hands under a dark veil ...” in class, the teacher dwells on the psychological plot in detail, which allows the students to see not only the complexity of the psychological plot but also some continuity of Ahmatova’s and Tyutchev’s lyrics. The article also describes several tasks on the poem “When in the yearning of suicide ...” related to different editions and cultural-historical context; suggests various suitable ways of comparing the poem “Dante” and “Lot’s Wife” in a secondary school literature classroom, formulates a topic for an option class on Akhmatova’s poetry, and describes fragment of the lesson on the poem “Requiem”.

The article considers the prospects of adaptation of academic discourse to the needs of Russian tertiary students of the Humanities with the view of developing academic literacy in native language. The authors made an attempt to extrapolate the techniques of academic writing, i.e., note-taking, thesis-writing, paraphrasing, paragraphing, hedging, proof-reading etc. to Russian language research papers and to integrate them with the students’ major. The course implies acquiring research and professional competences as well as readiness to construct one’s own knowledge in mother tongue.

Picture books as multimodal narratives contain rich data for analysis of multimodal meaning-making. Verbal and visual modes offer various choices for representing different interpersonal relations. In this paper, I focus on the following research question: how visual and verbal resources are used to construct interactive meanings between the reader and characters and between the characters of picture books. In my analysis, I follow Halliday’s social semiotic approach to language within systemic-functional linguistics, according to which every semiotic system operates at three levels corresponding to ideational, interpersonal and textual metafunctions. I focus on the interpersonal level, using methodology and typologies from Kress and van Leeuwen’s (2006) visual grammar, further developed by Painter, Martin, and Unsworth (2012) for the analysis of picture books. Visual resources used for representing interpersonal relations are connected with the categories of contact, social distance, attitude, pathos, affect, ambience, and graduation. Verbal means of realizing interpersonal relations include, among others, mood structures and attitudinal lexis. Martin and White’s (2005) appraisal theory is applied to classify appraisal resources according to three systems: attitude, engagement and graduation. I have analysed interpersonal text-image relationship in two picture books: The Paper Bag Princess by Munsch (2005) and Snow White in New York by French (1989). The analysis of visual resources at the interpersonal level has demonstrated a predominance of long shots, direct eye contact with a reader is rare with the exception of several close-ups. Front-on images situate characters in an equal position with readers, creating a sense of involvement. Overall, the interactions between the visual and verbal components create a synergetic effect in representing interpersonal relations in picture books.

The article is devoted to the review of a series of workbooks "Literature" for 9-11 classes (S. M. Ivanova).

This paper examines the defining characteristics of contemporary American political discourse, aiming to identify, analyze, and classify these traits in terms of content, structure, and formative features. The analysis draws upon a corpus of speeches by American politicians during the 2016 and 2020 Presidential Elections, as well as journalistic articles, to illustrate the distinctive elements of American political discourse. Understanding a nation’s political discourse necessitates examining the idiosyncrasies of its political culture. Therefore, this study foregrounds the cultural underpinnings of modern American politics, exploring the interrelationships between American political discourse and the nation’s political history and culture. Employing discourse analysis, linguacultural analysis, and comparative analysis, the paper delineates the characteristics of modern American politics, including societal heterogeneity, the imperative of political correctness, a pronounced degree of religiosity, an individualistic political culture, and the dramatized nature of political contention. These cultural traits manifest in four salient features of contemporary American political discourse: a syntactic orientation in speech production, the employment of nicknames and sobriquets, the fluidity of political concepts, and the contentious exchanges between the two predominant parties, which engender linguistic divergences. While some features may be present in other national discourses, the unique combination and intensity in the American context accentuate their presence. This paper contributes to political discourse studies by examining political discourse through a linguacultural lens, thereby enhancing understanding of American society and its worldview. It underscores the pivotal cultural attributes of American politics, correlates them with political discourse, and presents concrete examples from speeches of current American politicians and contemporary media, laying the groundwork for future research into American political discourse from a linguacultural standpoint.

The present study focuses on irony in political communication and ways of expressing it, since in modern political discourse irony is becoming an indispensable characteristic. The ideas are verified on the material of English and American politicians’ speeches. The paper argues that the ironic type of communicative behaviour is realized through an ironic image, a certain temporary role, in compliance with which the speaker builds up his/her remarks. The ironic image functions as an element of the strategy of theatricality, which is typical of political discourse and is aimed at an indirect addressee – the public. Such images rely on the “friend–foe” opposition (also known as: “us vs. them”), which divides the world into those who support “us” and those who oppose “us”. The latter becomes the object of political irony, which is implemented in discourse through various ironic discourse tactics, such as destructiveness, eccentricity, harmonization of communication and others. These tactics are closely connected with the national style of communication and reflect the communicative values of Anglo-Saxon culture: privacy, individualism, common sense, competitiveness, politeness, etc. The hypothesis, stated and verified in the paper, regards ironic images, which in this study are divided into two kinds: those connected with the genre (situational images) and those regulated by the context and the format of speech (emotional images); the latter reflect the mood and feelings at the given moment. The results of the analysis may help to reveal the real politicians’ intentions and preferences and pose challenges for further investigation of political discourse regarding irony and ironic images.

In the first quarter of the XXI century, world-modeling has been actively discussed in the theory of literature, text studies and discourse studies. The concept of world-modeling in linguistics significantly differs from that in literary studies, which determines the relevance of this research. The paper aims to review the publications by Russian scholars that raise the problems of world-modeling in communication, to highlight the dominant tendencies of research within the framework of the cognitive-discursive paradigm and to discuss their theoretical potential. The sample consists of 334 publications retrieved from eLibrary database. The paper argues that due to the influence of the dominant paradigm in linguistics, an independent cognitive and discursive trend of world-modeling research is being developed in Russia, and is becoming more specific, which leads to the emergence of discrete areas of research that accumulate their own system of concepts. The paper discusses the research potential of lingua-cognitive, conceptual, functional, axiological, semantic, stylistic, lingua-ideological, cognitive and pragmatic trends. The author argues that the logic of the development of discrete trends is determined by the inter-paradigm interaction, thanks to which knowledge about the representation of the world in communication is built on general paradigmatic principles as well as the achievements of particular disciplines. The paper concludes by drawing attention to the lingua-cultural, socio-semiotic, lingua-personological and psycholinguistic research traends observed in some recent publications. The interdisciplinary nature of modern linguistics makes it possible to combine several perspectives of the world-modeling analysis. The results of the study can contribute to the further development of the cognitive and discursive world-modeling theory in linguistics and social studies.

The relevance of the study of lexical transformations in the process of translation is associated with the need to ensure communication between the author and recipients in terms of recreating the lexical, structural and stylistic richness of the original in the translated text. Since today far from all the methods and mechanisms for eliminating language inaccuracies have been studied, this direction occupies an important role in the translation science branch of knowledge. The purpose of the study is to examine the role and functions of differentiation of meanings in the process of literary translation from Russian into Turkish by analysing the lexico-semantic means used in the context of literary works. This paper uses the methods of contextual, lexico-semantic, comparative, linguoculturological and analytical-synthetic analysis are used in the paper. This study is aimed at studying lexical transformations in the translated text, mechanisms for transferring the semantic subtleties of the source with minimization of lexical losses and combining techniques to obtain a translated text that is as accessible to the readership as possible. The work is focused on contextual and lexico-semantic analysis, search, and comparison of lexical variants and structural patterns in the original and translation. Attention was drawn to the mechanisms of differentiation and generalization of meanings, as well as the semantic unfolding of events. When analysing lexico-semantic and syntactic constructions, as well as phraseological phrases, the topic of national linguistic features and cultural specifics, which play an important role in the translation of literary texts, was touched upon. In the future, this work can be used in the field of translation studies, cultural linguistics, automatic text processing, the creation of lexicographic thesauri, and the study of semantic patterns and equivalents. The study examined the nuances of word usage in translations from Russian to Turkish, underscoring the inevitability of lexical transformations. Strategies primarily involved expanding, narrowing, and clarifying the source text’s semantics. Russian-Turkish translations also frequently employed semantic deployment and structural element transformations to elucidate intricate meanings. Stable, often phraseological turns were highlighted, emphasizing their non-equivalent nature. Such techniques reconstruct the original’s cultural essence and authorial style. While there exist discrepancies between the Russian and Turkish contexts, lexical transformations often simplify complex structures for clarity in Turkish. Idiomatic expressions in Turkish involve detailing meanings or unfolding specific events descriptively. The study demonstrated the interplay between the original and its translation, revealing strategies and issues within linguistics and translation studies.

The suffix -i has been regarded as a gender-neutral morpheme that communicates affection in Spanish. Previous studies have shown this diminutive morpheme to be more productive in relation to female hypocorisms. There are, however, many Spanish proper names for which there exist pairs of alternative hypocorisms (e.g. Antonia > Toña/Toñi; Antonio > Toño/Toni). This paper compares the potentiality of the suffix -i to build hypocorisms for both genders with its actual use by Spanish speakers over a four-generation time spam from Baby Boomers to Generation Z. It explores the connections between its sound symbolism and its pragmatics in order to assess its alleged gender neutrality over time. The paper is organized as follows. First, the author considers previous literature on sound symbolism and gender, together with a description of the theoretical tools used in the present investigation. Second, the paper describes the methodological decisions adopted for the present research, which include the design of a survey to assess the gender neutrality of the actual use of the hypocorisms by Spanish speakers. The cohort of informants includes 30 men and 30 women from different generations (50% Baby Boomers / Generation X and 50% Millennials / Generation Z). Finally, the author reports and discusses the results of the survey. These point to a preference for hypocorisms in -i for female names. Differences also arise in the use of hypocorisms in -i in relation to the gender and age of the speakers, signalling an incipient diversion from the traditional use of hypocorisms in -i for female names in previous generations.

This paper analyses the use of the wishing genre among Russian young people. One of the features of youth speech is a shift from stereotypes, searching for new creative ways of expressing various intentions, such as evaluation, compliment, congratulation and wishing. The purpose of the study is to analyze the texts of wishes from the point of manifesting the linguistic creativity of the addressers; to identify the means and ways of destroying stereotypes. The research material is youth wishes, predominantly students’ wishes (more than 700 text fragments). The analysis of the content of the wishing texts enabled the author to classify all wishes into stereotypical, individual and combined. Empirical material shows that in the communication of friends most wishes refer to individual ones (64%), whereas combined and stereotypical wishes make up 25% and 11%, respectively. The analysis of the texts of wishes identified the ways and means of demonstrating the linguistic creativity of the addressee. These ways and means include the tactics of compliment, appeal, advice, switching the addressee to a humorous tone and some other tactics that are not discussed in this paper. All of them allow to make wishes less stereotypical. The material showed that addressers in wishes aim to supplement the universal components of the wishes with individualized elements, including in the text the utilitarian details of the addressee’s life. Most often, wishes contain references to the addressee’s profession or hobbies. Linguistic creativity of the addressers is manifested at all linguistic levels. First of all, addressees actively use tropes, such as epithets, metaphors, and comparisons. Addressers look for unusual objects for comparison in the linguistic repertoires; they often use hyperbolization. At the level of word-formation, we observe the use of affixes with an augmentative meaning, diminutives (predominantly in wishes to female addressees); speech innovations and occasional word formation. In wishes of young people, a shift from stereotypes reflects in reduplicating letters and symbols, changing letter case, breaking words into syllables and placing a hyphen between syllables; using a wide range of emojis and stickers; playing with colorful highlighting. Precedent texts play an important role in moving away from stereotypes. The author concludes that all the considered methods and means of linguistic creativity that are regularly used by authors when creating wishes make it possible to enhance the expressiveness and impact degree of the texts. They function to avoid stereotypes, achieve a perlocutionary effect, and contribute to the self-presentation of the addresser.

This paper aims to highlight the prevalent challenges faced by Hong Kong Chinese students in utilizing connectives and ensuring coherence in their English academic writing. Research indicates that constructing fluent, effective, and cohesive English written texts that maintain logical flow poses a significant challenge for Chinese learners studying English as a foreign language (EFL). This difficulty is likely attributed to the substantial cultural differences between the English and Chinese languages, regardless of the learners’ grasp of English grammar and vocabulary usage. In order to raise awareness among EFL teachers regarding the struggles Chinese students encounter in mastering connectives and cohesion in English writing, this qualitative study analyses five sample English term papers written by Hong Kong university students majoring in English in 2023. The findings reveal that the Hong Kong EFL participants tend to present their arguments in an indirect and circular manner within their English essay assignments. Additionally, due to cultural norms and politeness, the true intent of their writing is often withheld, and the thesis statement is implicitly inferred towards the end of the essay rather than being explicitly stated at the beginning in the introduction. Furthermore, a focus group interview with the student participants conducted after the written analysis demonstrated that their English academic essays reflect the influence of Chinese social interaction norms on rhetorical patterns. The relevance of this study lies in its potential to inform EFL instruction, enabling educators to better support Hong Kong Chinese students in navigating the complexities of English academic writing and to adapt pedagogical approaches that bridge cultural and linguistic gaps.

In this paper, the problems with the reconstruction of an affricate phoneme *Ä and its reflexes in Hungarian are discussed. Proto-Ugric *Ä is often reconstructed, but its alleged reflexes in Hungarian show unexplained variation (s, z, cs), and many of the etymologies involve other phonological irregularities. It is troubling that although in some cases Hungarian shows s and Khanty and Mansi *Ä, often the reflexes of the affricate show discrepancy, with part of the languages showing regular reflexes of Proto-Uralic *Å. In this paper, the Ugric etymologies suggested in earlier etymological sources are analyzed and new solutions to the problem of Proto-Ugric *Ä and its reflexes in Hungarian are suggested. The problems is also related to the study of the reflexes of Proto-Uralic *Ä in Hungarian.

Metaphor has been established and extensively examined as one of the tools experts deploy to explain, simplify and transform complex scientific discourse into the knowledge suitable for the audience of non-experts. However, relatively little research has been conducted on metaphor scenario (Musolff 2006, 2016a) and its role in this process. Therefore, in this paper we explore how metaphor scenario is used to explain Covid-19 vaccines’ safety and effectiveness to the population in an understandable manner in order to speed up the immunization process in Serbia. By analysing a data set gathered from various Serbian electronic news media sources ( NovaS , N1 , Danas , Vreme , Večernje novosti , Mondo , Politika , Telegraf , Krug ) published from January to December 2021, we aim to explore (1) how the three metaphor scenarios, combat, container and movement, may help simplify complex scientific concepts in the pro-vaccine discourse; and (2) how the conceptual elements of these scenarios and their interconnected relations are used for this purpose. The findings showed that these conventional scenarios manifest their explanatory potential by means of several sub-scenarios, whose conceptual elements establish useful mappings relying on rarely used components of source domains. The results confirm that metaphor scenarios may be used strategically by medical experts as an apt explanatory tool to simplify challengingly complex scientific concepts to the general public. The paper contributes to current research on the role that metaphor and other cognitive instruments play in science popularization.

As the geopolitical situation changes, it is necessary to discuss how politics is structured by metaphor in the context of recent social phenomena, such as the European migrant crisis. This paper analyses the conceptual metaphors politics as war, politics as a game, politics as a trade, and politics as a theater in British and Bosnian-Herzegovinian newspapers. The goal of this study is to establish to what extent and in which situations journalists resort to figurative language to persuade the recipients to view politics in a desired way. The paper aims to reflect on the use of deliberate metaphor as a perspective-changing device by journalists striving to achieve their rhetorical goals and influence recipients’ perception of the political situation. The corpus comprises 174 British and 307 Bosnian-Herzegovinian articles collected from August 2015 to March 2016 (247,912 words). Relying on Steen et al.’s (2010) model of metaphor analysis, the paper investigates the types of metaphor in the corpus, the deliberate use of politics metaphors and their communicative function in migration discourse - discussing both the rhetorical goals of journalists and the rhetorical effects on recipients. It has been established that the analyzed set of metaphors has a divertive and persuasive function in migration discourse. Similar studies are encouraged to shed light on how deliberate metaphors related to politics may have diverging communicative functions in other types of discourse.

Cognitive linguistic investigations into the metaphorical conceptualization of anger suggest that languages are remarkably similar on a schematic level, with intensity and control as two, possibly universal dimensions underlying the metaphorical conceptualization of anger. These dimensions, however, can manifest themselves in language-specific metaphors. Yet arriving at a definitive answer to the question of universality versus variation is hindered by (a) a relatively limited number of systematic, contrastive analyses; and (b) varied methodologies, with some papers adopting a type-based account, while others following a token-based analysis. We take up both challenges in the present paper with the aim of offering a more definitive answer to the question of the universality and variation of anger metaphors. We investigate the anger metaphors of a type-based analysis, focusing on dictionary data of anger-related idioms, and a token-based analysis, focusing on data collected from online corpora, in three languages: (American) English (2,000 random instances of the lemma anger from the Corpus of Contemporary American English), Hungarian (1,000 instances of the lemma düh from the Hungarian National Corpus) and Russian (1,000 instances of the lemma gnev from the Russian National Corpus). The lexical data were analyzed with the well-established Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP). Our results indicate that there is a great deal of congruence relative to shared metaphors in both approaches, but this derives from specific-level metaphors in the lexical approach, whereas it derives from more schematic, generic-level metaphors in the corpus-based approach. The study shows that the full picture of the metaphorical conceptualization of a complex emotion concept such as anger can only emerge with the combination of the type- and token-based approach.

Most papers written on polysemy focus on sense overlaps and lexical ambiguity, yet studies that explore the possibility of establishing a polysemic complex and explaining how the new interpretations arise through metaphor are almost non-existent in Arabic. This paper aims to explore how metaphor serves to create new concepts as part of polysemic complexes through adopting Dynamic Conceptual Semantics. The target words are bidʒannin [make mad][1] in Jordanian Arabic (JA) and mad in American English (AE). An online questionnaire containing 15 items was sent to forty participants (20 JA speakers and 20 AE speakers) where they were asked to provide the interpretations of the words bidʒannin and mad in contextualized sentences. The AE contextualized instances of mad were collected from Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) which generated 5,168 tokens of mad (in the years 2015/2019). The questionnaire results were discussed in a semi-structured focus-group discussion involving 10 participants. We have demonstrated that when an expression is deemed suitable for all situations categorized under both the primary perspective of madness and a related perspective involving exaggerated descriptions of entities, a concept (P) emerges that bears similarity or relevance to the polysemic complex ( bidʒannin\mad ) to which the expression belongs. In such cases, we can consider the related perspective (P') as a member of the polysemic complex ( bidʒannin\mad ). Thus, this study explains how the same metaphor can lead to a complex of multiple meanings in two different languages that are not necessarily related to each other.

The paper examines the linguistic and communication changes taking place in poetic dis­course under the influence of new media. The digital interface (blogs, social networks, applica­tions) affects the transformation of all the parameters of communication, due to the dominance of information channels and codes. The interaction of poetic language with colloquial speech and the influence of digital technologies lead to the creation of new strategies of subjectivation and addressing in contemporary poetry, as well as to an increase in the role of poetic pragmat­ics. In addition, the process of meaning formation in contemporary poetry involves the mech­anism of transcoding, i. e. the transfer of a message from one format to another, which can take place during the conversion from a paper (or analogue) format to a digital one. Transcoding involves a change in the form and content of the message, as well as other communication parameters. The paper classifies and explores in detail the pragmatic parameters that undergo transcoding under the influence of digital technologies, acting as new pragmatic techniques of poetic utterance.

The paper presents the first results of the field research carried out in June 2023 in the Khorol and Chernigov districts of Primorsky Krai of Russia among the descendants of immigrants from Ukrainian and Belarusian lands. The purpose of the expedition survey was to record the speech of dialect speakers of the Ukrainian and Belarusian languages, to study the functioning of dialects in contact with closely related Russian language, to identify the preservation of traditional folk culture. The main problem during field research was related to the difficulties of informants when trying to record spontaneous dialect speech. Relics of Belarusian dialects were not found in this expedition. The utterances in Ukrainian were recorded in cases of quoting speech of older relatives, in memories about childhood and in folklore. The paper presents some transcribed texts, reveals phonetic and morphological features, analyzes individual lexical units. Narratives on the following topics are presented: the linguistic situation among migrants at the micro and macro levels, metalanguage observations, stories about local place names and ethnic nicknames. In addition to audio recordings, a written source is analyzed, the history of the formation of the Khorol village, written in Russian with Ukrainian dialect items. This text reveals all the linguistic features noted in the oral speech of the informants. Moreover, it contains valuable information about the daily activities of the first settlers, about their holidays, customs, contacts with neighbors of different ethnicity. In the future, it is planned to work on transcribing the entire corpus of recorded texts for their publication and analysis, as well as to publish a written history of the village of Khorol.

In the current climate ecolinguistic research has arguably never been more important, as its basic premises regard the survival of life on Earth and key philosophical questions hitherto under-acknowledged by mainstream science. In recent decades, environmental thinking has made great advances in shaping current opinions towards nature and the non-human world. The goal of this paper is to explore certain currents of mediated thinking in modern Britain regarding nature, in order to assess how far expressions of sorrow for the felling of a prominent tree might correspond to a genuine ecological sentiment. The study explores public responses to an apparent case of eco-vandalism, the felling of the Sycamore Gap tree in September 2023 in Northumberland, using data taken from social media and other online sources such as e-newspapers. From the point of view of Ecolinguistic theory and that of Positive Discourse Analysis it applies critical lenses such as Evaluation and Discourse Pragmatics to dig beneath the surface of texts produced on the topic, in order to explore diverse current attitudes to trees in the UK. The paper finds that, though there are instances in which people appear to express grief for the loss of the Sycamore Gap tree, it is possible to account for these in ways that lessen the likelihood that they are motivated by purely ecological sentiment. In practice human attitudes towards trees tend to be superficial and instrumental, and this tendency is also found here. The Sycamore Gap event brings many latent social attitudes into play, and this paper thus contributes to the developing field of Ecolinguistics by focusing on tree-centred narratives, distinguishing between inherent ideologies of pseudo- and authentic environmental sensitivity.

The article traces the changes in the aesthetic conventions of Modern art in accordance with the dynamics of literary development in Great Britain. The study focuses on three key areas: the impact of “the ancients and moderns” quarrel on European philosophical and literary thought; the nuances of critical and literary discourse in Enlightenment-era Great Britain; and the reception of the Enlightenment aesthetic values and novelties in Victorian criticism, linking them to the emergence of twentieth-century modernism. The subject involves the evolution of Enlightenment aesthetics and poetics in Great Britain, particularly the departure from classical art and literature models, and the emergence of concepts like imagination, novelty, and the reader’s subjective experience of art. Seminal literary-critical essays of the eighteenth century, including works by Joseph Addison, Henry Home, Richard Hurd, and Leslie Stephen’s monograph ‘History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century”, are analyzed. The paper also examines philosophical texts by Michel de Montaigne, Francis Bacon, René Descartes, and Marquis de Condorcet to understand the oscillatory nature of philosophical thought before and during the Age of Enlightenment. The study contextualizes “the ancients and moderns” debate on models for literary excellence and accentuates its role in shaping the discourse of aesthetics and artistic creativity. Contributions by Enlightenment figures such as Addison, Home, and Hurd are explored, emphasizing how they reshaped the discourse of aesthetics by redefining the nature of beauty, the sublime, and the principles of artistic criticism, thereby influencing the literary and artistic productions of their time and beyond. Particular attention is paid to the critical views of Stephen who wrote about the “fluctuating mode” of the literature of the second half of the eighteenth century, illustrating his peculiar subjectivism as an exponent of the Victorian worldview (Stephen saw Sterne’s novels as a serious moral threat), and simultaneously reflecting the normative aesthetic views of the second half of the nineteenth century. The paper also demonstrates how the antinomianism in aesthetic thinking, which challenged traditional norms and values as seen in “the ancients and moderns” quarrel, was further evolved in the works of Friedrich Schiller and Friedrich Schlegel, the latter articulating the antinomy of “classic versus romantic”. This tradition of antinomian thinking, coupled with the rejection of the idea of linear progression in cultural evolution, a call for a reassessment of values amidst a paradigm shift in culture and the breakdown of traditional ethic and aesthetic systems, finds a notable and unique expression in Friedrich Nietzsche’s works, that significantly influenced the transition from Modernity to Postmodernity. In summary, it is argued that the Modern Age was the time of the emergence of a new aesthetic sensibility, and its aesthetic pluralism and anti-classical literary ideas were pivotal in redefining concepts of progress, novelty, and human consciousness in art and literature. This laid the groundwork for modernist art and literature, characterized by a departure from tradition and a quest for new artistic expressions of human experience.

The paper aims to clarify the biblical image-symbols in Frank Peretti’s mystical thrillers. The problem of the detailed analysis of the lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols and their pragmatic value is solved in the article by applying a complex of methods of linguistic poetics, cognitive linguistics, stylistics and methodological tools of discourse analysis. The paper considers the biblical images-symbols, used in American mystical thrillers written by the protestant author Frank Peretti, as biblical intertexts depicting not only biblical knowledge but also author’s intentions and beliefs in conveying the most profound ideas and principles of the literary texts. Executed in the written works by lexical means, biblical image-symbols become the heart of biblically-marked contexts, which are differentiated according to their addressee orientation into author`s and character`s biblically-marked contexts and their scope – into propositional, composite, and complex biblically-marked contexts. The lingual representation of the biblical image-symbols is differentiated according to their structure into one-component (anthroponyms, toponyms, artifact, animalistic, anthropomorphic) and multicomponent, (two-component, three-component and four-component). The type of semantic transposition in the meaning of the lingual representation and pragmatic value of the biblical image-symbols determined the distinguishing of metaphoric and metonymic linguistic classification of the biblical image-symbols. Metaphoric are classified according to their structure (onecomponent and multi-component), their stylistic characteristics (language and speech metaphoric linguistic representants of the biblical image-symbols), and their denotative meaning (anthropomorphic, naturalmorphic, zoomorphic, and phytomorphic). Metonymic are differentiated according to the kinds of the metonymic transference of meaning into four groups: metonymy of belonging, metonymy of place, metonymy of signs, and metonymy of phenomenon.

In the paper, on the basis of a multimodal critical discourse analysis of political posters and social media posts, the authors outline the complex interplay of multimodal means serving to convey a political leader’s charisma. The paper aims to advance a set of historically conventionalized features typical of the charismatic personality (such as intelligence, self-confidence, persistence, ability to inspire, sociability, dominance, narcissism, and vision), present the updated definition of this notion, and substantiate theoretical and methodological grounds for the study of the interplay of multimodal means portraying a charismatic political leader that assist in conveying a political speaker’s charisma creation through its graphical image, namely political posters and social media posts. The results of the study reveal that charisma is a complex communicative and cognitive phenomenon reflecting person’s beliefs about certain innate, obtained or promoted by media, internal or external subliminal traits of a leader. These beliefs are shaped in the recipients’ consciousness during interactive communication on the basis of the leader’s strategy, techniques, and methods used in oral or written communication, as well as a set of linguistic and extralinguistic means associated with the speaker’s ability to satisfy certain needs of the community. As a study material the authors opted for the images of Boris Johnson, a politician already acknowledged as a charismatic one by international audiences, who has been a prominent political figure for almost a decade and has recently come to the forefront of political and diplomatic support of Ukraine in the ongoing Russian-Ukrainian war. The carried out analysis proves the highly informative as well as subliminal potential of multimodal visual pictographic means aimed at creating a charismatic image of a public person. The authors outline a set of verbal (elliptical sentences, catchy slogans in imperative mood, assonance, alliteration, the use of first person plural pronoun “We”, the lexical unit together, etc.) and visual-graphical means (font of the message, symbolic colour scheme, clothes style, body posture, gestures, oculesic features, etc.), whose interaction is aimed at triggering cognitive processes in the recipient’s mind in perceiving a charismatic image of the politician. Boris Johnson’s charisma is confirmed by the survey conducted among British and Ukrainian respondents as well as by his subscribers’ reactions, comments and likes following his posts on social media. The carried out analysis allows summarising the markers of a politician’s charisma portrayed on social media as follows: the number of comments and likes for their posts; informality while addressing the Prime Minister by his first name “Boris” and presence of a “popular name” “BoJo”; high degree of the followers’ messages expressiveness actualised through verbal means (significant amount of exclamatory sentences, interjections, evaluative epithets and idiomatic expressions), as well as graphical-visual means, in particular through the usage of graphic emoticons (emojis), serving to intensify the overall expressiveness of a message. The conclusion is that social media graphical images are aimed at conveying charismatic political leaders’ vision, offering their followers support and promise of a better future, portraying them as approachable, down-to-earth, considerate but at the same time serious leaders, ready to work to endure a better future. The results of the performed study can provide grounds for interdisciplinary research of both oral and written charismatic communication within the cognitive approach framework considering verbal, nonverbal and paralingual means’ (physiological, psychological, social, etc.) interplay that allows the audience to perceive a speaker as a charismatic one.

The article represents an attempt to build and apply a linguosemiotic model of existential conflict research in modern English fictional discourse. The modern tendency of philological and socio-humanistic studies to involve the tools of semiotics, discourse theory, and multimodality in the process of complex analysis of a literary work as an artistic model of reality is highlighted. The research is based on practical blocks of illustrative material, selected discursive fragments from a literary work, which contain an existential conflict. Basically, the key point here is the analysis of intra- and interpersonal conflict based on the theoretical achievements of semiotics and linguosemiotics (Ch. Pierce, Yu. Lotman, U. Eco, G. Pocheptsov) and the theory of discourse and multimodality (G. Kress, K. O’Halloran, C . Forceville, M. Halliday). It makes it possible to provide a detailed research of existential conflict in fictional discourse with the identification of latent, ambivalent meanings and the relevant reconstruction and interpretation of the conflict by the reader. The paper aims at projecting the modern tendency towards the synergy of various aspects of conflict studies across the humanities. Therefore, the goal of the paper is to outline the advantages of an integral approach to the study of conflict in modern linguistic conflictology and to build a linguosemiotic model for the analysis and interpretation of existential conflict in fictional discourse. Thus, the paper`s core objectives involve: 1) to study the achievements of the semiotic and multimodal approach in its application to synthetic level communicative systems containing conflict; 2) to reveal the place, role and potential of the existential conflict in fictional discourse using the above-mentioned methods; 3) to present a linguosemiotic model for the study of existential conflict in modern English fictional discourse. The theoretical and methodological base of the research involves general-scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction as well as the method of linguosemiotic and multimodal analysis to determine the components of semiosis of existential intrapersonal conflict in fictional discourse. The results of the research consist in the creation of an integral semiotic model of the analysis of existential conflict in modern English-language fictional discourse, which assumes the presence of a static and dynamic component in its structure, revealed, in particular, in the process of semiotic reading of the work in three successive stages of mimesis, semiosis, and synthesis. The process of conflict interpretation presupposes a comprehensive approach to semiotic reading activity developed in consecutive steps. The linguosemiotic means of representing the existential conflict at different levels of the literary work, which have a multimodal nature, have been revealed. The temporal, psychological, and sign-symbolic characteristics of the existential conflict, which make up the semiotic space or semiosphere of the literary work, are analyzed and classified. As a result of the identification and unification of the factors that determine the way of development of existential conflict in fictional discourse, the linguosemiotic model of the analysis of this type of intrapersonal conflict was reconstructed. The model covers the study of the semiotic components of the sign-symbolic, psychological and temporal space and the surface and deep levels of the semiotic reading of the literary work, at which the cognitive, behavioral and emotional aspects of the conflict are decoded and reconstructed.

This article explores the multifaceted nature of “The British Identity” within the context of political discourse, focusing on its representation in The Guardian newspaper. The aim of this study is to investigate the content specificity of the concept and its transformation under the influence of socio-cultural and extralinguistic factors. Through a qualitative analysis of selected articles from The Guardian, the paper examines the linguistic units used to represent the British identity and the evaluative nature of their expression. The study adopts a conceptual framework that considers the British identity as a political and cultural concept, susceptible to diverse interpretations and judgments within the ideological context. By employing a content analysis approach, the research reveals the tensions arising from the attempt to cater to both conservative and progressive factions of the UK society. The findings indicate that the representation of the British identity in The Guardian is influenced by socio-cultural factors, reflecting the evolving dynamics of British society. The analysis highlights the presence of evaluative expressions, reflecting the conceptual domain’s evaluative nature and its connection to political and cultural debates, particularly those concerning multiculturalism. While the study predominantly relies on articles from The Guardian, it acknowledges the need for broader source diversity to capture a more comprehensive understanding of the British identity. Moreover, the paper suggests that further research in this field holds promise for exploring the evolution and adaptation of conceptual domains in an ever-changing world. This study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by shedding light on the complex and evolving nature of the British identity within political discourse. The research serves as a foundation for future investigations into the concept of identity and its representation in professional media outlets, and its implications for social cohesion in diverse societies.

This paper investigates how engineering discourse evaluates technical developments based on their utility, uselessness, or harm. It examines German-language specialized texts that report on contemporary scientific innovations, using a functional-pragmatic analysis method to explore the propositional structure of statements that convey utilitarian information. The article, published in a scientific journal, is considered in this study as a situationally conditioned speech act that aims to inform readers through the communicative strategy of explanation. The analysis focuses on identifying the implicit configurations that the author creates in the linguistic expression of propositions such as “fact,” “opinion,” and “assessment.” The combination of these propositions in one context allows describing the ways of presenting scientific data from a utilitarian point of view. Utilitarian evaluation mainly depends on the author’s explanation of cause-and-effect relationships, which form the basis for assessments. Moreover, the author often refers to authoritative opinions or experimental results to support the evaluation. The text also includes unargued assessments, which invite the reader to agree or disagree. The analysis in this paper shows that utilitarian assessments in engineering discourse are driven by the goal of professional communication. They follow the principles of rationality, provability, and objectivity, which are reflected in the author’s deliberate detachment from the subject of description. These pragmatic features are related to the values of professional communication, which involve not only providing reliable data but also promoting progressive ideas in society. The rhetorical effect of persuasion achieved by reasoned objectification of utilitarian assessments in the text is a distinctive characteristic of scientific discourse. It is also an efficient way of fulfilling the objectives of specialized communication. This study contributes to a better understanding of the pragmatic aspects of utilitarian evaluation in engineering discourse, highlighting its empirical basis and its importance for the wider field of professional communication.

The paper examines the structure and distribution of two types of ­nominal/adjectival predicates in the Northern Mansi language. A nominative noun or adjective serves as the predicate in one construction. The other predicate type contains a predicate noun or adjective that takes translative case marking. In both ­constructions, the stative-like copula Ål- âbe, existâ can also appear, though under ­different ­conditions. In the paper we focus on (a) the licensing conditions of the Ål- copula, (b) the ­predicate-subject agreement morphology, and (c) concord within the predicate phrase in both predicates. Our findings demonstrate that the two types exhibit systematic structural differences: the copula Ål- is utilized in the nominative construction in the past, while it must be omitted in the present. The Ål- copula is always obligatory in the translative predicate. The nominative predicate noun/adjective takes the morpheme of the subject agreement in number, and we attested inter- and intra-speaker variation in Number concord in this construction when there is an overt copula in the predicate phrase. The translative-marked nominal/adjectival predicate does not take any inflectional suffix, and agreement that indicates both the person and the number of the subject is marked on the Ål- copula. ­Additionally, we will show that only the translative-type is acceptable in identificational clauses. As a result, the identificational reading/interpretation is where the ­semantic ­division of labor between the two constructions lies. Our data come from fieldwork where Mansi native ­speakers helped us with survey research. Northern Mansi newspaper texts were also used to clarify certain inconsistencies between our findings and the literature.

The article demonstrates how onomastic studies can help with interpretation of the key events of Russian history. The central figure of the paper is Czar Vasili IV of Russia (Vasili Ivanovich Shuisky): the first part of the paper focuses on the attribution of a valuable altar cross from the early 17th c., which has to do with the Christian binominality of this monarch, while the second part deals with the semiotics of the Czar’s deposition from the anthroponymic perspective. The votive inscription on the eight-pointed reliquary cross made of gilded silver gilded and decorated with stamped and carved sacred images on its front side says that the cross was donated to the Suzdal Monastery of the Intercession of Our Lady in 1603/04, with the style of figurative images, foliage pattern and the high quality of work clearly indicate the Moscow origin of this liturgical object. Until now, the identity of the donator was believed to be unclear, although the inscription is readable and contains both the names and all information necessary for identification. Many people of Medieval Rus’ had two lay Christian names — today this idea comes as less of surprise to researchers as it used to a decade earlier, yet the tradition of lay Christian binominality is still to be described and analyzed. Studying specific cases sometimes requires almost detective investigation, and challenges faced by a researcher are not incidental: they are rooted in the very ways how this system of lay Christian binominality functioned in the pre-Petrine Rus’: the same person could appear under one name in one case and under the other name in another, and sometimes it is really challenging to find the crossover points allowing to identify, say, Cosmas, servant of God with Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky. The historical and onomastic analysis of the inscription on the cross not only allows to reliably identify the owner of this precious specimen of early 17th-century jewellery but also to make some guesses about the circumstances of donation and to clarify our evidence of naming practices characteristic of the 16th-century Russia.

The paper provides the outcomes of the authors’ ongoing research on Russian collective nicknames of the Perm region. It significantly complements the previously published part, dealing with the features of usage, semantics, and historical significance of local collective nicknames as evidence of the settlement of the Perm region by Russians. This paper approaches the material from lexicographical perspective, which, in combination with the first part, delivers the most complete picture to date of the nature of collective nicknames in the region. The studied units are retrieved from several sources: materials of field trips led by the authors and other Perm researchers since the 1990s; dictionaries of Russian dialects of the Perm region and card indexes of dictionaries; “Dictionary of Russian Folk Dialects”, a number of onomastic dictionaries, modern ethnographic, folklore and ethnolinguistic collections on the traditional culture of the Russian population of the Perm region; works on local ethnography and folklore published in the 19th — first half of the 20th century. Dictionary entries are arranged in alphabetical order. The article examines collective nicknames as such (their phonetic and word-formation variants, if any); their interpretation (which territorial group of people they refer to); geographical label (the place where the name was recorded); usage contexts and explanations for the nickname if available. The nicknames used for residents of different settlements, villages, and regions are considered as polysemantic words with different meanings. If a collective nickname includes a qualifying toponymic epithet, it is enclosed in parentheses. In cases where a settlement appeared near a factory, the factory name is specified along with the modern oikonym.

By de re propositional attitude ascription for rhetorical purposes, we will understand ut­tering a modal statement wherein the speaker deliberately uses a description of the attitude’s object which she knows to be unavailable to the attitude holder. As the existence of rhetorical de re is revealed, it gives rise to two questions that will be the primary concern of the present paper. (1) Using a rhetorical de re ascription, does the speaker utter something false in the model-theoretic sense? (2) Would it be justified to classify rhetorical de re as a rhetorical ploy designed to, or naturally predisposed to, mislead the addressee? This paper argues that the first question can be answered positively but the second one should receive a negative answer. We show that the question of whether a certain instance of rhetorical de re is a ploy or act of manipulation should be answered depending not on whether the statement is clearly false for the speaker but on whether it is clearly unacceptable for the speaker. In case the speaker herself considers the argument made by means of the statement acceptable, there is no reason to de­nounce such a communicative act as a ploy or manipulation irrespective of which model-theoretic truth-value the statement has. There are therefore reasons to incorporate rhetorical considerations into the modelling of how attitude reports are interpreted, in addition to con­siderations of truth and epistemological aspects, championed by Frege.

The paper considers benefits and drawbacks of the Picture Naming Test (PNT) as a diagnostic method suggesting the ways to improve its diagnostic and research validity. Although this test is popular in both national and international neuropsychological assessment and research practice, its use is largely due to tradition and practical convenience. However, theoretical underpinnings for its effectiveness are not sufficiently represented in the pertinent literature, which determines the relevance of the study. The major objective of the paper is to consider the PNT as a research technique from the point of view of psycholinguistics, cognitive science, and corpus linguistics and to propose integrated approaches for the further development of these tests. The material comprises picture naming tests developed for the Russian and English languages. The study sets the following aims: 1) to define the main features of PNT and the principles of its application viewed from a historical perspective; 2) to identify the theoretical foundations (linguistic and neuropsychological) for its use as a diagnostic tool; 3) to highlight the problematic aspects of the method; 4) to suggest possible ways to eliminate them. To accomplish these tasks, various methods of corpus linguistics are applied throughout the article. The historical outline of PNT development suggests that the current design might stem from earlier contexts of use. A review of existing models of lexical access provides a theoretical basis for the test in its current form and suggests possible avenues for its development grounded in experimental research, advances in linguistics and big data analysis. A separate section of the article presents critique of the most popular tests. Finally, the analysis of the existing English and Russian tests through the corpus-based methodology clearly demonstrates the need for more detailed norming and stimuli selection. By way of conclusion the authors outline the principles of designing Picture Naming Tests for specific purposes and put forward a step-by-step algorithm that enables careful selection of the necessary indicators and parameters.

The present research paper delves into the power of journalism’s discourse through a comparative analysis of literary and non-literary journalism. Drawing on the metaphorical imagery of periscopes and kaleidoscopes, the study aims to explore how journalism’s discourse shapes readers’ perceptions and interpretations of events, blurring the line between reality and fiction. The paper adopts a qualitative research approach with a phenomenological design. Through in-depth analysis and interpretation, the study examines the power of fictional and non-fictional journalism, drawing upon the concept of metaphor to describe how the discourse of journalism operates. The research questions are explored within the frameworks of Post-Truth, Linguistic Relativism, and Transcendentalism to gain a comprehensive understanding of the power inherent in these two genres of journalism. The empirical material for this research comprises a wide range of literary and non-literary journalistic texts, including articles, news reports, and narrative journalism pieces. Additionally, scholarly works discussing the impact of journalism’s discourse on readers’ perceptions are included to provide a holistic view of the subject. The study reveals that journalism’s discourse, whether in literary or non-literary form, holds a double-edged power over readers’ minds. Utilizing the metaphorical comparison of periscopes and kaleidoscopes, the research highlights the relative and manipulative nature of journalistic language. Moreover, the power of literary journalism, bolstered by imaginative and creative writing techniques, exerts a profound influence on shaping readers’ worldviews. The research emphasizes the significance of understanding journalism’s power in shaping public opinion and perception. While acknowledging the complexity and nuance of this phenomenon, the study underscores the need for continued research to gain further insight into the workings of journalism’s discourse in a rapidly evolving media landscape.

The article which is based on the research of English newspaper texts gives an insight into the characteristics of the analytical article. Due to insufficient studies of the English analytical articles this research direction is still an academic challenge. In the paper the analytical article is defined as a text based on an analytical approach which aims at presenting a comprehensive outlook on significant socio-political issues with a focus on cause-effect relation between different informational blocks. The analytical article is aimed at transmitting an objective coverage of a situation for the readers to form their own opinion and work out behavioral tactics. The research made it possible to single out the following basic characteristics of the analytical article: presence of argumentative framework, accurate fact representation, critical approach as an instrument of public dialogue, absence of emotional narrative, fixed structure, where the conclusion plays a significant role. The paper also defines themes and functions of the analytical article.

This paper is devoted to the renaming of Ljubljanska street in the city of Vršac (Serbia) to commemorate Nikita Tolstoy on May 22, 2005. The paper’s author, who was then working as a Humanities Program assistant at the Russian Center of Science and Culture in Belgrade under the Russian Federation’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs, relays a memoir that references relevant media articles and describes the events which preceded this commemorative event. The memory of this outstanding philologist has become at once part of the historical and cultural legacy of his native city and the everyday context of its inhabitants thanks to the involvement of key individuals who are commemorated here. As pro-Europeanism led to the change of many Serbian naming conventions, the hodonym Ulica Nikite Tolstoja was adopted thanks to the efforts of Serbs, the residents of Vrsac, Russian employees of the Russian Center of Science and Culture in Belgrade, and the descendants of the Russian refugees who emigrated to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia between the two world wars. The renaming unites several types of historical convention, i.e. (1) to commemorate an outstanding person biographically associated with a place, in this case, the city of Vrsac, (2) the great Russian writer's attitude towards Serbs regarding their descent from and recognition of the global significance of Russian culture; (3) commemoration of a strong Russian figure also spiritually close to the Serbs; (4) commemoration of a humanist who was engaged in the history of the Serbian language and the study of the spiritual culture of the Slavs; (5) attitude to historical events related to the liberation of Serbia and this city from Nazi occupation during World War II; (6) attitude to the heritage of Russian emigration which fostered the revival of Kingdom of Yugoslavia after the First World War; (7) commemoration of a figure who unites within himself two parts of Russian society torn apart by the Civil War. Each of these semantic layers is determined by the peculiarities of the outstanding personality and biography of Academician Nikita Tolstoy. The initiators of this commemorative toponym hoped that its multiple semantic layers would allow it to be preserved in the geocultural space of Vrsac regardless of future political change. Neither narrower Serbian-Russian relations nor other factors should diminish the legitimate breadth of the consideration behind it.

The chronicle is devoted to the conference “XXXIX All-Russian Dialectological Meeting «Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects – 2023»” which annually takes place in Saint Petersburg and this time was held on January 30–31, 2023. The questions of the Russian dialect lexicology, lexicography and linguistic geography were mainly discussed. These disciplines are concerned with “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects” compiling which has been done by the Institute of Slavic Studies RAS, the Institute of Linguistic Studies RAS and leading universities of Russian Federation. Concrete dialect lexical characteristics as well as features of the Russian dialects in general were considered. Moreover, general problems of linguistic geography and dialect lexicography were analyzed, including the studies on “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects” material. Also some papers dealt with toponymy, antroponymy, etymology, onomastics, grammar, linguistic folklore studies and ethnolinguistics. Some presentations were devoted to the study of the Russian dialect lexicon against the Slavic background. Some linguistic geography and dialect lexicography aspects were shown on the material of non-Slavic languages, in particular, Komi-Permyak. A great number of scientists, including young researchers, from more than twenty Russian cities took part in the conference. Presented papers will be published in the annual volume “Lexical Atlas of the Russian Folk Dialects. Materials and Studies” by the Institute of Linguistic Studies RAS, edited by S.A. Myznikov. As a result of the conference there was made a decision to support and encourage the Atlas authors and to intensify their work on maps and research.

This paper aims to examine the present and past tense-aspect constructions in Jish Arabic, an undocumented Arabic variety of Upper Galilee (Israel), and delineate their morphological, syntactic, and semantic features. Nine such constructions are identified, and the structure of each construction is discussed. In addition, using the Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach (NSM), an explication (a definition using simple words) of the meaning of each construction is presented. In discussing the Jish Arabic constructions, a comparison is made with their English counterparts, which are chosen as a familiar point of reference. The comparison with English does not make the explications prone to Anglocentrism, as the explications are built via a simple, universal language. This language ensures their translatability into Jish Arabic and their verification by native Jish Arabic speakers. In addition, it makes their meanings accessible to non-specialists, as the explications can be translated into any language. This study can be seen as a contribution to the field of theoretical linguistics, particularly descriptive linguistics, as it documents the tense-aspect constructions of an undocumented variety. In addition, it can be seen as a contribution to the field of applied linguistics, especially as it compares these constructions to their English counterparts. It is hoped that this paper will stimulate the investigation of tense-aspect constructions in other non-standard Arabic varieties, most of which are undocumented.

The paper examines the semantics and distribution of the polyfunctional Hill Mari focus particle =ok. We describe two interpretations of =ok ­possible on a wide range of hosts: the exhaustive use and the counteradditive use; besides, we consider several uses that are only possible with a lexically or semantically conditioned set of entities. We argue that =ok falls into a class of devices with not-at-issue exhaustive inferences, along with the English it-cleft and some other cross-linguistic counterparts. We discuss the implications that the Hill Mari data have for the typology of this class of constructions: Hill Mari =ok suggests that discourse givenness of the denotation of the focus constituent is an important dimension along which such elements vary across languages. Besides, in this paper we draw an areal comparison of the Hill Mari =ok with its counterparts in the Volga-Kama languages: Meadow Mari, Chuvash, Tatar, Bashkir, and Udmurt. Although the origin and the general set of readings are the same, the ­syntactic behavior of =okâs counterparts varies significantly.

Modern European integration processes highlight the importance of foreign languages in a multicultural society and their effective teaching, accordingly, is one of the priority tasks of the European language policy. However, its implementation is significantly complicated in the crisis Ukraine experiences nowadays. Consequently, it causes a change in approaches to teaching foreign languages and the methods used. One of the preconditions for improvement of the level of foreign language education and coping with crisis situations is the research of best practices in other countries. The purpose of such an investigation is the improvement of this experience and implementation of the best achievements of scholars and practitioners in the branch of linguistic didactics and methodology of teaching foreign languages in the educational process. The aim of this paper is to summarize and systematize the experience of teaching foreign languages in higher education establishments in Ukraine, and to determine its linguistic and didactic peculiarities in crisis situations. The author considers the practice of teaching foreign languages in Ukrainian higher education institutions in crisis situations. Within the period of the investigation, there could be distinguished the covid and war stages. These stages differ in linguistic and didactic features of teaching foreign languages. During the covid period, the teaching of foreign languages was arranged as the active development and teachersʼ acquaintance with online courses characterized by a complete set of goals, content, forms, methods, and means of teaching foreign language communication, setting educational content in accordance with the specific features of “Foreign Language” as an educational component. Whereas during the war period, the teaching of foreign languages in higher education institutions has been done in synchronous, asynchronous, and mixed versions of distance teaching of foreign languages. Linguistic and didactic features of the determined period include the application of flexible approaches to the organization of constructive communication between the participants of the educational process. Moreover, the creation of “situations of success” during the implementation of creative projects has manifested itself as a specific feature of this period. This paper reveals a significant expansion of the teacherʼs didactic repertoire in using digital technologies, depending on their functions (those of training, communication and cooperation, search and information, presentation and research, experimentation, and gamification). As a result, changes in a teacherʼs role as a coach, an Internet moderator, a video tutor, and a facilitator of communication were detected.

The paper presents a comparative analysis of various groups of data (language acquisition speed, quality of language acquisition, comparative acquisition efficiency depending on the period of exposure, adult-child, and younger-children versus older-childrenʼs differences in acquisition) obtained in different experiments over a substantial time span. As it follows from the experimental studies analysis, there is conflicting data regarding the existence of a “critical age” for the foreign language acquisition and its specific limits. Much of the data can be interpreted in various ways. Differences between adults and children, older children and younger children can be explained not only by the existence of the “critical age”, but also by other reasons. The advantage of older students may be explained by their better memory, which allows them to learn a large number of clichés with which they successfully communicate, even having a very limited supply of language material. In general, basing on the available data, it is hardly possible to state that there is any age boundary in human life beyond which the foreign language acquisition is impossible or difficult to any serious degree. Experimental data, while contradictory, do not give rise to a straightforward conclusion about the advantage of any age group in any aspect of language. In short-time courses, adults progress faster but on longer stretches, children close the gap and even outpace adults. There are quite a few differences in language acquisition between adults and children, as well as older and younger children, but these differences are probably not due to the existence of a “critical age”, but to other factors discussed in the paper. It is likely that adults can learn language just as effectively as children provided the factors that impede their learning (strong instrumental and integrative motivation, absence of unfavorable affective factors, etc.) are eliminated. However, this assumption requires further research.

In this paper we have analysed a graphic novel “Maus. A survivor tale” by Art Spiegelman as well as some variants of its translations in the framework of theory of multimodal discourse analysis (ADM) (O`Halloran). The article focuses on analysing the corpus of investigation on its language and nonlanguage level. The aim of the research is to explain in terms of the multimodal discourse analysis theory of main principles of graphic novel translation while observing the way of source language graphic novel transmutation and reconstructing its architecture in the target novel. The methods having been applied in the present paper are those of linguistic observation and description, empiric comparison of translation variants and translation results analysis using ADM tools. Applying methods of ADM in the process of analysing graphic novel results from the necessity to respond to the main challenges of ADM theory for the studies in theory and practice of translation, as well as semiotics and general linguistics. The objectives of the article are to outline the iconic-textual structure of the graphic novel under the analysis, to characterise the visual level of the investigated graphic novel, to generalise arising problems to the translator. The concept of multimodality derived from semiotics is being studied in the article explaining the reason for applying the multimodal approach in the study of the graphic novel. Modalities represented in the graphic novel on non-language level are systematised through different types of multimodal phenomena and their relevance for target text meanings transcreation is described. Both visual and language modalities, which are important for the construction of the meaning, are focused attention to and the multimodal phenomena are piled and systematised in the article. The relationship between the visual and written modalities are discussed and the role and importance for the translation process are explained. Until now there are different investigations of the Maus, but there is no investigation from the multimodal perspective. The investigators focuse on the discursive and pragmatic part, as well as on the expressive value of the work, compare the characteristics of the translation; draw attention to the problems of the literary style of the work Maus; study the role of images in the creation of the work. However, there is still no study of graphic novels from the perspective of multimodal discourse analysis. By means of a series of operations of translation techniques the original text is reconstructed in the translation variant. It involves compressing or widening of the original text, removing inconsistencies between different modalities, reinterpreting “language shell” so that a semiotic content could be preserved and the author’s message transmitted without corruption, for that redrawing some characters or chapters, removing, or replacing some visual symbols with different ones. Illustrative material shows a certain logic scheme to follow the process of translation taking into consideration different multimodal phenomena, as well as the absence of some of its constituents. On the one hand, extralinguistic objects engraved in pictures of the graphic novel may present the reason for the translation technique of addition, and on the other hand the absence of some details in the pictures may justify the translation technique of omission. Evaluating functional types of multimodal phenomena also may lead one to adequate selection of synonyms or a phrase to choose in a process of translation having as a “guide” visual image supporting language level of a graphic novel. The term “graphic novel” is specified as well as the difference between terms “comic” and “graphic novel” is outlined. Graphic novel format is proved to assimilate to the literary novel with the content of memoirs, autobiography, history, documentary reports etc. Maus is the first graphic novel dealing with Holocaust theme aimed at the adult audience. According to the definition of the graphic novel, Maus is seen to share discursive mechanisms with visual narrative instruments, embedded in multimodal phenomena. The types of multimodal phenomena are selected in the present investigation and grouped with illustrative examples taken from the corpus. In the framework of ADM theory, the selection of translation techniques and operations are justified, and the reasons for certain translation variants are explained. As it is shown in the paper, graphic novel translation differs from literal one. The most important characteristics of graphic novel translation distinguishing this genre of literature have been outlined: 1) the graphic novel translation unit obligatory consists of both verbal and visual parts; 2) the intonation of the characters of the graphic novel is a part of a style and is taken into consideration in the course of translation; 3) visual part of the graphic novel is presented by multimodal phenomena that influence the strategies of translation. General recommendations for the translation of the historic graphic novel have been given, mainly: 1) for the purpose of collecting information from the visual part. It is recommended to read and discover the entire content of the novel before starting the translation, paying attention to the multimodal phenomena and their types mentioned in this article. Attention is paid to past events, other extralinguistic meaningful objects. An individual language style is translated with the same style and is maintained throughout the text; 2) on the language level, it is recommended to choose at least the sentence as the minimum translation unit of the graphic novel using substitution techniques within the unit as long as the final sentence reflects the same message. However, the largest translation unit can be chosen. Appropriate options are a speech bubble (speech bubbles) or the entire page. Bubbles (speech balloons) often contain colloquial speech, which differs much more between languages than literal text of a book. The ease of colloquial speech is nearly impossible to achieve without the freedom to change the order, composition, and number of sentences. Often, it is not the character-specific phrases that need to be translated, but rather the emotion of outrage or joy, recreating it using the character’s language (such as the speech of the immigrant, the main character, Vladek, or his wife); 3) the use of bold. It is understood that it is not necessary to use bold type in the same units that appear in the original. The most important thing is to convey the same meaning and intonation in the translation avoiding the “word for word” translation; 4) the language style of the author and the characters. The author and the characters of the graphic novel have their own language style, which is part of the meaning. Characters may have their own characteristic expressions and circumstances that explain the choice of phrase translations. After reading the text and visualising the novel, it becomes clearer what type of the target text of the protagonist should be created to remain truthful and sound natural; 5) “Litmus paper”. It is recommended to read the translation after a couple of days without looking at the original text thinking about whether or not the author would choose the same words, style, intonation; 6) Culture references create a certain atmosphere and are translated (6.1) literally as in the example of gefiltefish translation or (6.2) simplification is used the culture in case of translation of the same unit into Russian рыбафиш; 7) translation of anthroponyms and proper names. It is not recommended to translate the proper names of the historical graphic novel taking into account the documentary part of the novel. The same variants of anthroponyms are maintained throughout the text; 8) accuracy is the second priority after avoiding meaning corruption. One should try to preserve accuracy if it is possible, respecting the condition of preserving the meaning without corrupting it. To achieve the effect of equal perception of the novel by the reader both in the original language and in the translation language, two things are needed: understanding what is said in the original text and reconstructing it in the target text. The ADM theory, in this respect, is the tool to achieve the most adequacy and the most accuracy at the same time.

The paper is aimed at filling the gap in learning the formative image peculiarities of the English and American Imagistic poetry by analyzing the correspondence of the internal and the external and their correlation. This is where the answer lies, why T.S. Eliot called Imagism “an opening salvo” of English/ American Modernist poetry. It also explains the reason for a long-term effect of this short-term “school” in the English poetry of the twentieth century. Imagism hasn’t left any extended or profound theory as far as the criteria for producing “hard, dry images” (T.E.Hulme) are concerned. Since then the problem has been under-studied and calls for more in-depth analysis. The modern theoretical background of the paper includes the ideas of S. Averintsev and M. Gasparov, Paul Ricoeur and Gaston Bachelard; the criticism of the Imagism founders (T.E. Hulme and E. Pound) as well as its present-day English and American researchers. The major theoretical points highlight the important features of image transformation in Imagism: the dual (semantic and psychological) nature of an image (P. Ricoeur); loss of its axiological constituent thus forfeiting its wholeness (M. Girshman); its non-permanent essence (G. Bachelard). All these “new” sides underlie too general and vague definition of an image as “an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time” given by Ezra Pound, his definitive denial of using images as “ornaments” and the emphasis on the image affiliation with speech, not language. The fight doesn’t have to be limited only to opposing Romanticism (as in Hulme’s “Romanticism and Classicism”). Equally significant and far more sophisticated is the distinction between Symbolic and Imagistic essence of an image (Pound’s “Retrospect” and “Gaudier Brzeska”). For Pound, the main criterion is the receptive potential of an image, its semantic openness which offsets its meaning as finally fixed in some symbol. The paper examines the possibility to apply Roland Barthes’s idea (“L`imagination du signe”, 1962) of the crucial influence of the interior (symbolic) relationship and two exterior (paradigmatic and syntagmatic) relationships on the formation of both single image and the total imagery of a certain type of art conscience – consequently, of Symbolism, Romanticism and Imagism. In the early period of Imagism development (the poetry of F. Flint, E. Storer, to a lesser extent, of T.E. Hulme) the images still preserve the inner affinity with the signified objects (concepts) as seen in Romantic and Symbolic image “patterns”. And throughout Imagism development, this inner affinity is being weakened until a distant outer resemblance is left. It is clearly seen in Hulme’s “Autumn”, Pound’s “In a Station of the Metro”, H.D.’s “Oread”, “Hermes of the Ways” et al. The close reading of the W.C. Williams’s poem “The Red Wheelbarrow” is carried out in front of the “Tall Nettles” by Edward Thomas (1878–1917), his contemporary, who is now considered to be one of the “non-Modernist modern” poets. It is stated that the central image of the red wheelbarrow in its every detail constitutes a modern pastoral while Thomas’s nettles stand for psychological matrix of personal melancholy and despair. Syntagmatic relations also involve the further interaction of signs in the form of “superposition”, forming montage as one of the important Мodernist techniques not only in poetry, but also in Мodernist prose. And it becomes evident that it is not a mechanically borrowed cinema technique, as it is commonly viewed, but a deeper, “syntagmatic” similarity. The result of the research, based on the analysis undertaken, seems to prove its initial point: the poems of T.E. Hulme, Ezra Pound, W. Carlos Williams, Hilda Doolittle (H.D.) taken as models, manifest that the image in Imagism is every time constructed as a new actual syntagma of the common imagination of a poet and a reader to become the unique image for every single poem without its further “universal” use in any virtual paradigm.

The paper describes a large-scale renaming of water bodies, forests, natural boundaries, and landforms on the territory of the former North-East Prussia after becoming a part of the USSR. The source of the linguistic material, totalling 1,214 East Prussian — Soviet toponym pairs, was a list of renames made by the decision of Kaliningrad Oblast Executive Committee, refined on the basis of cartographic data. Comparative semantic analysis of original and new toponyms proves that the form or the meaning of the original toponyms were considered in 34% of renaming cases. There was an attempt to align the old names and the new ones by means of translation (full, partial, or pseudo-translation), reinterpretation, common thematic reference, associative naming, borrowing and metonymic relevance. It is substantiated that the choice of some method is conditionally predetermined by the linguistic origin of the original toponym. Specifically, the names of German origin were usually translated, and those of Baltic origin (as well as names with unclear bases) were subject to reinterpretation. In addition, the paper provides a comparative description of the main lexical-semantic groups of original and new toponyms, the set of which is almost identical. It is noted that the names of settlements predominate on both Prussian and Soviet maps but in the first case, the preference is given to indigenous names, while in the second case, most oikonyms are borrowed from other regions of the country. Finally, the study showed that there is no drastic decrease in the share of theotoponyms (names referring to mythological / sacred places of the past) under the renaming process, and the number of memorial toponyms does not increase as significantly as it is usually presented in European humanities research.