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The relevance of the four-part article is that it examines the legal aspects of the use of information technologies in education, as well as their security, which is the legal basis for regulating these relations. Meanwhile, it should be noted that in recent decades insufficient attention has been paid to these problems in scientific works on jurisprudence. In legal studies the legal constructions of the concepts of Internet addiction, digital educational environment, online training, digital infrastructure, etc. have not yet been investigated. The purpose of the study is: 1) to determine the actual directions for improving legislation on the information security of the educational environment; 2) to substantiate the point of view according to which it is necessary to create and implement programs to educate children and adolescents on the rules of safe behavior in the Internet space and to prevent Internet addiction; 3) to better understand the term safety of the educational environment. In the research process, a diverse set of methodological tools was used: 1) general philosophical methods (dialectical and idealistic); 2) general scientific methods - analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, analogy, comparison; 3) private (special) methods - logical, comparative legal, formal legal, normative dogmatic; 4) method of interpretation, including a method of problem-theoretical reconstruction. The paper analyzes the main regulatory documents that are used to implement the digital educational environment. The main results of achieving the goal of the study are proposals on: 1) introduction of the concept of safety of the educational environment into the scientific circulation of jurisprudence; 2) relevant legislative initiatives in this area. The theoretical significance of the study. The paper discusses the legal relations prevailing in the field of using information technologies in education, proposes the authors definition of the legal regime for creating a modern and safe information educational environment. The author formulated priority areas for improving this activity. The indicated research results can be used to improve the science of information law.

The concept of frontier has been formed for a long time and in different directions. The main characteristics of a frontier - its flexible borders, a zone of space development characterised by uncertainty and instability - have proved their importance for understanding and describing the current state of the environment with regard to its social, cultural, communicative and linguistic indicators. The interdisciplinary (transcendental) potential of a frontier is realised in a complementary combination of natural-scientific and humanitarian scholarship. The aim of the present paper is to justify the scholarly integrity of the term frontier discourse the conceptual milieu of which is created through two overlapping multi-layered phenomena: frontier and discourse. The paper names the vectors of expanding the interdisciplinary possibilities of a frontier under the conditions of a discourse approach. Frontier as a flexible border is presented in the Internet communication, the socio-cultural space of the modern city, in the daily behavioural norms of the elite, in the family relations and in many other conceptual spheres the list of which remains open based on the ontological features of a frontier. Based on the examples from Russian and foreign literature, the author demonstrates the role of the frontier modus in the interpretation of literary texts whose plot, style and images are projected onto national history, culture, mentality in the by-border characteristics. Such frontier features as instability, its ability to create an interaction zone, which, under certain conditions, can lead to integration, are important for understanding the problems of modern language, speech and genre norms. The byborder territory is a place accumulating violations of traditional norms and providing the material which is necessary in order to anticipate the arising norm changes. The transformation of traditional genres and the formation of new ones also take place on frontier territories. It is concluded that frontier discourse ensures the understanding of norm movements in genre-stylistic characteristics.

Fundamental concepts are all too often taken for granted in im/politeness research, especially since they are not always carefully and fully defined before researchers engage in confronting methodological issues. Definitions of im/politeness may reflect ‘armchair’ or intuitive approaches (Jucker and Staley 2017), which frequently ignore the sociocultural context within which relational work is performed. Following Larina’s (2015) concept of communicative ethno-style , this study examines how Mexican im/politeness studies regularly build on classic ethnocentric decontextualised im/politeness approaches (e.g., Brown and Levinson 1987) and fail to understand laypeople’s co-constructed discursive approaches (e.g. Watts 2003). This paper questions national and regional stereotypical approaches to understanding im/politeness practices and patterns. It examines the Mexican context and identifies how relational work is carried out at a localised level. Individual interactants can decide how they want to come across and which pragmatic resources they will employ when constructing, developing and maintaining interpersonal relationships. The paper is structured in the following way. First, I examine theoretical, discursive and contextually explanatory approaches to researching Spanish-language im/politeness in general. Then, by focusing on individual underlying social and linguistic behaviour, I scrutinise particular Mexican sociocultural politeness practices such as displaying confianza (familiar trust) and respeto (hierarchical respect) (Félix-Brasdefer 2008). In order to do so, I asked interview participants to assess their own motivations behind employing such im/politeness practices and provide experiences/instances of Mexican sociocultural practices. Finally, discussion focuses on how Mexican interactants co-construct interpersonal relations and how these are reflected through localised im/politeness patterns and practices

The paper focuses on the relationships that have developed over the past 30 years of the post-secularity period between the state and Islamic structures and communities using the example of the Republic of Tatarstan as a region with a significant Muslim population. Based on the data of 14 in-depth interviews with the experts, imams and residents of Tatarstan, it is shown that the secular power controls the Islamic community and the Spiritual Administration of Muslims and plays a dominant role in the interaction between the state and Islamic organizations. The modern processes of re-Islamization are associated with the risks caused by Islamic globalization which may lead to the loss of regional Islamic tradition and threaten the stability of the Republic. The state has strengthened control over the religious sphere in this context and has charged the Spiritual Administration of Muslims of the Republic of Tatarstan with an important task of neutralizing and preventing extremism. The main ways to overcome radicalization of believers are educational activities with special attention paid to young people and work for training Muslim clergy. The paper also analyzes whether it is possible to observe the principle of secularism. Special attention is paid to the description of the two main parts that make up the Muslim Ummah of Tatarstan, their different attitudes to the issue of the state intervention in the affairs of Islam and the reaction that they received from the state and official Islamic organizations. The Spiritual Administration of Muslims of Tatarstan is forced to respond to the demands of not only the state, but also ordinary Muslims. However, it can hardly cope with the request to be a buffer between the secular authorities and the Islamic community.

Currently, the heterogeneity of economic space, relatively low development rates and negative trends in the socio-economic development of individual territories, and limited resource opportunities (including investment opportunities) are among the significant problems of municipalities. One of the mechanisms for solving them at the level of local government bodies is the institution of inter-municipal cooperation. The aim of the paper is to analyze the possibilities of territorial and sectoral inter-municipal cooperation aimed at overcoming the negative imbalances of the region's investment development (based on a case study of the Vologda region). The methods of cluster analysis and time series analysis were used, as well as tabular and graphic methods for the visual representation of the study results, the application packages MS Excel and STATISTICA. The paper examines the main trends in the development of inter-municipal cooperation processes in the Russian economy, identifies the specifics of the interaction of municipal entities in the Vologda region, and presents a territorial and sectoral approach to the development of different forms of cooperation based on the example of the Vologda region. The obtained results can be used by regional and local authorities in the development of investment policy, the formation of a system of organizational and economic mechanisms for the intensification of investment processes in the region. The study materials presented in the paper may be interesting for scientific discussion, for use in scientific and educational activities.

The paper is timed to coincide with the 80th anniversary of the birth of Valery M. Mokienko, Doctor of Letters, Professor of Slavic Philology, Philology Department, St Petersburg State University, Honorary Chairman of the Phraseological Commission of the International Committee of Slavists. The paper reviews focal areas of the scholars research, lists his academic interests, the main of those being phraseology and phraseography. V.M. Mokienko proposed to detect dynamic interactions of contradictory properties of the phraseological system, to reveal the mechanism of phrase formation involving broad genetic and typological parallels to determine the nature of a phraseological unit. The method of structural and semantic modeling based on a detailed comparison of dialectal, Slavic and non-Slavic European idiomacy is the basis of modern theoretical and practical studies of the scientists followers. The trilogy of dictionaries edited by V.M. Mokienko distinguishes precise certification of units, references to synonymous turns, which makes it easier for the reader to navigate in the huge source material, outlines the parameters of the phraseological space close to the certified expression, and makes it possible to show the wealth of images of folk speech conveying the same semantics.

The paper is devoted to presentation of the one aspect of the research project dedicated to study of political administrative elite in contemporary Russia. It is based on the network analysis methodology that is not widely used by Russian scholars of elites. The authors establish their approach on the mapping of the social networks within elite groups. Although the explanatory power of the network approach is still comparatively weak it is applied as exploratory method for structuring of empirical data, find the trends and set the research questions and hypotheses. The study of networks based on the birthplace is presented in the paper. The key research question is the following: are there cohesive subgroups based on birthplace compatriotship in federal executive branch of power? Federal ministers, deputy ministers and heads of departments are included into sample. The authors find that regional compatriotship is not the important factor of the recruitment of the federal political administrative elite. However, in some cases the cohesive groups based on compatriotship ties appear within one ministry. For example, when the authors reduce the sample to those who were born after 1970, several cohesive subgroups of regional compatriots are found.

Leadership and political systems in most of Africa have been described in several negative ways. Paternalism, clientelism, dictatorship, corruption and such pejorative labels have been used to described the type of politics prevalent in most of Africa today. A number of studies have explained Africa’s political challenges in the context of the choices of postcolonial African leaders. Others have pointed to European colonial exploitation and its destructive legacies as the foundations of the perverse political culture that define contemporary Africa. While these factors play important roles in defining the type of politics that has endured in the continent during the past half century, this paper takes a look at another epoch that had significant impacts on Africa’s political culture. The paper argues that the foreign policies of the United States and USSR - two major actors in Africa during the Cold War - had some of the most significant impacts on the political culture that evolved in postcolonial Africa. In pursuit of ideological supremacy, these foreign actors focused on undermining each other, with little consideration on how their actions in Africa were shaping the continent’s political development. By providing military support to opposing forces in African countries, the Cold War actors institutionalized a violent political culture in postcolonial Africa.

This author examines the activities of Soviet party-state bodies in the field of propaganda among the population in the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (North Ossetia) during the Great Patriotic War. Propaganda is effective when its message is deeply rooted in the consciousness of the population group to which it is addressed. For this reason the media and the organizations of oral propaganda of North Ossetia sought to get the most accurate information on the particular group that was called upon to fulfill wartime tasks. The author used various types of sources, including documents from the Central State Archive of the Republic of North Ossetia that are here first introduced into scientific circulation. The paper identifies the directions of party-state bodies in organizing propaganda on the territory of the republic in 1941-1945, and it assesses the degree of their effectiveness. While the outbreak of the war led to an expansion of propaganda, there was an acute shortage of specialists in various fields of life, including in propaganda work among the civilian population. The paper reveals the main methods of forming the image of the enemy by propaganda bodies and the media. The author concludes that the activities of the propaganda apparatus in the republic during the War had a direct impact on public consciousness and contributed to the consolidation of the region's population in the fight against the enemy, and to overcoming the difficulties of the War years.

Problem and goal. The paper deals with an actual problem - learning to solve computational problems. The components of this problem are highlighted and it is shown that to solve it, it is necessary to automate the learning process, especially in terms of organizing independent work. The purpose of this work is to describe the scientific and technological basis for building an automated diagnostic system for solving computational problems (using the example of physical problems), as well as to present the results of using the developed system in the real pedagogical process. Methodology. The described system is based on a mental approach to learning. The paper introduces the concept of a computational primitive and, based on it, the concept of a structuralmental scheme (SMS) - a graph-like model of the ability to solve problems. An Elo-like rating system was used to provide adaptive, continuous monitoring. In order to increase the strength of mastering the ability to solve problems, we implemented the account of forgetting using a piecewise linear model of forgetting. To assess the formation of the ability to solve problems, a value is introduced - the level of assimilation, which is determined by the structural and mental scheme of the student and reflects its completeness and strength. Results. The results of the application of the described automated diagnostic system for the ability to solve computational problems in the real pedagogical process are presented. The described system proved to be effective, i.e. it positively affects the level of formation of the ability to solve problems. The correlation between the number of tasks solved by the student and the level of assimilation is calculated. The efficiency of the presented system in terms of forming the ability to solve computational problems on the example of physical problems is proved. Conclusion. Automation using a computer system allows to track and store information about the status of each individual SMS connection in memory. This cannot be done using any other non-automated tools and technologies due to the large amount of data and the complexity of calculations.

The paper explores the role and the power potential of Nigeria and South Africa with special attention to their comparatively high military, economic, political capabilities that enable them to shape and dominate regional agenda. It also analyses the internal, regional and external dynamics within Africa, particularly in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and Southern African Development Community (SADC). The paper further thoroughly examines the hegemonic contest for the UN Security Council membership among the dominant African states through the lens of Ezulwini Consensus, as well as the Pan-African credentials of Nigeria and South Africa in accordance to their contribution to ensuring peace, stability and development on continental and sub-regional levels. Nigeria and South Africa are the most important actors on the African continent, but there are obvious constraints undermining their ability to play an effective regional role. Thus, the research was guided by the comparison case-study of Nigeria and South Africa in crucial for understanding power potential areas. The study concludes that although Pan-Africanism stands of Nigeria and South Africa are commendable, both powers mostly follow this strategy for advancing their national interests. Taking into account the whole set of internal and external factors, both countries need to unite their efforts and practical strategies to advance the common goal of Africa development, peace and security.

Anti-Russian sentiment - what some call “Russophobia” - is subtle, but visible in the American foreign policy discourse since the end of the Cold War. Most recently, it can be found in the Obama-era discourse about Russia, despite the positive bump in relations after the so-called “reset” of 2009. This paper contends that, among the many irritants in Russia - U.S. relations, anti-Russian sentiment among the American foreign policy leadership is an understudied phenomenon. Russophobia matters because it is present even at times of promise in the relationship; it impedes striking a “normal” relationship with Russia, and it influences policy decisions. This paper conceptualizes Russophobia, considers the source of its persistence in the American foreign policy discourse, and identifies examples of anti-Russian sentiment among key members of Barack Obama’s foreign policy team through an examination of memoirs and personal reflections about Russia. The paper asserts that anti-Russian attitudes in the American foreign policy discourse throughout the post-Cold War era must be identified and understood in order to gain a better understanding of why forging stronger, mutually beneficial relations with Russia continues to evade American policy makers. Anti-Russian sentiment undermined the Obama - Medvedev reset and, while it is certainly not alone responsible for deteriorating relations with Russia, it helped to perpetuate the downturn in relations and must be identified and better understood. The arguments made in this paper and in the selected citations herein, are based upon non-partisan scholarly inquiry and are not a consequence of the author’s personal or political views.

Silences in the discipline of International Relations on genocide amount to a form of genocide denial, which is one of the foundations of future genocide. The paper posits that in the era of militarized global apartheid, progressive scholars are challenged to critique and expose the past and current crimes against humanity that are occurring in Africa. Drawing from the consolidation of an alternative analysis in the context of the Bandung Project, the paper analyzed the contributions of the ideas that emerged out of the anti-apartheid struggles and the struggles for reparative justice. Struggles from the Global South had culminated in the World Conference against Racism (WCAR) process, elevating the anti-racist battles as a core challenge of Africas International Relations. This rejuvenation and energies coming out of the protracted struggle for bread, peace and justice took the form of the transition to the African Union leaving behind the concept of the noninterference in the internal affairs of states. The paper analyzed the ways in which afro-pessimism was being reinforced by the constructivist path in African International Relations. The contributions of radical African feminists are presented as one new direction where there is the coalescence of the progressive anti-imperialist intellectual traditions with radical feminisms. These two traditions open possibilities for an emancipatory project. This project has taken on extra importance in the period of the fragility of global capital when the precariousness of capitalism threatens new and endless wars and destabilization in Africa. Modern humanitarianism forms one component of the weaponization of everything and it is within this ensemble of ideas that scholars need to deconstruct the discussion of failed states in Africa.

The paper investigates the relevance of foreign direct investment (FDI) as a factor inhibiting economic growth in Nigeria. This paper inspects the sectorial influence of FDI in manufacturing, mining, oil and the telecommunications sectors on economic growth in Nigeria based on theoretical framework founded on the standard growth accounting theory, detailed analysis of the sectorial FDI over the period 1981 and 2017 was carried out. Various econometric methods are employed, such as the ADF test, Dickey and Fuller test (1979), PP test (Phillips and Perron, 1988) are used for the unit root test, and the Shahbaz and Rahman (2010) method is used for the long-run relationship between the foreign direct investment and economic growth. The paper also adapted the framework provided by M.B. Obwona (2004). The paper formalizes a mechanism of recommendations to allow for the influence of foreign direct investment in the transmission of socio-economic growth generated in Nigeria. In conclusion, government should provide an enabling environment that will encourage foreign investors to invest in Nigeria economy by addressing the security challenges in the country, understanding that investment friendly environment will improved regulatory framework as well as encourage domestic investment.

This review paper critically assesses the two main theories of global justice, statism and cosmopolitanism, according to which fundamental rights, and their corresponding duties, ought to be differently upheld, and enforced, at the global level. Its main aim is to go beyond the limitations of these theories defending the equal relevance of both fundamental civil and political rights and socio-economic rights, and their corresponding duties, at the global level and the need for the assessment of their implementation according to the level of their justification. To pursue this objective, the paper argues for the conceptualization of a fair (common) mean among these two categories of rights which can be morally and politically constructed on the very basic right to reciprocal and general justification. Accordingly, the focus is posed on the interconnection as well as conflicts between these two categories of rights, and their corresponding duties, establishing a measure according to which their justification can be assessed, and their implementation and enforcement be ensured. This paper seeks also to prove that this conceptualization of fundamental rights and duties, which takes together Aristotles conception of justice and Forsts critical theory of political and social justice, can provide a sketch on how a fair implementation and enforcement of peoples and persons rights and duties ought to be conceived at the global level.

For the past two decades, the concept of English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) has been a topic of much debate among researchers in the global use of English, including those involved in English language teaching (ELT). While in many respects ELF may be viewed just as a new name for its predecessors, such as World Englishes (WE) and English as an International Language (EIL), in other ways it also provides some fresh perspectives for the function of global Englishes. In particular, having grown chiefly out of Europe, where English has traditionally been studied as a foreign language rather than a second language, the ELF paradigm is often suited for the needs of learners of English in the Expanding Circle. With Japan as a primary example, the present paper discusses the significance of the concept of ELF and of the studies within its framework for ELT in the Expanding Circle. An important argument of this article is that studies in the early days of ELF, seeking for elements to facilitate international intelligibility, are still highly useful for ELT in the Expanding Circle. They cater especially to ELT in the Asian Expanding Circle, where pedagogical models are of crucial importance, no less than current ELF studies focusing on the fluid and translingual nature of ELF do. This paper points to the need for ELT teachers to be eclectic and integrative, learning from multiple paradigms, including ELF, WE, and EIL, while even going beyond the newness and oldness of pedagogical approaches, in order to best serve their students.

The paper discusses using online resources in modern teaching Russian as a foreign language (henceforth - RFL). A lot of resources for teaching and learning Russian are uploaded online daily. However, the format of their integration into educational process has not been analyzed yet. The acuteness of the present study stems from the necessity to define effective educational online resources for teaching RFL. The study draws upon the data of free-access online resources developed for A0-B1 level students in leading Russian universities. The aim of the study is to analyse online RFL resources, including educational software, applications and sites, their structure and their chances to be integrated into teaching process. The research has resulted in estimating educational and functional value of online teaching resources for students who study Russian in order to enter Russian universities. The paper presents conclusions concerning practical application of online resources in RFL teaching practice in blended education of foreign students in the higher educational establishments. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the fact that the analysis of fundamental scientific articles and electronic materials allows us to expand and deepen our knowledge about the place of e-teaching aids in the sphere of teaching foreign languages and RFL, as well as to justify the need to include electronic teaching materials in order to intensify the learning process. The results of the research can be implemented in blended forms of learning, distance learning, as well as in organizing students' independent learning in the university environment.

The multidimensionality of rumours as part and parcel of mass communication has stipulated the research in their linguistic nature. The present paper studies this specific communication phenomenon and the discursive practices by means of which it is realized across the Anglophone mass media discourse continuum. The theory of discourse-analysis underpinning the present paper predetermines an integrative approach with various methods employed. This approach makes it possible to gain an insight into the complex nature of the object under study. The research is targeted at media rumours, namely celebrity gossip, manifested in on-line versions of the printed press and original web outlets in 2015-2018. The main goal of the research is to reveal specific features of media rumors as a speech genre in the Anglophone media communication. Celebrity gossip texts make up the empiric material for the present study. This aim is achieved via the description of the content and form of the text-type structure supplemented by an application of stylistic analysis. In terms of the topics, the findings demonstrate a wide variety of topoi comprising both public (social interactions) and private spheres of celebrities’ life with an emphasis on privacy, sensationalism and scandalous impropriety as dominant discursive characteristics of the text-type samples under study. The structure of the celebrity gossip discourse is represented by texts in different journalistic forms: from informative genres to feature type variations used by authors as means of constructing celebrity culture. The information of trivial content and questionable validity because of its unverified character is disguised as reports of high testimonial trustworthiness and epistemic value with the help of a variety of language and textual resources. The results of the study enable us to argue that within the mass media communication there exists a specific discourse which is hybrid by nature and non-evidential by verification.

This paper explores one of the central issues of current international discourse : how is world order sustained and maintained, is it shifting and changing, is it being reinvented and reimagined, or are we on the cusp of global disorder and competition among great and small powers? The conventional lens used to examine these questions is that of ‘hegemony’ or ‘dominance.’ This paper discusses how hegemony is conceptualized, what kinds of resources are mobilized (material, discursive, institutional, and performative) in maintaining hegemony, and what the current chessboard of geopolitics looks like in terms of rising and falling powers. Despite a chaotic picture of the train derailed there is also an optimistic end of that story. First we are moving from a unipolar to the polycentric world. Secondly that new world will be less dramatically divided as it will be based on macro-regional arrangements. Thirdly multi-regional arrangements will be closer civilizationally and thus less prone to conflicts. Finally - in order to survive - most probably they will voluntarily keep close ties with other macro-regiond making the system more stable that today.

In this paper the authors aim to establish the reasons that led the Chinese state to view Latin America as an important partner between 2002 and 2018 and try to analyse the development of Chinese presence in Latin America and its possible impacts and perspectives in the 21st century in Brazil. For that, both political and economic relations between China and Latin America’s countries, especially the relations between China and Brazil, and their development are examined by using a comparative and historical approach. This paper is divided in three sections. The first part characterizes the emergence of Asia as a prominent actor within the current world system and China’s participation as a major economic competitor from the 1980s. In the second section, the Chinese interest in Latin America and its importance is analysed. Finally, the influence of China in Brazil is exposed in the last section. In the conclusion, undoubtedly, the Asian country has a huge influence in areas where it conquers, especially in Latin America and Brazil, leading mainly investments and its products of both high technology and low cost. In the short term, countries that receive this type of investment see an increase in production and, consequently, an economic improvement due to the increase in the market and the consumption process. On the other hand, Latin American companies and industries do not have the technological capacity or, to a certain extent, a competitive advantage to compete with Chinese products in the long term, due to the stricter labour laws in American countries, compared to the Asian country. Hence, one of Brazil’s possible strategies for meeting the challenges of expanding relations with China is to invest in greater complementarity and structural integration of the region through MERCOSUR.

Problem and goal. Computational thinking has been introduced in many countries around the world and teachers are working intensely to incorporate programming activities in the classroom. However, teachers are faced with several challenges due to the fact that there is still little research conducted focusing on programming education for younger children, that programming didactics is a rather new phenomenon for the K-9 educational system, and that K-9 teachers have little training with regards to programming. In Sweden for instance, programming has been introduced in several subjects and not as a subject in its own, which create a pressure on teachers to utilize programming as an instrument to teach and enhance learning of different subjects such as mathematics. Methodology. In this paper, we report on a larger lesson study conducted in a primary school (sixth grade) in Sweden with a total of 155 participating pupils. The aim of the lesson was to study whether the visual programming languages, Scratch , in particular, can be used to teach computational thinking, mathematics and social science in an interdisciplinary way. Results. Thus, the paper more specifically presents findings related to: 1) reflections of the use of lesson study methodology to develop programming education; 2) how programming can be utilized as an instrument to teach mathematics as well as social sciences in an interdisciplinary way; and 3) the didactical strategies employed by the teachers. Conclusion. The evidence from this study suggests that the interdisciplinary character of the lesson which incorporates learning goals of mathematics, social science and programming was highly beneficial. The pupils gained a better understanding of learning material by drawing, digitalizing and animating their ideas in Scratch .

The rationale of the study is the uniqueness of the system of the multi-national and multi-confessional Russian state. Peoples' inclusion into a single state legal framework determined the need to develop a relevant ethnic legal policy. In this regard, this paper is aimed at articulating the legal fundamentals of the Russian politics in XVI-XVIII centuries towards aboriginal peoples on the example of the Mordvins. The paper discusses the key aspects of the Mordvins life under the Russian law. It looks into 16th-18th centuries regulations regarding non-Russians that determined the specifics of their adaptation within Russia. The study is mainly based on the formal-legal, historical-legal methodology with emphasis on sociocultural and legal-anthropological approaches, which made it possible to historically and legally assess laws and regulations that reflect specifics of Mordvins position in the 16th-18th centuries. The paper has a practical value for improving the legislation for inter-ethnic relations and strengthening the foundations of federalism as the key characteristic of the Russian state.

The present paper accentuates the importance of holistic views of the world that is relevant for text studies. The purpose of the study is to establish what language means representing emotions which are attributed to God by biblical characters are utilized, and, subsequently provide their classification. Based on the study of the theological interpretation of the antinomy ‘“the immutability of God” - the emotions of God”, the paper 1) introduces the concept of ‘attribution of emotions’ into the conceptual and terminological apparatus of emotiology thus explicating the specificity of biblical emotive meanings; 2) provides the analysis of the depicted biblical space in the emotive aspect; 3) gives the interpretation of biblical characters’ activity as a cause of emotions attributed to God. Central to the text analysis is the notion of the emotional script. This notion is instrumental in presenting the systemic description of emotion development, i.e. the cause of its origin and the corresponding reaction. The language material of the present study is taken from King James Bible. The methods employed in the study include the definitional, contextual, emotive, and lingua-stylistic analyses with references to the historical and cultural context. The outcomes of the present study include the identification of the lexical means of emotions and the following typology of such lexical units: 1) lexemes denoting the cause of emotions attributed to God; 2) lexemes denoting the emotions attributed to God; and 3) lexemes denoting the biblical space perceived by characters as a ‘reaction’ to emotions attributed to God. Given the theandric nature of Jesus Christ, the depicted emotions of His are treated as manifestations of His human nature. The results obtained have made it possible to fill in linguistic content into one of the antinomies of Christian understanding of God and to outline the prospect of further linguistic research on Christian dogmata from the perspective of emotivity.

The study focuses on the empowering aspects of women’s writing referring Helen Cixous influential work “The Laugh of the Medusa”. Cixous passionately advocates for women to embrace writing, as a tool for self-expression and liberation believing that it has the potential to not transform individual lives but also shape culture, history, and society. The authors suggest that by expressing themselves, contemporary women can establish their place in the world just as the Medusas gaze turned enemies into stone. The paper also explores the connection between language, subjectivity and diversity which are related in feminist discourse. It emphasises the importance of reclaiming language that has historically marginalised women and highlights the need to develop a vocabulary that truly reflects their experiences and aspirations. Important is to create an environment where women are given the space and support to communicate their thoughts and feelings. It is crucial for women to cultivate their own voices, honour their bodies and utilise language to challenge patriarchal norms. The continuous fight for gender equality and empowerment is fueled by Cixous's appeal for women to reclaim their voices and experiences. The research stresses about providing women the room and encouragement they need to express themselves. Women's writing may act as a catalyst for the destruction of repressive power systems, to pave the way for a just, equal, humane, and free world for women.

Literature and journalism are two field of study that has been a never-ending discussion throughout the history. The two fields, regardless of being considered as separate entity, has its association in the course. This paper dwells into the two fields together, that is, on literary journalism and how literary journalism examines the blurring of boundaries between narrative writing and factual reporting through comparison of select works of narrative nonfiction. The text analysed is a novelistic piece, “The Yoga Store Murder” (2013) by Dan Morse. The study confronts the reluctance to acknowledge this form of reportage as authentic and reliable because its literariness is misconstrued as compromising the objectivity of the piece. The authors also examine how literary journalism fits within the rubric of both literature and journalism. The study addresses the following research questions: where do fact and fiction meet in literary journalistic narratives? how do we navigate questions of authenticity, reliability and journalistic integrity in narrative journalism? The questions will be attempted to be answered with a detailed analysis of a text of investigative journalism that is also nonfiction writing, though literary in nature.

The author gives an expanded interpretation of the “Greek Project” as not only a foreign policy undertaking, but also as an internal political project used in order to buttress state authority with specific ideological components. The source base for the project, in addition to the letter of Catherine II to Joseph II, are the papers of G.A. Potemkin, A.V. Khrapovitsky, the letters of Alexei and Grigory Orlov, and correspondence of the Russian Empress with Voltaire and other ideologists of the European Enlightenment. In addition, the writings of Greeks, in particular Eugenios Voulgaris, along various documents of foreign and domestic policy, and Russian cultural monuments are important to the project. It is shown that a characteristic feature of the imperial ideology of the reign of Catherine II was philhellenism, which included, above all, the noble elite’s awareness of the heritage of ancient Hellas as the source of pan-European civilization. On one hand, this ideology also included sympathy for the descendants of the great Hellenes, co-religionists who fell under the foreign Ottoman yoke, and on the other hand, the authorities and Russian society unanimously positioned the Russian Empire as the legitimate successor of Byzantium, which could and should return fellow Greeks to European civilization.

Wine drinking as a cultural phenomenon is becoming the subject of research in various sciences, such as art history, cultural studies, semiotics, philology, etc. The situation of wine drinking as a fragment of the semantics of the text is the subject of the linguopoetics of the text and linguoculturology. The purpose of this study is to consider the situation of wine drinking, its functioning in the world of a work of art. The material for the work is a selection of examples extracted from prose, from the second half of the XIX century to the present days. A wide time span allows us to trace understanding and interpretation of wine drinking situation in dynamics. The examples contain bacchic vocabulary, i.e. lexemes that have the meaning ‘to drink alcohol’. The relevance of the study is related to its entry into the circle of interpretive semantic research, in which the authors pay attention to features of both the idiosyncratic traits of the writer and universal, nationwide, inherent characteristics of the period of time. The main research methods are continuous sampling method for extracting illustrative material from literary works of writers that contain bacchic vocabulary; as well as semantic and descriptive methods. The main functions of the wine drinking situation in texts are, firstly, plot-modeling, promoting the narrative outline of the work; secondly, background, reproducing the historical and cultural background of the event line; thirdly, characterizing, defining the properties and qualities of a character described, a participant of the event. The paper also shows how the world of an artistic work reflects a historical and cultural period, the realities relevant to it, as well as the individual author’s arsenal of linguistic means, which is a representative of a subjective view and assessment. It is concluded that tracing the dynamics of the situation of wine drinking through the study of bacchic linguistic means makes it possible to determine the dominant in a particular period of time.

The introducing of economic sanctions against Russia led to a massive exit of Western companies from the Russian market, which created favorable opportunities for expanding the activities of Chinese automobile companies. The aim of the paper is to identify the features of the activities of Chinese automakers, both those that have been present in the Russian market for a long time, and those entering it for the first time. According to the authors’ estimates, 38 Chinese companies (at the end of 2022) were present in the Russian market, which accounted to about 60 % of all operating Chinese automakers. As a result of the study, the authors proposed a classification of Chinese companies in the Russian market according to the method of market entering, which includes: “grey” exports, indirect exports through dealers and distributors, sales branches, foreign direct investment, portfolio investment. The authors come to the conclusion that indirect export, along with sales branches, is the most common way for Chinese automobile companies to enter the Russian market. At the same time, foreign direct investment is the most important method for strengthening Chinese companies’ position in the Russian automobile market. Companies such as Chery, Great Wall, and Geely are leaders among Chinese companies in sales in Russia: their total share is about 93 %, which means a high concentration of sales. A key feature of the activities of Chinese companies with foreign direct investment is the availability of powerful dealers’ network as well as the production of Chinese cars in joint ventures (brownfield investments), where the Russian company Avtotor plays a key role. The only exception is the Great Wall Motor company, which built the Haval plant in Tula “from scratch” (greenfield investment). The authors suggest that the small volumes of Chinese investment in the Russian automotive industry can be explained, among other things, by the predominance of brownfield investment over greenfield investment. Based on the study, the authors expect that the most important factors in the expansion of Chinese automobile companies in Russia will be the unfolding processes of digitalization, as well as the growing demand for electric vehicles. At the same time, Chinese automakers will have to face serious competition from both Russian and Korean companies.

The manufacturing sector stands on the cusp of the digital revolution that holds the promise of fundamentally reshaping its operational landscape. This paper delves into the transformative journey of digital integration within the manufacturing realm. Employing a scoping review methodology, this study amalgamates insights from prior literature and case study analyses to shed light on the digital transformation process and its consequent outcomes. The discourse initiates by scrutinizing the prevailing state of digital transformation in the manufacturing sector, with a particular focus on the embracement of Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Digital Twin (DT) and Robotics technologies that are at the forefront of driving efficiency and spurring innovation. The article then cites China’s experience in the digital transformation of manufacturing and outlines the challenges that manufacturers may encounter, including cultural inertia and skills deficiencies, and spells out strategic interventions to overcome these obstacles. Moreover, the discussion ventures into prospective trajectories and innovations in manufacturing digitalization, forecasting the ramifications of emergent technologies such as advanced robotics, 5G connectivity, sustainable manufacturing practices, and customization trends. The significance of this research’s contribution to the scholarly domain is underscored, culminating in an exhortation directed towards industry stewards and policy framers to champion and facilitate digital transformation, accentuating its strategic imperative and the competitive leverage it bestows. This article delineates a strategic framework for navigating the intricacies of digital transformation within the manufacturing sector, offering invaluable perspectives for academicians, industry practitioners, and policy architects endeavoring to unravel new paradigms of efficiency and competitive edge in the digital epoch.

The paper is devoted to the study of a topical issue in modern socio-humanitarian knowledge: verbal ethnic and linguistic self-identification of ethnically non-Russian authors in Russian-language poetic discourse. Namely, we will analyze the work of a unique Russian-speaking poet of Buryat origin Namzhil Nimbuev from the point of view of the author’s verbal demonstration of his belonging to a certain ethnicity in linguistic and ethnic aspects. This article examines the poet’s only collection “Hobbled Lightning”, published in 1972. The article has a brief theoretical introduction: the concepts of identity, self-identification, ethnic and linguistic self-identification are considered, the classification of self-identification is chosen. The main part of the article presents an analysis of N. Nimbuev’s poems on the topic of interest to us. The words of the Buryat language, national nominatives, direct descriptions of self-identification (“I am a Buryat”), indirect ones based on comparisons and others were singled out. The poet’s attitude to the Russian and Buryat languages is considered. At the end of the work conclusions are made that the author self-identifies himself with a modern Buryat, expressing the national picture of the world through the Russian language.

This paper aims to examine the functional utility of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) for regional stability after the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan. The instability in Afghanistan may become a serious regional challenge for the SCO to seek an acceptable solution. The study addresses the question that how the SCO members are dealing with the emerging crisis in Afghanistan. Hence, the prospective role of the SCO in building consensus among member states is unravelled with a conceptual framework, based on two theories of international relations namely regional security complex and functional cooperation theory. These theories provide a conceptual understanding that the interests of states, belonging to a general geographical region, are integrated and their mutual cooperation is more durable than the states outside the region. Subsequently, the study explored the role of the SCO in maintaining regional security and traced its efforts for stability. To explore the complexities within the SCO while managing the nascent government of the Taliban (forbidden in Russia) in Afghanistan, qualitative data has been collected. The data includes government websites, official statements and documents, books, research articles and newspapers, published in different countries. It is found that the worsening security situation in Afghanistan is a common threat to all the members of the SCO, so consensus is required to promote practical measures including the development of Afghanistan. Therefore, the SCO is focusing on addressing the immediate and tangible consequences of the Taliban’s takeover after the withdrawal of the US forces from Afghanistan and supporting regional states to adopt functional cooperation to reconstruct Afghanistan.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in the context of the sanctions policy, the Russian Federation is interested in building a new paradigm of international relations focused on achieving economic and political advantages based on cooperation with friendly states. Azerbaijan, of course, acts as such a state, which, due to its geographical location, political stability and international cooperation with Russian manufacturers, is now able to become a strategically important partner, taking into account geopolitical and geo-economic realities. Despite the availability of scientific papers on the problem of economic cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan, there is currently no comprehensive study of the possibilities of expanding economic partnership in the conditions of turbulence of global processes. The purpose of the study was to determine the priorities of economic cooperation between Russia and Azerbaijan in the context of the global transformation of modern international relations and the turn of the Russian Federation to the East. To achieve this goal, the methods of comparison, system analysis, synthesis, logical generalization, and economic analysis were used. As a result of the study, the current situation of the development of economic cooperation between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation was studied, taking into account the political peculiarities of the development of the global community, which makes this study interdisciplinary. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the factors contributing to the deepening of the economic partnership between the two countries have been identified. It was noted that in the new conditions, the role of Azerbaijan as a strategic partner of the Russian Federation is growing. The role of Azerbaijan as an international transport and logistics center has increased due to global turbulences, and in 2023 alone, the volume of traffic through the territory of the republic from Russia has almost doubled. It is concluded that the countries are interested in expanding economic cooperation and creating conditions for the development of international cooperation. Azerbaijan is expected to cooperate more closely with the states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), including the process of deepening the integration partnership within the framework of the formation of a single economic space. In addition, new priorities for international economic cooperation and strategic directions for the development of international relations between the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Russian Federation in the long term have been identified, taking into account the turbulence of global processes.

The object of study of this article is the Eastern vector of modern Russian foreign policy; the subject determines its main directions, mechanisms, and tools. The authors rely on the theory of neorealism, which allows to consider the foreign policy of states as a desire to ensure their national interests. The authors used the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and reliability, which made it possible to study the prerequisites of Russia’s policy of turning to the East, to establish cause-and-effect relations and to identify regularities in the development of Russia’s international relations with the countries of the East. A systematic approach was used, as well as a number of general scientific (analysis, synthesis) and special historical methods of research: comparative-historical and problem-chronological methods. The study highlights the role of the Russian Foreign Minister Y.M. Primakov in Russia’s return to the East. It emphasizes that Primakov was not in favor of breaking off relations with European countries and the USA but sought to find a counterbalance to the pro-Western course of foreign policy in the 1990s and to build up relations with the countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR). The article notes the difficulties Russia faces in implementing its Eastern policy, including the geographical remoteness from most APR countries, cold climate, the small population of the Far East, the underdeveloped infrastructure of the Far East, and the socio-cultural differences between Russia and the APR countries. But the course to strengthen Russia’s positions in the Asia-Pacific region is becoming a key foreign policy direction, a vital factor in the preservation and development of Russia as a developed industrial country. The paper analyzes the measures taken by the country’s leadership to involve the Russian economy in the integration processes in the Asia-Pacific region and considers the dynamics of Russia’s trade relations with the main partners in this region. It concludes that the policy of turning to the East has taken place, as its successes are obvious.

The corporate code of ethics of a transnational corporation establishes a global standard for business ethics, serving as a corporation’s “calling card” and a self-regulatory mechanism that enhances the corporate identity. The reputational aspect of corporate codes of ethics aims to demonstrate the transparency of the corporation in the relevant industry market, thereby fostering a certain level of trust from of external stakeholders. This article addresses fundamental issues concerning the legal nature of corporate codes ethics. It analyses the main mechanisms and methods of implementing these codes in the daily business activities of corporations. Specifically, the following issues are examined: the position and role of codes within the framework of local regulatory acts, employees’ adherence to codes within the scope of labor discipline, incentivizing counterparties to adhere not only to contract terms but also to the code norms and incorporation of corporate codes of ethic into the compliance system. Throughout the exploration of these topics, the authors address the key challenges and trends in the adoption, application and adherence to corporate codes of ethics by corporations. The paper provides critical analysis of the role of corporate codes of ethics in regulating labor and contractual relations involving corporations, as well as within the compliance system. The research methodology is based on formal logic, comparative legal, dialectical, and system-structural methods.

Motion is the cornerstone of cognitive structures which can be signified factively and fictively. Fictive motion events in English are classified into six categories (Talmy 2000a). While Iranian linguists have worked on verbs and typology of fictive motion, they almost failed to discover these categories. This study made an attempt to examine these categories by addressing the questions: What are fictive motion categories in Persian? To what extent is the speakers’ cognition influenced by the structure of the language they speak? What are Persian speakers’ preferable tenses? With this aim, using convenience sampling and qualitative research design, sixteen sentences extracted from Talmy’s model plus nine fillers were rendered into Persian. To avoid ordering effect, sixty participants were organized in a counterbalanced technique and accomplished completion and picture description tasks so that one half of the participants filled the completion task first and dealt with the picture description task later, while others acted in the reverse order. In completion task the participants performed accurately except the pattern paths category. However, they did not produce fictive motion sentences for the prospect, pattern, and advent paths, frame relative with factively stationary observer and site manifestation in the picture description task. They tended to adopt present tense in producing fictive motion sentences for the depicted categories. More importantly, the paper analyses the participants’ performance in completing the tasks related to the sixteen fictive motion categories and shows that cognition is influenced by the linguistic structure of the speakers. It is hoped that this study can be a contribution to the field of cognitive and semantic linguistics and also advance fictive motion studies in different languages.

A meme as a cultural and semiotic phenomenon has been actively studied within the framework of humor research; however, the question why memes may not elicit a humorous response remains unanswered. This article examines the causes of typical cognitive errors in the perception of humor in the so-called morphed units (memes, image macros, photoshopped images and virals) characterized by a combination of signals of one or different modalities and potentially capable of eliciting a humorous response in the meme consumer. The goal of the study is to describe and classify such errors on the example of a morphed unit from the sad keanu meme cycle. The conducted survey yielded empirical data permitting further qualitative analysis of the respondents' answers regarding the perception of the proposed meme. The obtained results show that in an ideal situation a stimulus image should metonymically activate script structures essential for the understanding of a morphed unit; a script may include allusive experiences which correlate with previously appropriated culture-specific situations. The paper defines meme interpretation errors as related either to the process of perceiving a stimulus at the level of the i consume memes metascript or а cognitive failure occurring during the activation of the scripts constituting the humorous opposition if only the relevant scripts are conceptualized and internalized by the individual. Any type of interpretation failure may be attributed to partial or zero cultural literacy in the meme consumer. A failed humorous response in the situations of sufficient cultural literacy of the subject may be explained by social and pragmatic factors, such as the consumer’s norms and values which may differ from those of the meme originator. The study claims that the main source of cognitive errors lies in the inability of a meme consumer to activate the scripts (or their parts) relevant to the understanding of humor. This methodology can be applied for any multimodal humour research.

The present paper examines intersemiotic translation of magic folk tales. Research objective is to show the structural identity of the surface structure which can be described as a sequence of plot elements (“functions”) of fairy-tale characters; in semiotic terms it is explained by the existence of a universal matrix defining the law of genre. The authors go on to the cognitive-culturological aspect of fairy tales in terms of N. Chomsky. This research paper has clearly shown that “functions” of the surface structures correspond to plans, scenarios and frames of the deep structures, which differ in British and Russian magic fairy folk tales (wonder folk tales). Numbers and proper names are the main permanent elements of fairy tale narrative: on the level of the surface structures they connect the universal matrix of a fairy tale discourse organizing space and rhythm and at the level of the deep structures - they help to understand the main features of the national character. The study is based on 13 fairy-tale film corpus, under the common theme “Beauty and the Beast”, film adaptations of the fairy tales “La Belle et la Bête” by J.-M. Leprens de Beaumont (1757) and “The Scarlet Flower” by S.T. Aksakov (1858). Hence, the analysis of the latter based on the works of R. Jacobson and W. Eco and understood by the authors as a kind of intersemiotic translation / interpretation that, on the one hand, proves universality of the proposed algorithm for studying fairy discourse in synchrony and diachrony. On the other hand, it plays the most important role in intersemiotic translation of diachronic aspect because it deals with changing the “integral model of reality”, which is reflected, in particular, in changing the on-screen presentation / interpretation of certain aspects of the fairy-tale narrative. Finally, it is worth pointing out that the conclusions can be used to study plurality of film adaptation as a form of intersemiotic translation.

The paper discusses the issues of creating textbooks on Russian as a foreign language (RFL) for pre-university students. Nowadays a lot of Russian universities use study packs with course components developed by teams of teachers who work at these universities. The urgence of the study is stipulated by the necessity to analyze a rather chaotic process of creating and implementing varied course components at a specific university. The study is based on the analysis of RFL textbooks published by the Institute of International Education at Voronezh State University (hereinafter referred to as IIE VSU) from 2000 to 2017. The aim of the study is to substantiate the need for a multifaceted approach to creating textbooks and other course components. This aim suggests performing a number of specific tasks: analyzing course materials published by IIE VSU and defining a preferable structure of the study pack on Russian as a foreign language for pre-university students, determining the principles of dividing learning materials into units within the textbook and describing potential solutions in creating textbooks and online courses (which can accompany a textbook or used autonomously). As the result the study demonstrates the prospective structure of the RFL study packs of second generation and specific principles of data distribution in the main textbook and in accompanying course materials. The paper concludes with the idea of the necessity of combining traditional instructional principles (e. g., convergence and minimization) with relatively new principles, such as “the dialogue of cultures”, gradation of the data according to their informative value and frequency.

The paper considers the process of digital transformations within the framework of creating a Digital Single Market in the European Union. The author uses standard tools to identify strategic areas in which the transformation of the European market takes place. The importance and relevance of the development of the digital economy for the countries of the European Union in the context of the deepening globalization process and the rapid development of information technology is emphasized. In the framework of stimulating the economies of the EU countries, as well as with the aim of improving the quality of educational, medical services and solving other social problems - creating a single information market without geographical barriers, simplifying and standardizing Internet trade laws throughout the EU, ensuring a favorable legal and tax environment to expand the electronic trade in goods, services, technologies, become paramount tasks. The paper analyzes the key areas on which the creation of Digital Single Market is based: facilitating the access of consumers and businesses to goods and services via the Internet throughout the European Union; creating favorable conditions for the development of digital networks and services and promoting the maximum growth of the potential of European digital economics. It is shown that during the transformations in some areas, certain successes have already been achieved: the abolition of roaming, the increase in the volume of online trade in goods and services, the cross-border portability of digital content, including the successful coordination of the use of the 700 MHz band for the large-scale implementation of 4G broadband communications, which will further facilitate the deployment of networks 5G in 2020.

In the context of the sanctions regime, the development of the national economy of Russia should be viewed from the angle of national economic security. The modern sanctions regime has begun and is still based on financial restrictions and prohibitions, which affects the need for a specific monetary policy of the country. In this regard, an important aspect of achieving the goals of national economic security are financial factors. As a methodological approach, the paper uses a descriptive approach to assess the relationship between the impact of the different channels of the transmission mechanism (welfare channel, exchange rate pass-through) and economic variables such as consumer demand. The contribution to the consumer price index of each of the three components is estimated: index of food products, index of non-food products and index of paid services. The significance of the contribution of the index of food products is revealed, which is confirmed by the results of regression analysis of the dependence of consumer prices on the exchange rate. The paper proposes a combination of inflation targeting and industrial production targeting to achieve a more significant effect of monetary policy implementation in the conditions of the sanctions regime and for the purposes of national economic security. Also, taking into account the significant contribution of changes in the exchange rate to the consumer price index, it is proposed to pay more attention to the impact of the Bank of Russia on the exchange rate.

Introduction. Optimization is a criterion, on the ground of which, comparative estimation of possible alternatives and selection of the best decisions is carried out. Cost of a shell, its minimum weight, absence of bending moments and tensile normal stresses, given stress state for acting external load, given bearing capacity when optimal shallowness, maximum external load, minimum weight under limitation on the value of natural frequencies of vibration and maximum displacements, absence of bending moments with taking into account internal pressure, dead weight, and centrifugal forces; maximum of critical force and something else can be criterion of selection of optimal shape of shell of revolution. Methods. The main criteria of optimality for shells of revolution and information sources for the 1970-2019 periods are presented in a paper. It will help to study previous results devoted to using optimizations and to set about further investigation. But there is no single approach to the definition of optimal shell of revolution and obviously will not be, because own optimizations are necessary for every concrete case of loading, or distribution of stresses along the thickness, or under the demands to the ratio of the volume and area of considered shell, or with due regard for different kind of expenses, and other demands. Results. For the first time, 24 criteria of optimality only for shells of revolution were discovered. The names of scientists offered presented criteria of optimality and the 45 references dealing with this question are pointed out. It is shown that principles put in the basis of optimal design and criteria of optimality must be given with the help of language quite naturally for computer. Having used optimi- For citation Krivoshapko S.N. (2019). Optimal shells of revolution and main optimizations. Structural Mechanics of Engineering Constructions and Buildings, 15 (3), 201-209. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.22363/1815-5235-2019-15-3-201-209 zations presented in the paper, designers can choose the criterion for their own design of optimal shell shape. Study of the prerequisites of the structural solutions in building and machine-building, the history of the development and perfecting of technologies of erection of shells of revolution will permit to generalize the experience accumulated by designers and to develop new fundamental solutions. Otherwise, architects, structural engineers, and designers will be repeating the achieved solutions in building, architecture, and machine-building.

Vološinov ([1929]1973) is one of the most frequently cited works in studies on reported speech, but its interpretation varies considerably between authors. Within the linguistic anthropological tradition, its central message is often conflated with Erving Goffman’s ‘speaker roles’, and in a recent publication, Goddard and Wierzbicka (2018) marry ideas they attribute to Vološinov (1973) and Mikhail M. Bakhtin to those by the formal semanticist Donald Davidson. Responding to Goddard and Wierzbicka (2018) (and a shorter version of a similar argument in Goddard and Wierzbicka (2019), this paper seeks to explore the philosophical foundations of reported speech research, particularly in relation to Vološinov/Bakhtin. It suggests that reported speech research is motivated by two fundamentally distinct goals, one here labelled ‘Fregean’ and the other ‘Bakhtinian’. Questions and methods used in both of these research traditions lead to two radically different understandings of reported speech. This affects the applicability of the definition of direct/indirect speech Goddard and Wierzbicka (2018) propose. It also motivates an alternative approach to reported speech advocated by the current author and others that is criticised by Goddard and Wierzbicka (2018). The article further seeks to rehabilitate the analysis of Wierzbicka (1974), which Goddard and Wierzbicka (2018) partially reject. Whereas Wierzbicka (1974) treats direct and indirect speech as constructions of English, Goddard and Wierzbicka (2018) elevate the opposition to a universal, which belies the cultural sensitivity to semantic variation the authors display in other work. The paper concludes with a brief note about the semantic status of ‘say’ in Australian languages and states that the relevance of Vološinov ([1929]1973) is undiminished, also in the light of recent developments in language description. It remains a highly original study whose implications are yet to fully impact research on reported speech.

Aims of research. A surface of revolution is generated by rotation of a plane curve z = f(x) about an axis Oz called the axis of rotation. This paper provides information on hyperboloids of revolution surfaces and their classification. Their geometric modeling, linear and materially nonlinear analysis are worked out. Methods. Hyperboloids of revolution middle surface is plotted using the software MathCAD. The linear and materially nonlinear numerical analyses of thin shells of the shape of an hyperboloid of revolution surfaces on stress-strain state is given in this paper, using the finite elements method in a computer software R-FEM, the material which we use in our model is concrete with isotopic nonlinear 2D/3D stress-strain curve for materially nonlinear analysis and linear stress-strain curve for linear analyses. Comparison is done with the result of the finite elements linear analysis of their strain-stress results. Results. That displacements in the investigated shells subject to self-weight, wind load with materially nonlinear analysis are bigger than which done by linear analysis, in the other side the displacements is similarity subjected to free vibration load case. Based on these results, conclusions are made for the whole paper.

Since 2013, the north of Nigeria has witnessed an increased involvement of the militia group ‘Civilian Joint Task Force’ (CJTF) in combating the Islamist insurgent group Boko Haram. The mobilization of the Civilian Joint Task Force brought a tremendous success to the counterinsurgency operation. Before the CJTF’s engagement, the antiterrorism efforts of the government were marred by negligent performance. In addition to helping decrease the attack frequencies and number of fatalities caused by the insurgent group, the militia succeeded in expelling Boko Haram fighters from the towns and villages they had previously occupied. However, the unprecedented participation of the Civilian Joint Task Force in the counterinsurgency campaign has raised certain suspicions of the public in regards to the CJTF’s ulterior motives. This paper, therefore, explores the motives that triggered people’s participation in the Civilian Joint Task Force with the aim to combat the Boko Haram insurgent group. The current paper is a qualitative research, designed as a case study. The empirical data were collected by means of an in-depth interview involving 13 respondents, among who were the members of the CJTF, community leaders and government officials in Yobe State, Nigeria. The findings show that people’s participation in the CJTF is voluntary, with the main motivation being the necessity to defend the community due to the state’s failure to provide adequate protection. The article points out an urgent need to demobilize and deradicalize the participants in order to prevent the CJTF from further jeopardizing local communities’ peace and stability.

Relevance. Ductility of basalt fiber reinforced concrete is an interesting property of basalt fiber reinforced concrete. However, very few experiments on this property is documented. The aim of the work. This paper provides a summarized analysis and review of existing publications on the ductility of lightweight basalt fiber reinforced concrete. Methods. This paper provides a comprehensive study on ductility of basalt reinforced concrete and lays the framework for proper laboratory experiment on the ductility of basalt fiber reinforced concrete. Results. From the findings of this review paper, ductility of dispersed basalt fiber reinforced concrete depends not only in the percentage of basalt fiber in the concrete but in the length and diameter of the basalt fiber. Increase in the percentage of basalt fiber in the concrete yielded an increase in the concrete ductility.

The paper deals with the analysis of value markers of French speakers living both in France and abroad. The relevance of this problem is explained by the anthropocentric orientation of modern linguistic science, by the study of linguistic facts in close connection with the facts of culture and their mutual influence, as well as by the lack of special research papers on the comparison of value markers of different speakers of the multinational French language. The purpose of this research is to identify the basic values of representatives of different French-speaking countries on the basis of thematically organized proverbial material presented in lexicographical sources. In the course of this research methods of comparative, statistical analysis were used, the material was obtained through continuous sampling from the specialized dictionary of French proverbs and sayings and amounted to 2041 units. The research has revealed that all French speakers living both in France and abroad are more likely to be oriented towards material rather than spiritual values. The peculiarities of French proverbs in each country reflect ethnically specific historical, geographical and sociolinguistic factors and conditions.

The emergence of regional human rights systems depicts one of the greatest achievements in the internationalization of human rights. The foundation of the charter paved the way for the birth of the court thereafter. The African Court is established by virtue of the 1998 protocol to the Charter and the court is built upon an arsenal of protective and remedial techniques. The establishment of the court has reset the stage and created a new platform for the protection of human rights in Africa. The cardinal objective of the paper is to investigate the role of African Court on human and Peoples’ rights protection in Libya Crises taking the case of Saif Al Islam Gaddafi. The paper has utilized qualitative methodology. The government of Libya responded with brutal force against civilian protesters in contravention of international human rights and humanitarian law. The security force of the government of Libya killed many protesters as well. This situation intensified human rights violations and enforced many of the peoples to displace. The court issued an important ruling in March 2011, ordering provisional measures against Libya in the armed conflict in its territory. Libya government denied the claims of human rights violations in its territory and showed its willingness to subject itself to criminal investigations by the Court if necessary. The issue of the fund, independence, commitment and competence of judges to interpret mandate and jurisdiction, the willingness of the states to support and to abide by court decisions, and powers of the concerned body to enforce court decisions hampered the court from being effective. Generally, African States act in good faith with respect to the decisions of the African Human Rights Court, the court becomes more import.

The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature and characteristics of Sino-Russian relations since 1640 where diplomatic and commercial relations were established in the far east of Siberia. A historic background will be given, in order to highlight the real reasons behind this good relation that is turning into an alliance. The paper will shed the light on important events and dates that occurred in this relation, such as the year 1858, which had disputes on the border. The author shows that the relations between China and Russia have been faced with twists and turns since its beginnings because of geographical, cultural, historical and political interdependence. This paper analyses the relationship between Russia and China in the light of international political changes as the world enters a new stage of international order, especially after the decline of US influence and China's announcement of its One Belt One Road initiative (OBOR) and its political, cultural and economic openness to the world.

The paper's aim is to analyze transchronical interlingual and intercultural poetic communication. Special attention is paid to the recipient, his significance in diachronic translation is investigated. Linguistic and cultural aspects of poetic communication are analyzed: realities, historicisms, archaisms, phraseological units, allusions. The recipient factor is actively studied in pragmalinguistics, which finds common ground with translation studies and the theory of intercultural communication. The research is based on the integrative method: descriptive, contextual, comparative and discursive analysis are used. The paper reveals the synergetic nature of the recipient, unique on age, gender, worldview, political and cultural characteristics; cognitive dissonance of the author and the recipient in monolingual and in interlanguage communication are revealed. The actual basis is the novel in verse Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”, written almost 200 years ago and numerous translations made at different times (1840-2008). The studied empirical material leads to the following conclusions. The translation multiplicity in transchronical transfer of cultural heritage to foreign languages is natural and unavoidable. The search for adequate means of intercultural translation of poetry is transcendental in nature. The syncretic nature of the poetic sign in diachrony strengthens the discrepancy between the recipient's and the author's conceptual and thematic knowledge content. This is particularly evident in terms of the transf chronic communication when the author and recipient are separated by a significant time interval. The source language recipients and the target language recipients have objective sociocultural differences which are more evident in transtemporal interlingual communication. The above-mentioned factors interact in the complex synergistic system that is impossible to cognize and to describe in a reductive linguistic theory of translation. On the basis of insufficiency of the reductionism of the linguistic translation, can be expected the transition to the methodology of holism translation. Holism as a methodological principle and philosophy of knowledge has found effective application in the Humanities. Its use in translation in cross-cultural, cross-language and TRANS chronic communication appear to be objectively necessary. The need for pragmatic adaptation and the borders of its approximate values is to be verified in further studies, combining pragmalinguistics, cognitive linguistics, translation studies, functional stylistics, discourse analysis and linguocognitive translation.

Аbstract. The paper presents the results of the research aimed at identifying changes in ethnic distance among the students of Serbia. The starting point of the study was the author’s belief that ethnic distance is a good indicator of inter-ethnic relations in multi-nation society and an indicator of conflict potential, and that ethnic distance is more stable provided social stability and open society. Ethnic distance was studied in the longitude project among Serbian students at the University in Kosovska Mitrovica five times in 2009-2016, twice - among the students in Belgrade (2010, 2014), and once among the Albanian students in Priština (December 2016 - January 2017) based on the modified Bogardus scale, a part of the questionnaire in the students’ native language and a number of surveys. The paper presents the results of the measurements of values constituting ethnic distance. The data reveal that the largest ethnic distance among Serbian students in Belgrade and in Kosovska Mitrovica was with the Albanians, while the smallest ethnic distance - with the Russians and Greeks. Among the Albanian students, the largest ethnic distance was with the Serbs, Romani and Russians, while the smallest -with the Americans and English. Certainly, the explanation should take into account the relations of these nations and official policies of their states including the self-proclamation of “Kosovo independence”, and also the positions of these nations in the period of the disintegration of Yugoslavia, wars in the former Yugoslav states and the NATO aggression on Serbia. At the same time, the ethnic distances are extremely large in the territory of Kosovo and Metohija, however, with a tendency of decline among the Serbs. During the research in 2016 - the beginning of 2017, the values of ethnic distance of the Serbian students from Kosovska Mitrovica to the Albanians and of the Albanian students from Priština to the Serbs were practically the same, especially the leading values of ethnic distance. When explaining the large ethnic distance with the Romani, it is necessary to remember about their social marginalization.